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Theory of Plates PDF
Theory of Plates PDF
Theory of Plates
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
Introduction
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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Plates are initially flat structural elements
2
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Introduction
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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Plate bending plates mid-surface doesnt
experience appreciable stretching or contraction
In-plane loads cause stretching and/or contraction
of mid-surface 3
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Introduction
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Plate stretching
z
Nx t Nx
x
Uniform stretching of the plate => uo
q
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Axial deformation due to transverse load
1 t 1
For plates -
10 b 2000
Thin & thick plates
Thin plate => t < 20b b = smallest side
Thick plate => t > 20b
t
Small deflections w
5
Thin plate theory Kirchoffs Classical
Plate Theory (KCPT)
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Thick plate theory Reissner Mindlin
Plate Theory (MPT)
5
Ramadas Chennamsetti
KCPT - Assumptions
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Assumptions
Thickness is much smaller than the other physical
dimensions
vertical deflection w(x, y, z) = w(x, y)
Displacements u, v & w are small compared to
plate thickness
Governing equations are derived based on undeformed
geometry
In plane strains are small compared to unity
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consider only linear strains
Normal stresses in transverse direction are small
compared with other stresses neglected
6
Ramadas Chennamsetti
KCPT - Assumptions
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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Transverse shear strains are negligible
Rotary inertia is neglected
7
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Sign convention
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
z z
Mz z
My y
y
y
Mx
x
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x
x
8
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Bending deformations
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
z
Bending takes
place in both planes
y
x Rotation => y
A
A
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z
BB
A
x
B
View D 9
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Bending deformations
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Deformation in x direction
u ( x , y , z ) = z y (x , y )
Deformation in y direction
v ( x, y , z ) = z x (x , y )
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Vertical deformation
w = w (x, y)
10
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Strains
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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z y
w w
=> yz = x + = 0 => x =
y y 11
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Strains
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Non-zero strains
u w 2
xx = = z
y
= z
x x x 2
v x w
2
yy = = z = z
y y y 2
u v w
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2
xy = + = 2 z
y x xy
12
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Stresses
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
xz = 0, yz = 0 z
z
yz xz
y x
yz xz
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zero logical thin structure plane stress
conditions
13
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Stresses
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
yy
yy
xy
xy
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x
xx
w
w dx
R dx w* x
x y
x
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dx
w
2
w
slope = rotation = y = - curvatue = = = xx
y
x x x 2
15
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Curvatures
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Twisting of plate
w 2
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xy = 2
xy
16
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Constitutive law
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
E E xx 1 0 xx
1
yy xx
yy = 1 0 yy
yy =
xy
E
0 0 2(1+ )
xy
E E
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xy xy xx 1 0 xx
2 (1 + )
xy = = E
yy = 1 0
yy
G E 1 0 0 1
2
xy xy17
2
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Constitutive law
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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Basis thin plates plane section remain plane after
bending variation of axial deflection is linear across
thickness strains also vary linearly
18
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Equilibrium equations
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
dx
dy
xx
y
t xy
x
x xy dy
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**yz
yz
yy dx *yy
Forces acting on an infinitesimal
*xz *xy
element dx dy dz
*xy
Equilibrium in x direction
*
xx dydz + *
zx dxdy + *
yx dzdx
xx dydz zx dxdy yx dzdx = 0
xx
*
= xx + dx
x
xx
zx
*
= zx + dz
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z
zx
yx
*
= yx + dy
y
yx
20
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Equilibrium equations
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
xy yy yz
+ + = 0 - (2)
x y z
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xz yz zz
+ + = 0 - (3)
x y z 21
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Shear stresses
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Ez 2w 2 w Ez 2 w xz
2 + 2 + + =0
x 1 2 x y y 1 + xy z
xz Ez w
3
3w 3w
= 3 + + (1 )
z 1 x xy xy 2
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2 2
xz Ez
= (2
w )
z 1 x
2
0 h 2
Ez
2
(
w ) E 2w ( ) h 2
d xz =
0 1 2
x
dz =
1 2 x z dz
z
xz
xz =
(
E w z2
2
) h 2
1 2
x 2 z
( ) h
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E 2w 2
=> xz = 4 z
2
(
2 1 2 x)
=> xz =
E ( z
)
2w 2 h2
Parabolic variation
(
2 1 2 ) x 4 23
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Moments
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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E
M = + 2
z 2
dz
dy
1 2 x y h 2
y 2
x
Eh 3 2w 2w
= +
M y
(
12 1 2 ) x
2 2
y
24
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Moments
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
xy Eh 3 2w
z
M xy = (1 )
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y 12(1 )
2
xy
dx
dy Eh 3
x D =
Compare with section
12 ( 1 2
)
modulus of beam 25
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Shear forces
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Vertical equilibrium of
plate *
Q x dy + Q y* dx + qdxdy Q x dy Q y dx = 0
Q x
z Q = Qx +
*
dx
x
x
q
Q y
Qy = Qy +
*
dy
Q *y y
Q* x
Qx
Qy y Substitute these and simplify
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dx
dy Q x Q y
+ = q
x
x y
26
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Shear forces
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
E ( 2 w ) 2 h2
= z
2 (1 2 ) y
yz
4
+h 2
E ( 2 w ) 2 h2
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Q y =
2 (1 2 ) y z
h 2
4
dz
Eh 3 ( 2 w ) ( 2 w )
Q = = D
12 (1 ) y y
y 2
27
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Governing equation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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2
( ) ( )
2
q
=> 2
w + 2
w =
x 2 y 2 D
2 2
=> 2 + (
2
w =)q
x y 2 D 28
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Governing equation
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Governing equation
2 2
2 q
+ w =
x 2
y
2
D
=> w =
2 2
( )
q
D
q
=> =
4
D
w
4
w w
4 4
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q
+2 + =
x 4
x y
2 2
y 4
D
Bi-harmonic equation
Compare with beam equation 29
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Boundary conditions
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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Vertical deflection and their derivatives
30
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Simply supported
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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w = 0 implies second derivative in the
direction tangent to this line is zero x
2w Simply supported
= 0 y = const
x 2
Ramadas Chennamsetti
31
Simply supported
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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direction tangent to this line is zero
w2
=0
yChennamsetti
Ramadas
2 32
Clamped
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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w y = constant
=0
y
33
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Free edges
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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2w 2w
M x = D 2 + 2 = 0 at y = const
x y
34
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Free edges
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y
Total shear force,
Mxy M xy
M xy + dy dx
dy y Vx = Qx + Qx 35
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Free edges
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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w
3
w
3
V y = D 3 + (2 ) 2
y x y 36
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Free edges
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
3w 3w
Vx = D 3 + (2 ) 2
= 0 at x = const
x xy
3w 3w
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V y = D 3 + (2 ) 2 = 0 at y = const
y x y
37
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Bending of plates
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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functions Assume
w = w( x , y ) = F ( x )G ( y ) 38
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Bending of plates
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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Deflection of a plate can be written as sum
of infinite trigonometric functions
39
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Bending of plates
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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m x=0
SS
F1, F2,.F are coefficients
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n
x = 0, SS
G1, G2,.G are coefficients y=0 SS
Final solution,
m x n y
w( x, y ) = FmGn sin sin
m n a b
=> w( x, y ) = wmn sin m x sin n y
m n
m n
m = , n =
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a b
Coefficients, Fm, Gn and wmn computed using
Fourier Series 42
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Coefficients
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=> f (x )sin = f m sin sin
a a a
Integrate the above from limits 0 to a 43
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Coefficients
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Integration
m'x mx m'x
a a
( ) ( )
a
x x
sin m m'
sin m + m'
fm
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=> a a
a
(
2 m m' )
a
(
m + m' )
0
Lower limit vanishes, evaluate upper limit 44
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Coefficients
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Upper limit
x
a
m ' x
sin (mm ) '
f (x )sin
fm a
dx =
0
a 2
a
(mm ) '
x=a
m ' x
a
f (x )sin
fma
=> dx = for m = m '
0
a 2
