CRUDE OIL & PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

The Magic of Petroleum

The Magic of Petroleum
Natural Questions

I. Where does petroleum

come from?
II. What do we get from oil?
III. How much oil do we
use?
IV. Where do we get our oil?
V. Strategic National
Resource
Where does petroleum come from?
 What is petroleum?
• Petroleum: A general term for all
naturally occurring hydrocarbons
(hydrogen + carbon)
• Solid Hydrocarbons: Asphalt
• Liquid Hydrocarbons: Crude oil
• Gas Hydrocarbons: Natural Gas:
methane, butane, propane, etc.

The simplest hydrocarbon

is Methane (CH4)
Source Rocks
Organic Matter

• Sedimentary rocks rich in

organic matter
– 0.5 - 2% by weight
• Most commonly
microscopic marine
material, but it can be land
based material
• Organic material cannot
decay too much
– It has to keep its carbon
Source Rocks
Modern Sedimentary Basins

• Gulf of Mexico
• Parts of the
Mediterranean and
Black Sea
Carrier beds
Oil on the move
• Oil is less dense than water
and will rise through the fluid
system of the surrounding rock
• Carrier beds are rock layers
that allow fluids to pass
through them
– Ex: Sandstone
• If petroleum stays buried, it
can become post-mature
Traps
• If nothing stops oil from
rising, it will reach
surface
– Ex: The La Brea tar pits
• Traps can be rocks that
do not allow fluids to
pass through them, or
folds and faults in the
rock can trap petroleum
 Reservoir rocks
The oil needs to be trapped in a good place

• A good reservoir
rock is:
– Porous: holes
– Permeable: holes are
connected
– so that its fluids can
be produced
(removed from
them)
 Where does petroleum come from?

1. Source rocks rich in organic matter

2. Transform the organic material with heat and
pressure to into petroleum (Maturation)
3. Carrier beds that allow the generated petroleum to
move
4. Traps that keep the petroleum below ground
5. Adequate reservoir beds from which the
petroleum can be extracted
6. Proper timing of events 1-5
 Proper timing
• Timing between
accumulation of organic
material, petroleum
maturation, migration,
and trap formation is
vital
 METHODS OF OIL EXPLORATION

A) GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS
- LAND SURVEYS
- FIELD GEOLOGY
- FOSSILS STUDY

B) GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS
- GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
- SEISMIC SURVEYS
- MAGNETIC METHOD
 METHODS OF OIL EXPLORATION
A) GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS
TO KNOW IF STRATIGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS WOULD HAVE
FAVOURED GENERATION OF OIL.
B) GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS
1) Gravimetric Method :
- GRAVIMETER MEASURES PRECISELY SLIGHT VARIATION IN THE
GRAVITY DUE TO DIFFERENT ROCK DENSITY.
2) Seismic Method :
- ARTIFICIAL EARTHQUAKES GENERATE ENERGY WAVES WHICH
TRAVEL MORE RAPIDLY IN HARD / COMPACT FORMATIONS
(LIMESTONES) AND LESS RAPIDLY IN SOFT ROCKS.
- WAVES CAN BE MEASURED ACCURATELY BY SEISMOGRAPH
TO INFER THE TYPE OF ROCKS.
3) Magnetic Method :
- BY MEASURING INTENSITY AND DIRECTION OF EARTH’S MAGNETIC
FIELD AND INFERRING THE DISTRIBUTION OF ROCKS FROM LOCAL
VARIATIONS IN THE FIELD.
 OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT

• OIL CAN BE FOUND STORED UNDERGROUND IN CREVICES,

CRACKS OR FISSURES. BUT MOST COMMONLY IT OCCUPIES
THE PORE SPACES BETWEEN THE GRAINS OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS.

• OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT DEPENDS UPON FOLLOWING

FACTORS :
- EXTENT OF OIL
- LIMIT OF GAS CAPACITY
- POSITION OF WATER
- THICKNESS, POROSITY, PERMEABILITY OF OIL
BEARING ROCKS
 OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT Contd..

