TITLE:

Determination of the heating curve of water

ABSTRACT:
The purpose of this experiment is to analyse the heating curve which is
described in textbook. An experiment combined with some simple heat transfer and
calculations are discussed. The theoretical behaviour can be controlled by changing the
conditions under the experiment is modelled, by identifying and controlling process. Phase
changes through fusion and evaporation are the main process in heating curve. Phase
change took place without any changes in chemical composition of a substance. The aim of
the experiment is to investigate the heating curve of water by boiling ice in a beaker and to
construct, also to interpret a heating curve of water. As for results solid ice is heated and the
temperature increase with the melting point, after all substance(ice) has melted into liquid,
the temperature of liquid begins to increase as the heat absorbed by solution that the
temperature reaches the boiling point where again the temperature remains constant until
all the liquid has evaporated (Grawnill,2009)
Key words; heating curve, solid, liquid, gas, temperature and specific heat.

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Literature Review:
A heating curve graphically represents the phase transition that a substance undergoes as
heat is added to it. A heating curve is a line graph that represents the change of phase of
matter from solid to gas. The independent variable is time and dependent variable is
temperature. The initial point of the graph is the starting temperature of the matter (David
A,2018)
The heating curve of water is determined by boiling ice crystals. The curve shows how the
temperature system changes in response net and when the transitions occur. When the
system contains only one phase, temperature will increase when it receives energy. The rate
of temperature increases will be dependent on heat capacity of the phase in the system
(Jonathan G, 2016)
When the heat capacity is large, the temperature increases slowly, because energy is
required to increase its temperature by one degree. When energy supplied is used for the
phase transition, temperature rise will follow a different rate than that of the solid due to
different heat capacity (Jackson,1941)
There are three different specific heat to be considered 0, 50cal.g—1 0C for ice, 1, 00cal.g-1 0C
for liquid water and 0,48calg-1 0 C for steam of water vapour.
 The heat needed to change solid to liquid is called fusion and the amount of heat required
to change a liquid to gas is called heat of vaporisation. The aim of this experiment was to
determine the heating curve of water by boiling ice crystals at a constant rate of heat supply.
All measurements and recordings were obtained and represented in a table form and graphs
of time vs temperature of each test was plot (Gallowytal,1992)

1.2 Objectives:

 To construct and interpret a heating curve of water.

 To study the effects of heating a pure substance through the changing of
phase.
 To determine the time taken to heat ice crystals of different masses.
 To describe relationship between water and temperature.
2. EXPERIMENTAL:

We first gathered all the apparatus needed

A heater was turn on and we wait for some minutes, so that it reaches a constant rate of
heat supply.
We put the beaker in fridge so that it can be cooled and have the same temperature as of
that of ice
We Weighed the empty dried beaker and record its mass
Put about 73 g ice in the beaker and weighed accurately the beaker with ice then recorded
its mass.
The temperature of ice was measured and recorded.
We then Placed the beaker on the heater and fixed the thermometer to the stand in such a
way that its end is immersed in ice.
We stirred gently with a glass rod throughout the process measuring and recording the
temperature every 1 minute.
We Observed and recorded each phenomenon that took place.
While the ice was melting, we continued heating the liquid and recording the temperature
values every 1 minute.
Then the liquid started boiling and we took 6 -7 more measurements and then stop the
experiment.
We were careful when handling the beaker of hot water and a heater.
We repeated the same procedure using 145 g and 216 g of ice.
3. RESULTS:
Test 1:

Mass of empty beaker: …110 g…………….

Mass of beaker + ice: ………183 g…………
Mass of ice used: ……73 g………………...
Time (min) Temperature (°C)
0 -8
1 -4
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
10 0
11 7.9
12 17.3
13 28.1
14 37.5
15 48.3
16 56.9
17 67.2
18 79.9
20 88.9
21 98.9
22 99.9
23 98.7
24 99.2
25 99.7
26 98.6
27 99.9
28 98.2
29 98.5
30 98.6
31 99.7
32 99.9
33 99.8
34 99.5
35 99.8

Test 2:
Mass of empty beaker: ……110 g………….

Mass of beaker + ice: ……255 g……………

Mass of ice used: ………145 g……………...

Time (min) Temperature (°C)
0 -9
1 -8
2 -8
3 -8
4 -6
5 -6
6 -3
7 0
8 0
9 0
10 0
11 0
12 0
13 0
14 0
15 0
16 8.2
17 18.5
18 29.8
20 38.2
21 49.8
22 57.9
23 68.4
24 80.8
25 89.9
26 97.9
27 99.9
28 98.7
29 99.2
30 99.7
31 98.6
32 98.8
33 98.9
34 99.9
35 98.2
36 98.6
37 98.8
38 98.9
39 99.9
40 98.2
 41 99.9
42 98.2
Test 3:

Mass of empty beaker: ……110 g………….

Mass of beaker + ice: ……326 g……………

Mass of ice used: ………216 g……………...

Time (min) Temperature (°C)
0 -10
1 -9
2 -9
3 -9
4 -9
5 -8
6 -8
7 -8
8 -6
9 -4
10 -4
11 -2
12 -1
13 0
14 0
15 0
16 0
17 0
18 0
20 0
21 0
22 0
23 6.9
24 9.8
25 17.8
26 28.9
27 37.8
28 48.6
29 57.3
30 65.8
31 70.4
32 75.9
33 81.8
34 89.6
35 89.9
36 98.6
 37 98.9
38 98.1
39 99.3
40 98.2
41 99.9
42 99.2
43 99.1
44 99.3
45 98.2
46 98.9
47 99.2

Graphs
Time vs temperature
Test 1

120

100

80
temperature

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

-20
time

Test 2
 120

100

80
temperature

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

-20
time

Test 3

120

100

80
temperature

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

-20
time
4. DISCUSSIONS:
The heating curve of water of the three tests was constructed by plotting temperature
versus time graph. The heat used to heat the ice up to the melting point and heat is used in
melting process and used to heat the liquid water up to the boiling point was calculated and
seen to be increasing. The boiling started at different temperatures, but the temperature
remained constant. The temperature of the liquid was increasing as the time increases. The
phase transformation occurs at 1000C. During the melting of ice, temperature was rising
slowly after the started melting it was rising fast until it reaches boing point.
The problem which we encountered is that the stand holding the thermometer, it was
sometimes touching the sides of the beaker. This problem influenced the results. The other
problem is that the rate of heat transfer was low, and the transition rate was low. Stirring
was not promoting diffusion in the solid phase.

5. CONCLUSIONS:
From this experiment it can be concluded that as the substance melts or boils, the
temperature remains constant until the substance change phase. This is due to the heat
energy which is breaking the bounds between the molecules of water, after the melting of
ice the temperature of water start increasing fast, and the heating curve gives the changes in
temperature as it changes from solid to liquid. As the water turns into steam, temperature
stops increasing and remains constant. It has proved that that water has a high boiling point
because of strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Like many substances, water
can exist in different phases. This experiment shows clearly, how temperature changes as a
substance is heated a constant rate in heating curve.

6. REFERENCES:
[1] Galloway L III and Wilson John F Jr 1992 The
Physics Teacher 30 504
[2] Linz E 1995 The Physics Teacher 33 294
[3] O‘Connell James 1999 The Physics Teacher
37 551
[4] Guemes J, Fiolhais C and Fiolhais M 2002 Eur. J.
Phys. 23 83
[5] Bligh P H, Haywood R and Johnson J J 1997 Phys.
Educ. 22 310–5
[6] Pushkin D B and Zheng T F 1995 Phys. Educ.
30 81–5