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=0 for m m '
m x
a
f m = f (x )sin
2
dx
a 0
a
Ramadas Chennamsetti
45
Coefficients
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Function of variable y
n y
g ( y ) = g n sin
n b
n y
'
n y n y '
=> g ( y )sin = g n sin sin
b b b
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n y
b
g n = g ( y )sin
2
dy
b0 b
46
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Coefficients
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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y =0 x =0 a b 2 m n y =0 b b
y =b x = a
m x n y
=> wmn =
4
y =0 x=0 w ( x , y ) sin sin dxdy
ab a b
47
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Simply supported plate
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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Governing equation
w 4
w w
4
q 4
+2 + =
x 4
x y
2 2
y 4
D 48
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Simply supported plate
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
w m m x n y
4 4
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w
4 2 2
49
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Simply supported plate
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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m x n y
w = w( x, y ) =
1 qmn
D 4
m n m
2
sin sin
a b
2
n
2
2 + 2
a b 50
Ramadas Chennamsetti
UDL
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Computation of coefficients
m x n y
q (x , y ) = q mn sin sin
m n a b
q(x, y) = qo
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m x n y
a b
q( x, y )sin
4
qmn =
ab 0 0 a
sin
b
dxdy
51
Ramadas Chennamsetti
UDL
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Coefficients qmn
m x m y
a b
4
q mn =
ab 0 0 q o sin a sin b dxdy
m x m y
a b
4 qo
q mn =
ab 0 sin
a
dx sin
0
b
dy
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4qo 4 ab 16 q o
=> q mn = =
mn mn
2 2
ab
52
Ramadas Chennamsetti
UDL
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Vertical deflection
m x n y
q mn sin sin
w = w( x , y ) = 4
1 a b
D m n m n
2 2 2
+
a b
m x n y
sin sin
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=> w(x, y ) = 6
16 qo a b
D m n
2
m n
2 2
+
a b 53
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Patch load
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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Patch load
u v
xo + yo +
4qo 2 2
m x m y
q mn =
ab u
v sin a sin b dxdy
xo yo 54
2 Ramadas
2 Chennamsetti
Patch load
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Evaluating integrals
u v
xo + yo +
4 qo 2 2
m x m y
qmn =
ab u
v sin a sin b dxdy
xo yo
2 2
u
xo +
2
m x 2a m xo m u
u sin a dx = m sin a sin 2a
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x
o
2
16 qo m xo m u n yo m v
=> qmn = sin sin sin sin
mn 2
a 2a b 2b
55
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Patch load
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Deflection
m x n y
S mn sin sin
w( x , y ) = 6
16 qo a b
D m n m 2 n 2
mn +
a b
where,
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m xo m u n y o m v
S mn = sin sin sin sin
a 2a b 2b
56
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Point load
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Point load
Assume the point load acts over
qo =
P P
an infinitesimal area u x v uv
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qmn = sin sin sin sin
mn 2
a b 2a 2b
16 P m xo n y o m u n v
=> qmn = sin sin sin sin
mn uv 2
a b 2a 2b57
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Point load
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Simplifying
m u n v
4P m xo n yo sin sin
=> qmn = sin sin 2a 2b
ab a b m u m v
2a 2b
4P m xo n yo
=> qmn =
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sin sin
ab a b
58
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Point load
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
' m x m y
S sin sin
w( x, y ) = 4
4P mn
abD m m
a b
2
m n
2 2
+
a b
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m xo m yo
S mn = sin
'
sin
a b
59
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Bending & in-plane loading
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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load
Critical load ability to resist axial load ceases
change in deformation shape
60
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Bending & in-plane loading
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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Qx and Qy
Small deformation and large deformation
61
Ramadas Chennamsetti
In-plane forces
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
dx
z x
Nx x
Qx
x
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In-plane loading Transverse/out-of-plane loading
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N x N xy
=> + =0
x y
If there are no in-plane forces equation vanishes 63
Ramadas Chennamsetti
In-plane forces
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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x = , y =
x y
64
Ramadas Chennamsetti
In-plane forces
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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Neglect higher order term s
N x N xy No change in in-
=> + = 0 plane equilibrium
x y 65
Ramadas Chennamsetti equations
In-plane forces
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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66
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Z-direction
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
w N x w w
N x dy sin + Nx + dx dy sin + dx
x x x x x
w N y w w
N y dx sin +Ny +
dy dx sin
+ dy
y y y y y