• OIL WELLS MAY BE DRILLED

A) PERPENDICULARLY OR
B) DIRECTIONALLY

• OIL FLOWS DUE TO

A) GAS PRESSURE
B) WATER PRESSURE

• ARTIFICIALLY OIL IS PRODUCED BY

A) GAS LIFT
B) MECHANICAL PUMPING
 DRILLING
• Drilling for oil is a complex operation & has evolved
considerably over 100 years. Initially cable tool method
was used – now preferred only for penetrating hard rocks at
shallow depths where oil reservoirs are expected.

• All modern rotary drilling rigs have essentially the same

components. The hoisting or draw works, raises and
lowers the drill pipe and casing, which weigh as much as
200 tons. The height of derrick depends on number of
joints of drill pipe to be withdrawn as a unit before being
unscrewed.

• Drill column is rotated by rotary table located in the middle

of rig floor. Drilling bit is connected to drill collars at bottom
of stem. Drill bits have many designs.
• Directional drilling is used to reach formations
and targets not directly below the penetration
point, i.e. drilling from shore to locations under
water. Various types of tools are used along with
instruments to help orient their positions and
major degree and direction of deviations :Two
such tools are: whipstock and knuckle joint.
 WELL COMPLETION
• Completing well and preparing for production of oil
involves insertion of casing (part done during
drilling), which provides a permanent wall to
borehole, prevents cave-ins, blocks off unwanted
water, oil or gas from other formations, provides a
return passage for the mud stream and provides
control of well during production.
• Access to producing strata is achieved through
holes in casing wall and a cement sheet is then
injected between the casing and the borehole wall to
add strength and block off any unwanted flow of
fluids between rock layers.
• An assembly of valves known as Christmas tree
(next slide), is installed above a master valve at the
casing head from which oil is expected to flow
naturally or by gas or airlift. If mechanical lift is
anticipated Christmas tree assembly is not used.
 RECOVERY
• Recovery of oil when a well is first opened is usually
by natural flow forced by the pressure of the gas or
fluids that are contained within the deposit.

• Primary Recovery (Natural Method)

Crude oil in this method moves out of the reservoir

into the well by one or more of these processes :
dissolved gas drive, gas cap drive and water drive.
Early recognition of type is essential to efficient
development of an oil field.

• The maximum recovery by primary process is often

preferred by sinking several wells into a reservoir
thereby bringing about recovery by a combination of
methods.
• Secondary Recovery

• Primary recovery can leave as much as 70% of the

petroleum in the reservoir due to various reasons.
Two main objectives of secondary recovery are : first
to supplement depleted reservoir energy pressure and
second is to sweep the crude oil from the injection well
towards and into the production well.

• The most common secondary recovery operation

usually involves application of pumping operation or
of injection of material into a well to encourage
movement and recovery of the remaining petroleum.
 ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR)

• EOR defined as incremental ultimate oil that can

be economically recovered from a petroleum
reservoir over oil by conventional primary and
secondary methods.

• The intent of EOR is to increase the effectiveness

of oil removal from pores of the rock (displacement
efficiency) and to increase the volume of rock
contacted by injected fluids (sweep efficiency).
 What do we get from oil?

• 1 barrel = 42 gallons of
crude oil
• 83% becomes fuel
– Gasoline, diesel, jet fuel,
heating oil, and liquefied
petroleum gas (propane
and butane)
• 17% other
– Solvents, fertilizers, * These add up to 44.6 gallons
pesticides, plastics because volume is increased during
the refining process.
 Reserves vs. Resources
• Reserves are natural resources that have
already been discovered and can be exploited
for profit today
• Resources are deposits that we know of (or
believe to exist), but are not exploitable today
• Example: oil reserves ~1.2 trillion barrels, oil
resources ~2 trillion barrels
 Natural gas
• Current world use: 1014 short tons/year
• Reserves of about 6x1015 cubic feet (≈60
years), resources of about 15x1015 cubic feet
(≈150 years).
 CRUDE OIL CHARACTERSTICS
•Crude oil are formed by the action of geological
processes on the remains of ancient marine life .

•It’s a complex mixture of hydro Carbon, over 16000

compounds have been identified so far.

•Composition varies widely :

•By geographical location
•Mix of individual wells
•Variance of wells with time
 Chemistry of Petroleum
• Apart from all known Hydrocarbon & Non Hydrocarbons , it
also contains impurities like water, mud & salts
• Crude oil is a mixture of eight different HC families;
1. Paraffins
2. Cyclopentanes
3. Cyclohexanes
4. Cycloheptanes
5. Di-cyclo paraffins
6. Benzenes
7. Aromatic cycloparaffins
8. Dinuclear and Polynuclear
 Chemistry of Crude Oil
• Based on Boiling Point, the fractions are separated and treated for
using as finished products.
• Depending on proportion of types of HC crude is categorized into:
– Paraffins
– Napthenes &
– Aromatics
• Hydrocarbon contents – as high as 97% and as low as 50% for
heavy crude oils.
• The Carbon content varies 83-87% & Hydrogen Content 11-14%
• Carbon Hydrogen ratio increase with boiling point of fractions.
 Chemistry of Petroleum
• Atmospheric Distillation is adopted for separating various
fractions for utility purpose ;
1. Overhead gas containing mainly C1 to C4
2. C5 -90C Light Naphtha
3. 90-140C Medium / Heavy Naphtha
4. 140 -205 C , MTO
5. 140-240C ATF
6. 140-270 C SK
7. 270-340 CGas oil
8. 340-370 JBO

– 366C + - Reduced Crude ( Vacuum Column feed – to get VGO /Lube

Cuts/ & Short Residue)

– Various Fractions obtained from Atm & Vac distillations are

subjected to further treatment to meet required specifications.
•
 Crude Assay
• It determines properties of various fractions of crude
oil , which helps in assessing the utility of the crude
oil.
• The Assay data are utilised for the followings;
– Crude oil selection
– Crude oil grading
– Crude valuation & Imports
– Crude swapping
– Creation of new infrastructure on existing one
– Grass root refineries
– Production Planning Management
– Inventory issues
– Demand / supply gaps
 Crude Evaluations
Short evaluation Reasons for Evaluation

1. Crude Characterstics •Acceptance of new crudes in

existing refinery

2. TBP assay •To study the change in quality

of crude over a period of time.

3. Yield data and Key •Detailed characterisation of

characterstics of Straight run crude oil including all
cuts in fuel range and long microconstituents
residue.
 Crude Evaluations
•Design data for Grass root
1. TBP assay in Atm & Vac
range Refinery

2. Product Optimisation • Selection and design of

Secondary conversion units

•Yeild and characterstics of sets

. of distillates in Atm & Vac
range with variation of IBP, FBP
characterisation of several
long and short residues .

•
 Crude Evaluation
Information Required - Grass root refinery
• Base and General Properties of Crude Oil
• Presence of Impurities
• Operating and Design Data:
– Fractionating or True distillation curves
– Equilibrium & Flash distilation curve
– API or Specific gravity curves of each fraction distilled.
• Property curves of fractions vs% distilled
– Mid% curves
– Yeild Curves
– ISO curves
• Properties & yeild of straight run fractions & residues
• Detailed composition of light /medium & heavy distillates
 KUOP & TAN
• KUOP
– It is a measure of parafinity vis –a-vis aromacity of crude
– High KUOP is desired for highy conversion in FCC,
– Aromatic molecules can not be cracked in FCC.

• TAN (Total Acid Number)

– It measures Naphthenic Acid content in the crude .
– This leads corrosion in various sectionsof the unit
– Over 1500 known NA species are present in the crude.
– All NA are not corrosive.
– TAN is not a complete corrosion index
– TAN with 2.5 may corrode at higher rate than TAN with say 6!
 Characterstics of Crude Oil
Basic Properties Impurities

Density & API Water Content

RVP Salt Content
Light End Analysis BS & W
Pour Point Sulphur Content
Viscosity Nitrogen Content
Wax Content Inorganic and
Asphaltenes Total acid
Carbon Residue Tra
Ash Content
Distillation
Characteristicsce Metals
Base of crude oil
 Impurities - Salt Content
• It is measure of contamination in curd that will
cause overhead corrosion or foul up exchangers
by setting and sealing. It is removed in desalter by
washing and settling mainly chlorides and
sulphates of Na, K, Ca, Mg.
• Problems Encountered Due to Salts
• Irregular behavior in distillation
• Equipment corrosion in the atmospheric
distillation caused by HCL liberated due to
hydrolysis of chlorides
 Impurities –Salt Content
• Residual product contamination
• Salts may very widely in ratio of metal ions,
though common averages are – Na: 70-75%,
Mg: 15-20%, ca:10%
• Mg is mort prolific producer of HCL with Ca
and Na in descending order
• Small quantities of HCL may substantially
enhance corrosion of sulphur compounds
• Increase NH3 / Caustic / Chemical treatments
 Sediment and water

• Sediment has no relationship with salt but both might

increase with content of water
• Sediment Fine particles of sand clay, volcanic
ash, drilling mud, rust, iron
sulphide, metals and scale
• Damaging Effects Plugging Abrasion and
residual product
contamination

• Water causes irregular behavior in distillation

 Sediment and water

• Sediment in crude is determined for custody

transfer purpose.

• Lower the sediments and water, higher the

reliability of the unit. It is also a mojor pointer
for corrosive materials in crude.
 Other Impurities
• SULPHUR:
– Major impurity and presnet in elemental form.
– Sulfides / oxides of sulfur (H2S, Mercaptans, SO2 etc)
generated in refinery processes.
– Present as H2S / Mercaptans in LPG, as Sulfur /
Mercaptans in Gasoline, Kerosene, ATF and as sulfur
in HSD & Residues.
– Sweetening Processes (caustic washing, Mercaptan
Oxidation) are used to remove these impurities from
products.
 IMPURITIES IN CRUDE OIL (Contd..)
• NITROGEN :
– Present in elemental form and also as oxides of
Nitrogen.
– Forms Acids and causes corrosion.
– Removal is necessary to get on-grade products and
secondary units feedstocks.
• OXYGEN :
– Present in elemental form and also as compounds
of Oxygen.
– Forms Naphthenic Acids and causes stress
corrosion.
 IMPURITIES IN CRUDE OIL (Contd..)
• METALS :
– Main metals in Crude oil are - Lead, Nickel,
Vanadium & Copper.
– Present in very small quantity (ppm level), in Crude
and gets distributed in various products.
– Poison to catalysts even in very small amount.
• SALTS :
– Are formed during Refining process.
– Main salts - NaCL, MgCL2, KCL.
– Acids formed from these salts attacks plant
equipments and corrosion sets in.
 Selection of Crude Oil
Crude Processessd in India :
– Bombay high and satellite fields
– North gujarat & Ankleshwar crude
– Assam crudes
– KG basin – Rava crude
– Cauvery basin Crude.
• All the above crudes are low sulphur (less than 0.5%), Low metal
content, Poor potential to yeild LOBSand Bitumen and some are
waxy in nature .

Imported Crude Sourced mosty from:

– Gulf Region
– Nigeria
– Malaysia
– Venezualla / Canada
• These are suitable for Bitumen/LOBS/ATF besides fuel products;
• These crudes are having varying Sulphur from Low to High
 Imported crude - Sources

Middle East:
Gulf – Kuwait, Dubai, Arabian, Iraq, Abu Dhabi
Neutral Zone - between Iraq & Kuwait : Ratawai
Egypt - Gulf of Suez
Mediterranean
Libya - Es Sider
West Africa
Nigeria -Bonny Lt, Escravos, Forcados,Penington,Quioiboe
Angola, -Cabinda, Palanca,Girassol
Eq. Guinea -Ceiba, Zaffiro
Congo -Nikossa,Kitina
Far East
Malaysian, -Labuan, Miri Light
Australia -Barrow Island,Cooper Basin
Brunei -Seria Light 45
 COMPARISON OF IND. & ME CRUDES QUALITY

PROPERTIES UNIT BH ANK KUWAIT ARAB IRN IRN

MIX LT. HY.
API Gravity @ 150C --- 38.3 47.4 31.2 30.3 34.0 31.1
0
Pour Point C +30 +18 -17 -15 -12 -6
% wt
Wax Content 14.7 9.9 4.5 5.6 5.7 4.4
% wt
Asphaltenes 0.05 <0.05 1.3 2.7 0.9 2.0
% wt
Total Sulfur 0.2 0.02 2.54 2.65 1.4 1.65

Primary Yields
% wt
Light Distillates 24 33 14 16 17 16
% wt
Middle Distillates 46 47 36 36 43 36
% wt
Residue 30 20 50 48 40 48
 YIELD PATTERN OF VARIOUS CRUDES (% WT)

STREAMS BH KUWAIT DUBAI

GAS 0.2 0.3 0.1
LPG 1.1 1.2 2.5
NAPHTHA 23.0 16.0 12.9
KEROSENE 20.5 16.5 15.3
HSD 25.0 18.0 27.2
LONG RESIDUE 30.0 48.0 42.0
LVGO + HVGO 74.0 58.0 52.0
HSD COMPONENT 3.0 1.0 2.0
SHORT RESIDUE 23.0 41.0 46.0
 Areas of optimization

(i) Optimizing Crude FOB Cost

(ii) Reduction in Shipping Costs

(iii) Reduction in Refinery Energy & Losses

(iv) Reduction in Refinery Operating Costs

 Optimizing Crude FOB Cost
This process begins with proper selection of Crude
Oil basket for a given refinery.

Once Crude basket is identified, then sourcing Crude

is an important economic activity. This is a very
dynamic and market sensitive activity in the whole
value chain of refining.

Day by day Crude Oil market is evolving itself to a

highly knowledge based area of operation. One such
emerging area is Risk Management, which requires
both individual skill and organizational policy to
operate in the sensitive field of international Oil
Exchanges.
 Reduction in Shipping Costs

• Proper planning for transportation of Crude Oil in

large parcel sizes in VLCC saves crude
transportation costs.

• However, given the constraint, proper chartering

of vessels is a very significant economic activity.

• Given the policy framework, substantial

optimization can be done, with proper scheduling
and planning with the Supplier of Crude on the
one hand and the Shipping Company on the
other.
 Crude Procurement
• Crude procurement evaluation is done based on
objective function worked out for specific refinery
.This is a complex module with input of refinery
capabilities ,Product Demand & Stock, Crude prices ,
yeilds of required products etc .
• Crude Mix availability & processing Capabilities.
• Plant or other refineries S/D schedule.
• It takes care of pumping facilities from shore to
refinery , Sulphur Content , Heaviness of the crude
(API)
• Transportation cost -VLCC / Cargo Size / Voyage
requirements etc,
 Resid Upgradation Constraints

 Process heavy residuum to produce distillates (naphtha and gasoils)

that may be catalytically upgraded
 Hydrotreating, catalytic cracking, and/or hydrocracking

 Attractive for heavy residuum not suitable for catalytic cracking

processes.
 Large concentrations of resins, asphaltenes & hetro-atom
compounds (sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, metals)

 Metals, sulfur & other catalyst poisons end up in coke

 Sold for fuel & other purposes
Deteriorating Crude Quality

53
Selection of upgrade route

54
 Routes for Residue Up gradation

Residue
upgradation &
conversion

Catalytic Conversion Non catalytic Carbon rejection

RFCC Coking

Resid Hydrocracking Visbreaking

New Technologies Solvent Deasphalting

55
 Indian DCUs at a Glance
Capacity CCR, wt% Coke yield, wt%
Refinery Licensor
(MMTPA) Design Actual Design Actual
1. IOCL Guwahati 0.44 Romanian 6.5 5.86 17.7 13.2
2. IOCL Barauni-A 0.6 Russian/EIL 9.9 10.8 24 27.5
3. IOCL Barauni-B 0.5 Russian/EIL 5.75 10.2 13 25.3
4. IOCL Gujarat 3.7 Foster Wheeler 8.9/24/20 11.31 14.53/29.91/26.87 20.7
5. IOCL Digboi 0.17 EIL 5.6 6.31 19.1 16.3
6. IOCL Panipat 3.0 CB&I Lummus 24.07 21.16 28.82 29.6
7. IOCL Bongaigaon-A 0.5 EIL 5.75 5 13 12.6
8. IOCL Bongaigaon-B 0.5 EIL 5.75 4.8 13 13.2
9. NRL 0.357 EIL 19.2 12-19.0 28
10. BORL 1.36 CB & I Lummus 22.3 27.65 18-28
11. EOL 6.0 CB & I Lummus 27.7 34.7
12. HMEL 2.77 CB & I Lummus 25.6 31.56
13. RIL-1 8.0 Foster Wheeler
14. RIL-2 8.0 Foster Wheeler 25
15. MRPL 3.0 CB&I Lummus
16. IOCL Paradip 4.4 Foster Wheeler 26.8 33.1
17. IOCL-Haldia 1.7 Foster Wheeler
18. CPCL 1.5 Foster Wheeler
19. KRL
56
 Petroleum Products & specifications
• Any material which is intended for use in a particular
operation should have certain characterstics so that it is
suitable for use in that application.
• These characterstics are quantified to make them absolute
and also to remove any ambiguity in interpretation.
• These quantified characterstics are called “Specifications”
• Important Specifications are :
•Flash Point •RON Color
•Pour Point •MON BMCI
•Distillation AKI Br. Number
•Cu Corrosion •Cetane number Benzene Content
•Ag Corrosion •Cetane Index Density
•Sulphur •Smoke Point Sediment
•Viscosity •Aniline Point Water
•Potential gum •Carbon Residue Weathering Test etc
•Existent Gum •Vapoour Pressure
 Significance of Specifications
oAPI

• oAPI= (141.5/SG 15oF) – 131.5 The purpose of this equation was to extend
the range of the specific gravity scale. Crude oil SG changes, although
small, may be important
• Higher oAPI, more paraffinic crude, higher yields of gasoline.
• Lower oAPI, more aromatic crude, lower yields of gasoline.
Viscosity
• Resistance to flow, usually measured @ 25/40/100oC in centistokes
(kinimatic viscosity)
Pour Point
• Measured by ASTM D-97 – temperature at which oil ceases to flow. Diesel
may contain waxes, which could solidify in cold weather. Reported at every
3 oC .
Flash Point
• Temperature above which the oil will spontaneously combust. Fractions in
vacuum tower are the least combustible. They are the heaviest.
 Significance of Specifications
Vapor Pressure
• Measured by ASTM D-323. Also known as Reid vapor pressure
(RVP). True vapor pressure is usually 5-9% > RVP
Carbon Residue
• The solid residue (%wt) remaining after heating to coking temperatures
(700-800oC)
• ASTM D-524 Ramsbottom Carbon
• ASTM D-189 Conradson Carbon
• CCR incr. then Asphaltene incr.
Salt Content
• Measured by ASTM – 3230 (lb NaCl/1000 bbl)
• Desalting is necessary because NaCl content > 10 lbs/1000 bbl leads to
corrosion
Metals
• Measured by EPA Method 3040 These include Ni, V, Ag, Hg, Na, and Ca.
Metals can cause catalyst deactivation and corrosion.
Sediment and Water
• Measured by ASTM D – 96 These inorganic particles can lead to
operational problems.
 Significance of Specifications
Acidity
• Measured by ASTM – 664 , Needs neutralization while Processing ,
Indicated by TAN .
Sulfur
• Measured by ASTM D – 129, 1552, 2622
• Sour crudes > 0.5 wt% and sweet crudes < 0.5 wt%. Today it is difficult to
find crudes below 1% sulfur. Sour crude needs more hydro treatment &
higher metallurgy.

