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Machine Shop Calculation: Subcourse Edition OD1640 7
Machine Shop Calculation: Subcourse Edition OD1640 7
OD1640 7
MOS/SKILLLEVEL:441A
MACHINESHOPCALCULATION
SUBCOURSENO.OD1640
USArmyCorrespondence
CourseProgram
11CreditHours
GENERAL
The scopeofthesubcourseservestointroducethemethodsandprocedures
for solving problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
divisionoffractionsanddecimals,andconversionoffractionstodecimals
and decimals to fractions; conversion of linear measurements from the
Englishtothemetricsystemandviceversa;andforsolvingproblemsusing
ratio,proportion,andtrigonometry.
Elevencredithoursareawardedforsuccessfulcompletionofthissubcourse.
Lesson1: ADDITION,SUBTRACTION,MULTIPLICATION,ANDDIVISIONOFFRACTIONS
AND DECIMALS; AND CONVERSION OF FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS AND
DECIMALSTOFRACTIONS
TASK1: Describetheprocessesforadding,subtracting,multiplying,and
dividingfractions.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640
Lesson2: CONVERSIONOFLINEARMEASUREMENTSFROMTHEENGLISHTOTHEMETRIC
SYSTEM AND FROM THE METRIC TO THE ENGLISH SYSTEM; AND SOLVING
PROBLEMSUSINGRATIO,PROPORTION,ANDTRIGONOMETRY
TASK2: Describe the processes for solving problems using ratio and
proportion.
TASK3: Describetheprocessesforsolvingproblemsusingtrigonometry.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Section Page
TITLE................................................................. i
TABLEOFCONTENTS..................................................... iii
Lesson1: ADDITION,SUBTRACTION,
MULTIPLICATION,ANDDIVISIONOF
FRACTIONSANDDECIMALS;AND
CONVERSIONOFFRACTIONSTO
DECIMALSANDDECIMALSTOFRACTIONS.......................... 1
Task1: Describetheprocessesfor
adding,subtracting,multiplying,and
dividingfractions.................................................. 1
Task2: Describetheprocessesfor
convertingfractionstodecimalsand
decimalstofractions;andforadding,
subtracting,multiplying,anddividing
decimals ............................................................ 22
PracticalExercise1............................................... 31
AnswerstoPracticalExercise1..................................... 33
Lesson2: CONVERSIONOFLINEARMEASUREMENTS
FROMTHEENGLISHTOTHEMETRIC
SYSTEMANDFROMTHEMETRICTOTHE
ENGLISHSYSTEM;ANDSOLVING
PROBLEMSUSINGRATIO,PROPORTION,
ANDTRIGONOMETRY............................................ 34
Task1: Describetheprocessesfor
convertinglinearmeasurementsfromthe
Englishtothemetricsystemandfromthe
metrictotheEnglishsystem........................................ 34
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640
Task2: Describetheprocessesfor
solvingproblemsusingratioand
proportion.......................................................... 41
Task3: Describetheprocessesfor
solvingproblemsusingtrigonometry................................ 49
PracticalExercise2............................................... 94
AnswerstoPracticalExercise2.................................... 99
REFERENCES............................................................ 101
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640
Whenusedinthispublicationhe,him,his,andmenrepresentboth
themasculineandfemininegenders,unlessotherwisestated.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640
STUDENTNOTES
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
LESSON1
ADDITION,SUBTRACTION,MULTIPLICATION,ANDDIVISION
OFFRACTIONSANDDECIMALS;ANDCONVERSIONOF
FRACTIONSTODECIMALSANDDECIMALSTOFRACTIONS
TASK1. Describetheprocessesforadding,subtracting,multiplying,and
dividingfractions.
CONDITIONS
STANDARDS
Withintwohours
REFERENCES
Nosupplementaryreferencesareneededforthistask.
1. Introduction
Determiningthesedimensionsandclosetolerances,requirestheperformance
ofcertainmathematicalcalculationsinvolvingaknowledgeofhowtosolve
fractions. Subsequent paragraphs, therefore, describe the processes
involved in adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing fractions.
Beforedelvingintofractions,areviewofthe
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
2. ReviewofWholeNumbers
a. Definition.Wholenumbersaremadeupofthedigits0through9.The
number 2,222, for example, has four digits. Each digit has a different
valuebecauseofitspositioninthenumber.Figure1providesthenamesof
thefirsttenplacesinthewholenumbersystem.
FIGURE1.PLACEVALUEOFWHOLENUMBERS.
Readingfromlefttoright,thefirst2inthenumber2,222hasavalueof2
thousandsor2,000. Thesecond2hasavalueof2hundredsor200. The
third2hasavalueof2tensor20,andthefourth2hasavalueof2ones
or2.Thecommamakeslargenumberseasiertoread.Thenumber2,222would
bereadastwothousand,twohundred,andtwentytwo.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
EXAMPLE1.Add128to475.
Step1. Addthedigitsintheonesposition.
5+8=13.Write3undertheones
position.Carryoverthe1tothe
tenscolumn.
Step2. Addthedigitsinthetensposition.
1+7+2=10.Writethe0underthe
tensposition.The1iscarried
overtothehundredsposition.
Step3. Addthedigitsinthehundreds
position.1+4+1=6.
Step4. Checkbyaddingfromthebottomupfollowingtheprocedurestated
insteps1through3.
c. Subtraction.Arequirementforsubtractionisindicatedbythe
symbol.Theanswertosubtractionproblemsiscalledthedifference.To
findthedifferencebetweentwonumbers,writethenumbersincolumnsunder
eachother,asinaddition,andproceedasshowninExample2.
EXAMPLE2.Subtract25from78.
Step1. Subtractthedigitsintheones
position.85=3.
Step2. Subtractthedigitsinthetens
position.72=5.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
Step3. Checkbyaddingtheanswertothebottomnumber.53+25=78.
d. Multiplication. Arequirementformultiplicationisindicatedbythe
symbolx.Theanswertomultiplicationproblemsiscalledtheproduct.To
find the product write the numbers in columns under each other, as in
addition,andproceedasshowninExample3.
EXAMPLE3.Multiply25by3.
Step1. Multiplythedigitsintheones
position.3x5=15.Writethe
5undertheonespositionandcarry
the1tothetensposition.
Step2. Multiplythedigit2inthetens
columnbythedigit3andaddthe
digit1carriedovertothetens
column.2x3=6+1=7.
Step3. Checkbydividingtheproduct75
by3asexplainedinthesucceeding
paragraph.
EXAMPLE4.Divide75by3.
Step1. Dividethedigit7bythe
divisor3.7+3=2.Writethe
2abovethe7inthetensposition.
Step2. Multiplythedivisor3bythe
digit2.3x2=6.Writethe6
underthe7.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
Step3. Subtractthedigit6fromthe
digit7.76=1.Theremainder
is1.Theremaindermustbeless
thanthedivisor3.
Step4. Sincetheremainderislessthan
thedivisor3,bringdownthenext
digit,5.
Step5. Dividethenumber15by3.
153=5.Writethe5above
the5inonesposition.
Step6. Multiplythedivisor3bythe
digit5.3x5=15.Writethe
number15.
Step7. Subtractthenumber15from15.
1515=0,indicatingthatthe
calculationiscomplete.
Step8. Checkbymultiplyingthequotient
bythedivisor.25x3=75.
3. CommonFractions
a. General.Afractionisanypartofanobjectornumber.Forexample,
figure2onthefollowingpageshowsablockofwoodasoneunit.Whenit
iscutinhalf,eachpiecebecomesafractionoftheoriginalunit,1of2
equalparts,or1/2oftheoriginalunit.Cuteachofthesehalvesinhalf
againandeachpieceisnow1of4equalparts,or1/4oftheoriginalunit.
b. Definitions.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
FIGURE2.FRACTIONALPARTSOFAUNIT.
(2) TermsofaFraction.Thenumeratorandthedenominatorarecalledthe
termsofthefraction.Thetermsareindicatedbyadiagonalline(/).
(a) Numerator.Thenumberabovethediagonallineisthenumerator.It
indicatesthequantityofequalpartstobeconsidered.
(b) Denominator.Thenumberbelowthediagonallineisthedenominator.
Itindicatesthequantityofequalpartsintowhichthewholeunithasbeen
divided.
(3) Common Denominator. When two or more fractions have the same
denominator,suchas2/5and4/5,the5isknownasthecommondenominator.
(5) ProperFraction.Thisisafractionhavinganumeratorlessthanthe
denominator.Inotherwordsitisatruefractionofasinglewhole,such
as9/10or7/8or21/23.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
(7) ValueofaFraction.Thisisthenumberthatthefractionrepresents.
Fromthediagramsinfigure3,itcanbereadilyseenthat1/2ina,2/4in
b,4/8inc,and6/12indareallequalinvalue,eventhoughthetermsof
each succeeding fraction are greater than the terms of all the previous
fractions. But if the fraction 6/12 was increased by the fraction 1/12,
then6/12plus1/12wouldequal7/12,andthevalueof7/12wouldbegreater
thanthevalueofallthepreviouslymentionedfractions.
FIGURE3.VALUEOFAFRACTION.
