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{]l$
{>$: {]l$l]l$ {l ^l A>$:
Y {]l ^l]l Y {]l$l {l ]l, {]l ]l, E~{VSl,
yl]l: s$.
Y M ]l# {]l$l yl]lr$ $VS$l$. Y A$MS ^ll >$ l$M>$V> {]l
E: y$,(M>M B]l$) .
Y sZ NV> A$MS ^ll >]l$ Ol$]l l$
V>ll $ As$.
Y ""{]l* $]l]l* E]l {]lZ E]l {l Ex: NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, NaNO3 etc.
]l* "V>ll' As$. V>ll]l$ >l, Y sZ SMSV> A$MS ^ll >]l$ ]l
$]l]l* >l, ls, l* VS, ls, l$$ As$.
>s, >s ]ls s > *_^^l$a. Ex: CH3COOH, NH4OH etc.
{$MS lls $VS$ .. Y sZ A$MS ^ll >]l$ Al$ $
As$.
a.>l (W%): 100 {V>. {]l Z MSW E]l {l E : VS*Mg, ${Mg llO]l.
> ({V>]lZ) >l As$. Y ]l l$]l$ ]l (dilution) ^l A$
MS $VS$l$. AVS E~{VSl]l$ _l A$
{l
>l = 100 MS $VS$l$.
{]l
b. $]l]l*>l (V%): 10 $.. {]lZ MSWE]l ]lQOl$]l {$
{l $]l]l* ($..Z) $]l]l* As$. 4 ]l*$P$
{l $]l]l* 1. 0.1M V>ll E]l yl$ M>ls f {]l
$]l]l* >l = 100 l*$^l ]l~^lyl?
{]l $]l]l*
2. ls As H$s? 250 $.. yl$ M>ls f
{]lZ 2.12 {V> yl$ M>ls E]lrl B
c. ls (M): JMS r {]lZ MSWE]l {l# {]l# ls MSP^lyl?
l* {V>l$ l* Q]l$ ls As$.
{l l* Q 2 ]l*$P$
ls = 1. ls, l*V>$ __, *{$ >$yl?
{]l $]l]l* rZ
2. V>ll, {]l$l]l$ _^lyl?
()
{l 1 ] *$P
ls = 1000 1. {l As H$s?
{l {V>l$ A$
2. {]l As H$s?
Y ls E~{VSlO Byl Er$. {]l*$ 3. l]l {]l, Al]l {]lMS$ E]lyl?
l*/r 4. >l _^lyl?
5. $]l]l* >l _^lyl?
d. l* VS (X): {]lZ E]l $rMS l* QMS$,
{]lZ E]l ll l* QMS$ E]l l* ]l$$
VS As$. 1. 750 $.. 0.4 M yl$ O{yOMSy {]lZ E]l
NaOH l* Q]l$ MSP^lyl?
$rMS l* Q
l*VS = 2. NaCl f{]l >l 10, {]l 150
{]lZ E]l A
{V>]l$ Al NaCl > MSP^lyl?
$rM> ll l* Q
3. 4 {V>]l NaOH 16.2 {V>. sZ MSW^lV> Hylz
www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
{]lZ NaOH, s l* V>]l$ MSP^lyl? {]lZ Na2CO3, s l* V>]l$ MSP^lyl?
4. 250 $.. 0.5M NaOH {]lZ NaOH ]l* 8. 160 $.. sZ 20 $. BP MSl Hyl {]l
Gl? $]l]l* >ll$l?
5. 500 $.. Na2CO3 f{]lZ 2.12 {V>]l Na2CO3 9. 45 $.. t]l$ 15 $.. MSMS$ MS]l#yl$ Hyl]l
Es B {]l ls MSP^lyl? {]l $]l]l* > MSP^lyl?
6. 10 {V>]l yl$ M>ls 120 {V>]l f 10. 500 $.. 0.2M BM>M>]l$ {]lZ E]l BM>M>]l$
{]lZ MSW E. > MS]l$MPyl? > MSP^lyl? (BM>M>]l$ A$ 126)
7. 2 l* Na2CO3 3 l* sZ MSW^lV> Hylz
www.sakshieducation.com
i]l]l $ & MSf]l*VS{MS$
l i]l# ]l$]l$VSylMS$, ]l>]lMS l ^l {MS$]l$ ""i]l{MS$''s$.
E: , >{MS$, , j]l, {l$l.
l O]l El_]l AsZ, lls $Y {MS$$ i ]l$]l$VSylMS$, $VS$lMS$
MS. _]lOl]l {l$l JMS i g >lV> E^ll$MS$ lyl$l$.
l lMSP$ $ M>$. MSf]l *VS{MS$ > A s B l*$ ^l$
MS$s.
l D *$ $l MSf]l*VS{MS$ JMSPs ]lZMS BMSf A_ ]l$]l ]l$]l$VSyl
$l ^l$.
I
l MSf]l *VS{MS$Z l*O]l B >Z Eyl MS yl$l ^l$ylZ {]lQ
H
{l ]l^l ">{MS$'.
l BMS$^la lMSPZ Eyl l$]l#$ *M>Z M>OylBOMSy, $ E*W_
M>{O{yls l*$ ^l M> $]l ^l]l$ ""MSf]l *VS{MS$'' As$.
6CO2+12 H2O
S C6H12O6 + 6O2- + 6H2O
^l]l^l$a.
l MSf]l *VS{MS$MS$ M>OylBOMSy ]lQ A]l. C ]lZ 0.03% ]l*Z
1. M> ^l 2. P ^l
l MSf]l *VS{MS$Z M ^l$ M>Zl f$VS$. s M> ^l$ As$.
NADPH$ Hyl.
l MSf]l *VS {MS$Z M ^lMS$ M> A]l l$. s P ^l$ As$.
D ^t ]l$_ ]lQOl$]l {$
4 ]l*$P {$ :
-1. MSf]l *VS{MS$MS$ M>l Oyl BMSyl A]l]l$ G *]l#?
2. MSf]l *VS{MS$MS$ M> l$l$$ A]l]l$ G *]l#?
3. MSf]l *VS{MS$Z BMSfl yl$l]l#l$l *^l {*V> ]l^lyl?
4. MSf]l *VS{MS$Z M>l ]l VS$_ ]l^lyl?
I
2 ]l*$P {$:
1. MSf]l *VS{MS$]l$ _^lyl. $MS >$yl?
H
2. l$l$Pl MS As H$s?
3. BMSMS, S$MS VS$_ >$yl?
4. G[M>tl {VSl As H$s? M E]lyl?
S
5. BMS$Z yl Hyl]l, G l$$M]l^l$a?
6. i]l{MS$ As H$s? M i]l{MS$ $ >$yl?
K
5 ]l*$P {$ (r)
1. BMS$ Ayl$zMl r X, V>]l$ VS$^lyl?
A
S
>{MS$
i ]l$]l$VSylMS$ l ]lyMS, A VSyMS.. A]l]l$MS* l$]l$, Ar$l$
]l$ Gl$P]lyMS, i]l{MS$$ fyMS MS M>.
D MS B > BMSMS > $.
l]l ^lZ ^lMSP llr ]lV> ]l* ]l$yl$l$. >{MS$Z D lV> fVSl$.
]l#.
I
>{MS$ yl$ M>$:
H
1) BMSfl ]l$SZ >{MS$ fWl " l >{MS$' As$.
2) BMSfl {l$$ MS$y >{MS$ fWl "A >{MS$' As$.
>{MS$Z llr VS*Mg A$]l#$ _e]lOl$ O$MS B]l$V> ]l*$l$. D l]l$
S
"VSM>' As$. C yl$ M> >{MS$Z f$VS$l$.
A >{MS$Z BMSfl Eyll$. M>st Dt MS$ O$MS B]l* Cl (BP)V>
As$.
A
I
B]l$ A$]l#$V> ]l*.
H
VSM> yl$ ATP A$]l#$ E*W^l$M, $VS$ ATP A$]l#$ El A]l#. MS
yl$ ATP A$]l#$. D ^lZ yl$ NADH A$]l#$ MS*y Hyl.
BMSfl Al$r$Z Es O$MS B]l$ GOs M GOgl$ AV> ]l*$l$. D ^lZ JMS
S
O$MS B]l$Z JMS MS]l ]l*$]l# M>l Oyl BMSylV> ]l*$l$
GsO M GOg l$ A, $VS$ MSl ]l*$]l#$ VS BMSZ AsMS B]l$ MS {sMS B]l$
(B$ MS]l ]l*$]l#$)V> Hyl$l$.
K
{MS ]l$Z l ^lZ AOs M GOgl$ AZ MS]l ]l*$]l#$ M>l Oyl BMSylV>
]l*.
A
{MS ]l$Z GOs M GOgl$ A ]l$_ O{yfl$, sr$ G[M>t]l$ NAD+, FAD+
MS$ A, lV> NADH, FADH2$ Hyl.
{MS ]l$Z ll 8 NADH$, 2 FADH$, 2 ATP A$]l#$ Hyl.
S
]lQOl$]l {$
5 ]l*$P {$
1. Ol$sZM>{yl* > ^l* r X, V>]l$ VS$^lyl?
4 ]l*$P {$
1. Ol$sZM>{yl* > r $ ]l~^lyl?
2. >{MS$Z lyl yl$l]l#l$l G *^lVS]l#?
3. A, l >{MS$ ]l$l ]l$ >$yl?
I
2 ]l*$P {$
H
1. ]l$ylr () l]l{MS$, >{MS$ ]l$l ]l$ >$yl?
2. > {MS*>$ As H$s? yl$ E$ C]lyl?
3. {hrZ E_]l $, MS*V>$$, VS$yl$ GMS$P]l M> yl]lMS$y Es?
S
M> H$s?
4. , Al >{MS$MS$ VS $ lyl?
K
A
S
fl$]l#Z >{*$
l fl$]l#Z >{MS$ fyMS lM> >{*$s.
A$Z A {sZgZ$, l > BMSf {VS_, M>OylBOMSy
$rMS$ .
>{MS$ l fVS {MS$, Al$]l]l A$ ZMS BMSf l
f$VS$l$.
M>OylBOMSy lV> Hyl$l$ M>st A A$ ]l$_ lV> $rMS$
^ll$l$.
^l > fVS >{MS$ ^l>{MS$ As$. D MSOl$]l >{MS$ AMS$M>$,
I
MS$M>Z MS*y A]l# $.
H
^l >{MS$ M ^l l]l$V> Ey. Z MS$ MS*y GMS$P]lV> Ey.
]l]l$, MS$ s ^lZ ARMSV> {^l {VSl$ $ l]l$
^l> lylV> E^l$MS$s.
S
MS$, lylV>, ylV> Eyl l M>Z $Z ]l. ]l*]lV> >{Nr
$rM. {X M>$]l (MS) l {l (Aestivation) As$.
MS$ A ^lV> Eyl M>Z MS*y lZ Zl$V> $$ ^l$MS$ ]l.
K
I
Er$.
Ebe{MS$Z E@MS$ ]l* $VS$l$. ]l]l Fl$ ]l* ]l*$
S
]l Fl$ ]l$_ V> $rMS$ l$l$.
#$$Z >MSlMSZ El]l {]lQ{l ]l^lV>, {Z MSPs]lMS$ {]lQ
K
{l ]l.
]lQOl$]l {$
I
5 ]l*$P (r) {$
1. ]l*]l]l# Fl$$ r X, V>]l$ VS$^lyl?
4 ]l*$P {$
1. ^lZ >]l]l]l$ ]l^lyl?
H
S
2. MSf]l*VS{MS$, >{MS$ ]l$l ]l$ ]l^lyl?
K
2 ]l*$P {$
1. l > fVS >{MS$l]l$s$?
2. ^l>{MS$ As H$s?
A
3. ]lyl$^l$MS$MS$y G EylVS$VS$l$?
4. MSMS _]ll]lMS$, MSf]l*VS{MS$, >{MS$MS$ ]l$l l H$s?
S
I
l l, ]ll llO]l fl$]l#Z MS VS$Z Er$.
H
l MS$, $, S$$, SZ MS G{V> Er$.
l ]l]lZ G{MS MS$ ]l#. l*Vl {l]lZ MSW Er$.
l ]l]lZ 8 fl l*$ Z V>Z E.
l
S
l*$ Z yl$ ]lQ MSO]l t MS, El MS]l$ MS$#.
l QylZ E]l l A]l$ ]l$_ MS t MSZMS ^l$l$. l$
El MSZMS $
K
l El MS M> Z A A]l$MS$ > ^l$.
l "MS' MS { ]l]lZ l$, MS Mr>$, >M> MSyl>$ E. >M>
A
I
l ## $, Fl$ ]l$_ B]l$f l M> $M.
## l]l$ B]l$f l M> Fl$MS$ $M l$.
H
l
D ^t ]lQOl$]l {$
5 ]l*$P {$ (r)
1. ]l*]l]l l$&MSs ]l ^l*^l r X, V>]l$ VS$^lyl?
2. ]l*]l]l l$&Al > r X, V>]l$ VS$^lyl?
4 ]l*$P {$
1. MS$yl, Gyl]l$ MS~MS ]l$l ]l$ lyl?
2. MS$yl, Gyl]l$ fuMS ]l$l ]l$ lyl?
3. AMS MS yl]l As H$s? A G $? AMSyl]l MSVSMS$y $M]l
g{VSl$ H?
2 ]l*$P {$
1. > VS$_ MS$V> >$yl?
2. l$ l]l VS$_ MS$V> >$yl?
3. JMS ]lMS .. 120/80 A >>$. C ls l$#l$?
4. VS$ylr$ As H$s? ]l MSVS ]lt H$s?
5. ]l$ { As H$s?
I
H
S
K
A
S
MS & Al$Z A>$
M> VS$_]l Al$ ""]l$si'' As$.
MS JMS {l]l* MSg. Cl$Z AlMS M> MS$.
MSZ MSl {l ""'' As$.
lZ $]l*$ 5 r MS Er$.
I
yl$ BMSjs MS yl$ {ss {]l]l$ l$MS$y ]l$]l M> MS^lr#yl$,
VSylzMSrtV> $W]l {l l$ As$.
H
MSZ ]l*lMS. MS ll ]l*Z C 60% Er$.
yl$, s$, M>$, l$X$ MOy$, s$, s$, OM>ls$
Z Eyl AMS]l >$.
S
MSZ ]lQV> VS*Mg, AOl$B]l*$, M]l# B]l*$, *, Oy$, {s$
llO]l MS]l $]l >$s.
K
MSZ Eyl ""'' MSZ MS VSylzMSrtMS$y ^l*$.
B$l$, V$$, O{f, {{ Al {s$ Z Es.
A
MSZ MS$:
MSZ ]lyl$ M> MS$ E. A..
S
1. G{Or$ (G{MSMS$)
2. *MOr$ (lMSMS$)
3. *SMSMS$
MSMS$
{V>]l$ZOr$ G{V>]l$ZOr$
G{MSMS$ (G{Os):
MSZ G{MSMS$ GMS$P]l QZ Es.
I
G{ MSMS El ""G{'' As$.
H
G{ MS$ 120 k$ i.
lMSMS$ (*MOs):
*MOr]l$ lMSMSs$.
A
s$.
lMSMSZ {V>]l$ZOr$$, G{V>]l$ZOr$ Al yl$ ]lQ M>$.
1. Gy 2. 3. ]l*{sZ
G{V>]l$ZOr i]lZ MSMS$yl]l#. C yl$ M>$.
1. Or$ 2. l*Or$
MSMSMS$:
MSMSMS$, MS VSylzMSrtylZ {]lQ {l ]l.
]lQOl$]l {$
4 ]l*$P {$:
1. G{MSMS$, lMSMS ]l$l ly?
I
2 ]l*$P {$:
1. G{ As H$s?
H
2. G{MSMS >]lsMS A l]ls$? Gl$MS$?
3. , MSs G ]lV> Er$?
4. lMSMSZ {]l M>$ H?
S
5. As H$s? E*VS H$s?
K
A
S
MS ]l>Y$ & MS ]l & {]lQ
l {]l*MS$ VS$O]l MS, VS$MS$, _MSl fVS ]ll$, fW]l l>l M> GMSP$.
l JMS ]lMS MS, ]l$MSMS > GMSP^ly "MS {l]l]l$s$'.
l 1900 ]llZ M> yl t]l MS ]l>Y]l$ MS]l$Vyl$.
l l ]l>Y MS ]l]l]l$ MS]lyl$ G{MS MS$ JMS JMSs ^l f, VS$^leV>
(Clump) Hyl . "VS$^leMS' (Agglutination) As$.
l ]l*]l]l#Z 4 MS ]l>Y$.
l MS ]l>Y {f]lM>$ G{MS MS l^ $l Es.
l MS ]l>Y {f]lM>$ MSZ Z Es.
I
H
MS ]lY 'A':
D ]lY ]lMS$Z G{MS MS $l {f]lMS 'A', Z {SMS 'B' Es.
MS ]lY 'B':
S
D ]lY ]lMS$Z G{MS MS $l {f]lMS 'B', Z {SMS 'A' Es.
MS ]lY 'AB':
D ]lY ]lMS$Z G{MS MS $l {f]lMS 'A', {f]lMS 'B' yl$ Es. Z
K
{SMS 'A', {SMS 'B' yl* Eyl]l#.
MS ]lY 'O': MS ]lY G{MS MS $l {f]lMS Z {SMS
A
l 'AB' MS ]lY VS$.. 'A', 'B', 'AB', 'O' ]l>Y M> {VS^lVS$. Al$]l
VS{ls$.
l 'O' MS ]lY VS ]lMS$Z G{MS MS $l {f]lM>$ Eyl]l#. D M> {VS_]l Z
MS VS$^e$ Hyl]l#. Al$]l 'O' ]lY ]lMS$]l$ ls$.
l MS {VSl MS ]lY, l MS ]lY .
'Rh' M>MS: Rh M>MS E]l Rh+(l ]l) As$. A Rh ($) A As$. ]l$]l
lZ $]l*$ 93% Rh+, $VS $ Rh MSW Es$.
l MS ]l>YMS $ ]lY MS MS_]l l>l, D M> W ZMS l >
D ^tZ ]lQOl$]l {$
4 ]l*$P {$
1. ]l*]l]l#Z l MS ]l>Y]l$ ]l~^lyl?
I
2 ]l*$P {$
1. MS VS$^leMS VS$_ MS$V> >$yl.
H
2. MS {l]l G ^l$? M> G]l$ ]l ^l^l$a?
3. l$ A G]l As$? {VSl$ A G]l As$?
4. ]l*]l]l MSZ VS {f]lM>?
S
K
A
S
ll BMS ]l]l S$
l A V>Z ]l${VSV> A]l ^llylZ l BMS $, S$ {]lQ {l
]l. l $>]lMS stOl$]l BMS ]l]l ll]lMS s. {^lZ lVSV> A]l
^ll$l$]l BMS ]l]lZ ll JMSs. G $ Gl$Pr* MS*y l BMS ]l]l
]ll$MS$ VS$l$.
]lR>$:
- s l BMS ]l]lZ $VSlMS$ {s ]l ]l yl M>. D yl
yl.B. V>ylY "BMS all'V>, $ i "BMS l]l$ MVrtyl'V> A]l~^$.
I
- ]l]l$ l V>O Bylz f 1951Z 70 >l Es, {$l 57 >l
H
E.
- fZ {V>$ f 1951Z 83 >l Es 2001Z 72 >l E.
S
r yl^l M>$:
1. Q (O ]l$_ AMt)
2. (AMt ]l$_ ]l*a)
K
3. f*l (]l*a ]l$_ l)
A
]l$]l
lZ yl {]l B r$: ]l, Vl$]l$, lMSPg]l, g]l.
