Machines

Dr. Arbab Waheed Ahmad

AC Machines
• AC machine can be either a generator or a motor
• Generator that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
• Motor that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy
• Types of AC Machines
• Synchronous machines: Magnetic field current is supplied by a separate DC
power source
• Induction machines: field current is supplied by magnetic induction
(transformer action) into their field windings
Parts of Motor
Principle of Operation
 When a current carrying conductor is placed
in a magnetic field, the conductor experience
a mechanical force.
 Direction is given by Flemings left hand rule

 Magnitude is F=B.I.L

Consider a motor with one pair of poles, an armature with a single conductor coil and a commutator with
only two segments,
If is field current supplied to the field winding to establish the main field between the poles N and S.
Ia is armature current via the carbon brushes. This current produces magnetic fields around the armature
conductors
FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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 Voltage Induced in rotating loop (generator case)
• Induced voltage: If a wire loop rotor is rotated in the magnetic field B, a
voltage will be induced in the wire loop.
• Voltage magnitude: The wire loop is rectangular, with sides ab and cd
perpendicular to the plane of the page and with sides bc and da parallel
to the page. The voltage on each segment is given by

1. Segment ab: Velocity v is tangential to the path of rotation and B is

from L to R, v x B points into the page (into the page)
2. Segment bc: v x B is into the page in first half of bc, and v x B is
out of the page in second half of bc, hence
3. Segment cd: v is tangential to the path of rotation and B is from L
to R, v x B points out of the page (out of the page)
4. Segment da: Likewise, segment bc

Total induced voltage on each coil is summation of all segments

+0+ +0
 Voltage Induced in rotating loop (generator case)
• Individual induced voltage is given by

• Linear velocity is related to angular velocity,

• Area (A) of each loop is given by,

• Maximum magnetic flux is the product of the loop surface area, A and B

• Thus, the voltage generated in the loop is a sinusoid whose magnitude is

equal to the product of the f1ux inside the machine and the speed of rotation
of the machine.
Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop (Motor)
• Induced Torque: If current carrying rotor loop is at some
arbitrary angle w-r-t magnetic field B, torque will be
induced in the wire loop.
• Torque Magnitude:

1. Segment ab: direction of current is into the page and B is

from L to R, so points down downwards. Resulting torque is

2. Segment bc: direction of current is in the plane of the page

and B is from L to R, so points into the page  into the page.
Resulting torque is 0 because and are parallel
Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop (Motor)
3. Segment cd: direction of current is out of the page and B is
from L to R, so points up upwards. Resulting torque is

4. Segment da: direction of current is in the plane of the page

and B is from L to R, so points out of the page  out of the
page. Resulting torque is 0 because and are parallel (both
pointing out of the page)

• Total induced torque:

• The torque induced in the loop is proportional to the strength of the

loop's magnetic field, the strength of the external magnetic field, and
the sine of the angle between them.
Synchronous Generators
Construction:
In a synchronous generator, rotor is a large electromagnet. A dc current is applied to the rotor winding, which produces a
rotor magnetic field. The rotor of the generator is then turned by a prime mover, producing a rotating magnetic field
within the machine. This rotating magnetic field induces a three-phase set of voltages within the stator windings of the
generator.
• Field windings and Armature windings: Field windings are the windings that produce the main magnetic field,
whereas "armature windings" are the windings where the main voltage is induced.
For synchronous machines, the field windings are on the rotor, so the terms "rotor windings" and "field windings" are
used interchangeably. Similarly, the terms "stator windings" and "armature windings" are used interchangeably.
• Salient and non-Salient poles: The magnetic poles on the rotor caprotruding" or "sticking out," and a salient pole is a
magnetic pole that sticks out from the surface of the rotor. On the other hand, a non-salient n be of either salient or
non-salient construction. The term salient means "pole is a magnetic pole constructed flush with the surface of the
rotor.
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Synchronous Machine Construction

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Rotation speed (frequency) of Synchronous
Generators
• A synchronous generator's rotor consists of an electromagnet to
which direct current is supplied.
• Electrical frequency produced in stator is locked in or synchronized
with the mechanical rate of rotation of the rotor.
• The rate of rotation of the magnetic fields in the machine is related to
the stator electrical frequency by:

= electrical frequency
= mechanical speed
= no of poles

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Generated voltage of a Synchronous Generator
• The maximum induced voltage in any phase of stator is

• The rms induced voltage in any phase of stator is

• Terminal voltage = for Y-connected generator

• Terminal voltage = for -connected generator

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Generated voltage of a Synchronous
Generator
• Example: In a simple two-pole Y-connected synchronous generator, the peak flux density of the rotor
magnetic field is 0.2 T, and the mechanical rate of rotation of the shaft is 3600 r/min. The stator diameter of
the machine is 0.5m, its coil length is 0.3m, and there are 15 turns per coil. Determine
• the three phase voltages of the generator as a function of time?
• the rms phase voltage of this generator?
• the rms terminal voltage of this generator?
• Solution:

• The 3-phase voltages are:

• The rms phase voltage is:

• The rms terminal voltage is: