Chapter 1

Material Behavior
(contd)
 BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE CONFINED BY
LATERAL REINFORCEMENT

Richart, Brandtzaeg and Brown (1928):

 BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE CONFINED BY
LATERAL REINFORCEMENT

Zia and Cowan:

Using Richarts test results

Based on revised version
of Mohr-Coulomb Failure
Theory,

f cl = f c + 4.0 2
 CONFINEMENT of RC COLUMNS

The confinement provided by the rectangular hoop is not

as effective as the circular hoops or the spiral, due to the
difference in geometry.
 CONFINEMENT of RC COLUMNS

The passive lateral pressure applied to the

concrete core is a function of the
deformation of the confining
reinforcement (spiral or tie). The confining
pressure decreases as the deformation of
the lateral steel increases.
 CONFINEMENT of SPIRAL COLUMNS

The circular spiral is

subjected to axial
tension, thus axial
elongation occurs.

In spiral columns, the deformation increases as the core

diameter and spiral spacing increase and spiral diameter
decreases.
 CONFINEMENT of TIED COLUMNS

In the rectangular hoop,

the deformation is mainly
due to flexure and
therefore depends on the
flexural stiffness of the
bar.

Since flexural stiffness is much smaller than the axial stiffness and
since maximum flexural deformation takes place at the midspan,
the passive pressure provided by the lateral reinforcement
disappears rapidly moving from the corner to the midspan of the
hoop.
 CONFINEMENT of TIED COLUMNS
The distance between two
longitudinal bars which are held
in place by ties, shown as a in
figure, is also an important
parameter. As a increases, the
deformations increase,
decreasing the confining
pressure. The distance a is
either called as the
unsupported length of the tie
or as the tie span.

Therefore, in case of tied columns, the deformation increases as the

diameter of the tie decreases and tie spacing increases.
CONFINEMENT of TIED COLUMNS

The effectiveness of
confinement decreases
significantly in between
the two adjacent hoops
as shown in figure.

In practice, it is assumed
that rectangular hoops
are only 50 percent as
effective as the circular
spirals.
 CONFINEMENT MODELS
Most commonly used confined concrete models:

Modified Kent and Park model

J. B. Mander, M. J. N. Priestley, and R. Park, Theoretical Stress-Strain Model for Confined Concrete, Journal of

Structural Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 8, August 1988, p.p. 1804-1825

Sheikh and Uzumeri model

Sheikh, S.A., and zmeri, S.M., Analytical Model for Concrete Confinement in Tied Columns, Journal of

Structural Engineering-ASCE., v.108, ST12, Dec. 1982, p.p. 2703-2722

Saatolu and Razvi model

Saatcioglu, M., Razvi, S.R., Strength and Ductility of Confined Concrete, Journal of Structural Engineering-
ASCE, v.118, ST6, June 1992, p.p. 1590-1607
 SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
The strength of confined concrete is expressed as a function
of lateral confining pressure 2.

f cc = k3 f ck + k1 2

For normal strength concrete, k3 can be taken as 0.85. k1

is expressed as a function of the confining pressure 2.

6.7
k1 =
( 2 )0.17
SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
For spiral columns the confining pressure is,

2A0
2 = f ywk
D(s )

In the above equation Ao, s and fywk are the cross-

sectional area, spacing and the yield strength of the
spiral used. D is the core diameter of the column
(area inside the spiral).
 SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

RECALL:

In the spiral column, the confining pressure is uniform. This is not the case
in rectangular tied columns.

The displacement of a rectangular tie varies from zero to a maximum at the

midspan of the tie.

Since the confining pressure varies inversely with the deformation, it is

maximum level at the tie supports and decreases towards the midspan.

In practice, it is assumed that rectangular hoops are only 50 percent as

effective as the circular spirals.
 SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

The probable variation of the confining pressure for two

different steel configurations is shown in the figure.
 SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

Saatolu and Razvi proposed to replace this nonuniform pressure

with an equivalent uniform pressure 2e . Thus the equation
developed by Zia and Cowan can be rewritten as:

f cc = k 3 f ck + k 1 2e
SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
f cc = k 3 f ck + k 1 2e
where;
6.7
k1 =
( 2e )0.17
For a square section 2e is expressed as, 2e = 2
where;
A0 f ywk (sin )
2 =
s bk
bk bk 1.0
= 0.26
a s 2
 SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

where;
Aofywk sin : summation of tie forces on a section taken in
horizontal or vertical direction. The inclination of
the tie to the section taken as shown in the figure.