TBP Distillation Data

1. Overhead gas containing mainly C1 to C4
2. C5 -90C Light Naphtha
3. 90-140C Medium / Heavy Naphtha
4. 140 -205 C , MTO
5. 140-240C ATF
6. 140-270 C SK
7. 270-340 CGas oil
8. 340-370 JBO
9. 366C + - Reduced Crude ( Vacuum Column feed – to get VGO /Lube
Cuts/ & Short Residue)
POUR POINT

• Indicates relative amount of wax present in crude oil

• Is the temperature below which pumping and
transportation problems may be encountered
• Along with viscosity, is used in pumping and design
calculations:

WAX CONTENT

Normal paraffins above CI6 are solid at somewhat ambient

temperatures. These hydrocarbons
• Affect the flow behaviour of crude
• Affect the product quality of gas oil, VGO and asphalt
• Lube manufacture is also dependent on wax content of
the crude.
Asphaltenes Carbon Residue and Ash Content

Asphaltenes

• Are polynuclear condensed aromatic hydrocarbons having high

molecular weight

• These are insoluble in heptane and soluble in Benzene/ Toluene

• Asphaltenes and carbon residue indicate the extent to which
heavy hydrocarbons are present in crude oil.

Ash Content

• Metallic constituents concentrate in the ash of the crude oil

Carbon Residue

• It's a carbonacous residue formed after evaporation and

pyrolysis of the sample - determined by standard methods
 Significance of Specifications
GASOLINE
• Engine knock is caused by the spontaneous ignition of fuel (higher octane
gas reduces engine knock). Gasoline engines use spark ignition. Octane
number is determined by (Research Octane + Motor Octane)/2. Research
octane is measured at low rpm, characteristic of city driving. Motor
octane is measured at high rpm, characteristic of highway driving. The
octane are reported by comparison of the gasoline’s performance to that
of a binary mixture of:

n-heptane (0) & 2,2,4 – trimethylpentane (100)

For Gasoline Meeting BSIV :

– Recovery upto 70C : 10 -45% Min
– Recovery upto 100C : 40 -70% min
– Recovery upto 150C: 75 % Vol min.
– FBP ----------------------: 210
RON - 91 , MON : 81
Sulphur : 50 PPM , Benzene : I % Max
 Significance of Specifications
Diesel fuel :
• Diesel fuel is rated by cetane number. It is for CI engine . Cetane No. is
defined as % vol of n-cetane in a mixture of n-cetane & alpha methyl
Naphthalene that would give the same knocking as that of the fuel under
test. n- cetane value-100 & other one as 0.
• Normal paraffin highest cetane, followed by Naphthene , iso Paraffins,
Olefins & Aromatics

Major HSD Specifications (BS-IV)

– Density (at 15C) : 820 –845 kg/M3
– Sulphur : 50PPM Max.(mg/Kg)
– Cetane no. 51 , Min
– Distillation : 95% Min ( recovery at 360C)
– Flash point : 35 C Min
– Lubricity : 460 ( at 60C , microns)
– Pour Point : 3c at winter & 15 C at summer
– Cu Corrosion : 1 max.
 Key properties of Products
• LPG: Weathering
• Naphtha : Customer Specific
• MS: Octane number, Sulphur, distillation, Oxidation
stability, Bz/ Aromatics/ Olefin content.
• HSD: Cetane number, Sulphur, distillation, lubricity.
Flash Point , pour point
• Kerosene: Smoke Point. Flash Point
• ATF: Freezing point. FBP, Flash point, Ag Corr.
• Furnace oil: Stability. Sulphur , Viscosity
• Bitumen: Penetration, viscosity, Softening point.
• LOBS: Viscosity, Viscosity Index.
Thank You