1951Z ]l$]l lZ AS>l 18 >l Es 2001Z 65.38 >l.
B$ Al>sMS {]l M> BMS$P.
S
I
2. ]l BMS ]l]l]l$ ]l^lyl? (4 ]l*$P$)
H
{^lZ V> ]lyl$ M> BMS ]l]l$. A...
1. r$tyl BMS ]l]l:
S
]lQ S {]l El V>Z l QZ {lr$ $ylr.
D {]l S AlMS ]l$ Bj^lyl.
]l*f {$$ lt r$tyl$ S]l$ {$l MV>Ol ${$.
K
a]l$ , El Al$M>Z D ]l]l A]l$Z E.
2. ]l$l BMS ]l]l:
D ]l]lZ ]l$]l# El, >, ]l]l$ {$l VS $ .
A
I
M$ ]l$_ f$$ $l^leV> $ ]l*$ ^l$.
]l$ l:
H
D lZ *$ _]l MS$r$ ]lMS ^lV> VS$$.
B {lZ $ MS]ll$O Es$.
S
{$MS ]l$ MSst]l ll l.
O l:
D lZ *$ MSs# ]l Ol$ l$V> {$MS ]l$ MSst.
K
D MSV> BVS$ * $f]l*]l MS$P]l$ Ms VS$_ *]l$ ]l>Y]l$ t
^$. D ]l>Y$ ]l ]l$_ ]l*hMS, BMS A]l*]llMS$ M>MS$*$.
A
I
7. A]l]ll VS As H$s? (2 ]l*$P$)
EV>$, i Z JMS $$l l MS$s, _]ll, A {]l$]l$
H
A]l]lMSl VSV> Ps$.
]l]l$ > i]l l {V>$ {f, {>$MS$ Q, El D VSZl
GMS$P]lV> E.
S
MS$s, A, _]ll {]l$$: R, {V>$ {]l$$, ^lll, yl$, AVS l*,
^l]l$$, ]l MSM>$ ]ll$$.
K
A
S
${l & ]l$]l$
{ Eyl A i]l#$ > ]l*$MS$ A]l${MS$ ^l*. D S ""l''
As$.
lMSP$, fl$]l#Z il^l{l l lZ ]l*$$ f$VS$. B i]l#MS$ B*
]l$*Z H M Bl>$ C]lyl ]l A f$VS$.
Z l V> ]l$]l$, MSMSr$tV> Byl Br]l$ JMS MSt ]l$]l$ ^l]lr$t
Er$.
Z l V> ]l$l ]l$]l$, B i ]l$]l$VSylMS$ G A]l.
]l$]l$, JMS N~ ${l ]l]l > f$VS$l$.
I
H
lMSPZ $MS ]l$]l$:
lMSPZ A]l M>{MS]l* ]l$, _]l $]l A$]l#O]l $VS$l ${l
1. BMS$
A
2. h$
3. OsZOMS$
4. AM B]l$
S
5. COl
BMS$:
Cy AsM B]l$ Al $]l WM> V> BMS A As$.
MS l ^l.
stV> Eyl u> lMSPMS$ h yl]l#yl$ A yl]l#V> $VS$.
h E*W$.
I
OsZOMS$:
H
lMSPZ MSf]l, MS yl]l# AMS ^l$yMS E*VSyl >]l$ OsZOMS$
As$.
BMS$ ]l*]l B ^l VS$ OsZOMSZ E.
S
OsZOMS {]l* yl$sMS$ Q]l$ lWY$.
AM B]l$:
AM B]l$ lMSP $VS$l]l$ $.
S
COl :
MSlMS$ COl Al $]l E*VSyl$l$.
2 ]l*$P {$:
1. A{V>MS As H$s?
2. lMSPZ OsZOMS {]l H$s?
I
3. h$, AM B]l$ ]l$l $ ]l^lyl?
H
S
K
A
S
fl$]l#Z $MS ]l$]l$
fl$]l#Z Z l A]l$ ]l$l ]l$]l$ yl$ M>$V> Er$.
1) $MS > >
2) yl {^l ]l
fl$]l#Z {VSl$$ yl$ M>$. A..
1) l {VSl$$
2) {VSl$$ (Al{ {VSl$$)
Al{ {VSl$MS$ $ ]l#. Al$]l s " {VSl$$' (Ductless glands) As$.
I
JMS l JMSs AlMSs.. GMS$P]l >MS MSg $l ^l$]l^l$a.
{VS:
H
{VS ^ _]lV> Er$. C l u> Wf ]l*Z Er$.
S
Z A Cl Al{ {VSl$$ ${lZ Es. Al$]l "{]l
^l$.
lW]ll Ol>MSl l El M>MSl, $VS$l lMS$POl, $ ]l*]lMSV> GlVS$.
D "{MSsfl$' As$.
E A]lr$ {VSl$$ (Parathyroid Glands):
A]lr$ {VSl$$ A]lr$ {VSMS lVSYZ Es. C >l]l$ {.
ss (Tetany) As$.
sZ Es.
D {VS $s V> ]lP A, Z V> l]l As$.
I
]lP M>t, BZzt>l Al l]l$ {$.
VSl #sMS$:
H
M]l$ ${]l$ {VS. Z Ml VS $ VS {VS V>]l$, Ml VS Al{ {VS
S
V>]l$ Es.
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f M>$ (Gonads):
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]lP$ stt>l Al l {.
stt>l {l ]l$.
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Actions)
s ""{{MS$ {^l$'' (Reflexes) A MS*y As$.
{M> ^l$ ]l$]l MSOl$]l, A$MSOl$]l E$ MS { ]l$_ M>yl$.
{M> ^l$ lVSV>, lrl, $V>, A{$lV> ^l*^l ^l$.
{M> ^l ^l*^l >, {MS*lMS s ""{M> ^l>^'' (Reflex arc) As$.
{M> ^l>^Z JMS {V>MS, JMS gq]lyl, JMS ]l$lyl MS, JMS ^MSyl, JMS
>MS AVS Es.
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{ ^l$ yl$ M>$V> Es..
1. l]l l {^l$ (Unconditional Reflexes)
2. l]l l {^l$ (Conditonal Reflexes)
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HOl lyl]l$]l# ]l$]l ^lMS MS]l#yl$ l]lMS$P $M]lyl ]ls l]l l {M>
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l]ll {M> ^l$ lV> {MS$^l]l#. JMS AlMS$ ^l$yl >
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4. l]l l, l]l l {^lMS$ ]l$ >$yl?
2 ]l*$P {$:
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2. ]l*]l]l# l$lyl$ H lV> A* ]l$_ Sl$l$?
3. l]l$]l l$?
I
4. {M> ^l>^ VS$_ MS$V> >$yl?
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$VS ^lyl?
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yl ]l$ylZ ]lyl$ V>$...
A 1. l$lyl$, 2. MS$yllyl (l]l$]l), 3. yl$$
l$lyl$ ]l$ {VS_, s _, ]l${VS^l ]lQ MS{l.
MS$yl lyl l$lyl$ ]l$_ ]l$ A]l$MS$, A]l$ ]l$_ ]l$ l$lyl$MS$
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yl]l$ylZ yl$ M> MS$..
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1. ylMS$ 2. W$MS$
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ylMS$ {MS*lMS ]l*$. C ]l$ {VS_, s _ {^l]l$ El
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s ^l]l$ ^lylZ ylyl. C ylMSMS$ S MS*y C.
A M> ylMSZ ]lyl$ V>$ Es.
1. MSl 2. yl{Oylr$$ 3. HM>
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MSl M>> MS Os A MS*y As$.
MSlZ l MS{lMS Er$.
A
yl-MS- >-
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H
S
K
A
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4 ]l*$P {$
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2. A, A yl$ ]l$l l H$s?
3. * ]ls l$Z MSVS Z$ Gl$MS$ >lV> Eyl?
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6. O As H$s?
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& l * g*l S BM>]lMS *_MSV> E*W$$.
& l BM>]lMS BrMSV> Eyl BMS ]l]l]l$ yl$]l ]lQOl$]l ]l$$.
1. lMS 2. $VS 3. {$ Al>$
4. {l 5. A]l]l MS>$
& ]l*fZ M ]l>Y {f$ l]l$ i]l>MS A]lOl$]l {l$MS A]l>$ MS*y $a
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& {V>$, rt lM> r$ N~ {l, S {l Al ]l]l$.
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& A^eNMS, ^lel $V> ]l$l ly]l$ llr VS$_]lyl$: g l$z MS
& ]lyl]l ^l]l {MSZ ll ""]l$ {$ A]l'' A]l ]lQOl$]l
SV> $MS$.
& BM>]l g lls ]lZ]l$, {>$M>]lZ ]l$>{t {l]l$ ]lZ]l$
E.
& lZ A]l ^l]l >{tZ lls g M>V> B{l{l >{t 10]l ]lZ E.
& l Z l $VS$l, yl$ $]l l]l MS*yl]l "{l'
As$.
& yl]l*y #, M>t&# Al {l M>$.
& A]l, A]l >]l$ M^l l]l ]l*]l]l *_MS
]lQOl$]l {$&f$$
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JMS l A]l ^l]l l]l*, lMS$P]l A]l ^l]l l]l* A >^lyMS l l
g** ]lQOl$]l {]l*V> E*W$. Al l $ D yl$ ]l]l
]l$l >^lyMS M $l$$ ~^.
1. IMS>f$ (UNO) 1986Z l g*$ 350 y MSs lMS$P]lV> E]l l>]l$
]l$ B$ l>$V> ]lYMS_.
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2. BMS M> A]l (OECD) 1986Zl 425 y MSs lMS$P]l l B$ E]l
l>]l$ ]l$ B$ l>$V> ~_.
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3. {^lM ({^]l lMS&1997) 1995 sMS 765 y MSs lMS$P]l l
B$ E]l l>]l$ ]l$ B$ l>$V> h_.
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O]l P]l s MSs GMS$P]l B$ E]l l>]l$ A]l ^l]l l>O ]lYMS >
l$$M]l^l$a.
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2. {lQ]l$ _^lyl? N~, S lMS ]l]l]l$ ]l^lyl? (4 ]l*$P$)
{lQ: MS A]l>]l$ a ]l$]l#]l$ MS oMS ]l*, s l VS$_
MS l *VS ]l* ~$. l ""{lQ'' As$.
A
I
l l $VS$l]l$ "{l' As$.
{l ]l]l$:
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& yl]l*y # {l: r$tyl ]l$ VSyl ]l ll yl]l*y W l$ VS .
& M>t# {l: El ]l$ VSyl ]l l$ VS .
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> lOl$]l {l: ]l]l$, {>$MS V> ]l$l ]l$]l$ Z ]l
l$ VS . llZ]l$, Cl A]l ^ll$l$]l l> $Z]l$ ]lQV>
^l {l > lOl$]l {l.
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{l$MS, $ V> ]lyl$]l$ $, l M> ]l$$ $
l ^lyl ]l]l D >lMS {l ]l$]l lZ HylyMS
M>]l$]l#l$.
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9. ]l*]l]l *_MS As H$s? (1 ]l*$P)
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i]l]l ]l*, BVS, AS>l r$, -l, $l l$* r$
l B$ MS*yl]l ${]l$ *_MS]l$ ""]l*]l]l *_MS'' As$.-
S
K
A
S
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{>$:
$]l l E: H2, Cl2, F2, N3, O2 etc
4 $]l l ^l]l Bs Al
4 ]l*$]l#$ Gl$MS$ *VS ^ll$ *f$ $ Bs Al ]l Hyl$
4 $]l lZ M>$ . As.. yl$ ]l*$]l#$ MS *f$
4 Bs Al, M>$ ll$$$]l$MS$s D yl$ ]l*$]l#$ lVSYV>
4 , , $ ^l]l M s l Bs$ Al ^l *f$
4 $ $ (l, {MS l) H$.
4 ]l$]l$ *f$ l D Bs Al i) yl$ ]l*$ Bs ]l$l
4 l A$]l# BMSl$$ ii) JMS ]l*$ Bs, JMS MS Bs ]l$l
iii) yl$ MS Bs ]l$lV> fV^l$a.
$]l l ^l]l
4 ""yl$ ]l*$]l#]l$ V>, A*]l$$V> Hyl yl$ ]l*$ Bs ]l$l fVS Bs Al
]l*$ ]l* V>, _ E^l BMSMS VS$_ l$$MS$...
]l$ $]l l'' As$.
i) s-s Al:
]l*$]l#$ Gl$MS$ *VS ^ll$ 4 yl$ ]l*$]l# s Bs ]l$l Hyl]l A
4 yl$ AlMSs GMS$P]l ]l*$]l#$ JMS s-s Al As$.
]l$MSs MS l G{M>t]l$$ G{M>t]l$$ E: H2 A$]l# Hylr
]l*]lV> ^l$M]lyl ]l $ fyl G{M>t H2 A$]l# HylsMS yl$ O{yf ]l*$]l#$
l> l$. D *VS ^l. O{yf ]l*$]l#Z E]l JMS JMS G
MSV> ]l*$]l#$ lyMS *VS {M>t 1s BsZ Er$. yl$ O{yf
^ll$. ]l*$]l#$ lVSYV> ]l_a]l M s Bs$ Al
^ll$. JM>MS Al MS{lMS l* ]ll Bs
$]l Z M>$ Al GMS$P]lV> Eyl ll$yl$l$. D lV>
G) A*MS l ll$yl]l l>l O{yf ]l*$]l#$ G{M>t
4 JMSMSs $l $]l yl$
fr]l$ ^l$M]lyl ]l $ fylOl]l $
]l*$]l#$ *VS ^l]l#yl$ Hyll A*MS G{M>t O{yf A$]l#
l'' l$l$.
()
4 ""JMS ]l*$]l# ]l$_ JMSs AlMSs GMS$P]l
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4 JMS Bs Al, CMMS Bs Al A
4 2pz BsZ Jr G{M>t E. yl$ l ^lly Al Al As$.
]l*$]l#$ lVSYV> ]l_a]l#yl$ D yl$ ]l*$]l# 4 Al Al ]l (V>) l Hyl$l$. D
Z 2pz Bs$ Al ^l A$]l# Hyl$ l ^ Ol$. M> Bs Al ^l$a
l$. V> Eylyll$.
E: H2, HCl, Cl2, BF2 etc
ii) Al:
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s 3px 3py 3pz 1.yl$ ]l*$]l# ]l$l 1. l VS yl$ ]l*
l G{M>t]l$ fr $]l# Bs$
4 O{yf 1s BsZ Jr G{M>t, M 3pzZ l$$ {]lV> Al ]l Hyl]l G
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Bs$ Al ^l H$. {MSlOl$ *M> {lMS A>MS O, MSl
t]l Hyl]l _]lr$ Hyl]l *f
*f$ $ l A
l As$. s$.
2.Al Al ]l Hyl$ 2. Al ]l H
r s-p Al ]l HCl A$]l# Hylr l$. yl$l$.
]l$M E$: HBr, HI, H2S etc. 3.D l Ol$. 3.C V> MSs
, $ ]lOl$.
Bs Al yl$ $V> Er$. 4.C l{lV> Hyl$ 4. C l{lV> Hyll$.
A 1) Al Al 2) Al l$. V> l Hyl]l l>l
i) Al Al: ]l*{ll$ Hyl$l$.
$$
1. l:
r s-p Al ]l HCl A$]l# Hylr 4 yl$ ]l*$]l#Z RV> E]l yl Bs ]l$l
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Hyl]l l As$.
E: O2 A$]l# Hylr:
BMSf G{M>t 1s22s22p4
4 BMSf ]l*$]l#Z 2py, 2pz BsZ Jr G
{M>t$.
3. ]l$]l$ ]l$*f$ l (yls l):
M l>Z JMS ]l*$]l# yl$ G{M>tMS$
C]lV> ]l$MS ]l*$]l# G{M>t]l$ C]ll$. yl$
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
G{M>t]l$ D yl$ ]l*$]l#$ ^l$MS$s. D
lV> Hyl]l ""]l$]l$ ]l$*f$ l''
4 O2 A$]l# HylyMS yl$ BMSf ]l*$]l#$ lVSY
As$.
V> ]l_a]l#yl$ JMS BMSf ]l*$]l# 2pz Bs
D l Hys JMS ]l*$]l# G{M>t fr]l$
]l$MS BMSf ]l*$]l# 2pz Al Al ^l ]l ^l$]l]l$. (G{M>t l). CMMS ]l*$]l# D
V> l H$. fr]l$ {VS^l$rMS$ (G{M>t MS) R Bs]l$ MSW
4 $W]l 2py Bs 2px, 2pzMS$ V> Eylyl ]l Eyl]l. D ""'' *_ $. D VS$$ G{M>t
Al Al ^ll]l#. M>st D yl$ Bs$ l, G{M>t MS]l$ l$#l$.
Al ^l (O) H$.
4 D l V> BMSfZ JMS V> () l , JMS O () E:Al*$ Z> {OsOy (NH3BF3) A$]l# Hyl$r:
l l Hyl$l$. Al** (NH3) A$]l# $yl BMS MSWEyl
Ol{sZf O]l Jr G{M>t fr Er$.
Z>{OsOy (BF3) ]l$lV> Eyl Z>Z JMS R
Bs Er$. Al** A$]l# G{M>t fr]l$ ]l
^l ]l$]l$ ]l$*f$ l$$.
2. {MSl:
H 3 N : +BF3 H 3N : BF3 (or)H 3N BF 3
4 yl$ ]l*$]l#Z RV> E]l ]lyl Bs ]l$l
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2. Al** A$]l# (NH3) BMS 8. M>OylBOMSy (CO2) A$]l# BMS X$yl?
9. {Os MOy A$]l# (PCl3) BMS X$yl?
4 ]l*$P$
1. BMSfZ l H lV> Hyl$l$ ]l^lyl?
2. Ol{sZfZ {MSl H lV> Hyl$l$
C $yl BMS MSWEyl, Ol{sZfO Jr ]l^lyl?
G{M>t$ fr Er$. PCl3 MS*y Cl lOl$]l BMS MSW 3. ]l$]l$ ]l$*f$ l H lV> Hyl$ JMS
Er$. E > ]l^lyl?
4. V> (), O () $ H lV> Hyl$
3. s MOy (PCl5) BMS ]l^lyl?
s
1. G{M>t ]l Hyl$ l _________
2. G{M>t ^l$M]lyl ]l Hyl l _________
3. lMS _________O Byl Er$.
4. l{lV> HylVS l _________
5. Al Al ]l Hyl l _________
C {OsV]l O $yl BMS MSWEyl, ll$yl]l 6. Al ]l Hyl l _________
l$l BMSfO yl$ Jr G{M>t$ fr$s. 7. lZ _________ V> (), _________ O ()
$s.
4. M>yl*OMSy (CO2) BMS 8. {MSlZ ________ V> (), _______ O ()
O=C=O $s.
C T$ BMS MSW Er$. 9. s A$]l# BMS _________
10.Al** (NH3) A$]l# BMS _________
11. s MO y (PCl5) BMS _________
]lQOl$]l {$ 12.M>OylBOMSy (CO2) A$]l# BMS _________
1 ]l*$P 13.s A$]l#Z BMSf O]l _________ Jr G{M>t
1. AtMS As H$s? fr$s.
2. $yl BMS MSW]l yl$ A$]l#]l$ P]lyl? 14. s-p Al E]l A$]l#MS$ E _________
3. A*MS l As H$s? 15.s A$]l#Z l M _________
4. ]l$*f$ l As H$s? 16. F2Z _________ Al Er$.
5. ]l$]l$ ]l$*f$ l As H$s?