4.ComparisonofValues
If you see two fractions such as 1/4 and 1/6, which is larger? The
illustrationinfigure4onthefollowingpageshowsthat1/4isthelarger
fraction.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
FIGURE4.1/4ISLARGERTHAN1/6.
EXAMPLE
3/4and3/4areequalfractions.
EXAMPLE
c. Rule 3. When two fractions have the same numerator, the fraction
havingthelargerdenominatorisalwaysthesmaller.
EXAMPLE
3/4and3/8.3/8isasmallerfractionthan3/4.3/8isonly3of8equal
parts, whereas 3/4 is 3 of 4 equal parts, as shown in figure 5 on the
followingpage.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
FIGURE5.FRACTIONALPARTSOFAGALLON.
5. ReducingFractions
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
EXAMPLE
1/4X2/2=2/8X2/2=4/16. Then1/4,2/8,and4/16allrepresentthe
samefractionorvalue.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
b. ChangingtoaGivenDenominator.Changingawholeormixednumber,or
afraction,toafractionofagivendenominator:
(1) Rule1.Firstchange1toafractionofthegivendenominator.Then
multiplythenumeratorbythegivenwholenumber.
EXAMPLE
Reduce5to6ths.Since1=6/6,5=5x6/6=30/6.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
thenumeratorofthisfraction,thenumeratorofthefractionalpartofthe
mixednumber.
EXAMPLE
Reduce7+3/5to5ths.
1=5/5,7=7x5/5=35/5
7+3/5=35/5+3/5=38/5
EXAMPLE
Reduce3/4to28ths.
28+4=7,7x3=21,3/4=21/28
EXAMPLE
Reduce32/4toawholenumber.
32/4=32+4=8
Reduce47/9toamixednumber.
47/9=47+9=5+2/9
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
d. ReducingaFractiontoitsLowestTerms.
EXAMPLE
Reduce75/105toitslowestterms. Sincedividingboththenumeratorand
the denominator by the same number does not change the value of the
fraction, bothtermsofthefractionmaybedividedby5. Thus75/105 =
15/21. Nowbothtermsof15/21maybedividedby3;15/21=5/7. Both5
and7areprimetoeachother(noothernumberexcept1canbedividedinto
bothofthenawholenumberoftimes),sothefractionisnowreducedtoits
lowestterms.
e. ReducingSeveralFractionshavingaDesiredCommonDenominator.
Rule1.Multiplybothtermsofeachfractionbythequotientofthedesired
common denominatordividedbythedenominatorofthefraction. Thus,the
fraction 1/2 may be changed to 6ths by multiplying both its terms by a
numberwhichwillmakethedenominatora6th.Thisnumberis3.Therefore,
1/2becomes3/6.Dolikewisetochange1/3to6ths.
EXAMPLE
Reduce1/2and1/3tofractionswhichhave6foradenominator.1/2=?/6.
Reduce7/9,3/8,and5/6to72ds. Bothtermsof7/9aremultipliedby8,
since729=8.Bothtermsof3/8aremultipliedby9,since728=9.
Bothtermsof5/6aremultipliedby12,since726=12.Therefore,7/9=
56/72,3/8=27/72,and5/6=60/72.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
Rule1.Tofindtheleastcommondenominatorofagroupoffractionshaving
differentdenominators,dividethegivendenominatorsbyaprimenumber(a
number divisible only by itself and 1) which will divide two or more of
them. Similarly, divide the remaining numbers and their quotients.
Continuethisaslongaspossible.TheLCD(leastcommondenominator)will
betheproductofthedivisorsandthequotientsofnumbersleft.
EXAMPLE
FindtheLCDof4/5,5/6,7/9,and9/10.
Step1. Dividethedenominators5and10bytheprimenumber5.Write1
underthe5and2underthe10.
Step2. Bringdownthedenominators6and9asshown.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
numberdivisibleby3.Nofurtherdivision,therefore,ispossible.
Step5. Multiplythedivisors(5,3,and2)andremainingquotients(1,
1,3,and1).TheresultistheLCD.
LCD=5x3x2x1x1x3x1=90
Thenewfractionsare72/90,75/90,70/90,and81/90.
6. Addition
a. FindingtheSumofTwoorMoreFractions.
EXAMPLE(seefigure6onthefollowingpage)
Add1/4+1/3.
Step1:12istheLCDof4and3
Step2:1/4=3/12and1/3=4/123/12+4/12=7/12
b. FindingtheSumofMixedNumbers.
Rule1.FindtheLCDofthefractions.Addthewholenumbersfirst.Then
addthefractions. Addthesumofthefractionstothesumofthewhole
numbers.Ifthesumofthefractionsisanimproperfraction,reduceitto
amixednumber.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
EXAMPLE
Add202/3+131/2+71/8.TheLCDis24.Addthewholenumbersfirst.
Thenaddthefractions.
4031/24=40+17/24or417/24.
FIGURE6.ILLUSTRATINGHOW1/4+1/3=7/12.
7. Subtraction
Rule1.Tosubtractonefractionfromanother,makesurethefractionshave
acommondenominator.Iftheirdenominatorsdiffer,reducethefractionsso
thattheyhaveanLCD.Thensubtractthenumerators.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
EXAMPLE
Find the difference between 5/6 and 8/15. The LCD is 30. Change both
fractionsto30ths.
5/6=25/30
8/15=16/30
b. SubtractingMixedNumbers.
(1) Rule 1. To subtract mixed numbers, subtract the fractional and the
whole parts separately. Then add the remainder of the fractions to the
remainderofthewholenumberstogettheanswerinamixednumber.
EXAMPLE
From275/6take145/8.Writeitdownas275/6141/8. TheLCDof8
and6is24.Thesubtractionthenreads:
275/6 = 2720/24
141/8 = 1415/24
Subtract the numerators of the fractional part. Then subtract the whole
numbers.Addthesetworesults;thecorrectansweris135/24.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
EXAMPLE
From125/8take77/8.7/8cannotbesubtractedfrom5/8,soborrow8/8,
or1,fromthe12;addthis8/8tothe5/8,thus:
8. Multiplication
EXAMPLE
Multiply3/5by4.Thismeansfindafraction4timesasgreatas3/5.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
Multiply5/8by2/5..
Timecanbesavedherebycancellation.
b. Shop Work Problems. In shop work, problems are met frequently that
arecondensedtowrittenworklookingsomethinglikethis:252/5x61/3,
or47x164/5.
Rule1. Tomultiplytwonumbers,oneorbothofwhicharemixednumbers,
first reduce the mixed numbers to improper fractions by multiplying the
wholenumberbythedenominator,andaddingthenumerator,asshownbelow.
Thenmultiply,asinmultiplyingtwofractions.
EXAMPLE
Multiply22/7by51/4.
22/7=16/6
51/4=21/4
Changetoimproperfractionsandcancel.
c. Mixed Numbers. When one number is a mixed number and the other a
wholenumber,workasfollows:
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
Multiply73/5x6.
9. Division
a. General.Divisionoffractionsisthereverseofmultiplication.For
instance, dividing the numerator of a fraction reduces the number of
fractionalunits,butthesizeofeachunitremainsthesame. Multiplying
thedenominatorreducesthesizeofthefractionalunits,butthenumberof
fractionalunitsremainthesame.Thisisthesameasinvertingthedivisor
andmultiplying.Thus,7/83/4and7/8x4/3givethesameanswer.The
fractionturnedupsidedowniscalledthereciprocal.
b. DividingaFractionbyaWholeNumber.
Rule1.Changethewholenumbertoafractionwhichhasthenumber1asa
denominator.Invertthisfractionalform.Thenmultiply.
EXAMPLE
Divide7/11by3.Since3=3/1,thereciprocalof3isthen1/3.7/113
=7/11x1/3=7/33.
c. DividingaWholeNumberbyaFraction.
Rule1.Invertthefractionandmultiply.
EXAMPLE
Divide13by3/7.Invert3/7to7/3,thenmultiply.133/7=13X7/3=
91/3=301/3.
d. DividingaFractionbyaFraction.
Rule1.Invertthedivisor,thatisthesecondfraction,andmultiply.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
EXAMPLE
Divide3/4by7/8.Invert7/8to8/7,thenmultiply.
e. DividingaMixedNumberbyaFractionorbyAnotherMixedNumber.
EXAMPLE
Divide21/2by17/8.
10. ComplexFractions
Sometimes anecessityarisesforsolvingacomplexfraction;thatis,one
withafractioninthenumerator,orthedenominator,orboth,suchas:
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
EXAMPLE
11. Conclusion
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 2
LESSON1
ADDITION,SUBTRACTION,MULTIPLICATION,ANDDIVISION
OFFRACTIONSANDDECIMALS;ANDCONVERSIONOF
FRACTIONSTODECIMALSANDDECIMALSTOFRACTIONS
CONDITIONS
STANDARDS
Withintwohours
REFERENCES
Nosupplementaryreferencesareneededforthistask.
1. Introduction
Task1servedtodiscusshowtosolvefractionsinconnectionwithmachine
shop operations. In task 2, the processes for converting fractions to
decimals and decimals to fractions, and the addition, subtraction,
multiplication,anddivisionofdecimalswillbediscussed.
