Factors Affecting the Daily Energy

Requirement of the Human Body

1 Climate
Living in colder, less humid countries would result in a tendency to actually

lose more energy to a person's surroundings.

This is due to the body needing more energy to regulate its body temperature.

Those living in hot, wet areas do not use as much energy to maintain their
body temperature.

Thus, people living in cold temperate regions would actually have a much higher
basal metabolic rate than people living in the tropics.

2 Body size
It is estimated that people with a larger build would have a higher basal metabolic
rate than another person with a smaller build.

3 Age
Growing children usually have higher basal metabolism rates than older people
simply because of the fact they are growing.

For growth to take place, increased energy is also needed.

Adults tend to have a decreasing basal metabolic rate throughout their lives.

4 Gender

Men normally have higher heat production than women of the same size
and age, because men usually have less fatty tissue in their bodies.

Fat helps to conserve heat, and thus, men with less fat would lose heat at a
quicker rate than women, resulting in men requiring more energy to produce the
heat necessary to replace the heats loss.

This results in men having a higher basal metabolic rate than women.

5 Health
 The function of the thyroid gland is to control the metabolic rate by secreting a
hormone known as thyroxin.

An underactive thyroid gland would result in insufficient numbers of the hormone

being created, thereby causing a lower metabolic rate in the person. |

An overactive thyroid, however, may produced too many of these hormones,

thereby speeding up the metabolic rate.

1. Occupation
A person who is very active and does heavy labour would require more energy
than a person who is only moderately active.
People Average Average
body daily
weight (kg) energy
requiremen
t (kJ)
Newborn baby 3 1800
Age 2 7 5000
Age 5 20 7500
Age 10 30 9500
Age 15 45 12000
25-year-old 55 9000
woman - office
worker
25-year-oldman 65 65 12000
- office worker - 15000
road worker
Pregnant 55 10000
Breast-feeding
woman 55 11500
woman

ENERGY VALUE IN FOOD SAMPLES

1 Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are our main suppliers of energy.
2 The same amount of these foods store different amount of energy.
3 The amount of stored energy in food is found by burning a known mass of the food to
heat a certain amount of water in a food calorimeter.
4 The amount of heat released from the burning of a fixed mass of food is equal to the
amount of stored energy in the food.

This is known as its energy value.

 Energy value = mass of water ( g) difference of temperature(C ) 4.2

Mass of nut ( g )

CARBOHYDRATES
1 Carbohydrates are needed mainly as a source of energy for motion and growth.

2 They are also used to form supporting structures in plants called cellulose, which are
found in the plant's cell walls.

3 Carbohydrates are also an effective method of food storage in the form of starch in
plants and in the form of
2. glycogen in animals.

4 The most important usage of carbohydrates, however

is as a raw material for the synthesis of other organic
compounds. They are used to synthesise lubricants
in the body, such as mucus, and also for the formation
of nucleic acids, such as DNA. Carbohydrates are also
converted to other organic compounds including
amino acids and fats when they are combined with
nitrogen. v^.,,. r .-.. ;
Sources Rice, noodles, potatoes, cakes,
sweets, honey, cereals, jam.
Functions in the body Supply energy. Form part of the
cell nucleus.
Effect of too much on Become fat, as excess
the body carbohydrates are converted to fat
and stored.
Effect of too little on Become very weak.
the body

Proteins
1 Proteins are necessary for the formation of protoplasm, which is essential for growth and
repair of worn out cells.
2 Proteins are also used to produce enzymes and hormones.
3 Enzymes are the organic catalysts in our bodies that speed up biochemical reactions.
4 Hormones control processes within the body, such
as growth and reproduction. Examples of such
hormones include thyroglobulin, which is from the
thyroid gland and regulates body metabolism, and
calcitonin, which is also from the thyroid gland and
lowers blood calcium levels. \

KANDUNGAN TENAGA DALAM MAKANAN

1. Manusia memerlukan tenaga untuk meneruskan proses hidup.

2. Tenaga diperolehi daripada pengoksidaan makanan ( respirasi sel )

3. Tenaga di ukur dalam unit joule ( J )

4. Nilai kalori merupakan tenaga yang dibebaskan dari satu gram makanan.

Nilai kalori = jisim air ( g) kenaikan suhu ( C ) 4.2

Jisim kacang ( g )

PEMILIHAN GIZI YANG SESUAI UNTUK KUMPULAN SASARAN TERTENTU

1. Ibu mengandung
kalsium dan fosforus untuk pembentukan tulang dan gigi yang kuat.

Ferum untuk pembentukkan sel darah merah

Nikotin, kafein dan alkohol perlu dielakkan

2. Kanak-kanak yang sedang membesar

Perlukan protein yang lebih

3. Remaja
Perlukan karbohidrat untuk bekalkan tenaga

Perlukan protein, fosforus, ferum dan vitamin D untuk pertumbuhan, pembinaan

tulang dan mengelakkan penyakit.

4. Atlet
Karbohidrat untuk bekalkan tenaga

Protein untuk pembinaan otot

Kalsium dan natrium untuk mengelakkan kekejangan otot.

5. Orang yang mengidap penyakit osteoporosis

Kalsium dan fosforus untuk menguatkan tulang

Perlukan vitamin D untuk penyerapan kalsium dan fosforus

6. Orang tua
Kurang karbohidrat dan lemak

Vitamin, protein dan garam mineral untuk kesihatan

KESAN PENGAMBILAN GIZI YANG TIDAK SEIMBANG

Kesan kekurangan pelbagai jenis nutrien

Nutrien Kesan kekurangan Ciri-ciri
Protein Penyakit kwasyiorkor Perut buncit, otak terencat
Vitamin A a) Rabun malam a) tidak dapat lihat dengan jelas waktu malam

b) xeroftalmia b) kornea mata menjadi kering

Vitamin B1 Beri-beri Kerosakan pada saraf, kaki bengkak,
Vitamin B3 Pelagra Penyakit kulit
Vitamin C Skurvi Gusi lembut dan berdarah
Vitamin D Riket Pertumbuhan tulang dan gigi yang terbantut
Iodin a) beguk a) pembesaran kelenjar tiroid

b) kretinisme b) pertumbuhan fizikal dan mental yang terbantut

Natrium Kekejangan otot Pengecutan otot yang teruk
Serabut Sembelit Susah untuk pangsai
Air a) Aliran darah tersekat a) peredaran darah lambat

b) Penyakit batu karang b) batu karang terbentuk dalam umbai usus

Kesan pengambilan nutrien yang berlebihan

Nutrien Kesan berlebihan Ciri-ciri
karbohidrat a) Kegendutan, penyakit a) berat badan meningkat

tekanan darah tinggi,

penyakit jantung,

diabetis melitus

b) kerosakan gigi b) pembentukkan karies gigi

Lipid arteriosklerosis Pemendapan kolesterol pada salur arteri.
Vitamin

a)Vitamin A a) kanser hati, kulit bersisik a) hati gagal berfungsi

b)Vitamin E b) kerosakan ginjal b) ginjal gagal berfungsi

c)Vitamin B & C c) kejadian batu karang c) susah untuk mengeluarkan air kencing
Garam mineral

a) natrium a) tekanan darah tinggi a) pendarahan dalam otak

b) kalsium b) arteriosklerosis b) pengenapan kalsium pada salur arteri

menyebabkan arteri menjadi keras