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2 ]l*$P$ 1. A*MS l 2. ]l$*f$ l
1. s-s A ]l^lyl? 3. Bs Al 4. V> () l
2. p-p A ]l^lyl? 5. V> () l 6. O () l
3. s-p A ]l^lyl? 7. 1, 1 8. 1, 2
4. V> (), O () ]l$l ]l$ lyl? 9. V BMS M$ BMS
5. s A$]l# (H2O) BMS X_ ]l^lyl? 10.$yl 11. {OsV]l O $yl
6. Al** A$]l# (NH3) H BMSZ Er$? s 12.T$ 13. yl$
X$yl? 14.HCl 15. 105
7. PCl5 A$]l# H BMSZ Er$? s X$yl? 16. p-p
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lMSP-Z MS-g- ]l-]l
l 1902Z --yl lMSP- MS--]l$ MS{-]l$ *]lZ ^l-]l-^la- ll-s---V> VS]l$-^-$.
l JMS lMSP MS N lMSP-]l$ C]l-VS- MS- "sZ-s s--' As-$.
l MS-g- ]l]lZ JMS MS M MS-g- $-M- -MS *]l -]l {-l-MS-Ol$-
]l -MS->-Z ]l-]l ^l-$.
l H lMSP ]l$_ MS--]l$ l$ ^l -l* "GMSs' As-$.
l D l--Z MS- -^l MSt--*-$, {--]l$ -MS *]lZ MS$y g{VS-l-yl--$. MS-
$, MS-g--$ i]l---l --l$-Z ^l$--$.
l MS-g- ]l--Z G-MS-s (MS--$-) ---f-]l ^l, --t BM>- MS -]l--$ H-yl$-
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l$. -"-M>---' As-$.
H
l C H-yl-]l -M>--, M>yl, l$, yl ]ls >--$ (_-$ -y-$-)-V> l ^l*#-l$.
l *]lZ BMS-l-$, OMS--l, -h----]l$ {l-l ]l D M> l ^l*-yl B-----yl E-r$.
l MS-g- ]l-]l ]l$_ H-yl-]l lMSP--]l$ ]l*-]lV> ]l]l--$, E-]l-]l-]l, Ar- -l
S
A]l-->--MS$ E-*-W--$.
l >-VS --$-]l# MS-g- ]l-]l > ]l ^l HMS---MS lMSP--]l$ El- ^l$-]l-^l$a.
l MS-g- ]l--]l > ]l$]l l>--MS ^l-]l >-kq-$ } -#-VS$-, } -- ]l$-- HMS---MS
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lMSP- ^l-]l-^la- *-^-$.
A
S
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4 ]l*$P- {--$
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D ^t- ]l$_ -]l-Q-Ol$-]l {---$
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1. MS-g- -]l--]l VS$-_ MS$-V> >$yl?
2. l-MSP- MS-$, MS-g- ]l-]l > MS-VS {--*-f--$ E-*-V>--]l$ lyl?
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2 ]l*$P- {-$
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A
4. -G-MS-s As H$-s?
lMSPZ AOWMS {l$l
l JMS i l]l ilM>Z l]ls ]l$l i]l#]l$ El ^l$VS MS "{l$l'
As$.
l l M> {l$l ]l$ *V> yl$ M>$V> ]lYMS^l]l^l$a. A..
1) AOWMS {l$l 2) OWMS {l$l
l AOWMS {l$lZ *VS g$ () f MS *VS MS$y Ml MS i]l#$
El A]l#.
l OWMS {l$lZ #$, *VS g MSMS ]l Ml MS i]l#$ El A]l#.
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S 2. *VSg$ Hyl]l#. , #$ *VSg$ Hyl.
3. *VSg$ *VS ^ll]l#. , #$ g$ *VS ^ll$.
4. MS ]l$f]l$ ]l*{ll$ A]l]l$]l#. MS S$MS f]l$ A]l]l$]l#.
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5. f]lMSl# i MS$yl l$ l# f]lMS S$ M, f]l S$ Ms ]l
i]l#$ El A]l#. l>l l# i]l#$ Hyl. JMPMSP f]lMS
S$ i]l#$ MS*y Hyl.
6. *l_eMS ]l]l (Random mutation) f]l$ l lyMS$ GMS$P]l A]lM> E.
A
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MS{]l$ ll$ > >T$ {l$l:
l lMSP >T$ {l$l E*W_ s ^l$]l^la]l VS$# >T$ Z
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M ll$]l$ A]l ^l>$. sZ ]lQV> B^lZ bll]l$, Ar$MSr$t $.
l bll]l$: D MS >T$ Z l lMSP ]l$_ M>yl, BMS$, l$ ]ls >T$ VS JMSs
l$ ^l A]l$MS*Ol$]l l$Z lZ r$$. M>yl, l$ bll$ Ml lMSP$V>
S
$VS$.
E: VS$, ^lMS$, ]l$.
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l bll ]l MStOl$]l#yl$ lMSPZ Ar$MSrtyl JMS {]l*$ l.
l l lMSP]l$ As r$tM Eyl M>y ]l$_ l$ Hyl]l s "Ar$' As$. D
lV> fVS lMSP "Ar$ MSPyl' As$.
A
D ^tZ ]lQOl$]l {$
4 ]l*$P {$
1. OWMS, AOWMS {l$ll$Z ]lQ ly$ H$s?
2. >T*l ]l MSVS {*f]l$ >$yl?
3. A{^l Ar$MSr$t (A{^l {V>tVS) r $, E ]l^lyl?
4. lMSPZ AOWMS {l$l ]l$ P, JMPMSP E C]lyl.
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1. {l$l As H$s? B]lMSl H?
H
2. _e As H$s? D l H iZ f$VS$l$?
3. >T*l ]l MSVS yl$ {*f$ >$yl?
4. Ar$MSrtylZ M>]l$ P]lyl?
S
K
A
S
lMSP-Z MS-g- ]l-]l
l 1902Z --yl lMSP- MS--]l$ MS{-]l$ *]lZ ^l-]l-^la- ll-s---V> VS]l$-^-$.
l JMS lMSP MS N lMSP-]l$ C]l-VS- MS- "sZ-s s--' As-$.
l MS-g- ]l]lZ JMS MS M MS-g- $-M- -MS *]l -]l {-l-MS-Ol$-
]l -MS->-Z ]l-]l ^l-$.
l H lMSP ]l$_ MS--]l$ l$ ^l -l* "GMSs' As-$.
l D l--Z MS- -^l MSt--*-$, {--]l$ -MS *]lZ MS$y g{VS-l-yl--$. MS-
$, MS-g--$ i]l---l --l$-Z ^l$--$.
l MS-g- ]l--Z G-MS-s (MS--$-) ---f-]l ^l, --t BM>- MS -]l--$ H-yl$-
I
l$. -"-M>---' As-$.
H
l C H-yl-]l -M>--, M>yl, l$, yl ]ls >--$ (_-$ -y-$-)-V> l ^l*#-l$.
l *]lZ BMS-l-$, OMS--l, -h----]l$ {l-l ]l D M> l ^l*-yl B-----yl E-r$.
l MS-g- ]l-]l ]l$_ H-yl-]l lMSP--]l$ ]l*-]lV> ]l]l--$, E-]l-]l-]l, Ar- -l
S
A]l-->--MS$ E-*-W--$.
l >-VS --$-]l# MS-g- ]l-]l > ]l ^l HMS---MS lMSP--]l$ El- ^l$-]l-^l$a.
l MS-g- ]l--]l > ]l$]l l>--MS ^l-]l >-kq-$ } -#-VS$-, } -- ]l$-- HMS---MS
K
lMSP- ^l-]l-^la- *-^-$.
A
S
I
^l$-]l-^l$a. A - A l---]l$ Es-. s- MS{-]l$ l*-$-^l--]l l--$
As-$.
4 ]l*$P- {--$
H
D ^t- ]l$_ -]l-Q-Ol$-]l {---$
S
1. MS-g- -]l--]l VS$-_ MS$-V> >$yl?
2. l-MSP- MS-$, MS-g- ]l-]l > MS-VS {--*-f--$ E-*-V>--]l$ lyl?
K
2 ]l*$P- {-$
1. M>-- As H$-s?
A
4. -G-MS-s As H$-s?
fl$]l#Z OWMS {l$l
fl$]l#$ OWMS, AOWMS ll$ > {l$l f$#.
AlMS fl$]l#$ OWMS {l$l > {l$l f$#.
#$ {l$l A]l$]l$ ""]lP$' As$. { {l$l A]l$]l$ "{
fM>$' As$.
#$ i El ^l *VS g]l$ #$ fMS$ ${MSMS$ As$.
{ i El ^l *VSg]l$ "Ay$' As$.
f^l i]l#O]l ^l, MS llO]l sZ MS $r f$VS$l$.
MS As$.
I
MSrM>$, $, S$$, S ]ls fl$]l#Z { i Z MS f$VS$l$.
H
Al MS As$.
AlMS fl$]l#Z {, #$ i]l#$ l$V>, tV> Es. OWMS *MSl
(Sexual Dimorphism) As$. D fl$]l#]l$ HMS OWMS i]l#$ As$.
S
M fl$]l#Z {, #$ {l$l A]l$$ yl* JMS iZ Es. E$
OWMSl (Hermaphroditism) As$. Ar$]ls i]l#]l$ E$OWMS i]l#$ As$. E:
]l]l, fVS
K
VS > $$Z OWMS {l$l:
A
I
OMSsl$ hVSrV> Eyl > {_ VSstyl VS$ylM MS VS$ylV> Hyl$l$.
H
MSZ {l$l:
MS HMSOWMS i. C OWMS *MSl]l$ ^l*$.
{ {l$l ]l]l
Z JMS fl { f M>$, JMS fl { f MS$ Es.
A
^l$.
S
As$.
BylMS AMS QZ Ay]l$ JMS ]lV> yl$l ^l$. (spawn)
As$.
MSZ MS f$VS$l$.
MS #$ {l$l ]l]l
I
H
MS { {l$l ]l]l
S
K
A
S
D sZ ]lQOl$]l {$
4 ]l*$P {$
1. MS #$ {l$l ]l]l, #$ f]ll{$ ]l]l]l$ ]l~^lyl?
2. $$Z *VS VS$_ MS$V> >$yl?
3. ]l]lZ MS f$VS ]l^lyl?
2 ]l*$P {$
1. OWMS *MSl As H$s?
2. ${MSMSMS, AyMS ]l$l E]l ]l$ lyl?
3. ]l$VS MS]l$, BylMS ]l$_ G VS$$yl$?
4. MS AylZ gl]ll]l, lUyl l]l$ G VS$$?
5. GMS l$l$ MSMS$ G E*VSyl?
5 ]l*$P {$ (r)
I
1. MS #$ {l$l ]l]l r X, V>$ VS$^lyl?
2. MS { {l$l ]l]l r X, V>$ VS$^lyl?
H
S
K
A
S
ll BMS ]l]l >
]lR>$
& l{]ll l BMS ]l]l G >Ol$]l ]l*$MS$ Z]l.
& l$ ]ll$Z El M>MSZ $^l$MS$l {f BV> ]l ]l]l
> Hyl$l$. ]l$]l BMS ]l]lZ ]lyl$ M>O]l ]lV>$.
A. {l]l$ (]l]l$ VS), $ ({>$MS VS), l$ ( VS) V>$.
& A]l ^ll l> $Z BM>]l, {>$MSMS JMS ]l$_ ]l$MSs yl$
>.
& {]l$ > *f]l*]l ]l, r$tyl ]l*, ElMSl VS AlMS $V>
I
h^l]l^l$a.
H
& $f]l*]l ]l BV> $ {]l$]l$ ]lyl$ V>$V> yl>$.
A: 1) {$l VS 2) {Ols VS 3) l VS
& r$tyl ]l* A]l$_ ]lyl$ M> {]l$$V> VS$^$. A.
1. l {]l$
S
2. _]l l {]l$
3. A/]l$ _]l l {]l$.
K
ElMSl BV> ]l$]l lZ {]l$]l$ $VS$ l V>$V> ]lYMS^$. A:
1. ]lMS {]l$$
A
I
VSVSl CMMS ]lY A{$.
H
3. l BMS ]l]lZ VS {]lQl]l$ ]l^lyl? (4 ]l*$P$)
& l BMS ]l]l >Z "VS' l$ VSZ E.
S
& , ]l*^ {, BMS $, MSV, ]l*, ]l D V>MS ^ll$.
& ]l$]l BMS ]l]lMS$ ]l]l$, {]l$$ #t ^lMS* VS ]lMS]l$ *_$.
& ]l]l$ Ell$]l$ ]l*PrMS$ l^lyMS, {>$MS Ell$]l$, sMS]lOl$]l ]lyl
K
> MS$ "" VS'' lV> E*VSyl$l$.
& ]l*^ ]l]l Ml Ell$$, ]l*Pr VS$_]l ]l>]l$ l$#l* MS]llOl$]l l]lV>
VS$# l$l$.
A
& {f ]l$_ l$# > MS_]l l$]l$ El {*fOMS A]l]l]l {l]l, ]l*,
MSV s llO]l $ ^l* l BMS ]l]l A]lMS ylyl$l$.
S
I
& llZ M ]lQOl$]l {]l$$, MS$$ {$l VSZ E.
& l {>$M>]lMS {$l VS MSMS{l ]l$.
H
& {$l VS E MS]lMS$, MSMS A]lMS, {>$MS MS{MSMS$ { ]l$l
A]l*]ll]l$ W^lyMS lyl$l$.
S
& {>$MSMSMS$ ylyl$l*l ]l*g]lMS MS*y MS ^l* {$l VS {]l$$ l
BMS ]l]l ]ll$MS$ VSyMS ^l*#l$.
K
6. ]lMS {]l$$ As H$s? E C]lyl? (2 ]l*$P$)
]l]l*MS, {]l$MS$ A]lOl$]l ElM>]l$ ]lMS {]l$$ As$.
E: C]l$]l, EMS$P, VS$Y, $$, l$s, A*$$, G$]l#$, l$^leMS
A
llO]l.
S
I
llZ ]l]l$ ^l$yl As $l$]l l ]lsll ]l$yl { ^l.
H
]llZ ly ]l ]ll$ (A]lt), MS$]l#$ (A]lt) ]ls {]l*lMS l$$
Hyl$l$.
~ A>Z E]l$yl {]l ]l]l JMS {lZ Hyl]l tOl$]l * JMS
~ {lV> Ps$.
S
l > E~{VSl, ]ll $]l BV> ""M'', f l$]l ]l]l BV>
""Ols''$ ~l$]l$ ]lYMS^$.
K
AlMS ]ll ]ll*Ol]l ""]l*>l$'' l$*$ >Z E.
lZ ]ll { lWY^lyMS l {$l ""g$ ]ll ${l M>{MS]l$
A
(1954)]l$ ^lst.
I
D $l$]l]l M>Z l$]l$ AMSV> ]l.
H
2. Ols ll ~ { ]lYMS]l$ ]l^lyl? (4 ]l*$P$)
Ols Al >ll fl$]l ]l]l BV> ~ {]l$ ]lYMS^yl$. D$]l
{M> ]ll]l$ $VS$$ f$yl {l ~ B{ ~V>, ]ll]l$
S
sMl E]l {l ~ $P ~V> ^l]l^l$a.
Ols l BV> ll> B$ ~ {$V> h^l]l^l$a.
K
i) A B{ {l: D>]l lZ, VMS$ lSV> E]l a]l$ Z D {l E.
ii)B{ {l: l a]l$ {lZ D E. a]l$ V> El {lZ MS*y
D ~l E.
A
S$ Es.
M>Z ^l AlV> Eyll$.
QylYl ~:
{l ]l$_ *V>MS GMS$P]l l* l {]l ]l l$$ylyl ]l B
I
D ]l{l {l V>$ ]l E$]l$, l$$#$ _ l>l AMSl$V> ]l
H
5. llZ {]l ]ll ]l$]l$ VS$_ MS$V> >$yl? (2 ]l*$P$)
lZ ]ll Z Aa, {MS]l$l, AMS Olll,A]l*]ll ]l ]l]l*]l
S
MS$r$yl$l$.
]llZ {]ll ]l A]lt (]ll$), A]lt (MS$]l#$) Hyl$l$.
K
l> l BM>]lO ]lMS {]l yl$l$.
I
H
S
K
A
S
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l l-i--lZ E-*-V>-$ 1. *-l-Z 0.006 2.0 ]l$_ 3.4 ]l$_ 0.015 0.039
>-l-MS 2.1 3.63 ]l$_ -]l$_
- (-%-) 0.042 0.04
E-MS:
2. --]l*-$ Q 4 12 20 38 56
-l B]l--]l st-MS-Z {VS*# 2G(- {VS*# 2-) ]l-M>-O-]l Be,
Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra ]l$ > ]l$-MS Z-$ As-$. 3. G--[M>t-l - [He]2s2 [Ne]3s2 [Ar]4s2 [Kr]5s2 [Xn]6s2
s Q-g-- *-VS-Z --MS-yl s BMS-yl-$ > 4. -]l*-$ 0.9 1.33 1.74 1.91 1.98
l>- {l-. Al$]l --s-MS > ]l$-MS Z-$ --- (A0)
4. M-l- ^l
-l > ]l$-MS Z-- M-l ^l- Z- -M-O-yl--]l$
H-$--.
M + Cl2 MCl2 l VS--]l- l$---- JMS C]l$- st (1) (-M>--yl-), (5))-Z
(M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) $-M--.
-l --$ l $VS >-]l$--MS Z MO-yl-- A*-- -l JMS {V>O-s MSylz (3) (B--yl-) V>-- Vrt (4)Z E_
MS - {--l---. BeCl2 -*-f--$ -. C]l$- st-Z A]l$-$a--$.
-l C]l$-- st-]l$ 700C ]l-MS$ lyl ^l l$-l - (9)
-l l$X--$]l$ l$-]l# ]l$_ {-VS-^l-yl -> l$-l-]l$ {]l-- ^l-$.
-l A#-yl$ l$-l ---- MS lV> f$-VS$-l$.
l$X--$]l$ l$-]l# ]l$_ {VS-^l-ylZ yl$ -l MgCl2 Mg2+ + 2Cl
l-$ E-. A.. l M>-yl ]ll: Mg2+ 2e Mg
1) A--{ l$X--$ MO-yl l*-$ ^l$-yl -l B-yl- ]ll: 2Cl Cl2 - + 2e
2) A-{ l$X--$ MO-yl l$---- l MgCl2 Mg + Cl2 -
1) A--{- l$X--$ MO-yl l*-$--^l-$-yl l B-yl ]ll H-yl-]l M-l -]l# (7) V>-- Vrt
-l a) ]l*-VS-O-s ]l$_ > --$-r-MS$ yl$-l--]l#-l$.
-l l-l-r -l$-]l#-]l$ V>-Z 450 C ]l-MS$ lyl^l ]l*VSOs -l M>-yl ]ll H---yl-]l Mg (2) l$--- O]l l$l$.
*-VS ^l l$X$ BMSyl H-yl$-l$. -l O]l l$l$]l -l$-X--$ O-MS M -]l#-]l$ (6)
450C
MgCO3 MgO + CO2 - BMS-MS--- ----$.
D
-l l-$-l$-]l l$X--$]l$ -l-yl$z-- -W--$. D lV>
-l D lV> H-yl-]l -l$-X--$ BMS-yl-]l$ MS-]l ^l*~ H-yl-]l l$X--$ 99.9% -$-l-Ol$-.
MS- M-l -]l# ]l$-SZ 1000 C ]ll l-yl -^l-*-.
