78 CHAPTERS SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS 7. Assledge loaded with bricks has a total mass of 18.0 kg and is pulled at constant speed by a rope inclined at 20.0° above the horizontal. The sledge moves a distance of 20.0 m on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the sledge and surface is 0.500. (a) What is the tension in the rope? (b) How much work is done by the rope on the sledge? (c) What is the mechanical energy lost due to friction? Solution (a) The sledge has constant velocity, so ZR, =n+Fsin20.0°—mg = => n=mg-Fsin20.0° ‘Thus, the kinetic friction force is f, = #4" = Hi (mg —Fsin20.0°) ‘Also, EF, = Fcos20.0° ~ f, =ma, = 0 or F cos 20.0°~ #4 (mg -Fsin 20.0°) =0 Simplifying this result gives the tension in the rope as pe Hag 0.500(18.0 kg) (9.80 m/s*) €0520.0°+ 14, in 20.0° cos 20.0°+0.500sin 20.0° (&) _Thework done by the rope on the sledge is W, = (F.c0s20.0°) Ax , or A9 kJ W, = (79.4 N)(20.0 m)cos20.0° = 1.4910" (6) The friction force and the displacement are in opposite directions (9 =18° ),80 the work done by friction on the sledge is W,, =(f,c08180°) Ax = 44, (mg -Fsin 20.0°)(Ax)cos 180° =0.500{ (18.0 kg)(9.80 my/s*)-(79-4 N)sin20.0° |(20.0 m)(-1) or W, =-1.49x10? J=-149 KJEnergy 79 13, A 70-kg base runner begins his slide into second base when he is moving at a speed of 4.0 m/s. The coefficient of friction between his clothes and Earth is 0.70. He slides so that his speed is zero just as he reaches the base. (a) How much mechanical energy is lost due to friction acting on the runner? (b) How far does he slide? Solution (a) Since the base runner slides on a level surface, the change in gravitational potential energy is APE, = mgy, ~mgy, = mg(Ay)=0 ‘The change in mechanical energy is therefore W,, =(KE+PE),-(KE+PE), (AKE)+(APE) = (4107 —4mv?) +(0) or Wy =4m(v}-v?) $(70 kg)[0-(4.0 mys) ]=-5.6%10" J The friction force is directed opposite to the displacement (6=180°) and has magnitude f, =/4,n=/4mg. All other forces acting on the base runner are perpendicular to the displacement and, hence, do no work, The total work done by non-conservative forces is then W,, =(f,cos180°)Ax, so the displacement is -5.6x10" JCHAPTERS 17, A 2.000-kg car moves down a level highway under the actions of two forces: a 1000-N forward force exerted on the drive wheels by the road and a 950-N resistive force. Use the work-energy theorem to find the speed of the car after it has moved a distance of 20 m, assuming that it starts from rest. Solution The forward force exerted on the car by the road is in the direction of the displacement (6, = 0°) while the resistive force is directed opposite to the displacement (0, =180°). oa — Other forces acting on the car (that is, the normal force exerted by the road and the gravitational force) are perpendicular to the displacement and, hence, do no work. ‘Therefore, the net work done on the car is Wa, = (Feos8,)s+( f cos6,)s: hes =[(1000 N)cos0*]s +[(950 N) cos 180°]s Wrox = (1.000 N-950 N)(20 m)=1.0x10° J The “oem theorem then aives =}mv/?- mv? = mo, 2W, '2(1.0%10° J) me Jiro or (9 S000 Ke m/s22, ‘Truck suspensions often have “helper springs” that engage at high loads. One such arrangement is a leaf spring with a helper coil spring mounted on the axle, as shown in Figure P5.22. When the main leaf spring is compressed by distance yp, the helper spring engages and then helps to support any additional load. Suppose the leaf spring constant is 5.25x10° N/m, the helper spring constant is 3.60x10° N/m, and y, =0.500 m. (a) What is the compression of the leaf spring for a load of 5.00x10°N? (b) How much work is done in compressing the springs? Figure P5.22 When the load comes to equilibrium, the total upward support force exerted by the springs must equal the weight of the load, or (Feat = CF Dig + CF rape = at If k, and, are the spring constants of the leaf spring and the helper spring, respectively, and x, is the vertical distance the ends of the leaf spring are displaced while x,=x,-y, is the vertical distance the helper spring is compressed, the condition for equilibrium becomes Kexe thy (Yo) = ras The compression of the leaf spring at equilibrium is then iat + Kio _ 5:00%10° N +(3.60x10° N/m)(0.500 m) ktk, 525x100" Nim+3.60x10° Nim The work done compressing the springs is equal to the elastic potential energy stored in the springs at equilibrium, or 4k, (x,~0.500 mJ? W, =k? +h, (x,—yo) =4k a7 W, = }(5.25x10 N/m)(0.768 m)* +4(3.60x10° N/m)(0.268 m)*=1.68x10°J 6aocwms (/, — \ 26. —A.50-kg pole vaulter running at 10 m/s vaults over the bar. Her speed when she is above the bar is 1.0 m/s. Neglect air resistance, as well as any energy absorbed by the pole, and determine her altitude as she crosses the bar. Solution If energy losses due to air resistance and the flexing of the pole are negligible, then (KE+PE), =(KE+PE), or the total mechanical energy is conserved. Consider the time interval from when the runner is approaching the bar at constant velocity until the instant she is directly above the bar. Since the pole is unbent as she runs toward the bar and is also unbent as she passes above the bar, there is no change in elastic potential energy of the system. Thus, the only change in potential energy occurs in gravitational potential energy, and conservation of mechanical energy gives toto} + ph gy, =4 p60} + hey, Her change in altitude as she goes over the bar is then vi-v} _(10 m/s)’ —(1.0 mj AYE WADE 2(9.80 m/s*)33. The launching mechanism of a toy gun consists of a spring of unknown spring constant, as shown in Figure P5.33a. If the spring is compressed a distance of 0.120 m and the gun fired vertically as shown, the gun can launch a 20.0-g projectile from rest to a maximum height of 20.0 m above the starting point of the projectile. Neglecting all resistive forces, determine (a) the spring : constant and (b) the speed of the projectile as it moves through the equilibrium position of the spring (where x = 0), as shown in Figure P5.33b. ee mg h ples a Solution sh Yop fw Pe se} vy% y Since resistance forces may bé neglected, the mechanical energy oe AbD) the system (gun and ball) will be conserved: Figure P5.33 (KE+PE, +PE,), =(KE+PE, +PE,), Choose the initial state to be the instant the ball starts from rest (with spring compressed) and the final state to be the instant the ball reaches maximum height (spring relaxed). With these choices, v,=0,=0, y,-y,=20.0m, x,=0.120 m, and x, =0. The energy conservation equation then reduces to O+mgy, +0=0+4 mgy, + phx? and gives the spring constant as 2mg(y,—y.) _ 2(20.0x10™ kg)(9.80 m/s*)(20.0 m) nw Pe ee ee m x? (0.120 my’ In this case, select the initial state to be as before but take the final state to be the instant the ball passes the x=0 level. Then y,-y,=0.120m and energy conservation yields a? 28 (¥s~ 4 mo +mgy,+0=0+mgy, + kx? a= (544. N/m)(0.120 m)* (9.80 m/s*)(0.120 m) =19.7 m/sCHAPTERS acm ‘A.skier starts frdm rest at the top of a hill that is inclined 10.5° with respect to the ‘and the coefficient of friction between snow and the snow is level and the coefficient of friction is ‘ove along the horizontal portion of the snow 45. horizontal. The hillside is 200 m long, skis is 0.075 0, At the bottom of the hill, unchanged. How far does the skier m before coming to rest? Solution Select the reference level of gravitational potential energy (PE, 0) at the level of the base of the hill and let x represent the horizontal distance the skier travels after reaching this level. While on the hill, the normal force exerted on the skier by the snow is m,=mgeos105° and the friction force is f= mm On the level snow, the normal force is m= mg and the friction force isfy = #42 = MB ymgcos0.5° Consider the entire trip, from when the skier starts from rest on the hill until the skier comes to rest. on the level snow. Then, ¥y,—y, =(200-m)sin 10.5° and v, =0,=0. = The work done by non-conservative forces is W., = f, (200 m)cos180°+ (f,)(x)eos180° = ~ mg [(200 m)¢os10.5°+ 2 J Application of the work-energy theorem, Wye =(KE+PE,), -(KE+PE,), then gives: ~ymg[ (200 m)cos10.5° +x |=0-+mgy, —O-mgy; =-mg (200 m)sin10.5° or x =(200 sn)| 282052 69510. =| cary 0750, this yields x=289 m. With 44, =85 Energy 51. The electric motor of a model train accelerates the train from rest to 0.620 m/s in & Find the average’ power delivered to the train during its acceleration. fution The total work input to the train is e the train, or qual to the chafige in the mechanical energy of Wop = (KE + PE), ~(KE+ PE), —,————————— (PE, =PE,), and the above expression reduces to W, E, ~KE, = 4m(v; -0?) where m is the mass of the moving train. The average power delivered to the train as itsaccelerated from 2, =0 to v, =0.620 m/s in an elapsed time of At=21.0 ms is (v7 =v?) _ (0.875 kg) | (0.620 m/s)? -0] At 2(21.0x10" s)86 CHAPTERS 55. The force acting on a particle varies as in Figure 5.55. Find the work done by the force as the particle moves (a) from x=0m to x=800m, (b) from x=8.00m to x=100m, and (c) from x=0m to x=10.0m. Solution The work done on the particle by the force F as the particle moves from x=x, to x=", is the area under the curve from x, to x,. Figure P5.55 (a) For x=0 to x=8.00m W =area of triangle ABC = } ACxaltitude (8.00 m)(6.00 N) = 24.0 J x=800m to x=10.0m _ rea of triangle CDE = } CExaltitude (2.00 m)(~3.00 N) = -3.00 J to r=10.0m Wo-so = Wos + Wy so =24.0 J +(-3.00 J) =21.0JEnergy 87 G2. Atoy gun uses a spring to project a 53-6 soft rubber sphere horizontally. The spring constant is 80 N/m, the barrel of the gun {3 15 cm long, and a constant frictional ree of 0032 N exists between barrel and projectile With what speed does the projectile leave the barrel if the spring was compressed 5.0 cm for this launch? Sohition ‘As the rubber sphere travels the length of the parrel of the gun, the only non- conservative force doing work on itis the frictional force. The normal force exerted by the barrel on the sphere is non-conservative, but is perpendicular to the displacement and does no work. The gravitational force and the spring force are both conservative, and their effects can be accounted for with potential enerBY terms. We write the work- energy theorem as Wye = (KE+PE, +PE,), ~(KE+PE, +PE,), = AKE+ APE, + APE, Since the gun barrel is horizontal, the gravitational potential energy is constant, °F APE, = mg(yy -y,)=0. The clastic potential energy is PE,=4kx? where x is the distance the spring is compressed, so APE, =4k(0-x1)= —thk?. — displacement (9 = 180°), and the work it does is W,, =(fc0s180°)L=—f L where Lis the Jength of the gun barrel. ‘The workenergy theorem then becomes: -fL=(4mo}-0)+(0)+(-4e8) oF 8) fit and the speed