2. General
Decimalfractionsaresimplycommonfractionswritteninadifferentform.
Thepurposeofdecimalfractionsistomakeworkwithfractionseasier.
Many tools used in measuring very small dimensions are ruled off in
decimals. Inshopwork,fractionsof8ths,16ths,32nds,and64thsofan
inchareusedinmakingordinarymeasurements.Forgreater
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 2
Aswasdiscussedintask1,commonfractionsmaybereducedtohigherorto
lowerterms.Supposethatitbecomesdesirabletoreduceallfractionstoa
standard denominator of 10, 100, 1,000, or even 100,000. Then 1/4 would
become:
3. DefinitionofTerms
a. DecimalPoint.Thepoint(.)iscalledthedecimalpoint.Itisused
to mark the beginning of the decimal fraction, or to separate it from a
wholenumber.
b. PureDecimal.Adecimalfractioncontainingonlydecimalplaces,such
as.025,isapuredecimal.Theexamplereadstwentyfivethousandths.
4. ReadingDecimals
Beforeattemptingtoreaddecimals,placesshouldbelearned. Astudyof
figure7onthefollowingpageshouldhelp.Theplaceinwhichyouwritea
decimalpointisveryimportant.Eachinteger(awholenumber)infigure7
isanumber3.Yet,notwoofthese3shavelikevalues.Thefirst
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 2
FIGURE7.DECIMALPLACES.
Whathappenstotherightofthedecimalpoint?Figure7indicatesthatthe
firstthreetotherightofthedecimalpointisthreetenthsofone. The
secondthreetotherightofthedecimalpointisthreehundredthsofone.
Inreadingtotherightofadecimalpoint,eachunitdecreasesinvalueby
onetenthoftheunittoitsleft.Thus,333.isreadthreehundredthirty
three. If the decimal point is moved one place to the left, it becomes
33.3, orthirtythreeandthreetenths. Again,movethedecimalpointto
the left onespace. It is now3.33. Thisisreadasthreeandthirty
threehundredths.
5. ReductionofaCommonFractiontoaDecimalFraction
Rule1. Addasmanyzerostothenumeratorofthecommonfractionasyou
wish to have places in the decimal fraction. Then divide the resulting
numberbythedenominator. Next,placethedecimalpointsoastomakeas
manydecimalplacesintheresultasyouhaveaddedzerostothenumerator.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 2
EXAMPLES
NOTE
Table1,onthefollowingpage,showsthedecimalequivalentsofthemore
commonfractions.
6. ReductionofaDecimalFractiontoaCommonFraction
Rule1.Toformthedenominator,replacethedecimalpointbya1followed
by as many zeros as there are decimal places in the original fraction.
Write in the figures to the right of the decimal point to form the
numerator.
EXAMPLE
Change.5toacommonfraction.Firstchangethedecimalpointto10,which
becomesthedenominator;thenwriteinthenumerator,5/10.Similarly,2.75
becomes275/100,whichwillreducedownto23/4.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 2
TABLE1.DECIMALEQUIVALENTOFSOME
COMMONFRACTIONS.
7. Addition
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 2
EXAMPLE
Addthefollowing:
36.036,7.004,0.00236,427,723.0026
Writethemdownasinordinaryaddition.Watchthedecimalpoints.
8. Subtraction
Rule1.Firstwritethenumberssothatthedecimalpointsfallundereach
other. Subtract as in whole numbers. Write the decimal point of the
remainderdirectlyundertheotherdecimalpoints.
EXAMPLE
9. Multiplication
Rule1.Tomultiplydecimalfractions,multiplyasinwholenumbers.Then
countofffromrighttoleftasmanydecimalplacesintheproductasthere
wereinbothfactors,andplacethedecimalpointinfrontofthelastplace
countedoff.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 2
EXAMPLE
Multiply7.32by0.032.
Count off the 5 places from right to left in the product. Between this
figureandthenextonetotheleft,placethedecimalpoint. Youshould
nowhaveasmanyfigurestotherightofthedecimalpointintheproductas
thetotalnumberyouhadinthetwofactors.
Whenawholenumberoradecimalfractionismultipliedby0.1,thedecimal
pointissimplymovedoneplacetotheleft. Ifmultiplyingby0.01,the
decimalpointismovedtwoplacestotheleft.Thedecimalpointismoved
three places left when multiplying by 0.001. If necessary, zeros may be
addedtotheleftofthemultiplicand(thenumbertobemultiplied).Thus,
32.4x0.0001providesaproductof0.00324.
However,whenadecimalfractionismultipliedby10,movethedecimalpoint
oneplacetotheright. Whenmultiplyingby100,1000,etc.,simplymove
the decimal point to the right as many places as there are zeros in the
multiplier.
10. Division
Rule1. Setupthedividendanddivisorasindivisionofwholenumbers.
Movethedecimalpointinthedivisortotherightoftherighthandfigure.
Thenmovethedecimalpointinthedividendtotheright,thesamenumberof
placesthatthepointwasmovedinthedivisor(addzerostothedividendif
necessary).Placethedecimalpointinthequotientdirectlyabovethenew
positionofthedecimalpointinthedividend.Divideasinwholenumbers.
Whendividingby0.1,0.01,0.001,etc.,movethedecimalpointone,two,
three,etc.,placesinthedividendtotheright,addingzerosifneeded.
Therefore,whendividing
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 2
by 10,000 or 1,000 etc., move the decimal point one, two, three, etc.,
placesinthedividendtotheleft.
EXAMPLE
Todivide2.4by0.01,followtheruleaboveandmovethedecimalpointin
the dividend two places to theright. Addonezero,makingthequotient
240.
2.40.01=240
Todivide2.4by100,movethedecimalpointinthedividendtwoplacesto
theleft,addingonezero,makingthequotient.024.
2.4100=.024
11. Accuracy
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/TASK 2
actuallylargerthantheonegiven.Likewise,the()signisusedtoshow
thattheresultisactuallylessthantheonegiven.Inothercases,itmay
be advisabletoroundoffadecimaltoagivenvalueasdescribedin the
rulebelow.
Rule1. Inwritingtheresultofacalculationindecimalfractionstoa
certainnumberofplaces,writethelastplaceasonefigurelargerifthe
nextfiguretotherightisa5orlarger.Shouldthisfigurebelessthan
5,discarditfromthefigure.
EXAMPLE
Supposewhensolvingaproblemaresultsuchas52.56266666isobtained.To
write it correctly to three decimalplacesitiswrittenas52.563+. To
writethissamenumberintwodecimalplaces,itiswritten52.56+.
12. Conclusion
Thistaskdescribedtheprocessesforconvertingfractionstodecimalsand
decimals to fractions; and adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing
decimals for the purpose of helping the machinist to achieve greater
accuracyofmeasurementsinvolvedinhiswork. Nowcompletethepractical
exercise which is designed to reinforce your learning of the material
presentedinthetwotasksofthislesson.
30
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/PE 1
PRACTICALEXERCISE1
1. Instructions
Readthescenarioandrespondtotherequirementsthatfollowthescenario.
2. Scenario
3. Requirement
a. Whichisthelargerfraction7/9or9/7?
b. Reduce560/630toitslowestterms.
31
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - 0D1640 - LESSON 1/PE 1
c. Changethefollowingtofractionshavingtheleastcommondenominator:
2/3,3/4,5/6,7/8.
d. Add143/4+301/2+4andwritethesuminthesimplestform.
e. Subtract 6 2/9 from 12 17/90 and write the result in the simplest
form.
f. Dotheoperationsindicatedandsimplify:73/44/5+217/20.
g. Multiply21x2/3.
h. Divide5/7by10.
i. Findthevalueof
j. Changethedecimal00.00125toacommonfraction,andreduceittoits
lowestterm.
k. Add:2.367+45.002+0.401+7.64.
l. Subtract:75.7575551/8.
m. Multiply:2.53x0.00635.
n. Divide:43.7694.76andshowtheresultstofourdecimalplaces.
32
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 1/PE 1
LESSON1.PRACTICALEXERCISEANSWERS
1. Requirement
a. 9/7
b. 8/9
c. 16/24,18/24,20/24,21/24
d. 491/4
e. 529/30
f. 94/5
g. 14
h. 1/14
i. 226/33
j. 1/800
k. 55.410
l. 20.6325
m. 0.0160655
n. 9.1952
33
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 1
LESSON2
CONVERSIONOFLINEAR
MEASUREMENTSFROMTHEENGLISHTOTHE
METRICSYSTEMANDFROMTHEMETRICTOTHE
ENGLISHSYSTEM;ANDSOLVINGPROBLEMSUSING
RATIO,PROPORTION,ANDTRIGONOMETRY
CONDITIONS
STANDARDS
Withintwohours
REFERENCES
Nosupplementaryreferencesareneededforthistask.