1000 C
Mg + Cl2 + C MgCl2 + CO
D l- i-lZ >-]l$--MS Z- E-*-V>-$
-l b) M>-O-s
]l$_ -l$-]l#]l$ ${---_ lyl-^l- 4 s A-$- --$:
]l#-$ MZ-l$. --$ ${-]l$ Z---]l$ ]l*-- l*-, $-
KClMgCl 2 .6H 2 O
D
KClMgCl2 .2H 2 O + 4H 2 O - l*-, ]l*-^- E-{VS-- l*--Z yl--$. V>--
-l C H-yl-]l Oyl O{yl-s]l$ 350C ] l HCl -]l#-]l$ -{-]l$-Z --$]l$ yl$-$.
#-l* lyl ^l-$.
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l$X--$: M>-MS _________
Os sZ-{VS-, -^ l*--Z-]l$ yl--$. 5. _________ Z- AMS BMS-f-l-Z ]l$yl-]l-#-yl$ BMS-yl--
l$X--$ O{y-MS-yl, MO-yl, -s *-Z ]l$l$- -r$ >-MS-yl--]l$ C$.
l*--Z yl$-$. 6. CaO _________ S--- MS-W E-r$.
M>--$: 7. Mg l$-]l# _________
l$r$ -l-*--Z, $]l l*--Z yl$--$. 8. M>--O-s $- _________
[t-$: 9. Mg]l$ l$---- > {VS-- -^l--r-#-yl$ M>-yl
-MS-- s--f-]l --MSa- r*-$, l-]l*-]l -MS->- l*- _________
Z yl$--$. 10. G- ]l-Z- s A$-]l#- Q _________
--$:
V>k, G$-MS- ]l$l$, ---$ l*--Z; VS$- -{-]l$-
-]l*---$
Z yl--$.
yl-$:
MS]l -*---]l-, MS{l-MS MS- El-- ^l$-ylZ yl$--$. 1. CaCO3MgCO3
2. MgCO3
]lQ-Ol$-]l {---$ 3. 12
4. LiAlH4
5. Ba
4 ] * $P {$
6. >
1. {VS*-# 2G ]l-M>-$ $, BMS-f-l, O{y-f-l, M-l-
7. MgCl2KCl.6H2O or MgCO3
f- ^l---]l$ ]l-^lyl? 8. MgCl2KCl.6H2O
2. l$X--$]l$- l$-]l# ]l$_ {VS-- ^l l-- 9. C-]l$- st
]l-^lyl? 10. 7
2 ]l*$P-$
1. {VS*- # 2G ]l-M>$ HOl -yls- P- BMS-f-l-
B ]l-M>- ^l--]l$ >$yl?
2. Mg ]l$ -l$-l -- -l--Z {VS-- ^l-r-#-yl$ G--
[Mt-yl- ]ll f-VS ^l--]l$ >$yl?
1 ] * $P
1. Mg]l$ MgCl2 ]l$_ -{VS-- ^l-r-#-yl$ KCl, NaCl
Gl$-MS$ MS$-#--$?
5 ]l*$P-$
1. A-{ l$X$ MOyl ]l$_ l$X--$]l$ l$-l --
> l - ^l*^l r X V>-$
VS$-^lyl?
I
H
r$ M>$:
r$]l$ yl$ {VS*#$V> h$. A.
1. sZ MSVS r$$
S
"' M>M r$]l$
r$ "'
& 2. M]l#Z MSVS r$$
K
r$ & G
r$ & yl
A
r$ & C
r]l$ & MS
S
sZ MSVS r$$
r$ "' M>M:
C AlMS r$ ]l. D {VS*#Z r$$ 1. l$$, 2. O Z , 3. *, 4.
OyMS, 5. M B]l$, 6. $M>$, 7. sZM B]l$, 8. *s.
l$$]l$ r$ " ' A MS*y As$. M>O {yls i]l{MS$Z {l ]l^l GOgl$
1
^lMS$ C A]l. l$$ Z ]l $.
OZ]l$ r$ A MS*y As$. MSZ fVS BMSMS, S$MS ^lMS$ C
2
A]l. Z ]l sNl MS V>Oss ]l$.
* MS MsM B]l* "r$ ' As$. M>O{yls$, {s$, M]l#
3
i]l{MS$MS$ C A]l . * Z ]l]l {V> Al MS$VS$l$.
OyMSMS$ r$ 6 A MS*y As$. C GOl$ B]l* i]l{MS$Z {]lQ {l
$. Z ]l]l Z ]laMS Dyl$VS (s) ]l$.
M B]l$, ]l*MSM B]l*$ (DNA, RNA) MS$ A]l. G]lMS ]l$fjZ G{MSMS$
HylyMS C A]l. Z ]l MS]ll, A l$$ ]l.
$M>]l$]l$ r$ 12 As$. ]l*MSM B]l* i]l{MS$Z {s Z C
{]lQ{l ]l$. D r$ Z ]l MS MS]ll MS$VS$l$.
sZM B]l$ M>O{ylr$, {s$, M]l# i]l{MS$MS$ A]l. Z ]l
]l*]l]l# M>Z ]l$r$ Hyl.
*s: {s i]l{MS$MS$ A]l. Z ]l MSyl> #$, Ar, yl]l$yll
I
V>$, ]l*]lMS $VSl MS$VS$.
2. r$ "':
H
r$ "' $MS ]l$ "GPM B]l$'. C MSZ ^lZ {]lQ{l ]l$.
S
MS$, l{l MSg, ]l$l$, lZ yl Os HylyMS r$ "' A]l.
3. r$ "C':
r$ "C' sZM> MS Hsts r$ A MS*y As$.
4. r$ MS:
r$ "MS' $MS ]l$ "ZMS'. MS VSylzMSrtyMS r$ MS A]l.
I
r$ Z ]l MS VSylzMSrtyMS ^ ]l$$ yl$l$. ]l V>* ]l$_ GMS$P]l
MS {$.
$VS$ ]l*$P {$
H
D sZ ]lQOl$]l {$
S
1. r$]l$ MSrtyMS l ^l]l M>M>]l$ lyl?
2. r$ "G' Z ]l MSVS l$]l$ VS$_ >$yl?
K
3. "' M>MS$ r$]l$ P, s $MS ]l*$ >$yl?
4. M]l#Z MSVS r$]l$ P, s B]lMSl A ^l ]l$]l$ lyl?
A
2 ]l*$P {$
1. * $MS ]l$ H? A]l H$s?
S
1. {MS-]l$- l (Infection)
2. -VS M> (Incubation)
3. ]lMS-]l$-$ l (Manifestation)
I
4. Al l- (Termination)
H
l - f]lMS i ]l$]l --Z {l-^l-y- "- -{MS-]l$-' As-$.
l {l-S MS-yl ]l V>, B-, $, -V>-, DVS-$, ]l$-$, G--$-MS- ]ls fl$-]l#- >, A-
M>' As-$. D -VS M> --l l$-Z M VSr- ]l$_, M ]l-l->-$ E-r$.
l -VS M> l>-l VS S--$ ]lMS-]l$-$ -M>-- " ]lMS-]l$-$ l-' As-$.
K
l l- P--MSV> M>, >-lV> M> BW--]l#-yl$ "Al-l--' As-$.
A
M>--l$- -:
l MSZ- MS-g--Z $-#-VS$ VS -$--l Al ]l~-{l]l ^l-yl ]l M>l$- ]l$.
I
-$.
l lr$t s-M>-$ $-M-]l-yl ]l D lWY^l-]l-^l$a.
l$l-yl$--# (Encephalitis):
H
l -B- Ol--$ l$l-yl$--# -MS-$-VS-^l--.
S
l l$-$, $-l] #-$, M ]l$_ ]l$- > D -^l l$-l$. D -VS M- >- 5
]l$_ 15 k$.
K
l f, -l----, -s, A---MS --.. D S--$, M l->-Z W ^l--]l-yl f$-
VS$-l$.
l l$l-yl$# -MS {l-MS-Ol$-]l _MS-l --l$. l$--$, ]l$ f- lWY^l-yl ]l D
A
- A-MSrt]l^l$a.
S
Zl--VS (Filariasis):
l ]l#MS---* l-{M>-t, -]l#-MS---* ]l$- Al yl$ l]l$sZyl {-MS-]l- ]l Zl-- MS$-VS$-l$.
l A-l- MSZ Byl-{MS-$ A-MS Q-Z Ol${M O--* yl-M>--]l$ El- -^l-$.
l {MS-]l$- ^l-]l ]lMS- ]l$ -MS$-st-]l-#-yl$ >-$ ]l$-Z-MS {l---. ]l$-Z >-$
A-]l- ^ll$-. {MS-]l$- ^l-]l -]l$ Ml A--l-- MS$st-]l-#-yl$, >-$ --]l$ ]l$_
A-l-MS ^l--.
l Z-l-- -VS -M>- 5 ]l$_ 18 -l--$. D ll-s S--$ Z--- {VSl$- #, f.
l ]l$--* >-]li l]l i-- -yl$ A-l--Z VSyl$#-l$. 1. -]l*-]l-]l#-yl$ 2.Byl A----
]l$
-
]l*-]l-]l#--Z >-]l-i- i-l ^l{MS:
I
l {MS-]l$- -^l-]l Byl--]l$ -]l$--- MS$st-]l-#-yl$, ]l*]l-]l MSZ B >-]l-i- " g-s' l-
Z E-r$.
H
l C -M>--$ MS--]l$ ^l, M>-$ MS ->--]l$ B-V> $-M- B MS- Al-s- B{MS-$-
{- ^ll$-.
l B ]l$ Ml A--l-- MS$st-]l--yl$ B A-l--Z-MS -g-r$ {l---.
2 ]l*$P- {-$
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1. --Z ss-]l- -{MS-]l-$ G {l---?
2. -^la-M>-l$--Z ^l Gl$-]l- ^la-V> Er$?
H
3. VS-]l-l--- S--$ H$-s?
4. -l$-l-yl$--# -MS MS--$-MS A-l--$ G]l-$?
5. ]l$--* G A-MS-yl--$?
S
6. ]l$---* -Z Eyl S--$ H$-s?
7. -l$-$ ^ll l-l$-$ G- M>-$?
K
A
S
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Y B]l$ >> $
4. Z BOMSy B]l*$ ^l ]l, $ H$
Y lrMSZ~
.
ZnO + 2HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + H2O
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l
{>$: V> #V>$ lV>$ As$. C yl$ M>$. A
1. f, lPl MS$ 1) A]l$Ol lV>$ 2. M lV>$
2. A]l$l A]l$Ol lV>$:
3. #V>$, lV>$ MS {MS]l , lVS ^l]l Zl Es s A]l$
4. V>Z llVS Ol lV>$ As$. sZ yl]l, MS {$$
Hyl$.
f, lPl MS$ E: l lV>$
f MS$: ""JMS ]l$]l# MS^l ]l]l#yl$ A
^l MS f MS$ ^e MS$ A
s$.''
E: Elf_]l lyl, ZMS llO]l.
A]l$l MS$: ""M> lWY$ MS]l $l$$]l
B]l]l ^l A]l$l MS$ As$''. E: Elf
_]l lyl MlsMS MS B$.
lPl MS$: ""JMS ]l$]l# B]l MS
{]l MS lPl MS$ As$.'' M lV>$:
E: Elf_]l lyl M>yl MS MS lyl *]lMSZ MS$, lVS ^l]l MS$ Z MS
]l$_ l l ]l$. MS M> lyl, $s Hyl lV> M lV>$ As$.
]llV> MS ^l$yll$. sZ V>$, {$ {$$ Hyl.
E: sZ Hyl lV>$, l$l$Pl lV>$.
A]l$l
""JMS f ]l@#]l]l]l yl$ ]l$]l#$ JMS {
]l ]l$MSs AlMS y$ MS$ ^l lW
* "A]l$l' As$.
#V>$, lV>$
""JMS *]lMSZ f]lMS ]l$_ l*V> {*^l l
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D lV>Z E^l$a$ MS^lyMS M> Al$Z _l]l$MS$. l1 $]l]l$ VS$^lyl.
VSfMS, MS yl* y$]l*]lV> ]l*$l$ylyll$. 3. Cl lV> V>k VrtZ V> yl]l# ^l$MS$r*
lVSZ E^l$aZ AlMS ]l{]l]l ]l$ lyl ^l l l . C#yl$ V>
]l$ {l]l $V>, Al ]l{]l]l ]l$ yl]l# l2.
Al]l $V> VS$$. 4. V> Z lV>$ ]l*{ll$ Hyl$.
5. V>kVrt M]l]ll {l]l ]l, s ElO
V>Z llVS Al]l ]l Hyl$.
V>Z llV>MS ]l*r *{l: 6. l1=/4, l2=3/4
P
V=
= t~
p = yl]l
= {ll
]l$MS *{l: V =
= ]l@#]l
=lVS Ol
A]l$l V> {*VS > V>Z llV>
MS]l$V]l$r:
MS>$: lyl, tyl$, 30 .$. , 50 .$.
yl$]l#]l V>k gyl, 40 .$. yl]l#, 3 .$. ]l]l
V>k Vrt, $. VS]l: l1 = /4, ............ (1)
l2=3/4 ................ (2)
MS> A]l$MS:
(2)(1) ^l
& V>k gylZ 3/4]l ]ll$ ]lMS$ s *
l2 l1 = /2
& V>k Vst V>k gylZ ]l]l$VS$]lr$V> tyl$MS$ = 2 (l2 l1)
W^.
llVS V =
V = 2 (l2 l1)
D *{l > V>Z l lV> l$$M]l^l$a.
]lQOl$]l {$
4 ]l*$P$
1. A]l$l As H$s? A]l$ ]l^l$ M
lil $r]l$ ]l^lyl?
(June 01, Mar-01, 99)
2. #V>$, lV> ]l$l $ >$yl? (Mar-09)
3. V>Z l lV> l$$M]lyMS JMS l ]l
^lyl? (June 06, 05, 04, 00)
2 ]l*$P$
{*VS ]l: 1. A]l$l Al lW* ]l^lyl?
1. V>k Vrt ]lMS lVSYV> ]l@#]l l]l, Elf (June-08, Mar-99,02,05,08, 10; Jun-05)
_]l ly E^. 1 ]l*$P
2. lyl tV> ]lyl]lMS$ V>k Vst {MS]l$ 1. A]l$l MS$ As H$s? (Mar-07)
V> O MS . C lls lyl ^l l1 lVSY
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2. Al]l, {l]l l$]l#s H$s? (Jun-07) 6. V>Z l lV>MS *{l __________
3. A]l$l ^ll V> $ As H$s? (Mar-06) (jun-06, Mar-09, 03, 01, Apr-08)
7. JMS *]lMSZ l { Eys MS _____
]l$$ Ey. (Mar-07)
1. lVSZ Al]l l$]l#MS$, MSPl E]l 8. yl$ ]l Al]l l$]l# ]l$l l* __________
{l]l l$]l#MS$ ]l$l l* 10 .$. Al 9. { ]l]lMS Eyl f ]l@# __________
lVSOll$l? (Apr-08, Mar-03). As$.
2. A]l$l ^ll V> {*VSZ lls A]l$l 10.]l@#MS {]l* __________
V> yl]l# 10 .$. E]l#yl$ yl]l A]l$l f$$
V> yl]l# Gl? (Mar-04) 1. /4
2. {l]l
s 3.
1. JMS {l]l, MSPl E]l Al]l ]l$l 4. lPl
l*___ MS$ ]l*]l. (Mar-06, 04, 01, 99) 5. A]l$l MS$
2. lVSZ MS$ __________ ]ll AlMS ]l{
P
^ll$. (June-05) 6. V =
3. A]l$l ^ll V> Z __________ lV>$
Hyl$? (Jun-00) 7. MSl, fyll
4. B]l MS {]l MS^ly 8. /2
B]l]l MS$ .... (Mar-08) 9. f ]l@#]l
5. M> lWY$ MS]l $l$$]l B]l]l MS$ 10.t j
__________ (Mar-08)
f (LASER)
LASER Al "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation" Al MS S *.
As "Elh l M> EY ]l M> ]lM S ' Al {{MS$.
fMS$ _]l >$ gq 1954]l ]llZ lrtlls V> ^
^l.sol Al >ll {^yl$.
f {lMS S$
1. ll: M> f]lMSZ G{M>t]l$ {MS]l$ ]l M> EY {MS]l$ lV> t {]l
M> VS]l$]lr$ ]l*MS$y, EY]ll$. M> ll As$.
2. $l: M> 1 MS.$.l* {* A 1 MS.$. ]l]l MS
$. M> f 1 MS.$. l* {* 1 .$. MSs lMS$P]l $.
Al$MS f MS$ $l VS MS$.
3. HMS]l~$l: VSt M> {]llMS$ yl$ Ol# _ E]l lVSOl> VSt {]ll]l$ "stMS
lyl$' A]l As$.
M> stMS lyl$ 100 {MS]l$Z Er$. M> f stMS lyl$ 10
{MS]l$Z]l$, Ol$]l f stMS lyl$ 108 V>]l$ Er$.
C stMS lyl$]l f M> AMS HMS]l~$l E]lV> $.
4. {]ll: {]l* M>Z Ol>MS AV> {]l^l lVS MS {]ll As$.
l$l $ 1/1000 r MSs lMS$P]l MS MSsZMS {]l g$. M> f
M>(1 s f) ^ _]l {lZ, lMS$P]l lVSOl VS MS EY$. Al$MS f$
AMS {]lOl$]l As$.
f ^ll $]l*$
1. Z: *(Eg)Z]l$]l G{M>tl h MS ]l*]lOl$]l MS Z^l$MS$ Elhl (Ex)MS
l$l$.
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As$.
f M>$
f ]lyl$ M>$: A $]l f, Oyl f, f.
1. * f ($]l f): Z {MS* ]l]l *f, il ElY > VS
$. lVSOl 6943
2. $ *l f ( f): Z *l {MS* ]l]l, yl* ]l@#]l
f]lMS > VS $. lVSOl 6378
f A]l$]l$
gq]l MSMS V>$:
MS {o$l ^l l$$M]l^l$a.
Z ]l*$]l#]l$ MSP^l]l^l$a.
${]l$ IsZ#]l$ l$ ^l$]l^l$a.
Z{VS Al {lMS {$$ sZ{VSZ yl$$.
MSNrZ M>MSt ylP ]l$_ ]l*^> #]l@{VS^l]l^l$a.
O BtMS ]l*^ ll$Z yl$$.
]l MS$]l$ ^lyl
OllVSZ:
- MS M>MS$y ^l _MSlZ *W$.
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]lQOl$]l {$
4 ]l*$P$
1. ]l*rl MS l, M> lVS ]l$l ]l$ lyl?
(]l*a 10, 05,03, AMt 99)
2. # sMS]l$ ]l~_, E*W_ M> >]l]l, ]l{MS]l]l$ Hs ]l^l]l^a
lyl? (l07, ]l*a02)
3. f A]l$]l]l$ ]l^lyl? (]l*a 06, 04, l 04,02)
2 ]l*$P$
1. M> ]l^l ?
2. f ^l ]lZ {]l {{MS$?(]l*a 01)
3. ]l{]l$Z f E*V>$s?(]l*a 08)
4. Oll VSZ f A]l$]l]l$ >$yl? (]l*a 09,06 l06,03)
5. f {lMS S?
1 ]l*$P
1. ]lMS As H$s?
2. ]l]l As H$s?
3. $]lM _^lyl?
4. LASER ^lyl.
5. f Z]l$ As H$s?