Section A-A
 SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

s : spacing of ties

bk : core dimension measured from center to center of ties

a : unsupported length of ties. Length is measured between two

longitudinal bars held in place. Bars are held in place either
by the corner of ties or by cross ties
 SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
For a rectangular section 2e is expressed as,

2e =
( 2ex bkx + 2ey bky )
(bkx + bky )
where;

2ex = x2x and 2y = y2y

b b 1.0
x = 0.26 kx kx 1.0 2x =
Aox f ywk sin

a x s 2x (s bkx )
bky bky 1.0
y = 0.26 1.0 2y =
Aoy f ywk sin
a y s 2y
(s b )
ky
 SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

where:
A0x sin : summation of the cross-sectional areas of ties in x-direction
Aoy sin : summation of the cross-sectional areas of ties in y-direction
ax , ay : unsupported length of ties n x and y directions (mm)
bk : core dimension (center to center of ties (mm))
bkx , bky : core dimensions of a rectangular column (mm)
fywk : yield strength of tie (MPa)
S : tie spacing (mm
: inclination of the tie
 SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

The stress-strain relationship of confined concrete is expressed as a

parabola with a linear descending portion (negative slope).

Ascending portion:
1
2
2 1+ 2

c = f cc c c f cc
coc coc

The strain corresponding to the peak stress fcc , is expressed as;

k1 2e
coc = co [1 + 5 ] where =
k 3 f ck
where, co is defined for unconfined concrete and it can be taken as 0.002.
 SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
Descending portion:

c85 = 260 coc + u85

=
Aoxy sin
s(bkx + bky )
where;

Aoxy summation of cross-sectional areas of the ties on sections

taken in x and y directions

u85 = 0.0038 (for unconfined concrete)

 SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

Example 1.3
Given: Consider the square column cross-section shown in the figure.
Cross-sectional dimensions of the column are, 500500 mm,
with core dimensions of 400400 mm. The unsupported length
of the ties is a = 183 mm. Longitudinal steel is 8-24 and ties are
2-10/72 mm. Yield strength of longitudinal bars and ties are,
420 MPa and 310 MPa respectively. Unconfined concrete
strength is 23 MPa.
Required: Determine the stress-strain characteristics of confined concrete
using Saatolu-Razvi model
 EXAMPLE
The ties on sections cut in vertical and horizontal directions will be identical. On
such sections, four ties are cut, two being perpendicular (=900)
to the section taken and the other two making and angle of =
0
45 with the plane.

First the confined concrete strength shall be calculated. For this purpose the
effective confining stress has to be determined.

Ao f ywk sin = 2 78.5 310 (sin 900 ) + 2 78.5 310 (sin 450 ) = 83,085 N
In each direction,

2 =
Ao f ywk sin
=
83,085
= 2.88 MPa
s bk 72 400

bk bk 1.0 400 400 1.0

= 0.26
= 0.26 183 72 2.88 = 0.534
a s
2
 EXAMPLE
Thus;

2e = 2 = 0.534 2.88 = 1.54 MPa

6.7 6.7
k1 = = = 6.2
( 2e )0.17 (1.54 )0.17

For the given concrete grade f ck = 23 MPa we have k3=0.85

k3fc=0.8523=19.5 MPa

Therefore,

fcc=k3fck + k1 2e=19.5 + 6.2 1.54=29 MPa

 EXAMPLE
To have the complete stress-strain curve coc and c85 should
also be calculated. This requires the
calculation of first.
k1 2e 6.2 1.54
= = = 0.49
k3 f ck 19.5

Having found , coc and can be found as

coc = co [1 + 5 ] = 0.002 [1 + 5 0.49 ] = 0.0069

In order to find c85 , should be calculated first.

oxy
A sin = 2 2[ 78.5sin90 0
+ 2 78.5sin45 0
= ]
536 mm 2
 EXAMPLE

Therefore;

=
A oxy sin
=
536
= 0.0093
s(bkx + bky ) 72(400 + 400)

Having found , c85 can be calculated as

u85=0.0038.

c85=260 coc + u85=2600.00930.0069+0.0038=0.0205

 EXAMPLE

Now the equations of the ascending and descending portions of the

confined stress-strain curve can be written

ASCENDING PART:
0.5
2 c
2

c = 29 c
MPa
0.0069 0.0069

29 0.85 29
c = 29 + (c 0.0069) = 29 320(c 0.0069) MPa
0.0069 0.0205
 EXAMPLE

fcc = 29 MPa 30
fc = 23 MPa 25
20
Stress

15
10
5
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
coc = 0.0069
Strain
o = 0.002
 EXAMPLE
30
25
20
Stress

15
10
5
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
Strain

Saatcioglu Razvi predicts softer stiffness in the ascending

branch.