1. Introduction
Lesson 1 provided a review of the whole number system and discussed the
processes for solving machine shop work problems through addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division of fractions and decimals. It
also discussed the conversion of decimals to fractions and fractions to
decimals. To provide a complete coverage of machine shop calculations,
Lesson 2 will discuss the processes for converting linear measurements
between the English and metric systems, and for solving machine shop
problems involving the use of ratio, proportion, and trigonometry. This
taskwillfocusontheconversionoflinearmeasurementsfromtheEnglishto
themetricsystemandfromthemetrictotheEnglishsystem.
34
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 1
2. LinearMeasure
b. EnglishSystem. Thissystemconsists,basically,oftheinch,foot,
yard, and mile. The foot is the basic unit of measure. The inch is a
subdivisionofthefoot,whiletheyardandthemilearemultiplesofthe
foot.Table2belowdepictstheEnglishsystem.
TABLE2.ENGLISHSYSTEMLINEARMEASUREMENTS.
12inches(in) = 1foot(ft)
3feet(ft) = 1yard(yd)
5280feet(ft) = 1mile
1760yards(yd) = 1mile
c. MetricSystem.Thissystemisbasedonthedecimalsystem,justlike
the United States dollar (10 centsequalsadime,and10dimesequal one
dollar).Themeteristhebasicunitofmeasurement,asdepictedinTable3
below.Asshowninthistable,unitsthataremultiplesorfractionalparts
ofthemeter,suchasthemillimeter,aredesignatedassuchbyprefixesto
thewordmeter.
TABLE3.METRICSYSTEMLINEARMEASUREMENTS.
10millimeters(mm) = 1centimeter(cm)
10centimeters(cm) = 1decimeter(dm)
10decimeters(dc) = 1meter(m)
1000meters(m) = 1kilometer(km)
35
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 1
3. Conversion
a. RequirementsforConversion.Toconvertfromonesystemtoanother,a
knowledge of equivalent values between these two systems is necessary.
Table 4 provides a list of equivalent values between the two systems for
linear measurements equal to or greater than one inch. Table 5 on the
following page provides the metric equivalents of linear measurements of
lessthananinch.
TABLE4.LINEARMEASUREMENTSEQUIVALENTVALUES.
1mil=0.001in
1millimeter=39.370mils
1millimeter=0.039370in
1millimeter=0.001in
1centimeter=0.3937in
1centimeter=0.0328ft
1centimeter=0.01m
1meter=39.37in
1inch(in)=1000mils
1inch=25.440mm
1inch=2.540cm
1inch=0.0833ftor1/12
1inch=0.02777ydor1/36
1inch=0.0254m,aprx.1/40
1foot(ft)(U.S.)=304.801mm
1foot=30.480cm
1foot=12in
1foot=0.333ydor1/3
1foot=0.3048m,aprx.3/10
1foot=0.000304km
1foot=0.000189mile
1yard(yd)(U.S.)=91.440cm
1yard=36in
1yard=3ft
1yard=0.914m
1yard=0.000914km
1yard=0.000568mile
1mile=5280ft
1mile=1760yd
1mile=1609.35m
1mile=1.609km
1mile=0.868nauticalmile
1kilometer=.62mile
36
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 1
TABLE5.DECIMALANDMETRICEQUIVALENTS
OFFRACTIONSOFANINCH.
b. ConvertingFromtheEnglishSystemtotheMetricSystem.
(1) Rule1.Toconvertmilestokilometers,multiplyby1.61.
EXAMPLE
Reduce12milestokilometers.
12x1.61=19.32km
37
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 1
(2) Rule2.Toconvertyardstometers,multiplyby0.9144.
EXAMPLE
Reduce3yardstometers.
3x0.9144=2.7432m
(3) Rule3.Toconvertinchestocentimeters,multiplyby2.54.
EXAMPLE
Reduce16inchestocentimeters.
16x2.54=40.64cm
(4) Rule4.Toconvertinchestomillimeters,multiplyby25.4.
EXAMPLE
Reduce2feet8inchestomillimeters.
2ft=24in+8in=32in
32inx25.4=812.8mm
(5) Rule5.Toconvertinchestomillimetersmultiplyby25.4.
EXAMPLE
Reduce11inchestomillimeters.
11x25.4=279.4mm
c. ConvertingfromtheMetricSystemtotheEnglishSystem.
(1) Rule1.Toconvertkilometerstomiles,multiplyby0.62.
38
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 1
EXAMPLE
Reduce60kilometerstomiles.
60x0.62=37.2miles
(2) Rule2.Toconvertmeterstoyardsmultiplyby1.0936.
EXAMPLE
Reduce3.5meterstoyards.
3.5x1.0936=3.8276yd
(3) Rule3.Toconvertmeterstoinchesmultiplyby39.37.
EXAMPLE
Reduce1.6meterstoinches.
1.6x39.37=62.99in
(4) Rule4.Toconvertcentimeterstoinchesmultiplyby0.3937.
EXAMPLE
Reduce76.2centimeterstoinches.
76.2x0.3937=30in
(5) Rule5.Toconvertmillimeterstoinchesmultiplyby0.03937.
EXAMPLE
Reduce88.9millimeterstoinches.
88.9x0.03937=3.5in
39
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 1
40
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - 0D1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 2
LESSON2
CONVERSIONOFLINEAR
MEASUREMENTSFROMTHEENGLISHTOTHE
METRICSYSTEMANDFROMTHEMETRICTOTHE
ENGLISHSYSTEM;ANDSOLVINGPROBLEMSUSING
RATIO,PROPORTION,ANDTRIGONOMETRY
TASK2. Describe the processes for solving problems using ratio and
proportion.
CONDITIONS
STANDARDS
Withintwohours
REFERENCES
Nosupplementaryreferencesareneededforthistask.
1. Introduction
Amajorpartofmachineshopworkinvolvesthefabricationofsuchpartsas
aspool,gear,orpulleyformachineryandvehiclepowertrains.Thesetype
parts must be machined to a predetermined size that will enable their
turningatagivennumberofrevolutionsperminute(rpm).Themachiningof
these parts requires knowledge of the mathematical processes involved in
determining the size to which these items must be machined. This task,
therefore,isdesignedtoprovidetheprocessesfordeterminingthesizeof
these parts through the use of mathematical problems involving ratio and
proportion.Subsequentparagraphsprovideanexplanationofthemethodsfor
solvingratioandproportionproblems.
41
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 2
2. RatioandProportion
a. General. Ratioandproportionaremethodsforreducingtheconfusion
andminimizingthepossibilitiesoferrorinworkingarithmeticproblems.A
working knowledge of these methods makes it easier to solve many shop
problems. Thelanguageofratioandproportionismostlyasignlanguage.
Lettersandsymbolsarecommonlyusedinplaceoflongnumbersandrepresent
unknownquantitiesandvalues.
b. Ratio.
(1) Ratioistherelationwhichonequantitybearstoanotherquantityof
the same kind. It is used extensively in shop work. Shop drawings or
blueprintsaregenerallydrawntoscale.Scalemeansonefigureisusedto
representanother.Usuallyasmallfigurerepresentsalargerfigure.For
example,onablueprint1inchmightrepresent1foot.
(2) Thetwonumbersusedintheratioarecalledthetermsoftheratio.
Thefirstnumberofaratioiscalledtheantecedent;thesecondnumberis
calledtheconsequent.Theconsequentisthedivisor.Thecolon(:)isthe
signofratioandmeansisto.Thus,3:5reads3isto5.Itisin
effect a dividing sign without the dividing () line. Such other
expressionsasinthesameratio,inthesameproportion,orprorata
allhavethesamemeaning.
(3) Theratioofonenumbertoanotherisreallythequotientofthefirst
numberdividedbythesecondnumber.
EXAMPLE
Determinetheratiooftheexpression8:2.
8:2=4 Divide8by2.Thus,theratioorvalueof8to2
is4.
(4) Thevalueofaratioisnotchangedbyeithermultiplyingordividing
bothtermsbythesamenumber.
42
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 2
EXAMPLE
Multiplytheexpression3:2by2.
Dividetheexpression8:4by4.
8:4=2:1 Dividingbothtermsby4renderstheexpression
2 : 1. Check by dividing 8 by 4 in the first
expression,whichrendersaratioof2. Inthe
secondexpressiondividing2by1rendersaratio
of2.Thus8:4isequalinvalueto2:1.
c. Proportion.
(1) Proportionisastatementofequalitybetweentworatios.Thus,3:4
::6:8.Thesymbol(::)meansasorequals.Eitherthissymbolor
the equal sign (=) may be used. The extremes are the first and last
terms.Themeansarethesecondandthirdterms.
(2) Rule1.Inproportion,theproductofthemeansequalstheproductof
theextremes.
EXAMPLE
Therefore,3:4::9:12.
4x9=36 Multiplythemeans.
3x12=36 Multiplytheextremes.Thus,thetwoexpressions
areequal.
NOTE:Thismakesitpossibletofindanunknownquantity.Inotherwords,
whenthreetermsofaproportionareknownthefourthcanbefound.
43
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 2
EXAMPLE
Findtheunknownmeanfor15:5=?:20.
15:5=X:20 LetXrepresenttheunknown
15x20=5xX mean.Multiplytheextremes
300=5X andmeans.Dividebothsides
60=X oftheequationby5.The
unknownmeanis60.