R$
1. l$ VS$MS$ M> MS ]l* ________ Es. (]l*a 10, l 08)
2. lV> $MS AMS$, lV> l>l ________ Ey. (l 08)
3. M> lVS {_ ________ (l 03)
4. *]lZ M> lVS ________ (]l*a 00, l 06)
5. f Z]l* ^l {{MS$ $ ________ ( l 07)
6. * f lVSOl ________ (l 04)
7. $]lMMS {]l* ________ (]l*a 08)
8. M>yl ________ MS {]l* (]l*a 06, l 01)
9. f]l$ ________ Z El*W$. (]l*a 05, AMt 99)
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f$$
1. l$l$V>
2. 2n Radians
3. {MSt$l OVSl
4. 3 108 $/MSl
5. VS
6. 6943
7. tyl$l
8. M> {]l-l
9. Fl$$
10.M> A () M> {]ll
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M>
{>$:
z ]l*r M> MS l M> lVS l ({MSt$ OVS)
z OVS lVS l {l]l$:
z sM]l$ E*W_ lV> >]l]l, ]l{MS]l]l & M> f]lMS ]l$_ M> lVS *Z {*$l
{l^l$r {^yl$.
z ]lMS & M> lV>$ ^lyMS, ]l$ls "Dl' Al
z ]l]l MSMS *]lMS _ ]l#l {^yl$.
& M>, *{MS M lV>$ *Z Dl *]lMS
M> ]l^lyMS AlMS $ VS$y AOl# .
{^$. sZ ]lQOl$]l. lV>{VS:
1. ]l*r M>MS l & ""*]lMSZ JMS {]lZ MS]l ^l* M> f]lMS
2. OVS lVS l ]l$_ JMS l*Z E]l MS ]l$ ]l Hyl JMS
3. ]l*Ml l$l$Pl l FlMS {$$ l "lV>{VS' As$.''
4. ]l*MM MS M>r l OVS $]l$
Z$:
1. ]l*r l {M> M> lVS {ll
*]lMSZ GMS$P]l Al $ l kOl.
2. M>MS VS$$ HylyMS M>, M> MS
]l*Z ly Al *MS l$ ]l#.
3. D l ]lMS, ]l]l, l]l ]ls
lW* ]l^lMS.
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f]lMS ]l Hyl ]l{ Y1, yl]l MS]l f]lMS ]l
V>k ^l$yl]l JMS ^ll${M>Z E]l st Hyl ]l{ Y2 A]l$MS$s B l$]l# ]ll l
s , $VS$ $ Ml Gl$Z ]l{.
Eyl$rr$V> H>r$ ^l$. R =Y1 + Y2
sM OVSZ JMS l$VS$l$]l l$ ]l$_ G. $MS A *{l:
l$]lyl M> stZ sO yl H>r$ ^l*. JMS l$]l# ]ll l>l *]l 2n E]l#yl$
JMS l$ MSMS _]l JMS * fl ^l > $MS B f$VS$l$.
stZ sZ Afyl$]l$ t^. ()
s lV>Z V> ]l {M>]llOl$]l st$, yl$ V>$ ( yl$ {$$) JMSMSs
{$$ ]l `MSsst$ #sM $VS$ ]l$l B ^llyl ]l $MS B Hyl$l$.
A]l$a]l l M>WlO yl$. lV> Hyl lVS VSt MS]l $ MSW Er$.
R =Y1 + Y2
. MS A:
yl$ lV> l>l JMS N>~MS VS$MS
(2n+1) E]l#yl$ lV> MS A
Hyl$l$.
()
JMS VS, JMS { A ^llyl ]l MS
A Hyl$l$. lV> Hyl lVS MSt
MS]l $ MSW Er$.
R =Y1 Y2
lV> >]l]l
yl$ MS]l f]lM> ]l$_ JMS ]l@#]l, JMS MS]l
$l$ E]l lV> A ]l Hyl oMS
{ "]lMS' As$.
s ElO ]lMS:
#sMZ yl$ ]l*]l MS]l f]lM> ]l$_ El
A$ HMSM>MS lV>$ D ]lMS H$.
lV> ]l{MS]l]l
lV> ]lMS
yl$ AlMS]l GMS$P]l lV>$ ]l {*$]l
*]lMSZ JMS l$]l# ]ll JMS M>Z B ^ll
"]lMS' As$.
lV> B *{l:
lV> B $]l$ {M> yl$
AlMS]l GMS$P]l lV>$ JMS *]lMSZ, JMS M>Z
{*$]l#yl$ H l$]l# ]llOl s l ]l{,
yl$ lV> yl ]l{> > lMS ]l*]l.
# sM {*VSZ HOl l$]l# ]ll lls MS]l
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3. M> >]l]l, ]l{MS]l]l$ MS, *]lMS 3. M> >]l]l, ]l{MS]l OVS V lV> >
]l$l E]l BMS, MS ]l^$. $]l$ ]l^$.
4. M> VS$$, MS l$ ]l* ]l 4. M> VS$$ lVSOl> l Hyl$.
Hyl$
5. M> ]lMS, ]l]l, l]l ]ls 5. M> ]lMS, ]l]l, l]l ]ls lW*]l$
lW*]l$ ]l^lMS. ]l^lVSW.
6. M> lVS *]lMSZ MS]l {ll 6. M> lVS, *]lMSZ MS, {ll *]lMSZ
*]lMSZ GMS$P]lV> E]lr$ ]l$. lMS$P]lV> E]ll k]l# ^l$.
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MS]l l$ $]l>
{>$:
M>l *l>$
M>l BMSyl$
M>l A]l*]ll, MS]l > ]l]l$$
O{yM>l$
{l$$ ]l$ VS Cl MS]l >$
M>l *l>$
*ll: JMS ]lMS yl$ AlMS GMS$P]l *]l$ MSW Eyls *ll
As$. M>l ]lQ *l>$ 1)]l{f 2) {V>Os 3) MS$t #l 4) V>]l
]l{f]l:
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{V>Os :
MS $t #l(C60)
M>rll:
JMS ]lMSZ ]l*$]l#$ JMS JMSs MS ylOl]l V$$ Hyly M>rll
As$.
ll: JMS A$ $ MSW, l >lMS $$ VS l$]l$ l>, D
lW* ll A As$.
E: - CH 3
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MS]l > ]l]l$$: lMSP$ f]l# MS, VS$Y, {sZ$, llO]l]l MS]l
> ]lQ ]l]l$$.
O{yM>l$
M>l, O{yfl]l$ ]l*{ll$ MSW]l MS]l >]l$ O{yM>l$ As$.
O{yM>l ]lYMS :
O{yM>l$
l Al
M>OMSM rOMSM
O{yM>l$ O{yM>l$
l$$ l$$
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BP]l$$
BP]l$ $ CnH2n+2
E:
CH4 & $ll
C2H6 & Dll
C3H8- & {l
C4H10 & - $sl
C5H12 & - sl
C6H14 & MSl
$ll l*: A*$$ M>Oyl f > $ll]l$ l*$^l$]l^l$a.
Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3
l>$:
1. 1&5 MS]l ]l*$]l#$ VS BP]l$$ ]l#$, 6&10 MS]l ]l*$]l# VS {l$,
10 MSs GMS$P]l MS]l ]l*$]l#$ VS $]l >$
2. C {S ^lZ s.
E:
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
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BP]l$ E*V>$:
1. BP]l$$ Cl$V> E*VSyl
2. {l]l BP]l$$ ]l$_ {]l$$
3. AlMS M>O]l MS]l > Z BPl { >$
4. $l, Cl, O{yfl l*MS BP]l$$ E*VSyl.
BP]l$$
-& MS JMS l MSW]l Al O{yM>l]l$ BP]l$$ As$.
s $ CnH2n
E:
C2H4 ---- -Dl(Cl)
C3H6 ----- {l
C4H8 ----*sl
C5H10 ---- -sl
C6H12 ---- -MSl
Cl (Dll) l*:
-& -M Dll O]l BPZ MSW_]l KOH ^l]l]l Dll l*$^l$]l^l$a.
C2H5Cl + KOH C2H4 + KCl + H2O
BP]l$ l>$:
1. 3 MS]l ]l*$]l# ]lMS$ VS BP]l$$ ]l#$, 4&13 MS]l ]l*$]l#$ VS
BP]l$$ {l$, 13 MS GMS$P]l ]l*$]l#$ VS $]l >$.
2. C MS]l ^lZ Ys.
E: H2C = CH2 + H2 C2H6
H2C = CH2 + Cl2 ClCH2 CH2Cl
]l$MS:
-& BP]l$$ ]l$MS ^l ylOl]l V$$$ VS ]l$$V> Hyl$.
n(CH2 = CH2) &[-C2H2 -- C2H2-]n--
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BP]l$ E*V>$ :
]l$ l*Z E*W$
BP l*Z E*W$.
V> MS]l Cl]l$ ]l$l$]l$l$V> E*W$.
BOP]l$$
& MS]l ]l*$]l# ]l$l { l]l VS Al O{y M>l]l$ BOP]l$$ As$.
s $ CnH2n2
E:
C2H2 ---- -COl (Gr)
C3H4 ----- {O
C4H6 ---- $Os
C5H8 ---- Os
C6H10 ---- OMS
BOP]l$ l>$:
1. ]lyl$ MS]l ]l*$]l# ]lMS$ VS BOP]l$$ ]l#$, 4 ]l$_ 11 ]lMS$ {l$, 11MSs
GMS$P]l MS]l ]l*$]l#$]l BOPl$ $]l >$
2. BOP]l$$ MS]l ^lZ Y l >]l$ H$^l$]l$.
HC = CH + 2H2 C2H6
HC = CH + 2Cl2 Cl2CH CHCl2
3. Grl BMSflZ ]l$yl $, M>lyl*MSyl]l$ H$$. D ^lZ AMS E~]l
l$]lyl$]l$. Al$^l lzVSZ E*W$.
BOP]l$ E*V>$:
1) Grl]l$ lzVSZ E*W$.
2) M>$]l$ MS{]l$V> lV> yl$V> ]l*$arMS$ Grl ]l#]l$ yl$$
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M {l$$ ]l$, s $$
{l$$ ]l $ {l$$ ]l $ E
C OH BP CH3OH
C CHO BzOy CH3CHO
C C=O MSsZ CH3 CO CH3
C COOH B]l$ CH3COOH
-COC- Dl CH3 O CH3
- C NH2 GOl$ C3H7NH2
C COOR Gt CH3COOC2H5
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M>O{ylr {]l:
1. M>O{ylr$ ]l$]lMS$ MS^la i]l >$
2. M>O{ylr$ ]l$]l B>$, $Zg *Z ]l]l$, MS]l$ C$
3. A]lV> M>O{ylr$ ]l$]lMS$ yl, l$$$, ]l]l$ ]l$MS*$a]l$.
VS*Mg S$
1. sZl S
sZl M>MS l*: yl
JMS MSZ 5 $.. AgNO3 {]l $MS$ MS 5 >l NaOH]l$ 1 2 ^l$MSP$
l$yl. *yllVS$Z]l$]l AgOH A]lS]l Hyl$]l$.
D A]lS]l MSVS ]lMS$ NH4OH {]l ^l$MSP$^l$MSP$V> MSyl. D {]l
Al*MS Ol{ss {]l As$. Cl sZl M>MS.
2. lylMSt -S
V>$ (Parts):
1) ^lMS$ (Sugar cane)
2) MS^l MSl$$ (Crusher)
3) $$$ (Mills)
4) ^lMS$ (Bagasse)
5) $]l, ylMSl (Defecation, Lime)
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2) ^lMS$ ${$^l$r:
O]l {VS$_]l ^lMS$ M^l B]l$ MSW Er$. $]l MS$#r
(ylMSl), M>ll, sl > B]l$ W_ ${$$. D {{MS$ ]l]l
_]l A]lS]l$ {]l$yl As$. G$]l#V> yl$$.
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BP l*
MS {{MS$: Dt,MSt* ]ls *MSi]l#^ll El A$ GOg]l ^l ]l
l A$]l#$ _]l_]l A$]l#$V> ]l*a {{MS$]l$ MS{{MS$ As$.
lO Dt MS {{MS$ > DOl BP]l$ El ^l$.
BP l*Z l$:
1) l]l$ 10l ^lMSP {]lV> sZ ]l ^l$.
2) Dt $VS$l M Al*$ s, Al*$ s ]ls ]l]l$ lMS$
MS$#$.
3) O]l l*O]l l {]l MS {{MS$ stZMS ^l$a$.
4) O {]lMS Dt MS$#$.
Dt MS {{MS$MS$ A]lOl$]l C]ltg, Ogl$g Al yl$ GOg]l]l$ El ^l]l$.
C]ltg ${Mk]l$ VS*Mg,{Mtg$V> ylVyl$l$.
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V>$:
1) (Wash)
2) s B (Steam of water)
3) lyl (Hot Wash)
4) s B + BP B (Steam and alcohol vapours)
5) MSyl]l (Condenser)
6) 90>l BP (90% Alcohol)
7) ]l- >$
BP E*V>$:
1) {]l$Z {]lV>
2) ]l$l$ l*Z
3) , {, Oll ]ls ]l$l$> l*Z BP]l$ E*W$.
R C COOH
NH2
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{s]l$:
{s]l$ GOl$ B]l* ^ll lOl$]l >$. yl$ GOl$ B]l*$ MS s A$]l#]l$
MZ CONH l (tyl) l H$$. D lV> AMSQZ GOl$
B]l*$ MS Hyl >l tyl ({sl) As$.
{s]l E*VS:
1) {s]l$ fl$MSg >Z ]lQ{l ]l
2) M {s]l$ GOg]l$V> AlMS i]l$]l ^lZ E{lM>$V> ^l.
3) M {s]l$ i]l]l {{MS$]l$ ${
4) M {s]l$ *s yl.. C VSM>MS {MS]l]l$_ S MS.
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]l*l O{yfMS
MS Al E{lMS ]l$SZ.. O{yfl ]l#]l$ Al ]l*l]l$ l M]l#V>
]l*a {{MS$]l$ ]l*l O{yfMS As$.
V>$:
1) O{yfMS ^l$ ]l*l (Un Hydrogenated oil)
2) lyl^l st (Heating pan)
3) MS]lt (Converter)
4) E{lMS (Catalyst)
5) O{yfl (Hydrogen)
6) lMS (Coolant)
7) ]lyll (Filtration)
8) O{yf ^l]l ]l*l (Hydrogenated oil)
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$ l*
MSl
HOl > ]l$SZ ]l*l/M]l#]l$ f ^l_ $]l$ l$V> l {{MS$]l$
MSl As$.
(C17H33COO)3 C3H5 + 3NaOH 3C17H33COONA + CH2OHCH(OH) CH2OH
$ W- - >-
$ l* {{MS$:
1. ]l*l M]l#]l$ JMS l t $ st Z $M MS ZnO, MgO MS 4.1 l$V> P
yl]l ]ll 240250C ]lMS$ lyl^l*, s B f ^l^. ]l s
B]l* ${]l$, W> $. W>]l$ l]l > W^l]l^l$a.
2. $W]l s B]l* ${]l* AMS l]l > l$^l, $ VS$MS A]l$VS$V>
l s B]l*]l$ l ]l*Z G]l$MS$s$.
3. C G^l$MS$]l s B]l* ${]l*MS M >>$ MS lrMS$. Cl $.
$ VS$lMS S
1.5 {V>]l $]l$ 100 $.. l]l fZ MSW^.
]l$_ 10 $.. {]l S MSZ $M.
S MS ]lMS $ ]llst 15MSylr$ V> MS$l.
30 MS]l$ r$ B {l MSP]l st E^. B l>l ]l$VS Gl$l] $ M.
D S]l$ ]l*PsZ MS l M> $ ^. GMS$P]l ]l$VS^la
$]l$ ]l$_ $V> P]l]l^l$a.
ylrjs$
$MSV> ylfjr$ BOP il Zls ]l$ s BP s
]l$.
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$]l> {]l$$
{>$:
l$r$ l*
V>k {]l$
]l$$ {l$
tM$, hVS$$, MS{]l$ >$
l l$
f$, ]l$l$$, L$
{sZ$ {]l$
G$]l#$
l$r$ l*
V>$
1). ]lyl ({VS]l ); 2). VS M$; 3). ]l$r;
4). VS$Y yl; 5). VS$Y yl VS; 6). lMS VS; 7). MS MS l$s
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V>k {]l$
-& V>k $MSV> yl$ MSs (Na2SiO3), M> $ MSs (CaSiO3), M> (SiO2)
${]l$.
& V>k]l$ AlMS ^l]l ${]l$ As$.
M V>k$, s E*V>$
V>kMS E*VS
yV>k MSsMS A$V>, l*Z yl$
OMS V>k {*V>> MS> l*Z yl$
M>tj V>k l$l $$, lMS> l*
s V>k l>Z yl$$
VSstV>k VSstV>k MS> l*Z yl$
ZMSs O#Ol$, {*VS>Z yl V>k MS> l*Z E*W$.
V> ZVS: V>k]l$ lyl^l l$l_ ZMS V> F M]l BMSVS V>k ]l$]l#]l$
l*$^l {{MS$]l$ V> ZVS As$. V> ZVS {{MS$ OMS V>k, ZMSs
V>k ]l*{ll$ l.
sMS E$.
]l$M> {l$:
s G{MS]l$]l$, *yllVS$ E]l MS]l$]l$ ]l$_ l*$ ^l$. C l$$#]l$ MSW
Es. P V$, l$ l]l# V> ]l$]l#$, V> MS$yl$ llO]l.
tMS :
tMS A]lV> M^l ]l*$ ^l]l MS]l > ]l$$. ($)
tMS$&s E*V>$
tM E*V>$
(A {ll) MSr$, tM ^l$$, ]l# Mr$
(AMS {ll) ]l$$, l$ lM>$, tM {l$
t l$l lM>$, l$l]l$, CsMS# MS$$, s..,
{hrMS$, A$ MSV ]ll$
Ol MOy Vst$, ^l ^l$$, {V>l$ M>$z$, l$ lM>$,
l MSy$, $$, s#$, MSV ]ll$
Gt$ $$, s#$, MSV]ll$]l {]l$Z >$V>
Ol 6, 6 {$, { ]lyl$, `$, >$, Cs ]l*{W
>$:
]l{]l$Z rt llMS$ E*VSyl >$ >$. C yl$M>$. A 1)f >$
2) ]l*]l]l l MS{]l$ >$
f>Z $Zg ]lQ $rMS]l. ]l*]l]ll >$ MS{]l$ ]l$ ]l$_ El
AVS$]l$.
l l$
JMS]lMS BMS ^lyMS, *#]l$ ]l*ayMS, Al ^lyMS , ]lQ${l MMS$ yl HOl
]l, l* ]l${W A^l ]l$ l l$ As$. E: lMS ,
]l$l$$MS$, kr$tMS$, V$, ^ll$MS$ yl $, ]ll$, yl, Z]l$, VS$, >$
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llO]l s l l$ As$.
l ]l (Mz{MS): l]l]l *$yl lyl]l$_ , ^lV>]l$_ , l$]l,l*]l$_ ^l>
S. AlM>MS ^l> ${_ ]l$]l$#V> ^l. l$ ]l*l,s G]l$]l$.
l ]l]l$l$ ]lQV> l]l*l, lll$st]l$_ ^l Ol$]l]l, VS$sr$,
M^l $]l {l$ MS Es.
VVS$ (l):
V BMS M V$O N Nl]l$ VVS$ As$. Cl$Z MS]l]l$ l,
tOf,]l~{l]l]l, $]l {l ${]l$]l , Hl A]l E~{VSlVS {]lZ
MSW^lyl Es. VVS$ VMS$ N]l#yl$ {]l ]l]l ^l Cl $rM>$
VMS$ Al$MS$Ps.
yl:
llZ AlMSV> A]lyl$ HOMSMS ]l$]l# yl. lO VS ]l*l]l$,
^l]l$r]l$ W_ ^l>MS ]l$]l$#l C]lyMS yl$. ylMS$ 5 {lMS S$s.
