HYDRAULICS

(BFC 2072 / BFC 21103)

Prepared by:-

MR WAN AFNIZAN BIN WAN MOHAMED

DEPT. OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
FAC. OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
e-mail: afnizan@uthm.edu.my

**Some part of the lecture notes are editted from Mrs

Zarina Md Ali
 CHAPTER 1

TYPES OF FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNEL
 Learning Objectives
To know open channel classification and
fluid characteristics.
To understand state of flow in open
channel.
To understand geometric elements
definition in open flow calculation.
 CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF FLOW
UNIFORM & NON-UNIFORM FLOW
STEADY & NON-STEADY FLOW

STATE OF FLOW
LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
 INTRODUCTION

Hydraulic is related to the principle of fluid

mechanics usage for structure of water
engineering, civil and environmental
engineering necessity especially hydraulic
structure example channel, river, weir dan
water treatment plant.
 INTRODUCTION
Properties of Fluid
... Cont

Relative Density

Surface Tension Compressibility

Properties
Viscosity Capillarity
of Fluid

Bulk Modulus Specific Gravity

Density
 INTRODUCTION
... Cont
Open Channel Flow

Flow in open Atmosphere Free surface

channel has a Flow

free surface d

which is caused
Distribute
d flow

by atmosphere Zo

pressure
Datum
 INTRODUCTION
... Cont
Open Channel Flow
 Chapter 1. Flow in Open Channel
Tahan river
rapids

Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel

(SMART), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Siberian meandering
river
 UNIFORM
&
NON-UNIFORM
FLOW
Practical applications are the determination of:
a. flow depth in rivers, canals and other conveyance conduits,
b. changes in flow depth due to channel controls e.g. weirs,
spillways, and gates,
c. changes in river stage during floods,
d. surface runoff from rainfall over land,
e. optimal channel design, and
f. others
 TYPES OF FLOW
UNIFORM FLOW
Depth of flow is the same at every section
of the flow (dy/dx = 0).
NON-UNIFORM FLOW
Depth of flow varies at different sections of
the flow (dy/dx 0).

Uniform flow Non-uniform flow

 TYPES OF FLOW
... Cont
NON-UNIFORM FLOW
Can be divided into two :-
1. Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
The depth changes gradually over a long
distance along the length of a channel.

2. Rapidly Varied Flow (RVF)

The depth changes abruptly over a
comparative short distance
 TYPES OF FLOW
... Cont
NON-UNIFORM FLOW
Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
Example: backwater at the upstream of
weir or sluice gate.
 TYPES OF FLOW
... Cont
NON-UNIFORM FLOW
Rapidly Varied Flow (GVF)
Example: hydraulic jump
 STEADY
&
UNSTEADY
FLOW
 TYPES OF FLOW

STEADY FLOW

Depth of flow (y) does not change and

assumed to be constant during the time
interval; dy / dt = 0.

Example: Constant flow in piping flow in

time
... Cont
TYPES OF FLOW

STEADY FLOW
... Cont
TYPES OF FLOW

UNSTEADY FLOW

Water surface and depth of flow fluctuate

from time to time. This means, dy / dt 0.
Unsteady uniform flow is an impossible
condition.
Example : Flood
In a nutshell ..
Open Channel
Flow

Steady Flow Unsteady Flow

Non-uniform Non-uniform
Uniform Flow Uniform Flow
Flow Flow

GVF GVUF

RVF RVUF
 STATE OF FLOW

Can be classified according to :-

Viscosity effect

Gravity effect
 ... Cont
STATE OF FLOW
In term of viscocity effect :-

Reynolds number
depends on viscosity
Fluid viscosity is
constant

In open channel flow :-

Re < 500 - Laminar
4 vR 500 < Re < 12500 - Transition
Re =
Re > 12500 - Turbulent
... Cont
STATE OF FLOW

Characteristics of laminar & turbulent flow

Laminar flow Turbulent flow
Low velocity in small Deep of flow.
cross section channel.
Non-prismatic cross
High viscosity. section (i.e; river)
create the turbulent.
Transition
State of flow happen when laminar flow change to turbulent flow
before alter to fully turbulent.
 ... Cont
STATE OF FLOW
In term of gravity effect :-

State as inertia
force to gravity
force ratio and
known as Froude
number.
In open channel flow :-
Fr = 1 - Critical
v Fr < 1 - Sub critical
Fr =
gD
Fr > 1 - Super critical
... Cont
STATE OF FLOW

Combination of viscosity and gravity

effect will create 4 state of regime which
are:-

Sub critical laminar Fr < 1.0, Re < 500

Super critical laminar Fr > 1.0, Re < 500
Sub critical turbulent Fr < 1.0, Re > 12500
Super critical turbulent Fr > 1.0, Re > 12500
 CHANNEL GEOMETRY

TYPES OF OPEN CHANNEL

Natural channel
Artificial channel
Prismatic channel
 ... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY

NATURAL @ EARTH CHANNEL

Natural channels are waterways that exist

naturally on earth.
The properties of natural channels are
normally very irregular and difficult to control.
Examples: hillside rivulets, brooks, streams,
rivers and tidal estuaries.
 CHANNEL GEOMETRY
Three types of channel :-

A NATURAL CHANNEL

Figure 1.1 : Natural channel

 CHANNEL GEOMETRY
... Cont

ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL

Artificial channels are watercourses that are

contracted and developed by human.
The properties of artificial channels are based on
developers requirements and controllable.
Examples: canal, flume, chute, drop,culvert or
open channel-flow tunnel.
.... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
B ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL

Figure 1.2 : Artificial channel

 CHANNEL GEOMETRY
... Cont

ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL

EXAMPLE : CANAL
It is a long and mild-sloped channel built on the
ground.
Exist in earth surface or coated with concrete,
cement, wood or others.
EXAMPLE : CANAL

Terusan Wan Muhammad Saman, Kedah

Griboyedov Canal, St. Petersburg, Russia

 ... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY

ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL

EXAMPLE : FLUME

It is a hard channel or passage built from

wood, metal or concrete across a depression.
It is used in laboratory for research.
EXAMPLE : FLUME

This flume diverts water from White River,

Washington to generate electricity Bull Run Hydroelectric Project diversion flume

Open-channel flume in laboratory

 ... Cont CHANNEL GEOMETRY

ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL

EXAMPLE : CHUTE & DROP

Chute is a steep-sloped channel.

Drop is similar to a chute, but the change in
elevation takes place over a very short distance.
Chute - is a channel having steep slopes.

Natural chute (falls) on the left and man-made logging chute on the right
on the Coulonge River, Quebec, Canada

Drop - is similar to a chute, but the change in

elevation is within a short distance. The spillway of Leasburg Diversion Dam is
a vertical hard basin drop structure
designed to dissipate energy
 CHANNEL GEOMETRY
... Cont

ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL

EXAMPLE : SEWERAGE

It is a closed conduit and built under soil

surface.
The water is in half-fully flow.
.... Cont CHANNEL GEOMETRY
C PRISMATIC CHANNEL

Uniform cross section & slope at whole channel

length.
Usually artificial channel.

CHANNEL GEOMETRY ELEMENT

y = Depth of water (m)
T = Top width water surface (m)
B = Base width water surface (m)
P = Wetted perimeter (m)
A = Wetted area (m2)
R = Hydraulic radius R = A/P (m)
D = Hydraulic depth D = A/T (m)
.... Cont CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT

y
P

Figure 1.3 : Channel geometric element

.... Cont CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
I SIDES SLOPE, Z

1
z

Figure 1.4 : Channels sides slope

Note : If slope, = 45 z = 1
( z at left & right side is same )
.... Cont CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
II CHANNEL SLOPE, So ( unit less )

Figure 1.5 : Channels sides slope

.... Cont CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
III RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN v & Q

Q AV . 9.5

where ;

Q = Discharge or flow rate (m3/s)

v = Velocity (m/s)
.... Cont CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
DERIVATION OF CHANNEL FORMULA

1 2 3
y 1 1
L
z z

Figure 1.6 : Derivation of channel formula

.... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRY

From Figure 1.6 :

T = Top width water surface

T B 2zy

A = Wetted area
A = Area 1 + Area 2 + Area 3

1 1
A zyy B y zyy
2 2

A By zy 2
.... Cont CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Cont . From Figure 1.6 :

P = Wetted perimeter

L y 2 zy 2

L y 2 z 2y 2

L y2 1 z2

L y 1 z2
.... Cont CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Cont . From Figure 1.6 :

P = Wetted perimeter

therefore ;

P B 2L

P B 2y 1 z 2

Note :
Use this trapezoidal formula (A, T & P) to find formulae for
rectangular & triangular shape.

For Rectangular z =0
for Triangular B =0
.... Cont CHANNEL GEOMETRY
To sum up .. Table 1.1 : Channels geometric elements
SHAPE A T P

y
By B B + 2y
B

zy2 2zy 2y 1 + z 2
1 1 y
z z

1
z z
1 y
By + zy2 B + 2zy B + 2y 1 + z 2
B

T
d2 sin d
( sin ) d
d
y 8 2 2
( in radian ) ( in angle ) ( in radian )
EXAMPLE 1.1

Based on the figure given find :-

i) Top width water surface (T), wetted

area (A), wetted perimeter (P) &
hydraulic radius (R).
ii) If Q = 2.4 m3/s, determine the flow
state.
iii) If inclined length (L) = 50 m, find the
cost to construct this channel (Given
excavation cost = RM 3/m3 and lining
cost = RM 5/m2)
.... Cont

1m

2m
60

3m
SOLUTION:
Given:-
B=3m
y=2m
t = 3 m ( channel height)
SOLUTION
Find z value first :

1
tan 60
1 z
1
60 z 0.5774
tan 60
z

Therefore ;
(a) Top width water surface, T
T B 2zy
T 3 ( 2)(0.5774)(2)

T 5.3096 m
SOLUTION .... Cont
(b) Wetted area, A

A By zy 2
A ( 3)(2) (0.5774)(2) 2

A 8.3096 m 2

(c) Wetted perimeter, P

P B 2y 1 z 2

P 3 ( 2)(2) 1 (0.5774) 2

P 7.6189 m
SOLUTION .... Cont
(d) Hydraulic radius, R

A
R
P
8.3096
R
7.6159

R 1.091 m

(e) State of flow

v
Fr
gD
SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) Cont . State of flow

Find v & D first :

Q
v
A
2.4
v 0.2888 m/s
8.3096

A
D
T
8.3096
D
5.3096

D 1.5650 m
SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) Cont . State of flow

Thus ;

v
Fr
gD
0.2888
Fr
(9.81)(1.565)

Fr 0.074 1 Sub critical flow

SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) Cont . State of flow

Thus ;

v
Fr
gD
0.2888
Fr
(9.81)(1.565)

Fr 0.074 1 Sub critical flow

(iii) Construction cost

Construction cost includes :-
(a) Excavation cost
(b) Lining cost
SOLUTION .... Cont
(iii) Cont . Construction cost

(a) Excavation cost

Excavation volume AL

Excavation volume Bt zt 2 (L)
Excavation volume ( 3) ( 3) (0.5774) ( 3) 2 (50)
Excavation volume 709.83 m 3

Therefore ;

RM 3
Excavation cost 709.83 m 3
m3

Excavation cost RM 2129.49

SOLUTION .... Cont
(iii) Cont . Construction cost

(b) Lining cost

Lining area PL

Lining area B 2t 1 z 2 (L )

Lining area 3 (2)(3) 1 (0.5774)2 (50)

Lining area 496.42 m 2

Therefore ;

RM 5
Lining cost 496.42 m 2
m2

Lining cost RM 2482.09

SOLUTION .... Cont
(iii) Cont . Construction cost or overall cost

Hence ;

Constructi on cost Excavation cost Lining cost

Constructi on cost RM 2129.49 RM 2482.09

Constructi on cost RM 4611.58

TIMES UP

THANK YOU
1.6 Assignment No. 1 (due date January 10, 2011)
Q1. [Final Exam Sem. 1, Session 2010/2011]
Justify the difference between:
(a) uniform flow and nonuniform flow
(b) state of flow using Reynolds number Re and Froude number Fr

Q2. [Final Exam Sem. 1, Session 2008/2009]

(a) What is:
(i) Wetted perimeter
(ii) Gradually varied flow
(iii) Non-uniform flow
(iv) Froude number
(b) Explain the differences between canal and sewer.
Q3. [Final Exam Sem. 1, Session 2006/2007]
What is:
(a) Reynolds number
(b) Froude number
(c) Hydraulic radius
(d) Prismatic channel
(e) Uniform flow

Q4. A discharge of 16.0 m3/s flows with a depth of 2.0 m in a rectangular

channel of 4.0 m wide. Determine the state of flow based on (i) Froude
number, and (ii) Reynolds number. Determine the flow regime.

Q5. A triangular channel of apex angle 120 carries a discharge of 1573 L/s.
Calculate the critical depth.