EE-308801

Lecture No 09
Electromechanical Systems
Text Book: Chapter 02 (Stephen J. Chapman 5 th Ed)

2.4 THEORY OF OPERATION OF REAL SINGLE-PHASE

TRANSFORMERS Page
76

2.5 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER Page 86

Instructor: Warda Saeed

Class: EE-18 A/B
Electrical Engineering Department
1
 The Magnetization Current in Real
Transformer
• When an ac power source is connected to a transformer, a current flows
in its primary circuit, even when the secondary circuit is open circuited.
• This current is the current required to produce flux in a real
ferromagnetic core.
• It consists of two components:

I. The magnetization current iM, which is the current required

to produce the flux in the transformer core
2. The core-loss current ih+e , which is the current required to
make up for hysteresis and eddy current losses

2
The magnetization curve of the
transformer core

3
The magnetization current

v p (t )  VM cos t

1

Np  VM cos t dt

VM
 sin t
Np
4
The core-loss current in a transformer

5
The Total No Load (Excitation) Current in Real Transformer

iex  im  ih  e

The total excitation current in a typical transformer core

6
 The Voltage Ratio Across a Real
Transformer
When the voltage is applied on the primary side of the transformer then the
average flux produced by this voltage is:
__
1

NP  v P (t )dt

• Some of the flux lines leave the

iron core and pass through the air
• The flux that goes through one of
the transformer coils but not the
other one is leakage flux.
• The flux in the primary coil can be
divided into two components
P  M  LP dP d M dLP
v p (t )  N P  Np  Np
dt dt dt
 eP (t )  eLP (t ) 7
 The Voltage Ratio Across a Real
Transformer
d M dLP From these equations it is obvious that:
v p (t )  N p  Np
dt dt d M
eP (t )  N P
v p (t )  eP (t )  eLP (t ) dt
d M
eS (t )  N s
For secondary side: dt
S  M  LS eP (t ) dM eS (t )
  
NP dt NS
d s eP (t ) N P
vs (t )  N s   a
dt eS (t ) N S
d M dLS The ratio of the primary voltage
 Ns  NS caused by the mutual flux to the
dt dt secondary voltage caused by the
vs (t )  es (t )  eLS (t ) mutual flux is equal to the turn ratio
of the transformer.
8
 The Voltage Ratio Across a Real
Transformer
• In a good design ϕM >> ϕLP and ϕM >> ϕLS. Therefore, ratio
of the total voltage on the primary of transformer to the
ratio of the total voltage on the secondary of a transformer
is approximately given as :
v p (t ) Np
 a Resembles the ideal transformer.
vs (t ) Ns

• The smaller the leakage flux, the closer the transformer will be to the
ideal one.

9
 The Current Ratio & Dot Convention
• Connect a load on the secondary side of the transformer.
• A current flowing into the dotted end of the transformer produces
a positive mmf.

10
 The Current Ratio & Dot Convention
• A current flowing into the dotted end produces +ve mmf, while a
current flowing into the undotted end produce a –ve mmf.
Fp  N p i p & Fs   N s is
Fnet  Fp  Fs  N p i p  N s is
Fnet  N p i p  N s is  R
• If both currents are entering the dotted
end, the mmf will add to each other.
• If one current enters and the other one Fnet  N p i p  N s is  0
leaves then the mmf will subtract from
each other. N p i p  N s is
• For a good designed transformer, R should ip Ns 1
be very small nearly zero, as long as the  
core is operating in unsaturated region. is Np a
• In order for mmf to be zero, current must flow in to the one dotted
end and out of the other dotted end. 11
Assumptions to Convert a Real Transformer
into Ideal Transformer
1. The core must have no Real
hysteresis or eddy current.
2. The Magnetization curve must
be an ideal one.
3. The leakage flux in the core
must be zero, (i.e. all the flux in
the core couples both the
windings).
4. The resistance of the Ideal
transformer winding must be
zero.

13
 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
The losses that occur in real transformers have to be accounted for in
any accurate model of transformer behavior. The major losses are:
1. Copper Losses( I2R): The resistive heating losses in the primary
and secondary winding of the transformer. They are proportional
to the square of the current in the winding.
2. Eddy Current Losses: These are resistive heating losses in the
core and are proportional to the square of the voltage applied to
the transformer.
3. Hysteresis losses: These are associated with the rearrangement
of the magnetic domains in the core during each half cycle and
are nonlinear function of applied voltage.
4. Leakage Flux(φLP φLS): The fluxes which escape the core and
pass only through one of the transformer winding. These
escaped fluxes produce a self inductance in the primary and
secondary coil.
13
 The Exact Equivalent Circuit Model
1.Copper Losses
The resistive copper losses are modeled by placing a
resistance RP in the primary and RS in the secondary winding of
the transformer.

15
 The Exact Equivalent Circuit Model
2. Leakage Flux
The flux which escapes the core and passes only through one of the
transformer winding.
d LP d LS
eLP (t )  N P & eLS (t )  N s
dt dt
 LP  (  N P )iP &  LS  (  N S )iS

d di p
eLP (t )  N p (  N P )iP  N p 
2 LP: self inductance of primary coil
dt dt
di p LS: self inductance of secondary coil
eLP (t )  L p LP  N P2 
dt
d di Therefore, Leakage flux will
eLS (t )  N S (  N S )iS  N S 2  S be modeled by primary and
dt dt
secondary inductances.
diS
eLS (t )  LS LS  N S2 
dt 15
 The Exact Equivalent Circuit Model
Leakage flux modeled by primary and secondary
inductances LP and LS.

17
 The Exact Equivalent Circuit Model
3. (Eddy Current +Hysteresis Losses): The core loss current, ih+e, is
proportional to voltage applied to the core and is in phase with voltage.
Therefore, can be modeled by Rc across primary.
4. The Magnetization Current: Is proportional to the voltage applied to the
core (in unsaturated region) and is lagging the applied voltage by 90 o.
So it can be modeled by a reactance connected across the winding,
represented by XM.

18
 The Exact Equivalent Circuit Model

 The XM & RC represent the excitation effect which includes the core
loss current (eddy + hysteresis) and the magnetization current.

 The XM & RC are placed inside, after LP and RP, because the voltage
applied to the core is input voltage less the internal voltage drop of the
winding.
18
 Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer
• To analyze practical circuits containing transformers, it is
important to convert the entire circuit to a single voltage level.
• Therefore, the circuit must be referred either to primary or to its
secondary side.

19
Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer

Transformer Model Referred to its Primary Voltage

Transformer Model Referred to its Secondary Voltage

2
 Approximate Equivalent Circuit of a
Transformer
The excitation branch has a very small current compared to the load current,
so small that under normal circumstance it causes a completely negligible
voltage drop in RP and XP. Therefore, the excitation branch is moved to the
front of the transformer

a) Approximate Transformer Model b) Approximate Transformer Model

Referred to Primary Side Referred to Secondary Side
2
 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of a
Transformer
• Excitation branch adds complexity. However, current through this
branch is very small, as compared to the load current.
• It causes negligible voltage drop in the Rp and Xp and hence can be
neglected.

Rp Xp
ReqP  R p  a 2 Rs X eqP  X p  a 2 X s ReqS  2
 Rs X eqS  2
 Xs
a a
22
???