w N xy w w
N xy dx sin + N xy + dy dx sin + dy
x y x y x
w N xy w w
N xy dy sin + N xy + dx dy sin + dx
y x y x y
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w Q x w w
Q x dy cos + Qx + dx dy cos + dx
x x x x x
w Q y w w
Q y dx cos + Q y + dy cos + dy + qdxdy = 0
y Ramadas
y y y y
Chennamsetti 67
Z-direction
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
2 w Q x Q y
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2w 2w
Nx + 2 N xy + Ny + + +q=0
x 2
xy y 2
x y
68
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Z-direction
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Substituting Qx and Qy
2 2
Qx = D
x
( )
w , Qy = D
y
w ( )
2w 2w 2w
N x 2 + 2 N xy + Ny 2
x x y y
+ D
x x
2w( )
+
D 2
(
w )
+ q = 0
y y
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1 2
w 2
w 2
w
=> w = N x 2 + 2 N xy
4
+ N y 2 + q
D x x y y 69
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Plate buckling
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
w
4
w w Nx w
4 4 2
+2 2 2 + =
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x 4
x y y 4
D x 2
Plate deflection
w = w( x, y ) = wmn sin m x sin n y
m n
m n
m = , n = Substitute in
governing equation
a b
N1 2
+ 2 + m = 0
4 2 2 4 Characteristic
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m m n n equation
D
2
(
=> m + n =
2 2
)
N1 2
D
m
71
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Plate buckling
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
=> = +
D a a b
2
D a 2 2 m 2
n
2
=> N 1 = +
m2 a b
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D 2 m
2
c 2
=> N 1 = 2 + n
b c m
c = a / b - Aspect ratio 72
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Plate buckling
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
D m c
2 2
N1 = 2 +
b c m
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N1 is a function of variable m for minimum value of
m, differentiate N1 wrt m
73
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Plate buckling
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Differentiate
dN1 2 D m c 1 c
2
= 2 + 2 = 0
dm b c m c m
1 c
=> 2 = 0
c m
a
=> m = c =
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Whole number
b
4 D 2
N1cr = 2
b
Ramadas Chennamsetti
74
Plate buckling
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
D
2
2
m c
N1 = K 2 K = +
b c m
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Plotting K vs aspect ratio = c = a/b
for various integer values of m
75
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Plate buckling
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
K vs aspect ratio
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1.414 2.449
76
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Plate buckling
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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=> c = m(m + 1)
2 Aspect ratio from 2
to 6, m = 2
c = m(m + 1) C>4 => K 4 77
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Plate buckling
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
D=
Et 3
=
200 10 110 9
( )
2 2
= 17.96 kNm
(
12 1 2
) (
12 1 0.3 2
)
a 2.3
c= = = 2.3 => m = 2
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b 1
2 2
m c 2 2.3
=> K = + = + = 4.0786
c m 2.3 2
Ramadas Chennamsetti
78
Plate buckling
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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c = 2.3, m = 1, K = 7.4790 Minimum value of
m = 2, K = 4.0786 K is considered for
estimation of Ncr
m = 3, K Ramadas
= 4.2890
Chennamsetti
79
Plate and column buckling
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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t
2E K
=> 1crp = C1 , C1 =
b ( )2
(
12 1 2 )
t 80
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Plate and column buckling
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Buckling of a column
2 EI
Pcr = C 2
l2
2 EAk 2 2 EA
=> Pcr = C 2 = C2
l 2
(l k )
2
Pcr 2E
=> crc = = C2 2
( )
Column
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A l
k
2E
crp = C1
( )
2
Plate
b
t Chennamsetti
Ramadas
81
Plate and column buckling
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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Longer columns lower critical load
82
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Strain energy
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
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U = ( xx xx + yy yy + xy xy ) dV
1
2V
83
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Strain energy
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Strain energy,
U = { xx yy xy }{ xx yy xy } dV
1 T
2V
2w
2
xx 1 0 1 0 x
Ez Ez 2 w
xx
yy = 1 0 yy = 1 0 2
1 2
1 + 1 2
1 + y
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xy 0 0 xy 0 0
2 2 w
2
2
xy
=> { } = [C ]{ }
84
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Strain energy
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Strain energy,
U = { } { }dV = { } [C ]{ }dV
1 T 1 T
2V 2V
2 w 2w 2w
2 + 2 2
x y x
2
E w w w 2
2 2
=> U = 2
+ 2 + 2 2 z dV
( )
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2 1 V x y x
w
2 2
+ 2(1 )
xy 85
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Strain energy
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
3
Eh
D=
12 1 2
( ) 86
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Strain energy
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Simplify
2 w 2 w 2
+
2
D x x
2
U =
2 A
2w 2w 2w 2
dxdy
2 (1 ) x 2 x 2 x y
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Strain energy Finite Element Method Total
potential approach
87
Ramadas Chennamsetti
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
88
Ramadas Chennamsetti