(4) Rule3.Tofindoneunknownextreme.Whenbothmeansandoneextreme
areknown,findtheunknownextremebydividingtheproductofthemeansby
theknownextreme.
EXAMPLE
Findtheunknownextremefor?:28::2:8
LetXrepresenttheunknown
extreme.Multiplythemeans.
Dividebytheknownextreme.
Theunknownextremeis7.
d. InverseProportion.
(2) Twonumbersareinverselyproportionalwhenoneincreasesastheother
decreases. In this case their product is always the same. A practical
exampleofinverseratioisseeninproblemsdealingwithpulleys.
44
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 2
EXAMPLE
A 24 inch pulley fixed to a live shaft which makes 400 revolutions per
minute (rpm) is belted to a 6 inch pulley, as shown in figure 8 on the
followingpage.Findtherpmofthesmallerpulley.
Thisiswhattheproblemlookslike:
Aisthedrivingpulley,Bisthedrivenpulley.
Then,X:400::24:6
EXAMPLE
Adrivinggearwith48teethmesheswithadrivengearwhichhas16teeth.
If the driving gear makes 100 rpm, find the number of rpm of the driven
gear.
3. PulleyTrainsandGearTrains
45
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 2
FIGURE8.PULLEYS.
together; the power comes from one of the pulleys or gears. Neglecting
slippageofthebeltinginapulleytrain,thesamemethodofdetermining
relativesizesappliestobothsystems.
EXAMPLE
Findtherpmofthe6inchpulleyshowninfigure9onthefollowingpage.
Therefore
b. ScrewGearing.
(1) Spiral.Gearsareoftenusedtoreducespeed.Theteethonthegears
arearrangedinthesamemannerasthethreadsofascrew. Aspiralgear
mayhaveanynumberofteeth. Aonetoothedgearcorrespondstoasingle
threadedscrew.A
46
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - 0D1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 2
FIGURE9.PULLEYTRAIN.
manytoothedgearcorrespondstoamanythreadedscrew.Lookatfigure10.
Counttheteethintheuppergear.Thereare12.Thisgear,then,equalsa
12threadedscrew. Thelowergearhas36teeth. Itcorrespondstoa36
threaded screw. Hence, the small gear makes 3 complete turns while the
largegearismaking1.
FIGURE10.SPIRALGEARSYSTEM.
47
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 2
(2) WormandWormGearing.Wormgearingisusedtotransmitpowerbetween
two shafts at 90 to each other, but not in the same plane. In worm
gearing,thevelocityratioistheratiobetweenthenumberofteethonthe
gearsandthenumberofthreadsontheworm.Figure11showsawormanda
singlethreadedwormgear.
EXAMPLE
Findtherevolutionsperminute(rpm)forthewormgear.
FIGURE11.WORMGEARSYSTEM.
48
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
LESSON2
CONVERSIONOFLINEAR
MEASUREMENTSFROMTHEENGLISHTOTHE
METRICSYSTEMANDFROMTHEMETRICTOTHE
ENGLISHSYSTEM;ANDSOLVINGPROBLEMSUSING
RATIO,PROPORTION,ANDTRIGONOMETRY
TASK3. Describetheprocessesforsolvingproblemsusingtrigonometry.
CONDITIONS
STANDARDS
Withintwohours
REFERENCES
Nosupplementaryreferencesareneededforthistask.
1. Introduction
Inthistaskwewilldiscusstheprocessesinvolvedinsolvingmachineshop
problemsthroughtheuseoftrigonometry.
2. General
Task1and2ofthislessonservedrespectivelytodescribetheprocesses
forconvertinglinearmeasurementsfromtheEnglishtothemetricsystemand
fromthemetrictotheEnglishsystem,andforsolvingproblemsusingratio
andproportion. Inviewofthefactthatsomemilitaryequipmenthasbeen
developedwithbothmetricandEnglishmeasuredcomponents,Task1enables
the machinist to convert linear measurements from one system to another,
thereby ensuringthepropermatingofmachinedpartsthatmustoperatein
meshwitheachother. Task2enablesthemachinisttodeterminethesize
thataspool,pulleyorgearmustbemachinedto,topermititsrotationat
aspecified
49
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
rpminthepulleyorgeartrainofmilitarymachineryandvehicles.
Thisprocesswillassistthemachinistindeterminingthepitchorangleof
screwthreads,gearteeth,andtapersforpartsthatmustbefabricatedfor
itemsnotnormallyavailablethroughsupplychannels,orinanemergencyin
a combat situation. Before going into the solving of trigonometric
problems,letsfirstreviewthetrigonometricfunctionswhicharethebasis
forsolvingthesetypesofproblems.
3. TrigonometricFunctions
a. For any given acute angle in a right triangle, certain ratios exist
among the sides. These ratiosarecalledtrigonometricfunctions. They
determinesidesandanglesinarighttriangle.Tothisend,thesidesofa
right triangle are given certain names to indicate their relation to the
angles. Thus, in any right triangle, such as shown in figure 12 on the
followingpage,thesidec,whichisoppositetotherightangleC,is
calledthehypotenuse;sideaisoppositeangleAandiscalledthe
opposite side; side b, is adjacent to angle A and is called the
adjacent side.Notice,however,thatwhenthesidesrefertoangleB,
sidebistheoppositesideandsideaistheadjacentside. However,
the hypotenuse, the longest side, is always called the hypotenuse with
referencetoeitherangle.
b. Inthistriangle,itispossibletoshowsixdifferentratiosofthe
sides.Theyarea/c,b/c,a/b,b/a,c/b,andc/a.Anexplanationofthese
ratiosfollowsusingtheratioa/casanexample.Thisexplanationisalso
applicabletotheotherratios;a/cmeansthesameasadividedbyc,
50
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
FIGURE12.SIDESINREFERENCETOANGLEA.
oraoverc.Ineachratiotheletterinthesamepositionasain
relation to c represents the numerator, which can be given a numerical
value. The letter c in relationtothepositionofarepresents the
denominator, which can be givenanumericalvalue. Iftheletter a is
assigned the numerical value of 2 and the letter c is assigned the
numericalvalueof4,themathematicalexpressionwouldbethatthenumber2
must be divided by the number 4. Thus,2/4=.5. Theseratiosare the
trigonometricfunctionsasdescribedbelow:
51
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
EXAMPLE
Using the lettered and named sides of the triangle (figure 12 on the
previouspage),writetheratiosforsinA,cosA,tanA,cotA,sinB,cos
B,tanB,andcotB.
sinA=a/c;cosA=b/c;sinB=b/c;
cosB=a/c;andtanA=a/b;cotA=b/a;
tanB=b/a;cotB=a/b.
Therefore sinA=cosBandcosA=sinB
tanA=cotBandcotA=tanB
d. Atrigonometricfunctionexpressesthevalueofanangleintermsof
thesidesoftherighttrianglecontainingthatangle. Forinstance,the
valueofangleAinfigure13onthefollowingpagemaybeexpressedas:
Thus,ifthefunctionandthedimensionofoneofthesidesofthatfunction
ratioareknown,thenthedimensionoftheothersidecanbefound.
52
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
FIGURE13.VALUEOFANANGLEINTERMS
OFTHESIDES.
e. Therulesforidentifyinganglesandsidesofrighttrianglesare:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) Sideopposite=hypotenusexsine
(6) Sideopposite=sideadjacentxtangent
(7) Sideopposite=sideadjacentcotangent
(8) Sideadjacent=hypotenusexcosine
(9) Sideadjacent=sideoppositexcotangent
53
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
(10) Sideadjacent=sideoppositetangent
(11) Hypotenuse=sideoppositesine
(12) Hypotenuse=sideadjacentcosine
f. ProcedureforusingtheseRules.
(1) In a right triangle, both the known and unknown sides (opposite,
adjacent,andhypotenuse)oftheproblemarenamed.
(2) Choosefromamongthepreviousrules;selectonethatfitsthegiven
numericalvalues.
(3) Substitutethegivenvaluesintheruleandsolvefortheunknown.
EXAMPLE
FindsideaifsinA=3/5andsidec=20.5(figure14onthefollowing
page). HerethesineofangleAisgiven,andaisthesideopposite.
Accordingtorule(5)inparagraph3eonpage53,sideopposite=hypotenuse
xsine. Substituting20.5forhypotenuseand3/5forsine,weget: side
opposite=20.5x3/5=12.3.
FindbifcosA=.44andc=3.5(figure15onthefollowingpage).
Here the cosine of angle A is given, and b is the side adjacent.
Accordingtorule(8)inparagraph3eonpage53,sideadjacent=hypotenuse
x cosine. Substituting 3.5 for hypotenuse and .44 for cosine, the side
adjacent=3.5x.44=1.54.
FindaiftanA=11/3andb=25/11(figure16onpage56).Herethe
tangent ofangleAisgiven, andaisthesideopposite. According to
rule (6) in paragraph 3e on page 53, side opposite = side adjacent x
tangent. Substituting25/11forsideadjacentand11/3fortangent,side
opposite=25/11x11/3=9.
54
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
FIGURE14.FINDTHESIDEOPPOSITEANGLEA.
FIGURE15.FINDSIDEADJACENTTOANGLEA.
55
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
FIGURE16.FINDSIDEOPPOSITEANGLEA.
FIGURE17.COTANGENTGIVEN,FINDADJACENTSIDE.
4. CalculationswithAngles
a. Toaddangles,arrangethedegrees,minutes,andsecondsinseparate
columns and add each column separately. Remember, in angles 60 seconds
makesaminuteand60minutesmakesadegree. Therefore,iftheseconds
columnaddsupto60ormore,subtract60,oramultipleof60,fromthat
column and add one minute, or the same multiple of one minute, to the
minutescolumn.Iftheminutes
56
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
column addsupto60ormore,proceedsimilarly,rememberingthatseconds
changetominutesandminutestodegrees.
EXAMPLE
Takeaway60from81and
add1to133.Thentake
away120from134andadd
2to58.Afterbecoming
accustomedtothisprocedure,
thevaluescanbecarriedto
theirrespectivecolumnsmentally.
EXAMPLE
Subtract145130from864510.
Herethesubtractioncannotbe
performedineithertheseconds
ortheminutescolumns.
Hencetakeaway1from45
leaving44,andadd60to10,
getting70.Also,take1
from86,leaving85,andadd
60to44,getting104.
57
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
EXAMPLE
Multiply152140by3.
d. Todivideananglebyagivennumber,itisnecessarytodivideeach
columnbythenumber,beginningwiththedegreescolumn.Theremainderin
degrees, if any, must be changed into minutes and added to the minutes
column. The division is then performed on the minutes column. The
remainderinminutes,ifany,mustbechangedintosecondsandaddedtothe
seconds column. Finally, the division is performed on the seconds
column.
EXAMPLE
Divide712242by3.
Answer:234734
5. TrigonometricTables
b. UseofTables.
(1) Tables 6 and 7, on the following pages, are an excerpt from the
trigonometric tables listed in Appendix C4 of FM 433. Notice that the
headingfordegrees(thatis,43,44,45,and46)appearbothatthetopand
atthebottomofeachpage.
58
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
Theminutecolumnattheleftofeachpageisreadfromthetoptowardthe
bottom, while the minute column at the right is read from the bottom
towardthetop.Notice,also,thatthefunctionsatthetopandbottomof
eachcolumnaredifferent. Thevaluesofthefunctionsaregiventofive
placesofdecimals.
TABLE6.TRIGONOMETRICTABLES.
59
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
TABLE7.TRIGONOMETRICTABLES(CONTINUED).
(a) Findthenumberofdegreesatthetopofthepageofthetable.
(b) Findthenumberofminutesintheextremelefthandcolumn,reading
fromthetoptowardthebottom.
60
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
(c) Locatethepropercolumnforthefunction(sine,cosine,tangent,or
cotangent),usingtheheadingsatthetop.
(d) Findthevalueofthefunctioninthiscolumnatapointdirectly
acrossfromthegivennumberofminutes.
EXAMPLE
Findthesineof4330;thatis,sin4330=?
SOLUTION
Sincethisangleisbetween0and45,thedegreeheadingaswellasthe
function willbefoundatthe topofthepage. Usethelefthand minute
columnandfollowdowntothevalueof30.Thefirstcolumnoffunctions
is used because the required function is the sine. Thus, in the sine
column6atapointacrossfrom30,wefindthatsin4330=.68835.
EXAMPLE
Findthecosineof4359;thatiscos4359=?
SOLUTION
For angles between 0 and 45, the value of the cosine is found in the
column headed cosine. The minute column is followed down to 59, and
theninthecosinecolumn,atapointacrossfrom59,wefindthatcos
4359=.71954.
EXAMPLE
Findthetangentof4410;thatis,tan4410=?
SOLUTION
For angles between 0 and 45, the value of the tangent is found in the
columnheadedtangent.Theminutecolumnisfolloweddownto10,and
theninthetangentcolumn,atapointacrossfrom10,wefindthattan
4410=.97133.
61
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
6. Interpolation
EXAMPLE
Findthesineof443040.
SOLUTION
Sincethesineof443040issomewherebetweenthesineof4430and
sine of 4431, find the valueofthelatterfunctionsandsubtract the
valueofsin4430fromthevalueofsin4431.
Thedesiredfunctionis40/60or.67oftheoneminutedifference.
Therefore,.67x.00021=.00014
sin443040=.70091+.000014=.70105.
EXAMPLE
Findthecosineof432020.
SOLUTION
Findandsubtractthevalueofthefunctioncos4321fromthevalueof
thefunctioncos4320.
62
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
Therefore,cos432020=.72737.00007=.72730.
b. Inthenextexample,theprocessvariesslightly.Itisnecessaryto
subtractthedifferencefromthevalueofthesmallerangle. Thisistrue
inthecaseofallcofunctionsbecausetheirvaluesdecreaseastheangle
increases. The process varies slightly when an angle is desired from a
givenfunction.
EXAMPLE
Findtheanglewhosesineis.68420.
SOLUTION
sin4311 =.68434
sinx =.68420(unknownangle)
sin4310 =.68412
Differencebetweensin4310andsin4311=.00022.
Differencebetweensin4310andsinx(unknownangle)=.00008.
Fromthisthedesiredangleisoftheway
from4310to4311;
Therefore,thedesiredangleis431022.
(1) Findthenumberofdegreesatthebottomofthetrigonometrictables
(seeTables6and7,onpages59and60).
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
(2) Findthenumberofminutesintheextremerighthandcolumn,reading
fromthebottomtowardthetop.
(3) Locatethepropercolumnforthefunction,usingtheheadingsatthe
bottom.
(4) Find the value of the function in this column at a point directly
acrossfromthegivennumberofminutes.
EXAMPLE
Findthesineof4615;thatis,sine4615=?
SOLUTION
Foranglesbetween45and90,thevalueofthesineisfoundinthecolumn
markedsineatthebottom. Theminutescolumnisfollowedupto15,
andtheninthesinecolumnatapointacrossfrom15,sin4615=.
72236.
EXAMPLE
Findthetangentof4548;thatis,tan4548=?
SOLUTION
7. AngleCorrespondingtoaGivenFunction
a. Locatethegivennumber(valueoffunction)suchasthesineof.69466
inthepropercolumn,
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
b. Whentheheadingisatthetopofthecolumn,thenumberofdegreesis
found at the top of the page, and the number of minutes will be in the
extremelefthandcolumn.Inthiscase,theangleofthesineof.69466is
440.
c. Whenthebeadingisatthebottomofthecolumn,thenumberofdegrees
isfoundatthebottomofthepage,andthenumberofminuteswillbeinthe
extremerighthandcolumn.NOTE:Thefollowingsummaryisprovidedtohelp
in locating the value of functions in the trigonometric tables. This
summaryshowshowthefunctionsofananglechangeinvalueforanglesfrom
0to90.Noticethatastheangleforsineincreasesfrom0to90,its
valuealsoincreasesfromzeroto1.0000.Astheangleforcosineincreases
from0to90,itsvaluedecreasesfrom1.000tozero. Astheanglefor
tangentincreasesfrom0to90,itsvalueincreasesfromzerotoinfinity.
And, as the angle for cotangent increases from 0 to 90, its value
decreasesfrominfinitytozero.
EXAMPLE
FindthevalueofangleAwhensinA=.96923.
SOLUTION
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
0.96923onthepagemarked75atthebottom(seeTable8).Inthiscase,
theminutesarefoundintheextremerighthandcolumn. Thevalueofthe
minutescorrespondingtothenumber0.96923is45. Therefore,angleA=
7545.
EXAMPLE
FindthevalueofangleAwhencosA=0.86603.
SOLUTION
Accordingtotheprecedingnote,angleAmustbelessthan45.Thenumber
0.86603isfoundatthe30columnmarkedcosineatthetop(Table9on
thefollowingpage).Thevalueoftheminutes,inthelefthandcolumn,is
foundtobezero.Therefore,angleA=300.
TABLE8.TRIGONOMETRICTABLE.
EXAMPLE
FindthevalueofangleAwhentanA=0.18384.
SOLUTION
EvidentlyangleAislessthan45.Therefore,thenumber0.18384isfound
inthetangentcolumnwiththeheadingatthetopofthe10page(Table
10onthefollowingpage).Thevalueoftheminutesinthelefthandcolumn
isfoundtobe25.Therefore,angleA=1025
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
TABLE9.TRIGONOMETRICTABLE.
TABLE10.TRIGONOMETRICTABLE.
8. SolutionofRightTriangles
Ifanytwosidesofanyrightangledtriangleareknown,thethirdsidecan
becalculatedfromtheformulac2 =a2 +b2 ,wherecisthehypotenuse,
andaandbaretheothersides.
Aneasiermethodforthesolutionofthesidesofarighttriangle,andone
which also includes the solution of the angles, is found in the use of
trigonometricfunctions.Thepartsofatriangleconsistofthreesidesand
threeangles.Arighttrianglemaybesolvedif,inadditiontotheright
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
angle,twopartsareknown(atleastoneofthembeingaside). Thetwo
knownpartsmustbeeitheroneoftheacuteanglesandanyoneofthesides,
oranytwosides.
EXAMPLE
Givenanacuteangleandthehypotenuseinfigure18,findangleBandsides
aandb.
SOLUTION
FIGURE18.FINDANGLEBANDSIDESAANDB.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
EXAMPLE
Givenanacuteangleandtheoppositesideinfigure19,findangleBand
sidesbandc.
SOLUTION
Here,sidebistheadjacentsidetoangleAandcisthehypotenuse.
Angle B = 90 A = 74 5. According to rule (9)(see page 53), side
adjacent = side opposite x cotangent. Substituting 1.7 inch for side
opposite and 3.5067 for cotangent, side adjacent = 1.7 x 3.5067 = 5.961
inch. According to rule 11, hypotenuse = side opposite + sine.
Substituting1.7inchforsideoppositeand.2742forsine,sideopposite=
FIGURE19.FINDANGLEBANDSIDESBANDC.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
EXAMPLE
Givenanacuteangleandadjacentsideinfigure20,findangleBandsides
aandc.
SOLUTION
Here,aisthesideoppositeandcisthehypotenuse.AngleB=90A
= 61 39. According to rule (6)(see page 53), side opposite = side
adjacenttangent,orrule(7)(seepage53),sideopposite=sideadjacent
cotangent.Substituting.300metersforsideadjacentand.5396fortan,
sideopposite=.300x.5396=.1619meter.Or,substituting.300forside
adjacentand1.8533forcotangent,sideopposite=.3001.8533=.1619.
According to rule (12)(see page 54), hypotenuse side adjacent cosine.
Substituting.300forsideadjacentand.8801forcosine,hypotenuse=.300
.8801=.34087.
FIGURE20.FINDANGLEBANDSIDESAANDC.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
EXAMPLE
Giventhehypotenuseandoneside,findtheanglesAandB,andsidebof
figure21.
SOLUTION
Here,bisthesideadjacent.Accordingtorule(1)(seepage53),sinA=
side oppositehypotenuse. Substituting.430forsideoppositeand.610
forhypotenuse,sinA=.430.610=.70492.
Therefore,A=444923andB=90A=451037.Accordingtorule
8, sideadjacent=hypotenusexcosine. Substituting.610forhypotenuse
and.7093forcosine,weget:sideadjacent=.610x.7093=4327.
FIGURE21.FINDANGLESAANDB,ANDSIDEB.
EXAMPLE
Giventwosides(figure22onthefollowingpage),findanglesAandB,and
sidec.
SOLUTION
Accordingtorule(3)(seepage53),tanA=sideoppositesideadjacent.
Substituting.360forsideoppositeand.250forsideadjacent,
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
tanA=.360.250=1.44;hence,angleA=551320,angleB=3446
40.Accordingtorule12,hypotenuse=sideadjacentcosine.
Substituting.250forsideadjacentand.5704forcosine:hypotenuse=.250
.5704=.4383.
Thisconcludestheprocessesforsolvingrighttriangles.Inthefollowing
paragraphs, the process for solving special right triangles will be
described. Here, the sum of all the angles is 180, as in the right
triangles previously discussed. Special right triangles, however, are
triangles such as the isosceles triangle, which has two 45 angles at
opposite ends from each other, with the third angle equaling 90 and,
therefore,hastwosidesthatareofequallength.Thus,45+45+90=
180.Theotherspecialtypeoftriangleisthatwhichhasa30angleand
a600onoppositeendsfromeachother,withthethirdangleequaling90.
Thus,30+60+90=180.
FIGURE22.FINDANGLESAANDB,ANDSIDEC.
9. SpecialRightTriangles(4545;3060)
a. Theisoscelesrighttriangles(twoequalsidesandtwoequalangles)
and triangles with a 30 angle and a 60 angle are referred to in the
machineshopasspecialrighttrianglesbecause
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
oftheformulaswhichcanbederivedfromtherelationshipoftheirsides
andangles.Theserelationshipsenableonetomakecertainsubstitutionsin
the general right triangle rule formula, and to derive certain constants
whichholdtruenomatterwhatthesizetherighttriangleis,justaslong
asitsanglesare4545or3060.
b. Derivationofthe4545IsoscelesTriangleRelationship.
(1) Ina4545righttriangle,asinanyisoscelestriangle,thesides
opposite the equal angles are equal. Thus, in figure 23, side A can be
substituted for side B. For example, if side A equals 2 inches, side B
wouldalsoequal2inches;therefore,thelengthofthehypotenuse,sideC,
couldbedeterminedbymultiplyingthesquarerootofonesidebyavalueof
2. In the following example we will show how the length of side C, the
hypotenuse, is derived by using sideAasdescribedabove. Thelast two
stepsinthisprocedureservetodemonstratethatoncethelengthofsideC
hasbeenfound,thelengthofthetwooppositesidescanbedeterminedby
multiplyingthelengthofthehypotenuseorsideCbythesineofeitherof
the45angles.Thefollowingexampledemonstratesthisprocess.
FIGURE23.FUNCTIONSOFA45ANGLE.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
EXAMPLE
Given:SidesAandBbothequal2inchesinlength.
Therefore:
Toconfirmtherelationship:
sideA =hypotenusexsineof45
=2.83x.707
=2inches
(2) Thus,inevery4545righttriangle,eachoftheothertwosides
isalwaysequalto.707xhypotenuse.
c. Derivationofthe3060TriangleRelationship.
EXAMPLE
Infigure24onthefollowingpage,letsideA=5inchesandsideC=10
inches.AccordingtoRule(1)(seepage53),
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
AccordingtoRule(5)(seepage53),thesideopposite=hypotenusexsine.
Therefore:
SideA =10inchesx.5(sineofthe
(theside 30angle)
oppositethe
30angle)
=5inches(or1/2thelengthof
thehypotenuse)
FIGURE24.RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN30AND60ANGLES.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
TABLE11.TRIGONOMETRICTABLES.
EXAMPLE
Infigure24,onthepreviouspage,letsideC=10inchesandsideB=8.66
inches.AccordingtoRule(1)(seepage53),
AccordingtoRule(5)(seepage53),thesideopposite=hypotenusexsine.
Therefore:
=8.66inches
10. PracticalApplications
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
EXAMPLE
Findthedistanceacrosstheflatsofthelargesthexagonwhichmaybecut
froma15inch(or15cm)diameterbarofroundmildsteelstock.
SOLUTION
Ahexagonisapolygonboundedbysixflatsides. Eachflatsideisthe
oppositesideofa60angle.The15inch(or15cm)diameteroftheround
stockisthehypotenuseofeachofsix60anglesintheroundstockwhen
viewedfromeitherend.
Inparagraph9c(2)onpage75,andTable11onthepreviouspage,wefound
thatsine60=.866.
AccordingtoRule(5)(seepage53),theoppositeside=hypotenusexsine.
Therefore:
Distanceacrossflats=diameterofstockx.866
(oppositeside)
EXAMPLE
Findthediameterofroundbarstockrequiredtocutahexagon9cmacross
flats.
SOLUTION
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
EXAMPLE
Findthelargestsquarewhichmaybecutfroma13cmdiameterbarofround
stock.
SOLUTION
Largestsquare =diameterofstockx.707
=13cmx.707
=9.191cm
EXAMPLE
Findthediameterofroundstockrequiredtocutasquareof10cm.
SOLUTION
11. GeneralProcedureforSolvingProblemsinTrigonometry
a. Itisrelativelyeasytosolveashopproblemwhenthenecessaryright
triangle is immediately obvious. But in actual practice, problems arise
which involve shapes other than right triangles. In such cases, it is
necessarytoresolvetheproblemintorighttrianglesbymeansofconnecting
lines.Thisprocedureiscalledtriangulation.Sometimesasmanyasfour
right triangles must be constructed in order to figure a desired value.
Where any difficulty is experienced in recognizing the elements of the
necessaryrighttriangles,itisadvisabletoconstructadiagramthreeor
fourtimeslargerthanactualsize,accordingtoscale.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
FIGURE25.LAYOUTOFPLUGINSERTEDINOPENING.
EXAMPLE
FindthedimensionofXinfigure26,viewA,onthefollowingpage.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
FIGURE26.FINDTHEDIMENSIONOFx.
SOLUTION
Step1. Inspecttheproblemtodeterminewhichsidesoranglesareknown.
According to figure 26, view A, there are two 32 30 angles.
Thediameterofthecircle(plug)is1inch.
Step2. Generally, the first distance which must be found is that from
thecenteroftheplugtothevertexoftheangle.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
Step5. Thus,thelineDB(fromthecenteroftheplugtothevertex)is
the hypotenuse. According to Rule (11), page 54, hypotenuse =
oppositesidesine.Thus:
Step6. Subtracttheheightoftheslotfromtheheightoftheblockto
getthedimensionY.Thus1.5001.100=.400.
Step7. Add the values line DB (hypotenuse), .9305788 inch, .400 inch
(the distance of Y), and .5 inch, the radius of the circle
(plug),asfollows:
Valueofhypotenuse
DistanceofY
Radiusofcircle
Thus,thevalueofXis:
or1.8306
12. LawofSines
a. Intheobliquetriangleshowninfigure27,viewA,onpage83,his
perpendiculartoAB.
(1)
(2)
Divide(1)by(2):
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
Thefollowingprocedureshowsthesimilarity:
Reference:Thesineof(AB)theorem:
sin(AB)=sinAcosBcossinB
UsingsinC=sinAcosB+cosAsinB
Therefore:
Therefore:
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
FIGURE27.SOLVEUSINGTHELAWSOFSINE,
COSINE,ANDTANGENT.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
b. Thetermsintheequationspresentedina.abovecanberearrangedin
theform:
(1) Since,
(2) Andsince,
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
Then,
(3) Therefore:
Theaboveisknownasthelawofsines,andshouldbeinterpreted: Any
sidedividedbythesineoftheangleoppositeisequaltoanyotherside
dividedbythesineoftheangleoppositeit.Thislaw,andthelawsand
formulas in the following paragraphs, are useful in solving oblique
triangles.
EXAMPLE
Solvethetriangleoffigure27,viewB(onpage83)forangleCandsideX
usingtheLawofsines.
SOLUTION
AngleC+42+75=180,angleC+117=180;therefore,angleC=63.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
EXAMPLE
Solvethetriangleinfigure27,viewC(onpage83),forangleBusingthe
Lawofsines.
TofindangleBinterpolateasfollows:
Fromthisthedesiredangleisofthewayfrom7435to7436;
Therefore,angleBis:
743653
13. LawofCosines
a. AccordingtothePythagoreanTheorem,c2=a2+b2
b2=AD2+h2
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
(2) SquaringofADprocedurefollows:
AD2=(cDB)2
AD2=(cDB)(cDB)
AD2=c2cDBcDB+DB2
AD2=c22cDB+DB2
(3) SubstitutingAD2intoequationat(1)above:
b2=c22cDB+DB2+h2
(4) Equationfortriangle2,figure27,viewA(onthepreviouspage):
a2=h2+DB2
(5) FindingthevalueofDB2:
DB2+h2=a2
DB2+h2h2=a2h2
DB2=a2h2
(6) SubstitutingDB2intoequationat(3)above:
Accordingtothelawofcosines,
b2=a2+c22acCosB.
b. Sincetheresultoftheequationat(6)aboveandthelawofcosines
bothcontainb2,bothequations,therefore,areequal.
Therefore:
(1) c22cDB+a2=a2+c22accosB
(2) Subtractingbya2c2:
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
(3) 2cDB=2accosB
(4) Dividingby2ac:
(5)
(6) Multiplyingbothsidesbya:
Thelawofcosinesisinterpretedas:Thesquareofanysideofatriangle
isequaltothesumofthesquaresoftheothertwosidesminustwicethe
productofthosetwosidesandcosineoftheincludedangle.
EXAMPLE
Solvethetriangleoffigure27,viewD(onpage83)forXusingtheLawof
cosines.
SOLUTION
Fromthelawofcosines:
c2=a2+b22abcosC
Given: x=c
8=a
10=b
cosC=cos78
X2=82+102(2x8x10cos78)
X2=64+100(2x8x10x0.20791)
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
x2=64+10033.266
X=11.434cm
EXAMPLE
Solvethetriangleoffigure27,view3(onpage83),forangleAusingthe
Lawofcosines.
SOLUTION
a2=b2+c22bccosA
Given: a=6
b=5
c=7
62=52+72(2x5x7cosA)
36=25+4970cosA
36=7470cosA
Subtractingby74:
Dividing38by70:
cosA=0.54286
Byinterpolation:
angleA=57718
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
14. LawofTangents
Whenthesidesofatriangleareexpressedinseveralfigures,itismore
efficienttousethefollowingformula:
whichisknownasthelawoftangents;aandbareanytwosides.AandB
aretheanglesoppositethosesides.
EXAMPLE
FindanglesAandBinfigure28,viewA(onthefollowingpage)usingthe
Lawoftangents.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
15. AreaofTriangles
a. TheareaofatriangleisexpressedbytheformulaA(area)=1/2bh,
whenbisthebaseandhisthealtitude.Whentwosidesandincludedangle
aregiven(figure28,viewB),theareacanbeobtainedfromthefollowing
formula,wherehandaarethesidesandCistheangle:
Thus,theareaofthetrianglemaybewritten:
FIGURE28.FINDANGLESANDAREAOFTRIANGLES.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
b. Whentwoanglesandtheincludedsidearegiven(figure28,viewB,on
thefollowingpage),theareacanbeobtainedfromthefollowingformula:
Substitutingintheformulagivenin15a,above,thefollowingisobtained:
c. Whenthreesidesaregiven,thefollowingformulaisusedwherea,b,
andcarethethreesidesandA=1/2(a+b+c),then
16. Conclusion
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/TASK 3
processesarecommonlyusedinallfacetsofmachineshopoperationsforthe
fabricationofthoseparts,witheitherEnglishormetricmeasurements,not
normally found in the supply system. This lesson, therefore, provides a
solidbackgroundinmachineshopmathematics,whichcanalsobeusedasa
futurereferencetoassistinsolvingproblemsencounteredindailymachine
shopwork. Attheendofthislesson,thereisapracticalexercisethat
contains problemswhichrequirecomputationthroughtheuseofallofthe
processescoveredinthislesson.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/PE 2
PRACTICALEXERCISE2
1. Instructions
Readthescenarioandrespondtotherequirementsthatfollowthescenario.
2. Scenario
3. Requirement
Belowisthelistofmathematicalproblemsthatyouhavedeveloped.Prepare
ananswersheetbysolvingtheseproblems.
a. If2.54centimetersequals1inch,howmanycentimetersarethereina
pieceofflatmetalstockthatis3yards1footand6incheslong?
c. brassrodwascutintofivelengths: 41/4inch,31/2inch,61/2
inch,183/4inch,and63/4inch.Howlongwastherodincentimetersif
1/8inchwaswastedineachcut?
d. Usetherulesofconversioninparagraphs3band3c,Lesson2,Task1
andsolvethefollowingproblems:
(1) Convert1/32inchtomillimeters.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/PE 2
(2) Convert304.801millimeterstoinches.
e. Iftwogearshave180and40teethrespectively,whatistheratioof
thenumbersofteeth?
f. Divide80trucksbetweentwosergeantsintheratioof5to3.
g. Theefficiencyofamachineiscommonlystatedasbeingtheratioof
the outputtotheinput(E =O/I). E=efficiency,O=output,and I=
output.Supposetheinputinamotoris7000wattsandtheoutputis6500
watts.Whatistheefficiencyofthismotor?
h. Usetherulesofproportiontosolvethefollowingproblems:
(1) 70:45::45:X
(2) 31/4:74/5::15:X
(3) X:5.6::45:125
i. Studythegeartraininfigure29onthefollowingpageandfindthe
rpmofthe36toothgear.
k. Solveforthefollowingsidesoftherighttriangle:
(1) FindsideaifsinA=0.8,andsidec=18.5cm.
(2) FindsidebifcosA=0.35andsidec=4.25cm.
(3) FindsideaiftanA=1.902andsideb=3.75cm.
1. Usetheinstructionsforcalculationofanglesinparagraph4,Lesson
2,Task3(onpage56)tosolvethefollowingproblems:
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/PE 2
(1) Add:
(2) Subtract:
FIGURE29.GEARTRAIN.
m. Usetable12onpage98andfindthesine,cosine,andtangentofthe
followingangles:
(1) 0
(2) 1
(3) 8930
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/PE 2
FIGURE30.FINDTHEDISTANCEX.
o. Findthesineof445945.Usethetrigonometrictablesattables
6(page59)and7(page60)toassistyouinsolvingthisproblem.
p. Find the value of the following angles to the nearest minute. Use
trigonometric tables 6, 7, and 12 (on the following page) to solve these
problems.
(1) SinA=.70711
(2) CosA=.82887
(3) TanA=.05241
(4) CotA=38.1885
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/PE 2
TABLE12.TRIGONOMETRICTABLES.
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/PE 2
LESSON2.PRACTICALEXERCISEANSWERS
1.Requirement
a.320.04centimeters
b.124inches
c.102.24centimeters
d. (1) 0.79375millimeters
(2) 12inches
e.4.5to1
f.50and30
g.93%
h. (1) 2813/14
(2) 36
(3) 22/125
i.400rpm
j.55.5rpm
k. (1) 14.8centimeters
(2) 1.4875centimeters
(3) 7.1325centimeters
l. (1) 116630
(2) 174652
(3) 305920
(4) 423750
m. (1) Sin0=0
Cos0=1.0000
Tan0=0
(2) Sin1=.01745
Cos1=.99985
Tan1=.01746
(3) Sin8930=.99996
Cos8930=.00873
Tan8930=114.589
n.4.5inches
o. .70706
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MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - LESSON 2/PE 2
p. (1) 45
(2) 341
(3) 3
(4) 130
100
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - REFERENCE
REFERENCES
101
MACHINE SHOP CALCULATION - OD1640 - REFERENCE
REFERENCES
FM433
102