S B S M yl$
1. AlMSl (MS Eyl ]l$) Oss$ BOMSy, hM BOMSy, l$X$
BOMSy
2. g$yl$ VS$ (lMSV> Ar$MS$ A]l#r) sP, (l$X$ MSs)
3. Af]ll (^l>MS Ar$MS$ Eyl$r) M>$ t$s, hM t$s
4. Z (^l]l$r]l$ $aMS$l ]l$) M>$ M>ls, l$X$ M>ls
5. MS *Sl (yl$ MS ]l*)
f$,]l$l$$,go$
f]l]l As , ]l]lO l]l$ VS$]l$ B^lVS VS$ . N ]lS, fl$
l VS$]l$ AlMS]l]lMS$ yl$. {MS..1856Z Pl MS{]l$f]l]l l*$
^l>$.
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f]l]l >]l:
f >]lZ JMS {Ml* ]l]l, JMS BM{Ml$ ]l Es. {Ml*
fMS VS$]l$ B$.
BM{Ml$: 1) f]l]l VS$ {]ll]l$ ^l$l$.
2) ]l $]l l H$^l$MS$ f >MS AMS_ E^l$]l$.
f]l]l yl ]l:
]ll$V> > f]l# {]lZ ]lst l>l MS MS$#$. Hyl {]l$
f]l]l ]lO]l Al$MS$P MS VS$$.
]l$l$$
VSMS, VS>MS$, VS *]lMS$ yl >]l$ ]l$l$$ As$.
BlOl$]l ]l$l$ S$:
1. ^l ]l$$ {Z MS{MSlOl$ Ey.
2. ^l ]l$l MSWEy.
3. C ]l$$ M>MS*yll$.
4. ]l]l H Cl {]l Eyl>l$.
5. C W MSg]l$ V>$a>l$, {{MS$MS$ Al>$ MSW^l>l$.
]l$l$ ]l]l$$:
]l$l$$ f ]l]l$ ]l$_ MS{]l$ l ll$ > l]l^l$a. lMSP$
fl$]l#$, *MSi]l#$, llO]l f]l]l$$M>V>, VS$Y,{sZ$ B*O]l
$]l > ]l$_ ]l$l$]l$ l ll$Z l]l^l$a.
_MSl,^l]l]l$_ ]l$l$]l$ B$ M>$V> ]lYMS^l]l^l$a.
1. MS{l yl]l]lO ^l ]l$l$$ (l$lyl$,l]l$]lO ^l)
2. lSl yl]l]lO ^l ]l$l$$( yl$O ^l)
3. VS$yl, MS ]l$l$$ (VS$yl,MS{ ]l]lO ^l)
4. $]l _MSl ]l$l$$ ({sZk,MSt*,i,HMS]l ]ls Cl i]l#O
^l.
5. r$]l$ (G, , , yl, C, MS)
6. ]l$ (C]l$l, M>zl)
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L$:
*Z ]l*$^l_, WMS C^la ]l$l$]l$ L$ As$. {l]lS$, $,
CgMS]l$, yl$$, VS$MS$, ]l*{l$, $ llO]l]l L$.
M ]l$l$ >$:
{sZ$ {]l$:
{sZ$ *$Z Z $. Z ]lQV> yl]l# V$$ O{yM>]l$,
BP]l$, Hl$sMS O{yM>l$, , llO]l AlMS >$s. *$Z
ZMS {$ l B { > {sZ$ ]lMS$ Vst$ yl >
{sZ$ $rMS$ $.
{sZ]l$ $^l$yl: {sZ$]l$ ${_ Al$VS E*VSMSOl$]l MS]l >]l$
l$a {{MS$]l$ {sZ$ $^l$yl As$.
$^l ]l:
1. {sZ$ ]ll$ VS s l$^lr: ]lyl ]l*l]ll$ VS s W^lyMS
]lyl{sZ$]l$ AlMS Bl VS G[Mtyl ]l$l ]l$_ {]l^l$. s l$$
W.
3. BMS l]l: ]lyl ]l*l]l$ C]l$stZ l 400C ]lMS$ lyl^l$. Cl$ZVS $rM>
]l]l ^ll$. M>V> Bt A $]l ]l*{l stZ $Wl$. O
{{MS$Z Hyl]l $ BMSl]l VS$y {]l* ^lV>]l*$.
G$]l#$
lMSP$ l]l$ $VS$lMS$, #^lyMS, ^lyMS, r VS$ylMS M M>$
A]l]l$]l#. lMSPMS$ A]lOl$]l M>$ $VS$ M>$. A
$, V> ]l$_ l ]l$_ f, MS{]l$ G$]l#$
f M>$ {l$MS M>$ $ M>$ *S M>$
I
{$lVS .
llZ lrtlls O$ ]l*>Y 1853Z l ]l$_ ]lO ]lMS$ (34 MS.$.) ^$.
H
]l$]l lZ O$ ]l*>Y$ {ylVSg (st ]l$l lyl$ 1.69$.), $r$VSg (1$. lyl$),
lVSg (0.77$. lyl$) Al ]lyl$ VSgZ E.
M $ O]l$ 15 ]l$yl$V> h^$.
S
El{lZ O$ ]l*>Y yl AlMSV> E. l$*$, MSP >Z O$ ]l*>Y$ ]l#.
{]l ]l*>YO]l yl$ ^MS]l l$.
K
{MS.. 1960Z "l$ $ A]l ']l$ H>r$ ^l>$.
{^lZl Gl]l {Z VS A ylOl]l ]l$ (]l*^l{l) ]l$_
(f]l&M>) ]lMS$ E.
A
I
- l$, l$ g $.
- l ]l ]lVSMS {{MS$ ]l ^ll$l$.
H
- g$ l$$ Hyl]lyl$ l$ {]lQ {l .
{f Ol]l]l >MSMSMS$, l ]l$]l$VSylMS$ l$ ^ ]lQ.
S
2. yl$z& ]l]l ]l MSVS {*f$s? (4 ]l*$P$)
yl$z& ]l]l ]l MSVS {*f$:
K
yl >& Q$a ^ lMS$P]l.
]l*$]l { ]l$_ {*MS$]l$, $MS$]l$ ^l$]l^l$a.
lMS$P]l ]l$ ylO , {* ^l$]l^l$a.
A
]l*>Y >l l.
l {]l$ yl$z ]l*>Y$ A]l$]l ^l.
yl$z ]l EV>]lM>>$ GMS$P]lV> Es.
yl$z ]l$ {$l, {ls V>Z]l$ ^l]l^l$a.
I
hZ rt A]l$]l]l$]l#.
4. {V>]l$ ^ $:
H
]l$yl {g l, {V>]l$ ^ BlZ Es.
{V>]l*]l$ MS$#.
$Z $VS MS$.
S
4. l { l]l$ P]lyl? (2 ]l*$P$)
K
]l$]l lZ ]lQOl$]l { l$:
l, s{V>, sl, Ol l, MS, G[M>tMS l$.
A
6. l O$ Gl$Pr$]l $ H? (1 ]l*$P)
$ O ]l]l, l$MS, VSg ]l*yl ]ls ]l$ Gl$Pr$.
Al>j$
JMS l l Z GVS$]l$, VS$]l$l$$s. l A]l ]lZ ]ll$
ys B l Al>j$ ^lMSPV> Ey.
]lQOl$]l {$&f$$
1. l f As H$s? A Gl$MS$ l? (2 ]l*$P$)
JMS l Cl l> ^l g "l f' As$.
z A l>Z f]l]l$$, Ell$$ JMS MSV> Eyl]l#. M>st Cl l> Al>j$
^l*.
I
z D l fZ GVS$]l$l$$, VS$]l$l$$s.
H
z l>MS M>]l A]l>]l$ VS$]l$l$ >, $VS$$ Ell$]l$ GVS$]l$l$ >
yT\T
1) *, ms 2) ms, * 3) e\T 4) s\T 5) H]+ s+>T 6) msT|
7) |dT| 8) e\T 9) s\T 10) c> 11) deqeTT 12) { njTsD \+
13) 1.0 x 10-14mole ion2/lit2 14) PH 15) -log [H]+ 16) ksHdH 17) eTeTT 18) seTT
19) d <eD+ 20) 3 21) 10`8 22) c> 23) Hcl 24) CH3COOH
25) NaOH 26) NH4OH 27) dsDweTT 28) 13.7 Kilo . Cal/Mole.
29) Nacl + H2O + 13.7 K. Cal / Mole. 30) seTT 31) 1 qT+& 2
32) 0, 7 33) 7, 14 34) $qeTT 35) 7.
|sT#T
1) C 2) A 3) D 4) B 5) F 6) G 7) E
7. sq dyTH\ skjTq Xg+
1. u$T bs sH XeTT ``````````
2. eT\eTT s+&T n+q me sb\qT * jTT+&{ `````````````````````` n+{sT.
3. sH jTT eTTK sb+s\T ``````````````````
4. eeTT k+< ``````````````````````````````
5. eeTT euqe >TD+ ``````````````````
6. >EqT jT& |j+#~ ``````````````````````
7. eeTT sH |seDTe\T ````````` sD+ @sfjTTq$.
8. eeTT +< <seTT ```````````````````
9. eeTT +< DeTT `````````````````````````
10. +<q> |j+#T sq sb+seTT ``````````
11. >|{ k+< ```````````````````
12. >|{ sH |seDTe\T `````````````` e\j\qT @ss#TqT.
13. >|{ +< <seTT ````````````````
14. >|{ +< DeTT ```````````````````
15. yqTy+ >\ s+&T >|{ bs\ eT< <seTT ````````````
16. C60 |+#D sH e\j\T ``````````````````````````
17. C60 w{D sH e\j\T `````````````````
18. C60 ( $TdsY |\]H ) `````````` e+{ sDeTT * jTT+T+~.
19. C60 dsd] +< <seTT ```````````````
20. |]XeT\ qT+& y{sT yVqeTT\ qT+& y\Te& b> me> e+& $wyjTTe ````````````
21. >* ``````````````` |Tq|]eD XeTT es sH &j& \<T.
22. Co2 { ] ````````````````````` @s&#TqT.
23. |HsT jT+\ y& yjTTe ````````````````````
24. |Tq sH &j&qT ````````````` n+{sT.
25. eT\+ |seDTe\T < H={ *d b&yq >=\TdT\T> @ss#TqT ``````` n+{sT.
26. nDT bsT * $$< sD bsT\T >\ dyTH\qT ````` n+{sT.
27. 95XeTT sH *q u>TZqT ``````````````` n+{sT.
28. _T$Tqdt sH XeTT ```````````
29. *>{ sH XeTT `````````````
30. sH V&H\qT eyT *q sq |<s\qT `````````````````` n+{sT.
31. @se{ V&sH\<VsD `````````````````````
32. d+| V& sH ( H) \qT `````````````````````` nL& n+{sT.
33. qT\ k<sD bsT ````````````````````````
34. qT\ qT+& V&HqT =\d < ````````````````` n+{sT.
35. qT\T ````````````````` #s\ bZ+{sTT.
36. sb+ bsT ````````````
37. LPG n~ X+ ``````````` qT * jTT+&TqT.
38. ~+<+ *q nd+| V&sH\qT `````````````` n+{sT.
39. qT\ k<sD bsT ``````````````````
40. qT\qT ```````````````````` nL& n+{sT.
41. qT\T `````````````````` #s\ bZ+{sTT.
42. ~*H k*eTsDeTT #+~ ``````````````````````````` qT @ss#TqT.
43. >* *dq ~*HqT `````````````````````````````` > |jksT.
44. C = C +<+ >\ nd+| V& sH\qT ````````````````````` n+{sT.
45. qT\ k<sD bsT ``````````````````````````````
46. <H k<sD HeTeTT ``````````````````````````
47. jT\qT eT+> s> |+&T> esT ````````````````````` qT |jksT.
48. y*+>T\ |j+#T yjTTe ````````````````
49. \V |yTjT deTVeTTqT |+#T y&T VeTT ```````````````````
|sT#TeTT
1. C - OH ( ) A) \V
2. C - CHO ( ) B) *V&
3. C=O ( ) C) {H
4. C - COOH ( ) D) eTeTT
5. C-O-C ( ) E) <sY
6. C - NH2 ( ) F) myTH
7. C - COOR ( ) G) mdsY
8. u+JH ( ) A) C4H10
9. TfH ( ) B) C5H10
10. VH ( ) C) C3H4
11. |+{H ( ) D) C6H6
12. b|H ( ) E) C6H12
F) C6H14
G) C4H6
yT\T
1) 0.3 2) sb+s 3) eeTT, >|{ 4) 3.51 >/d.d. 5) 2.4 6) eeTT 7) #TsTFjT
8) 1.54A0 9) 109028 10) >|{ 11) 2.25>/d.d. 12) w{D 13) 1.42A0 14) 1200
15) 3.35A0 16) 12 17) 20 18) |{u 19) 1.4 20) CO2 21) 0.003 22) s eT+
23) CO2 24) b&eT+#T 25) HwH 26) k<X\T 27) +d{ 28) 82 29) 70 30) V&
sH\T 31) u+JH 32) bs|H\T 33) CnH2n + 2 34) deTVeTT 35) ||D 36) CHCl3
37) TfH (C4H10) 38) qT\T 39) CnH2n 40) z*|H 41) d+\q 42) ~*H
43) eTTeT+<T 44) qT\T 45) CnH2n - 2 46) mdH 47) mdH 48) mdH 49) k&jT+
|s#T
1) A 2) B 3) c 4) D 5) E 6) F 7) G 8) D 9) A 10) F 11) B 12) C
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ll BMS ]l]l S$
1. MS$, ^lll ]l$, CZ El M>{MS]l*$ BMS ]l]l ____ VSZ V>$.
2. l, t ]l$l ]l^la ____ $l$]l ]l]l*MS A]lOl$]l ]l
A$.
3. ____ ]l]lZ *$, {$MS ]l$ MSst MS$r$ JMS _]l ]l
*f]l*]lZ Er$.
4. l, B$ ]l$_ ]l^la B* ____ As$.
5. {$l *f]l*]lZ ]lyl^l ]l$ ____As$.
I
6. ____ ]l]lZ $, yl]l*yl MS$$ ~.
7. f$ ]l]l *MS ____.
H
8. ]l$l BMS ]l]l VS JMS l ____.
9. l B$ Z A]l*]ll]l$ ____$ M$$.
S
10. lZ B$ A]l*]ll$ ]lrl g ]l{MSQ,____JMS MSV> Es.
11. G{M>tMS ]l$]l#$ ____ V>MS ^l]l.
12. l BMS ]l]l ____BMS ]l]l.
K
13. El, ]l]l$ {Ols ]lMS$ ^ll$Z E]lrl B ]l]l]l$ ____A
$$.
14. {]l$, > ]l B* ____ B$ As$.
A
f$$
1. A]l]lMSl; 2. Ol$; 3. ]l$; 4. Al; 5. {$lVS $; 6.
r$tyl BMS; 7. z M>; 8. O^l;, 9. g ]l{MSQ; 10. ]l*]l B$
; 11. ]l]lMSl; 12. E]l$yl; 13. r$tyl ]l]l; 14. l; 15. 1757; 16.
{>$MS; 17. {rl; 18. 65.38; 19. ; 20. 72; 21. ]l$l; 22. O ; 23. ]l$
l; 24. $, $$, ${l MS >$, CfVS ]l$]l#$, ]l$, s..,
I
MS Nr ]ls G{M>tMS ]l$]l# l* ll O]l; 25. ^lll, R, yl l*,
AVS l*, ^l M>Wl l* llO]l.
H
S ]lQ {$
4 ]l*$P$
1. ]l BMS ]l]l]l$ ]l^lyl?
2. llZ A]l*]l ]l*hMS BMS >MS M>Ol$]l *$ JylylMS ll$?
K
3. {s ]l M>Z l BMS ]l]l S?
A
2 ]l*$P$
1. ]l]lMSl VS As H$s?
2. A]l]lMSl VS As H$s?
S
1 ]l*$P
1. B$ A]l*]ll]l$ G M$$?
2. l B$ As H$s?
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I
6. yl$MSZ E]l ll]l$ EVS ^l ____ $VS As$.
7. ____$VSZ El ElMSl *]l $lMS.
H
8. lV>, >$]l$MS$ {$ {MS]l$ ____ Z A]l$$ ^l>$.
9. > l {l ____ Z f_ E.
S
10. {$l "AlMS BVS' Al lMS (]lN)____V> ]l*.
11. VS A]l>]l$ ayl M {$l A]l$Z E]l lMS ____.
12. IRDP As ____.
K
13. g*$Z $VS$l {f ____ ^l$l$.
14. llZ i]l]l ]l* #r$tMS ]ll ____]ll>$ (1993 HDR {M>)
15. ____ l MS "y'V> $$.
A
f$$
1. S BM>]lMS ; 2. 350; 3. 765 y; 4. 340 y$; 5. rt, {V>$; 6.
A^eNMS; 7. {^le]l; 8. 1970; 9. sl Al$M>; 10. Artyl $VS$ ]l>Y MS BVS;
11. C> B *f]l;12.Integrated Rural Developme -nt Programme; 13. i]l]l
{]l*; 14. 60.8,15. Al$M>; 16. l l g*$; 17. g$ {V>$ E
M>{MS]l$; 18. ^lel $ VS; 19. 14; 20. 3]l; 21. g, 22. yl]l* yl #,;23.
MS]l*yl H* A]l (CAD); 24. {V>$ M>MS E MS]l M>{MS]l$.
]lQ {$
I
4 ]l*$P$:
H
1. A]l ^l]l, lMS$P]l A]l ^l]l l> ]l$l VS$^lyl?
2. {l Q]l$ _^lyl? N~, S lMS ]l]l]l$ ]l^lyl?
3. ]l {l ]l]l]l$ ]l^lyl? ll>MS _ > lOl$]l
S
{l ]l]lMS$ E*VS]l ^lyl?
K
2 ]l*$P$:
1. A^eNMS, ^lel $V> ]l$l lyl?
2. E ^lyMS {$l ^lst]l l M>{MS]l*]l$ lyl?
A
3. {$ A]l*]llMS$ M>$s?
S
1 ]l*$P
1. lMS As H$s?
2. BMS ]l]l]l$ yl$]l ]lQ ]l$?
3. ]l*]l]l *_MS As H$s?
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I
7. ____ M>Z {>$MS ]l*l lVS Sl]l$ VS]l$^l]l^l$a.
8. llZ ____ MS{lMSV> {l MSW E.
H
9. yl*z f MS$$ ____ l]lMS$ Zyl E.
10. MSVS, f, { l$ ____ VSZ E MS.
S
11. lZ {l]l >, {MSyls$ ____ B]lZ Es.
12. llZ VSr$ MS]l$l ]l* ____
13. ]l$]llZ $, l$ V> MSs ____VSZ E l$l$]l {f
K
Q GMS$P]lV> E.
14. A]l ^l]l l>Z ____ ]l ]l^la g*$ ^ lMS$P]l.
15. {$l ]l$]l lZ $]l*$ ____ >l ]l$ ]l]l$ VSO Byl E$.
A
f$$
1. l ]l; 2. {l$MS; 3. _]ll {]l$$; 4. ]lMS {]l$$; 5. ElMS
]l $; 6. $; 7. 1960&70; 8. f MS B Cyl*; 9. BI *MS;t 10. l$;
11. f MS B Cyl*; 12.1.68 M>t $; 13. {l$MS; 14. ]l]l$; 15. 58; 16.
