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1
Solar Constant
2
4 .R
Gsc = .T 4 . = 1367 W / m
2
4 .D
Where
= 5.6710-8 W/m2.K4 is the Stefan-
Boltzmann constant.
R= 696106 m is the Sun radiuses
D=150 109 m is the average distance
between the Sun and the earth
What is the average intensity per square meter of the Earths surface?
1- Latitude
latitude is used to state how far north or south you are, relative
to the equator.
If you are on the equator your
latitude is zero.
If you are near the north pole
or the south pole your latitude
e
Latitud
is nearly 90 degrees.
Longitu
de
1- Latitude
e
Latitud
180 deg west.
Longitu
de
2- Longitude L
284 + n
23.45 sin 360
365
3- Declination
cos( ). sin( )
= Arc sin
cos( hs )
cos = sin sin cos sin cos sin cos + cos cos cos cos
+ cos sin sin cos cos + cos sin sin sin
cos z = cos cos cos + sin sin
z
0 z 90
z=900
50 17
45
35
incidend angle
30 15
25
20 14
15
10 13
5
0 12
0 10 20 30 40 50
slope angle
26
Solar Radiation
UV Visibl IR
e
27
Solar Spectrum
28
Solar Spectrum
29
Solar Spectrum
30
Solar Spectrum
Conclusion
About 6.5% of the total energy is contained in the
ultraviolet region ( < 0.38 m);
another 47.9% is contained in the visible region (0.38 m
< < 0.78 m); and
45.6% is contained in the infrared region ( > 0.78 m).
31
Solar Constant
32
Solar Constant
360 n
Gon = Gsc 1 + 0.033 cos
365
Solar constant during an entire year
1420
1410
1400
solar constan (w/m2)
1390
1380
1370
1360 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
1350
1340
1330
1320
time (day)
34
Extraterrestrial Radiation
12 3600 360 n (2 1)
Io = Gsc 1 + 0.033 cos cos cos (sin2 sin1 ) + sin sin
365 180
24 3600 360 n s
Ho = Gsc 1 + 0.033 cos
cos cos s in + sin sin
s
365 180
36
Atmosphere Influence on Solar Radiation
37
Atmosphere Influence on Solar Radiation
39
Atmosphere Influence on Solar Radiation
30% is reflected.
17% is absorbed by the atmosphere.
53% reaches the earth surface:
31% direct radiation
22% diffuse radiation .
40
Atmosphere Influence on Solar Radiation
Reflected Radiation
Solar rays reflected from
surrounding
Albedo, g, is ground
reflectance of both beam and
diffuse radiation
Only sloped surfaces receives
reflected radiation from the
surrounding
41
Atmosphere Influence on Solar Radiation
Air Mass m
The ratio of the path length, which beam radiation passes through
the atmosphere, to the path it would pass through if the Sun
were at the zenith, i.e. directly overhead.
C 1
m= =
h cos z
42
Radiation on Ground Surface Clear day
Gc = Gcb + Gcd
43
Radiation on Ground Surface Clear day
Gcb
b = = ao + a1 e( k / cos z )
Go
44
Radiation on Ground Surface Clear day
(
a 0 = r0 0.4237 - 0.00821 (6 A )
2
)
a = r (0.5055 + 0.00595 (6.5 A ) )
2
1 1
Climate Type r0 r1 rk
0.7
transmittance for beam
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
air mass
46
Radiation on Ground Surface Clear day
47
Radiation on Ground Surface Clear day
Gcd
d = = 0.271 0.294 b
Go
48
Radiation on Ground Surface Clear day
49
Radiation on Ground Surface Clear day
Gc = Gcb + Gcd
360 n
Gc = ( b + d ) Gsc 1 + 0.033 cos (cos cos cos + sin sin )
365
50
Radiation on Ground Surface Clear day
I = I b + Id
b: Beam d: Diffuse
component component
12 3600 360 n (2 1)
Ic = ( b + d ) Gsc 1 + 0.033 cos cos cos (sin2 sin1 ) + sin sin
365 180
51