of the rubber sphere as it leaves the barrel is _ [(@ON/m)(0.050 m)- ~2(0.032 N)(0.15 m) 5.3x10™ kg88 CHAPTERS 75, A child’s pogo stick (Fig. P5.75) stores energy in a spring (k= 2.50 x 104N/m). At position A (xy =-0.100m), the spring compression is a maximum and the child is momentarily at rest. At position B (x= 0), the spring is relaxed and the child is moving upwards. At position C, the child is again momentarily at rest at the top of the jump. Assuming that the combined mass of child and pogo stick is 25.0 kg, (a) calculate the total energy of the system if both potential energies are zero at x=0, (b) determine xp, (c) calculate the speed of the child at x=0, (d) determine the value of x for which the kinetic energy of the system is a maximum, and (e) obtain the child’s maximum upward speed. Solution We choose PE, =0 at the level where the spring is relaxed (x = 0), or at the level of position B, Figure P5.75, (a) Atposition A, 0=0 and the total energy of the system is given by E=(KE+PE, +PE,), = Lm +g x, +22, oF E=0+(25.0 kg)(9.80 m/s*)(-0.100 m)+3(2 50x10* N/m)(-0.100 m)" E=101J (6) Inposition C, v=0 and the spring is uncompressed giving KE =0 and PE, Hence, E=(0+PE, +0), =mgx, E 101J or (Q)__ AtPosition B, PE, = PE, Therefore, v9 = |= = Ea =2.84 m/s m z img (25.0 kg)(9.80 m/s and E=(KE+0+0), =} m0) =0.410mEnergy Where the velocity (and hence kinetic energy) is a maximum, the slope of the velocity versus time graph (that is, the acceleration) must be zero. Thus, BF=ma,=0 or the upward force due to the spring must exactly counterbalance the downward gravitational force where the kinetic energy is a maximum. Taking upward as positive, the position of interest is defined by BE =-kr-mg=0, or mg ____245 8 ___9 89x10 m=-9.80 mm 250x10" Nim (&) From the total energy, E = KE+PE, + PE, = jm + mgxt tke we find 2E E = |22-2¢x-2 x? os joo tex Where the speed, and hence kinetic energy is a maximum (that is, at x=-9.80x10" m), this gives Vpax =2.85 m/s90 CHAPTERS 81. A loaded ore car has a mass of 950 kg and rolls on rails with negligible friction. It starts from rest and is pulled up a mine shaft by a cable connected to a winch. The shaft is inclined at 30.0° above the horizontal. The car accelerates uniformly to a speed of 2.20 m/s in 12.0 s and then continues at constant speed. (a) What power must the winch motor provide when the car is moving at constant speed? (b) What maximum power must the motor provide? (c) What total energy transfers out of the motor by work by the time the car moves off the end of the track, which is of length 1250 m? Solution (a) _ When the car is being towed up the incline at constant speed, the tension in the cable is F = mgsin@, and the power input from the motor is P= = mgusind or P=(950 kg)(9.80 m/s*)(2.20 m/s)sin30.0°= 1.02x10* W=10.2 kW ° (b) While the car is accelerating, the tension in the cable is E mmgsind-+ma=m(gsino+22) 2.20 mys-0 =(950 g)[(280 m/s*) sin 30.0°+ 0s |- 4.83x10° N The power input, = Fu, is a maximum at the instant when both the tension in the cable and the speed of the car have their maximum values. The maximum tension (F = F, occurs as the car is being accelerated, and maximum. speed (0,,, =2.20 m/s) also occurs at the last instant of the acceleration phase. Thus, the maximum power from the motor is -nax= FVnyy = (4.83x10" N)(2.20 m/s) =10.6 kW ° (©) The work the motor does moving the car up the frictionless track is W,. = (KE+ PE), ~(KE+ PE), =4mv? +mg(y, -y,)=m[40} +g (Lsin@) ] or W,, =(950 kg)[ $(2.20 m/s)" +(9.80 m/s*)(1250 m)sin30.0°]=5.82x10°J 0 BL