M$$; 17.Vl$]l$; 18. DMSs; 19. l ]l*MS {MS]l$MS ^lrt; 20. 40; 21. ]l$l
I
l ]l$]l#; 22. *VS$ ]l$]l#; 23. ; 24. {Ols; 25. {l]l$
(]l]l$), $({>$MS), l$ (); 26. 17.5
H
S ]lQ {$
4 ]l*$P$:
1. l BMS ]l]lZ ]l ]l]l > ]l^lyl?
2. l ]l]l$VSZ MS]l$l ]l*, ElMSl ]l$l E]l
K
]l^lyl?
3. l BMS ]l]lZ VS {]lQl]l$ ]l^lyl?
A
2 ]l*$P$
1. lZ MSVS, {l]l {l H$s?
S
1. ]l*$P
1. FERA As H$s?
2. ]lMS {]l$$ As H$s?
3. RBI]l$ ^lyl?
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g$l El]l*$
1. ____ *Z {MS.. 1830Z {lZ ]l ^lW.
2. {MS.. 1830 ]l f, yl, l, $aVS, ____ Z g$ *
{_.
3. {MS.. 1830 $VS$r$ ____l>Z ]lM>$MS$ ]l*{l f$ ]l$MS*a.
4. ____ M>Z {lZ {MS.. 1848 $VS$r$ fW.
5. * ]l${ A]l ____ l]l {$, { ^l>lMS, A ^l >
{f]l$ W^yl$.
I
6. CVSyl]l$ S lZ Kyl^lyMS l$l ____]l$ {lstyl$.
7. ____ ]l$ hVS lV> $$.
H
8. ____ ]l {MS*Ol$]l {*VS (Blood and Iron) $l Byl.
9. IMSf {l]l$ ^l{MS]l ____
S
10. ____ {MS&$l l ]lW.
11. V>z $MSlZ Hyl]l OMSl ____ V> ^l$.
12. lls "MS$P' *{ { _ ____.
K
13. MS]lt l$t]l$ > ____
14. ____ >{MS > MS]lN l]l A{*]l$ ]lMS ^l$.
15. ____ ]llZ r* l fW.
A
I
37. $VS Cr r BMSl$Oyl Al$Z ^l]l ]lMS ____.
H
38. ____ ]llZ MS]ll Hyl.
39. MS]ll ]l$$Z {l All ____.
40. IMS Cr lls >k ____.
S
f$$
K
1. ^ &10; 2. Cr; 3. {l, j $; 4. * ; 5. VS$gZs; 6. Qyl
]l]l; 7. s B ll; 8. P; 9. $&1; 10. {MSt; 11. ylt; 12.
* MS; 13. M> l] *P; 14. jl $sZ; 15. 1815;16. $; 17. *; 18.
A
1815; 19. l$rMS; 20. l$l; 21. {; 22. M> l] *P; 23. ]l*P; 24. MP; 25.
r* l ; 26. Cr; 27. {l; 28. B[t *; 29. g$l; 30. ; 31.
S
{f; 32. * MS; 33. M$l; 34. 1871; 35. M>]l; 36. $VS Cr; 37.
V>z; 38. 1871; 39. l$l&3; 40. MSt G]l*]l*.
]lQ {$
4 l*$P$
1. f HMSMSZ P _l {l l^lyl?
2. z* $MSlZ Cr H lV> HMSMS _ l^lyl?
3. {lZ {MS.. 1830 $VS$r$ ^lVSyMS ^&10 GllMS$ l$yl $$
$?
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2 l*$P$
1. Gl$ s{V> VS$_ >$yl?
2. M>l*PS VS$_ >$yl?
3. $ l*l l*YlMS *{$ lyl?
1 l*$P
1. ylt As H$s?
2. {ll$ Crl As H$s?
3. s B ll As H$s?
I
H
S
K
A
S
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{]l*fl
1. {MS.. 1840Z B{M>]l$ Al_]l Ps $]l ____
2. M>V]l$ BP_ ____
3. B{M> AlMS$ _]l ]l$]l$ ^la^lyMS {MS.. 1879Z A
>g]l$ ]l*l_]l >k ____
4. CVSylMS$ ]lMSV> Z$ ^l]l $VS$ r$Z Z$ r ]l$*
{l_]l ]l$ $l >f ____.
5. ____ Al >f, Cyl* $l l$ ${l _.
I
6. r$tyl MS ^l]l Al$]ll l ____ .
7. {l*f MS {l M> ____ l.
H
8. ____Qy "`MSs Qyl'V> VS$.
9. {MS.. ____Z BVS$$$ {sll$ f$$^$.
S
10. M>V ol$$yl$ ____.
11. ll$MSyl]l {fMS$ VSMSl lyl ____ ll A {l*fl l>$
^$$.
K
12. B{M>Z MS $MS$ J$ MS$l$$aMS$l lMS ____.
13. 1811Z l{l {MSs^l$MS$l Dht MS$yl$ ____
14. *$g M>$l sl$ ____ CVSylMS$ Al$>yl$
A
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f$$
1. VStl; 2. M>l$*l; 3. *z&2; 4. f; 5. ll>yl; 6. {]l*fl; 7.
{>$MS; 8. B{M>; 9. 1879; 10. *&z 2; 11. lg; 12. t; 13.
]l$lB; 14. C ; 15. A; 16. yl^l; 17. yl; 18. Ls yl;
19. ll; 20. aX$ $; 21. `l$VS; 22. CVS yl; 23. Zl; 24. 1764; 25.
]l]l$l$.
]lQ {$
I
4 l*$P$
1. {l*fl llyMS M>s?
H
2 l*$P$
S
1. O^ll$ lMS^lylZ $*$l$ G f$lll$*$?
2. $*$ll$ BMS_l Cyl* ll$$ H$s?
3. ll$l$ $$ VS$_ >$yl?
K
1 l*$P
A
1. l g ll As H$s?
2. {l*fl As H$s?
S
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l$M>l {^l
1. 1894Z l l$$, g ____l$ l ^l>$.
2. g ^l{MS]l$Z _l ^l{MS]l A]l____ lst l_a.
3. ____ Al l $MS$yl$, llOl$l, Vl {lOl$l P M $$
MlW$l {^ ^l>yl$.
4. g $ * ____
5. l$$ls {^l $$l l>l Hyl]l ____.
6. ____ Al t {MSMS$ l lMS$yl$ .
I
7. l$sl$ ____A $$.
8. l$$ ${l>g$, ____ l$l fW.
H
9. l$$ ____ Z fW.
10. Z ZMS l ____ Z ^lW.
S
11. l$$ls {^l $$l l$$Z f >k ____.
12. ZMS t(1903) _ ____
13. $*Z {>$MSMS _l l$$ls l ____ .
K
14. l$ A ____ Ell* {l^$.
15. l$$ls {^l $$lM> 1914 l$_ ____ lMS$.
16. l$$ l$ > ____ l All* O.
A
f$$
1.AV>jyl&3; 2. M&2; 3. MSlP; 4. E{yl; 5. ]l; 6. C{P; 7.
yl*]l*; 8. f; 9. 1919; 10. 1917; 11. $l$&2; 12. l; 13. {rl; 14. l ; 15.
1918; 16. f; 17. g; 18. g; 19. ]l*MSl$ VP; 20. 13; 21. l Vl.
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]lQ {$
4 l*$P$
1. l$$ls {^l $$l $s?
2. l$$ l$$ H$s?
2 l*$P$
1. g $ >$ H$s?
2. MS*rl$$$/J VS$_ >$yl?
I
3. 1905 MS M>s?
H
1 l*$P
1. l VS$_ >$yl? S
2. l$>{MSl$ NMS g$l As H$s?
3. l$$ls {^l $$MS lS M>l$s?
4. Pl l$ H$s?
K
A
S
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I
7. i$$fl$MS$ ____ O ]ls
8. t $*l$ ____
H
9. {hMS$ l{l _st]l ]lMS ___
10. Ol$ B{M> {$l $ ____
S
11. ____ ]llZ Cyl* IMS>f$Z ^l.
12. f l$s VS$ll$ ____ A $$.
13. l$$ lMSlZ >{MS ____
K
14. 1949 ]llZ____ AlS$V> # MS B O^l B_.
15. it MS$yl$ ____
16. t t MS$yl$ ____
A
I
37. $* BMS #l$lMS$____ {MS {ll$ MS ^l>$$.
H
38. 1944Z ____ l*lZ IMS>f $ l$$$$ {ll *.
39. 1927Z ____Cyl$l llt t ^yl$.
40. lS{M> l {$l ____ Al$_.
41.
S
lS Al$M>Z l{l >r ^ll Ol$l l ____ l$yl$.
42. l$MSMZ {l g$ $ ^lV yMS $MSl l_l lMS ___
K
f$$
1. ]l; 2. r ; 3. ]l$^l**; 4. CVS yl; 5. h; 6. O l ; 7. l$lM>
A
V>; 25. ; 26. ${l; 27. l@MS; 28. *glt; 29. AssMS; 30.
tl; 31. ]l MS]l$; 32. f]l {M; 33. ; 34. yl; 35. ]l;
36. MS{l, ${l; 37. ]l*; 38. yl$tlKMS; 39. $MS; 40. g ]lS (Ayl); 41.
lk; 42. $sZfg.
]lQ {$
4 l*$P$
1. y {^l $$l llyMS M>?
2. y {^l $$MS _l >fMS$, BMS s?
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2 l*$P$
1. l* {MS VS$_ >$yl?
2. Al$l As H$s?
3. f VS$_ >$yl?
4. y {^l $$lZMS Al$M> {l^lyMS l M>s?
1]l*$P
1. i$$fl$ As H$s?
I
2. SSWAPO ]l$ ^lyl?
3. lS{M>Z g ]lS (Ayl) As H$s?
H
4. ]l* VS$_ >$yl?
S
K
A
S
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I
7. i$$fl$MS$ ____ O ]ls
8. t $*l$ ____
H
9. {hMS$ l{l _st]l ]lMS ___
10. Ol$ B{M> {$l $ ____
S
11. ____ ]llZ Cyl* IMS>f$Z ^l.
12. f l$s VS$ll$ ____ A $$.
13. l$$ lMSlZ >{MS ____
K
14. 1949 ]llZ____ AlS$V> # MS B O^l B_.
15. it MS$yl$ ____
16. t t MS$yl$ ____
A
I
37. $* BMS #l$lMS$____ {MS {ll$ MS ^l>$$.
H
38. 1944Z ____ l*lZ IMS>f $ l$$$$ {ll *.
39. 1927Z ____Cyl$l llt t ^yl$.
40. lS{M> l {$l ____ Al$_.
41.
S
lS Al$M>Z l{l >r ^ll Ol$l l ____ l$yl$.
42. l$MSMZ {l g$ $ ^lV yMS $MSl l_l lMS ___
K
f$$
1. ]l; 2. r ; 3. ]l$^l**; 4. CVS yl; 5. h; 6. O l ; 7. l$lM>
A
V>; 25. ; 26. ${l; 27. l@MS; 28. *glt; 29. AssMS; 30.
tl; 31. ]l MS]l$; 32. f]l {M; 33. ; 34. yl; 35. ]l;
36. MS{l, ${l; 37. ]l*; 38. yl$tlKMS; 39. $MS; 40. g ]lS (Ayl); 41.
lk; 42. $sZfg.
]lQ {$
4 l*$P$
1. y {^l $$l llyMS M>?
2. y {^l $$MS _l >fMS$, BMS s?
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2 l*$P$
1. l* {MS VS$_ >$yl?
2. Al$l As H$s?
3. f VS$_ >$yl?
4. y {^l $$lZMS Al$M> {l^lyMS l M>s?
1]l*$P
1. i$$fl$ As H$s?
I
2. SSWAPO ]l$ ^lyl?
3. lS{M>Z g ]lS (Ayl) As H$s?
H
4. ]l* VS$_ >$yl?
S
K
A
S
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I
7. M>V l____ ]llZ l{l .
H
8. *$g M>$ll$ g$ ^llr$V> {MSs_l ]lMS ____.
9. NATO As ____ .
10. l* {MSMS$ {^lV> ____{MSl$ {^$.
S
11. { fWl ]ll ____ .
12. l*Zl ____ l${.
13. yl$ $l MS*s$ E{MS l t^lyll$ ____ $$l.
K
14. {X, rPMS$ OMS, BMS $ A^ly MS _l {ll ____
l.
A
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f$$
1. ; 2. G.yl. *glt; 3. l$; 4. yl^lMS$; 5. IlZ]l; 6. ]ly{^l; 7.
1960; 8. ; 9. North Atlantic Treaty Organization; 10. ]l*Zl ; 11. 1948; 12. l
>VS; 13. {^le]l; 14. {r*]l$l; 15. ]l*; 16. {; 17. sZMS*r$; 18.
>; 19. yl$VS; 20. _$l; 21. ]l* ssZ; 22.l-; 23. ]l*&s&r$VS;
24. M>]l*P; 25. ^{lMS VS ]l*a.
]lQ {$
4 l*$P$
I
1. {^l > SZ IMS>f$ {l]l$ A^l l$yl?
H
2. >MS El]l*MS _]l ]l$$s?
2 l*$P$
1. ]l*Zl {MS VS$_ lyl?
S
2. MS* VS$_ lyl?
K
3. yl$VS l$ VS$_ >$yl?
4. A]l ]l VS$_ >$yl?
1 l*$P
A
1. {^le]l l As H$s?
2. NATO ]l$ ^lyl?
S
3. {r*]l$l l As H$s?
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1. g$l El]l*$
""lO yl E]l { MSs l]l$ MS OMS]l$''
& l$ Z]lt (1804)
]l$_ V]l{lOl$]l, l MS$r$Z #st]l "l$ Z]lt', Bl$MS {^l^l{lZ
{]lQ yl$. ""MS$ #M>$ l ]l$ l$yl* yl'' ^l]l l$ ]l$_
]ll$yl$. ""* MS]lrl l$ Eylyl$ M>l$'' A $V> ^l#MS$]l
l$O "*' {]l GlV> ]l# l$$.
As l$ {MS.. 1785Z O]lZ ^l>yl$. {MS.. 1792Z {_ ]l VS$l$]l kZ
A_l$yMS l>$ ^l$]l {$]l$ MrtylZ ]lQOl$]l {l
I
^yl$.
H
{MS.. 1795Z { l]l MSl]lMS$ ]lMSV> fW]l {f $VS$r$]l$ A_]l l$
{ "OM>' A*yl$.
l Z {MS$ AlMS f*$ ^lMS*>ayl$. { {$l MS]l$yl (OylMSt)Z
S
AOlMSl]l$ B> ^l$MS$ AM>> ^lhMS$P^l$MS$yl$. B AM> {MS.. 1799Z M>]l$s
{$ H^yl$.
l$ {MS.. 1804Z { ^l{MS]lV> {MSs^l$MS$yl$. AlMSOl$]l l$>{MS]l$ Nl
K
MS*r$ Kyl_.
l$ lMS >l ]lW# MS "r* l' (1815) l>l
l> B{t* >f $Z l$rM MS]lV> ]l*l]l$*.
D ]l*lZ l l> g$ ]l ]l$ ^lyl ]l]l Z g$l
El]l*MS$ f yl.
$ ]l*l #]l$l_]l >fMS ]l]l Al ]l {MS.. 1830Z {_
]l ]l_a. C Cl l>Z g$ * W_. Al$MS ""{
l$$]l#yl MS$ f$$ r$tMS$r$l'' ^l$$.
{Z {MS.. 1848Z fW]l $VS$r$ lV> >fMS l Cr, fZ g$
O^ll]l . {MS*Ol$]l {*VS ]l { {]l]l${ P "f
HMSMS']l$ ^yl$.
]l$hj, MS]lN, V>z, >k MSt G]l*]l* -- II MS lV> Cr HMSMS lOl$.
l$ & III ^l]l AlMS ]l { BMS ]l]l l]lOl$.
{MS.. 1871Z Z "MS]l']l$ H^$. M> { O]l {]lV> A_l.
]l*fZ BMSOl$]l A]l*]ll]l$ *^lyMS 19]l Z ]l$l
El]l*$ B^. sZ ^l$$OMS]l {l _]l$: >t Kl, s O]l$,
* M, M>]l*P.
I
(4 ]l*$P$)
-{MS.. 1830Z {Z $VS$r$ fVSyMS {]l l$ylV> ""^ & X'']l$ ^l]l^l$a.
H
{]l {M> ]l E]l ^ & X l >fMS ]l]l]l$ ]l$^lyl$.
]lMS^$.
*M $MSlZ Hyl]l ]l$l t $$ ^le]l$ M$MS$$.
HMSMS]l$ N ^l>yl$.
ylP l(1864)
l{l >gO]l PV, Zt]l$ B{MS$^lyMS {$_]l ylP]l$ B{t*
$ Kyl^yl$.
I
PV]l$ { B]lZMS l_a, Zt]l$ B{t*MS$ C^ayl$.
B{t&{ l (1866):
H
Zt $Z B{t* >V>MS yll P]l P. {&Cr
{M&{ l (1870):
K
l lV>]l$ M>V> ^l* {O P l {MSs_ f$
^yl$.
{ Bl ]l$_ ]lMS ^l]l lS f >g {MS.. 1871 sMS P f
A
HMSMS]l$ N ^l>yl$.
S
l$ III ]l$ {g{$ MSMS$ AXMSg l> rP, >, l$yl]l$ l]l$
>fZ MS$#MS$yl$.
V>z l]l "y t l' , l#]l$ ]l ^l$MS$ z*MS$ AW^yl$.
Cr HMSMS N.
5. M>]l*P VS$_ >$yl? (2 ]l*$P$)
{^lZ ]l$l lMS ]l#$$yl$ M> ]l*P.
AXMS^yl$.
MS Al l]l { >k l$ III { >k]l$ $Z gZMS
I
^l$M]ll M>yl$.
Gl$ ]lVSZ E]l {>k Z E]l {]l]l${ PMS$ s{V> > D
H
* lyl$.
s{V>Z >> ]l*a]l P {, { {f ]l$l l$ Wa MS
S
#Myl$. D lZ { VS]lyl f HMSMS N.
D lV> Gl$ s{V> ^{lMS {]lQ _.
K
7. "$V Cr' VS$_ >$yl? (2 ]l*$P$)
Cr HMSMSMS$ MS ^l]l ]lVS$Y$ MSMSOl$]l ]lMS$Z {]lQ$yl$ gZ ]l$hj.
^l>yl$.
]ll$, ]lMS$ MS*yl]l ""$V Cr'' Cr {fZ lMS _.
S
8. yt As H$s? (1 ]l*$P)
1000 ]l$ OMS$ MS*yl]l ll$ yt. V>z H>r$ ^l>yl$.
Cr HMSMSMS$ lyzyl$.
I
H
S
K
A
S
2. {]l*fl
""r$tyl MS ^l]l Al$]ll l {]l*fl'' &
& r$tyl MS ]ly l]l {]l*fl 19]l ]l$lM>Z Hyl.
& {>$MS ]l ]l Hyl]l Ml BMS l$ ll$ {]l*fl.
& lrtllr B{M>]l$ {MS..1840Z "Vt' Al Ps $]l Al^yl$.
& "M>V' l> M>l$> Al AlMS$yl$ MSstyl$.
& j$ >k *z&IIMS$ M>V o]lyll $l$ E.
& Dh#t MS$Oyl]l C l]lMS$ E]l *$g M>$]l s]l$ CVSylMS$ Al$>yl$.
& Dh#tZ l gZM>MS ]lMSV> A$$ "A' $MSlZ $VS$r$ ^l>$.
I
& lS{M>Z yl]l yl_a "Z$'V> $$.
H
& lS{M>Z yl]l BVS]l$ "Lsyl'V> ^l$. MS $MS$yl$ y
& l]l$ l^l O^lO ]l]l$l$ > {r f$ _.
