GEN II

1. A 40 years-old man had heartburn, belching and epigastrium pain for 3

months which is aggravated after eating big meals. He felt better when
taken antacid. What is the main adaptation of esophageal mucosa?

A. Atrophy

B. Hypertrophy

C. Metaplasia

D. Hypoplasia

E. Hyperplasia

2. A 45 years-old Thai man had a 2-month history of cough and 10 kg

weight loss. A chest x-ray shows a right upper lobe infiltrate. One of three
sputum samples is positive for acid-fast bacilli. What is the main
inflammatory response for this organism?

A. Fibrinopurulent inflammation

B. Hemorrhagic inflammation

C. Granulomatous inflammation

D. Suppurative inflammation

E. Serous inflammation

3. Which tissue is the most susceptible to liquefactive necrosis following

ischemic injury?
a. Brain b. Intestine c. Liver d. Pancreas e. Heart

4. A 56 years old man presents to the ER with sudden onset of severe

retrosternal chest pain associated with nausea, vomiting and diaphoresis.
His EKG shows ST segment elevation in leads II, III and aVF. Microscopic
examination of the heart is most likely to reveal:
a. Caseous necrosis
b. Coagulation necrosis
c. Enzymatic fat necrosis
d. Gangrenous necrosis
e. Liquefactive necrosis

5. What is the main mechanism of lower leg swelling in patients with

congestive heart failure?
A. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. increased permeability of capillaries and venules
C. decreased plasma osmotic pressure
D. obstruction of lymph flow
E. sodium retention by the kidneys
6. A 30 years old man with history of HIV infection present with fevers,
night sweats, weight loss, and a cough for 2 months. An acid-fast stain of
the patient's sputum is positive. What is the following immune cells which
is defect in this patient?
A B lymphocytes
B Helper T lymphocytes
C Killer T lymphocytes
D Monocytes/macrophages
E Natural killer (NK) cells

7. A 50-year-old woman had night blindness for 5 months. Physical

examination reveals thin, cachexic body, Eyes: keratomalacia and corneal
ulceration. What is the most likely vitamin deficiencies?
A Niacin
B Riboflavin
C Ascorbic acid
D Vitamin A
E Folic acid

8. The underlying of erythema associated with acute inflammation is:

a. Dilatation of blood vessels

b. Edema of interstitial tissue

c. Margination of leukocytes

d. Precipitation of fibrin

e. Thrombosis

9. Insulin is a hormone made naturally in the pancreas that helps move sugar into the cells of your
body. What type of receptor is an insulin receptor?

A. Ion channel
B. Stimulatory G protein subsunit
D. Inhibitory G protein subsunit

D. Tyrosine kinase receptor

E. Serine/threonine kinase receptor

10. What is the best explanation about an increase in size of bodybuilding

weight lifters skeletal muscle?
A Increased caspase activity

B Increased number of myocytes

C Increased net protein degradation
D Increased amount of mitochondria
E Increased nucleus : cytoplasm ratio

Gen I

1. A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would, at its

completion, produce two nuclei each containing how many chromosomes?

A) 12
B) 16
C) 23
D) 46
E) 92

2. If cells in the process of dividing are subjected to colchicine, a drug that interferes with
the functioning of the
spindle apparatus, at which stage will mitosis be arrested?
A) anaphase
B) prophase
C) telophase
D) metaphase
E) interphase

3. The malignant tumor cells usually have abnormal chromosomes and

often an abnormal total number of chromosomes. What is the best
explanation?

A) Cancer cells have abnormally elevated metabolism

B) Cancer cells can still go through cell cycle checkpoints

C) Transformation introduces new chromosomes into cells.

D) Chromosomally abnormal cells still have normal metabolism

E) Chromosomally abnormal cells still have normal metabolism.

4. The DNA template has the following order of bases, AGCTTCGA. What will be the order
of bases in mRNA?

A TCGAAGCT

B TCGATCGT

C TCGAUCGU

D UGCUAGCT

E UCGAAGCU
5. Which of the following organ have high amount of smooth endoplasmic
reticulum?

A. Endothelial cells

B. Cardiac cells

C. Melanocytes

D. Fibroblasts

E. Adrenal Cortical cells

6. Which of the following statements about the nature of enzyme catalysis

is correct?

A An enzyme can change the equilibrium position of the reaction it

catalyses by lowering the energy of activation of that reaction.

B An enzyme can lower the energy of activation of the reaction it

catalyses by increasing the molecular collisions between the molecules.

C An enzyme lowers the free energy difference between substrate(s) and

product(s) but it cannot change the equilibrium position of the reaction it
catalyses.

D. An enzyme cannot change the equilibrium position of the

reaction it catalyses but it lowers the energy of activation of that
reaction.

7. Which of the following statements about the use and synthesis of

glucose in the body is correct?

A Brain can use fatty acids for all its energy needs.

B Red blood cells can use fatty acids for all their energy needs.

C The brain can use ketone bodies for all its energy needs.

D The brain can use glucose for all its energy needs.

8. Which of the following is believed to be a key cause of immortalization

of cancer cells in many tumours?

A Complete loss of telomeres.

B Partial loss of telomeres.

C Reactivation of the telomerase enzyme.

D Shortening of telomeres.
E Inactivation of the telomerase enzyme

9. In cholera, there is uncontrolled secretion of sodium ions and water into the
intestinal lumen because of the action of cholera toxin on a G protein coupled
receptor system. How does the toxin act?

A Cholera toxin activates a Gi (inhibitory) protein.

B Cholera toxin inhibits phosphodiesterase so that the signal is not

switched off.

C Cholera toxin inhibits the binding of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

to the receptor.

D Cholera toxin inhibits the GTPase activity of the G protein

alpha subunit.

E Cholera toxin inhibits the GTPase activity of the G protein beta subunit.

10. Warfarin is an anticoagulant used to to prevent heart attacks, strokes, and

blood clots. What is the mechanism by which warfarin prevents blood clotting?

A It binds vitamin K and prevents it from acting

B It inhibits the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

C It inhibits platelet aggregation

D It inhibit platelet function

E It inhibits the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin