Electrical Machines

EE-260
Lecture-04
Instructor: Dr Mehmood Alam
Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals
National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
 Outline
• Single phase Transformers
• Magnetization current In real transformer
• The Dot convention
Real Single Phase Transformer

• Single-phase transformers accept single-phase

AC power and output single-phase AC power,
typically at a higher or lower voltage level.
Energy is transferred from one circuit to one or
more circuits via electromagnetic induction.
 Real Single Phase Transformer
• Primary connected to an AC source and
secondary is open circuited
• According to Faraday’s Law
d
eind 
dt
• Total flux linkage is the sum of the flux passing through each turn in
the coil added over all turns of the coil.
N
   i
i 1

• The average flux can be expressed as: Thus

d
eind N
dt
 The Voltage Ratio Across a Real Transformer

When the voltage is applied on the primary side of the transformer then the
average flux produced by this voltage is:

__
1

NP  v P (t )dt

• The flux in the primary coil can be

divided into two components

P  M  LP

Mutual flux Primary

leakage flux
The Voltage Ratio Across a Real Transformer

d p From these equations it is obvious that:

v p (t )  N p d M
dt eP (t )  N P
dt
d
eS (t )  N s M
dt
eP (t ) d M eS (t )
  
The voltage on the Secondary coil can NP dt NS
be expressed in terms of Faraday’s
eP (t ) N P
law as :   a
dM dLS eS (t ) N S
vs (t )  N s  NS
dt dt
The ratio of the primary voltage caused by the
vs (t )  es (t )  eLS (t ) mutual flux to the secondary voltage caused by
the mutual flux is equal to the turn ratio of the
transformer.
 The Magnetization Current in Real Transformer

Open circuit (connected to the

source but load not connected).
No secondary current

• When an ac power source is connected to a transformer, a current flows in

its primary windings, even when the secondary winding is open (No-
Load).
• 2 – 5 percent of the full load current.
• This no-load current is required to produce flux in the ferromagnetic core and
is called excitation current (iex ) or no-load current (IO). It has of two
components:
1. The magnetization current (Im ), which is the current required to
produce the flux in the transformer core
2. The core-loss current (Ih+e ), which is the current required to
make up for hysteresis and eddy current losses
1. The Magnetization Current

If the value of the current required to produce a

given flux is known then it is possible to construct
the sketch of magnetizing current in the winding
of the core.

8
 1. The Magnetization Current

v p (t )  VM cos t
1

Np  VM cos t dt

VM
 sin t
Np The magnetization current in
the transformer core 9
 1. The Magnetization Current in Real Transformer (cont…

The magnetization current in the transformer core

10
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Power_Transformer_Over-Excitation.gif
 Observations:

1) The magnetization current, im, in the transformer is not

sinusoidal.
2) Once the peak flux reaches the saturation point in the
core, a small increase in the peak flux requires very large
increase in the peak magnetization current, im.
3) The magnetization current lags voltage applied by 90˚.

11
 2.The core-loss current

• This is the current required to supply power to make up the hysteresis

and eddy current losses in the core, known as core loss current.

• Since the eddy currents are proportional to the rate of change of flux.
Therefore, the eddy currents are largest when the flux is passing
through the 0.

• Non-linear because of the non-linear effects of hysteresis

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• In phase with the voltage
 The Total No Load (Excitation) Current in Real Transformer

iex  im  ihe

The total excitation current in a typical transformer core

 Excitation current

Excitation current, Io= Iex= Ic + IM (Vector sum)

Core-loss current IC = Ih+e Magnetization current IM

(current required to make up (current required to produce
for hysteresis and eddy flux in the core) - Inductive
current losses) - Resistive
Ic VP
No-Load Current
Mutual Flux 
I0
qo
VS Open
VP VP
(No-Load)

IM
Io
 The Current Ratio & Dot Convention
• Connect a load on the secondary side of the transformer.

• The dots help to identify the polarity of the voltages and currents
 The Current Ratio & Dot Convention
(cont…
• A current flowing into the dotted end produces +ve mmf, while
a current flowing into the undotted end produce a –ve mmf.

Fp  N p i p & Fs  N s is
Fnet  Fp  Fs  N pi p  N s is
Fnet  N pi p  N s is  

• If both currents are entering the dotted end, the mmf will add to each other.
• If one current enters and the other one leaves then the mmf will subtract
from each other.
 The Current Ratio & Dot Convention
(cont…
• For a good designed transformer,  should be very small nearly
zero, as long as the core is operating in unsaturated region.

Fnet  N p i p  N s is  0
N p i p  N s is
ip Ns 1
 
is N p a

• In order for mmf to be nearly zero, current must flow in to the one dotted
end and out of the other dotted end.