S
]lQOl$]l {$ & ]l*$
1. {]l*fl llyMS M>$ H$s? (4 ]l*$P$)
{]l*fl llyMS M>$:
K
1. ]lyl> Al: {>$MS ]l ]l]l Z {>$M>]l fW.
Z {]l$MS$ ]lyl> A]l W s M B{M>, B* l>]l$ ]l
A
>g$V> B{MS$^l$MS$$.
2. ]l*Pr M Al: $ l> $VS$ Ell$ A]l$M>MS Cl l> ]l*Pr$
A]l]l$*.
S
I
& l ll$$: ^l C]lyl, BMSOl$]l BS$, OMS ^l, ^l$r.
& l ll$$: B]l$ {l^lyl, >lOl$]l A_ll.
H
3. O^l]l$ ]lMS^lylZ $$ H lV> f$]ll]l$*$? (2 ]l*$P$)
S
& O^l JrV> EylyMS Ctyl, $W]l {^l $ P_.
& l*MS$, r$t, ]l*$ ]l{$, V> ]ls O^l Ell$MS$ Z ]l$_ W>MS Eylyl
]l]l l>$ O^l f $ B^.
K
& Bl$MSMS r l*V> Eylyl ]l]l O^l A V>Z $l]l$ ^lMS.
D l]l$MSr$l B> ^l$MS$]l $]l$ O^lZ ]lMS $ H^l$
MS$$.
A
I
& ]l >g]l$ ^l$M]lyMS B Ol$]l >g ]l$l Hyl]l {l$ll$ "{]l*fl'
H
7. lg ll As H$s? (1 ]l*$P)
& AVSMS$MS$ VSMSl lyl ""lg ll'' A Z {]l*fl l>$
S
l]l$ ]ll ^l]l$ ]l$^l$MS$r* D Bl> ^l>.
& D Bl {]l*fMS ]l$ *.
K
A
S
]l$M>]l {^l
]lR>$:
& ]l >g B{MS]l$ r l>MS$]l >, l$>{MS]l$ NMSOl$]l g$l,
{*f$ M>yl$M]lyMS H^l$MS$]l MS*r]l$, lOl$]l OMSl,
BMS O B. {r BMS $ ]l f >i {]l]l, { {M>^le,
P >gZ ]l$$ {MS.. 1914 OZ lls {^lMS >.
& B{t* ]l>k zy l lS M>V> {Ol$]l D lZ ${l>g$V>
CVSyl, {, , f (_]lZ Al$M> ^l)$ MS*r$ MSst. sMS sV> f,
Cr, B{t*, rP$ MS{l >f MS*r$V> ZMS V>.
I
& 1918 ]l]l ]lMS$ fW]l lls {^ll {^l V> l t_.
H
${l>gl O^l A.
& ]ll fW]l (1801&1919) > l$Z fMS, ${l>gMS$ ]l$l
]l fW. D l$$ f A $V> ]l ^l>.
S
& > l$Z As Al$M> AlS$Oyl]l "E{y ' g $ H>r$]l$
{^yl$. Al>j$ > S^lyll$ D $ {]l S. C A]l$MS$]llV>
M>MS.
K
& Z g (>k$) MS$]lMS$ ]lMSV> lMSOl$]l, l$Ol$]l El]l*$
{f.
A
& ^l{lZ MSMSOl$]l BV> {MSMSP]l 1905 f]l]l 9]l ""l V' $
MSlZ ]l$ >k M&II, #s ^lMS$ ]lMSV> s rYZ
$VS$r$ ^l>$. g >i >V> ]l ]lW.
S
I
]l$ V>$yz$.
& l ]l]l El]lOl$]l ]l$]l$ ^la^lyMS " > l$' fW.
H
& >f$ ]l l> J$ fV>.
& Z {^l >MS MS ^l$yMS ""g $'' H>r$ ^l>$.
S
2. ]l l$$ H$s? (4 ]l*$P$)
lls {^l l ]lW]l l>l ]lZ A >f{lZ l glO]l
K
${l>gMS$, fMS ]l$l fW. l ]l As$.
]l l$$:
1. {lMS H>r$: A, Z{ Al {]l$ f {MS$ C_a.
A
I
& l>l OMS MS*s$V> Hyl lls {^ll {fyMS M>]l$*.
H
5. 1905 MS M>s? (2 ]l*$P$)
& A]l$$Ol$]l g M &II {$l Ct]l$V> $MS$]l ~*$.
& ]l*fZ E]l Al
S
& MO Al]l$ #s, > ^l*_]l l${ $
& f ^lZ Kr$
K
& ]l$ {$l AM> V> {MSs^lyl
As$.
I
H
S
K
A
S
y {^l l ]lMS* {^l
]lR>$:
& lls {^l]ll fW]l > J$ (1919) Z ]l*l]l ]l$
B>MS f l. lZ Y]lyl ]l]l {]l BMS ]ltMS$ VS$O]l f, Cr,
$ ]l$V> r, ]l, $ll ]lZMS l.
& MS]lt ]lMS $ E]l ]l "CZyl Cs*'' Al {MS]l$ {
^yl$. ]l^M>P$ VS t t _ 1922Z Cr {]l]l${l*yl$.
r ^ll$$ MS y {^ll llyMS l]l* JMS M>MS$yl*yl$.
& l$ ]lMS A]l r "Ol' Al llll Zl]l ]l BMSl$Oyl fZ it
I
^yl$. "l$ M>' Al {VS _^yl$. f G A]l]l*MS$ VS$^l]l
H
]l l$]l$ P_, MS]llOl$]l f M>S^yl$. l]l {]l*fl
yl]l {^lMS M>$ l$yl$.
& M* ]l$Z ll*a]l O^l]l$ 1894Z f Kyl_. ]l$^l** {l Bl
S
M f& l (1904) _. Z f$ _]l f $&t
{]l*fl >fV> l*O _]lMS 1941Z O yl^l* yl]l {^llZMS
{l_.
K
& As Al$M> AlS$Oyl]l zV (1920) l ]l]l>Z l@MSP (Jr)
A]l$^yl$. 1929&30Z Hyl]l BMS]l*l ]l Al$M> ]lOl$. >fMS$Ol$]l
A
I
]lQOl$]l {$ & f$$
1. yl]l {^l l llyMS M>$s? (4 ]l*$P$)
H
yl]l {^l l ^lyMS VS {]l M>$:
1. ]l Z A]l]l*]lMSOl$]l l$$:
S
lls {^ll l>l fW]l D l$ ]l f l]l *V>]l$ MZ
BMSV>, OMSV> ]lyl A]l]l*]l {M>bl]l$ ^l$MS$.
2. l$>{MS]l$ NMS g$l:
K
]l (Cr), r (f), t (), {M ()$ {^lZ l]l$ B
l M D MSOl$]l g$ {^$.
3. lOl$]l $:
A
]lM>]l$*.
4. {]l*fl: Cl l>Z l]l$ ]l]l$ ^l$M]l {]l*fl M>S l> ]l$l
s MS .
5. OMS $: {M>^le VS$$l$]l f l]l OMS MS st ^l$MS$. C VS]l$_]l
$VS l>$ MS*y l]l$ OMS r ^l$MS$.
6. g $ Ol: l l> l$>{MS]l$ ^l]l$ ${^lylZ Ol$]l D
fVSZ$ {^l BMS.
7. lS M>: 1939 t 1]l r yO yl ^l$yl, y {^lMS lS
M>Ol$.
2. y {^ll $s? (4 ]l*$P$)
MS{l >g $l ${l>g$ VS$lyl yl]l {^ll(1939&45) ]lW. D
l ]l Hyl]l $:
& f, f$ NV> l. f yl$ l>$V> yl.
-& -{^l > ]l B]lMSl]l$ A l>$ VS$_ Al$M 1945 AMtZ IMS>f $
Hyl.
& f$ _ CVSyl, {$ BMSV> ]lt*. s Bl lWY Al$M>,
$ A{VS>g$V> ]l*>.
& ]l>gZ g$l * W {]l*fl l>]l$ {$s^. l>
l{l .
I
& B*, B{M>O Bl .
& {^ll>$ yl$ ]l MS*s$V> yl*. JMSs r$tyl MS*r$, ]l$MSs
H
MS]l$t MS*r$. S
3. ]l* {MS VS$_ >$yl? (2 ]l*$P$)
& yl]l {^ll l>l l>$ BMSV> _MS*.
& D l$Z s MS]lt Ol# VSyMS {$_.
K
& ^lyMS Al$M> >f M>l ]l* JMS "{MS']l$ *^yl$.
& BMS #]l$l ]l* {MS {]l {l]l
& D {MS MS]lf Z ^lMS$y _.
A
I
& AssM ^tO lMS ^l]l Al$M> ${l>g >]l l VSZMS {l_.
H
7. SWAPO]l$ ^lyl? (1 ]l*$P)
South West African People's Organisation (Ol$ B{M> {f $)
S
8. ifl$ As H$s? (1 ]l*$P)
& fZ r i t ^yl$.
K
& zM g Vl MS^l ifl$ l$MS$ ]lMS
& r __]l "l$M>' i llV> *.
A
Ay As H$s?
& lS{M>Z lg {$l ]lg {fO ^l*]l g ]lSl]l$ "Ay' As$.
& D g]lSMS$ ]lMSV> fW]l El]l* IMS>f$ ]l$_.
&l>l lg {$l W]l_a ]lSl]l$ E^l$MS$.
I
fW.
& ]l* {MSMS$ {^lV> ]l*Z {MS]l$, sZ JMS ]lMSV> >
H
(1955) {_.
& B*, B{M> l>Z BM>]l, M> ^]l B]lMSl]l$ VS$_]l
S
B l> {l$$ llsV> 1955Z B{M>&B* l$]l$ yl$V (Cyl
*)Z f$.
& yl$ A{VS>g MS*s ]l*]l l* EylyMS ~^l$MS$]l ll l{*
K
$MSlZ A]l ]l Ol# lVS$Y ^l*. D ]l$]l l>$ l$ MS*r$V>
VS$# .
& IMS>f$ {^lZ lMS$, > SMS$ MS ^l*l A{
A
]lQOl$]l {$&f$$
1. >MS El]l*MS _]l ]l$$s? (4 ]l*$P$)
& yl$ A{VS>g$ t_]l E{MS l$]l$ _ {^ ]l$MS l Ol#
MSMS$y IMS>f$ N]l$MS$.
& {^ll>$ B]l$ $MS^l$MMS$y, B {MS]l$MS]l$ IMS>f$ >
$ lyz. GK ^l]l D MSMS M A]l$ Hyz.
A:
1. 1945Z A$MS ]l*^> ^l$M]lyMS llr lylz Al$M>, {r, MS]ly, $
l>l l]l$MSyl$VS$ l>.
2. A{ MS lyl MS*y Al$M> llV> l$.
3. 1951Z {^lV> >MS]l$ A]l$$ ^l$yMS Al$M> {_. l>
Hyl]l GK >MS MS$ lV> $ ^ll$.
4. 1957Z y ]l$l Z A$l ]l$yl H>r$ ^l* {_.
>al l>$ P^.
5. 1963Z ]l*PZ Al$M>, {r, ]l$l SMS A$S l Jl (NTBT)
fW. > >MS El]l$ Ml ]ll$MS$ fW.
6. l>l 1968Z A lMS J ^ l>$ AXMS_ MS*y CM> >
MS El]l* f$ ^lrr$ ^l$]l]l A]l E.
I
& {^l> M>S_]l {^ll>$ ^l]l MS lV> 1945 AMt 24]l IMS>f$
(UNO) B_.
H
& A Hyl]l s ]l$_ {^ll> ]l$l ]l$ _ > S^lylZ MSMS
{l]l$ .
S
1. yl_a ]l$_ Cyl*MS$ l{l _ st.
2. Z Hyl]l A$&l$ P_.
3. OMS ^l > lS M* $l El M* yl l.
K
4. *$g M>$]l P_ Dht&CVSyl B.
5. M> ]l$O &MS ^lyMS {$_.
6. O{MS$ ylyl {XMS$MS*, rPMS* ]l$l fW]l $]l$ _.
A
I
& MS B{VS_]l l]l M> ]l$ MS*MS$ M]lW^lyl f$VS$l$l ^la
_.
H
& D lZ l ^l l$]l$ IMS>f $ AMSst.
S
6. A]l]l VS$_ >$yl? (2 ]l*$P$)
& A]l ]l ll l ]l {]l S
& yl$ A{VS>g MS*r$Z ^lMS$y ylV> Eylyll$ "A]l]l' As$.
K
& A]ll>$ l$ MS*r$V> VS$# .
& yl$ OMS MS*r$ ]l$l Hyl]l E{MSl]l$ lWY_, {^l>MS MS ^l$yll$ A]l ]l
{]lQ El.
A
I
H
S
K
A
S
6. ll PMS l&l$Ol$]l
gVS
]lR>$:
& lMS$ #st]l]l ll MSOlMS, l>MS, V ^l]lMS* MS
VS]l. D MS*$ P tOl$]l.
& 1921&22 ]llZ #>]l$ l]lM>Z $yl]l l$ VSMSl ({MS.N.3000&1500
]lMS$) D PMS ]l.
& G tlMS$ BOl$]l l$ VSMSl ]lVS PMS _. l>l B$
I
{l ll VSMSl .
& G l lyl*{lMS$ VS$O, ]l$ >f]l>$ _ MS*y ll P
H
#l$$ VSstyz$ l ]lyll$.
& ll $]l MS, $ l, ll >{$ s ]l$_ ls ]lMS* {^lZ
S
{lMSl]l$ ^r$MS$r* {R .
& ll ]l gl$*, ]l$*, MS$ $. C Olll$ E MS*yl l
PMS Ol$MSl BlOl$.
K
& {$MS $]l$lOl$]l {V>$ BMS ]l]l E]l ll {s ]l ]lZMS
l]l l>l _]lOl$ ]lyl.
& {s MS ]lMSV> lls $sZ l $ 1857 ]llZ $VS$r$
A
I
1. BVS ]l r {$MSV> ]l$]l Z ]lMSl.
2. $ OMS$O BVS$ A]l$_]l ]lS.
H
3. $ OMS$MS$ i$ lMS$P]lV> C]lyl.
4. Gz l$MS$ l*sMS$ B]l#, M]l# l*$ ^l]l {X$]l$ N$yl.
S
5. ylo {lst]l >f{MS]l$ ]l ]l]l l^l$l$O]l >k Al.
$r]l fW]l $:
1. $sZ {Ol$]l $VS$r$ l]l$ _.
K
2. Ol$$, ^l$ D $VS$r$ flMS>$.
3. El, ]l$l llZ {]lV> {f.
4. {f$ $, Vylz$, $ >y$.
A
]l$]lyMS VS M>$:
1. D $VS$r$ M {l>Zl $lOl$.
S
I
9. lgZZ ]l$]lsMS ]lVS PMS Al$lOl$]l E.
10. l $ ]l ]ll ]l V>, ~ Z ]l_a]l ]l*$ ]l V>, Cl$$ ^l ]l yl$ ]l V>
H
D l$ VSMSl l]lOl$ Eyl]l^l$a]l$.
S
4. ll ^l{l S VS$_ >$yl? (4 ]l*$P$)
1. ll ^l{l]l$ *V> ]lyl$ V>$V> h^$. A {`]l VS, ]l$lVS,
Bl$MS VS.
K
2. l> _]l l MS$$ ]l$]l P {l ^l PMS l$]l V>^$.
3. llZ ]l {$ ]l >f]l> ]lZ Eylyl ]l AlMS {$ P
l$$ B^.
A
$ C]lyl$aMVS$VS$l$$.
I
2. AlMS ]l$l$]l$ ^yl$.
3. AMS _]l gZ $ {l, &C&Bl$, &C&R, g$ ]l$l$, ^l]l$,
H
$ l>g $ Ol#MS ]l$_ E$.
4. f &$ $ Bl^yl$. Alyl$ _]l g]l$ Al$lOl$]l.
S
8. $ ll>Z B$ MS _l VS$_ >$yl? (1 ]l*$P)
B$ l* ll {*$. A. 1. $. 2. Q, 3. O l MS, 4. *VS, 5.
K
N $]l*, 6. El $]l* ll.
A
S
7.llZ l{l]l$
]lR>$:
& ]l MS$O]l BVS$ llZ A]l$_]l yl ]l]l A ]l>Y {f$
]lt*$. E]l$yl {l$]l# ylMS VS$O]l Z O^ll]l . g$l
B_ $VS$r$MS$ ]ll]l$*$.
& Bl$MS , MS]lMS l$ A]l ^llyl ]l]l ^ll$]l#MS$]l Z >f
MS$ O^ll]l ]l_a * ]lMS$ N]l$MS$$. A ]l_al 1885Z l g$
M>{VS.
& l l{l]l* ]lyl$ l$V> h^$. $ll l (1885&1905), All
I
(1905&1919), V>l$ l (1919&1947)
H
& $ll lZ $MS$$ {sMS ]lMSV> >lOl$]l, AlOl$]l >r
W^$.
& Al$ {]l S >f l{l ]lj]l ^l$yl.
S
& 1905Z zMSj V>]l$ h_]ll$MS$ {l]lV> ]ll]l*l El]l$ {
^$.
& llZ ]l]l$ {lstl l 1915&1916Z M, As $
K
MSlZ ylylV> Zl$* V]l$ {^$.
& ]l$V> {l l l{l]l$ ]l*l]l l$]l$ l^l$MS$.
A
I
2. ]ll]l*l El]l$ {]lQl]l$ lyl. (4 ]l*$P$)
& V>Z {f$l$]l g$ A^lyMS As Ol{>$ zMSj (1905) V>]l$
H
yl$ {$V> h^yl$.
& D f]lMS$ ]lMSV> 1905 BVSt 7]l V>$ El]l* {^$.
S
& D El]l$Z g$l$$ MS^l{l blrj >]l ""]l$ly''Z VS$Ol$]l "]ll
]l*l' ]l>$.
& lMSMS, BlV>MS ]l*$O]l D VS$ El]l$ M>Z V> g$ XlV> ]l*.
K
& D El]l* Cl {MS$ ^l$yMS g$ $MS$$ lV> r]l$
^l>$. ^l{l B{l{lZ s^yl$.
& l El]l$, l ]l$ P, l ]l$]l# lVS, Ql$ l^lyl D El]l$Z
A
{]l M>{MS]l*$.
& {s MS$$ l]l$ l]l$]l ]ll]l*l El]l* A_l>$. A 1911Z V>
S
f]l]l$ l$ ^l>$.
I
{$l u>]l$ ]l g$ $MS$ BlZ g$ u>Z ^lyl ]ls
M>{MS]l*$ lV> fV>.
H
& $l$$ l]l$ $l ]l ]l El]l$Z $^l$MS$$.
& D El]l*MS BMS $ M M >g {^yl$. MS l]l
]l_a.
S
& l ]l{]l$ lVS$st$. ""R'' l{l _Ol$.
& lV> AlMS ^r D El]l$ {fZ g$ * , O^ll]l _.
K
& 1922Z fW]l ^^ $r]l V> MS_l. $ >MSZl]l* l$
^l>yl$.
& D El]l$ $l ]l]l M>{VSZ $ l. >gt A]ll_.
A
I
st.
& V> {lOl$]l lyl*{l 1930 ]l*a 12]l >$l]l* {^yl$.
H
& V>, Al A]l$*$ E >]l$ E$* E l*$^l>$.
& V> r$ AlMS ]l$ Og$*$.
S
8. Zl$* El]l* ]lyl]ll]l$? (1 ]l*$P)
& 1915&16Z l l$V> M $MSlZ JMSs, As $MSlZ ]l$MSs
K
Zl$* V$ {^$.
I
H
S
K
A
S