Radiation Physics and Chemistry 58 (2000) 1519

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Technical note
Analytical calculations of gamma scintillators eciencies
II. Total eciency for wide coaxial circular disk sources
Younis S. Selim*, Mahmoud I. Abbas
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Received 16 July 1999; accepted 20 July 1999

Abstract

A statistical integral formulation of the total eciency for the general wide coaxial circular disk sourcecylindrical
NaI(Tl) detector arrangement (source radius S > detector radius R ) is presented. Simple programming is possible
and short computer time is needed. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction to be greater than the detector circular face radius, i.e.

The total eciency of a cylindrical NaI(Tl) detector
for the case of an o-axis point source with lateral dis-
placement r greater than the detector's radius R
(r > R ) has been given by using Monte Carlo calcu-
lations, Beam et al. (1978). Recently, Selim and Abbas
have treated the total eciency of a cylindrical NaI(Tl)
detector for the previous case by the use of a direct
but rather lengthy mathematical expression. The treat-
ment of the total eciency of a cylindrical NaI(Tl)
detector for the case of an o-axis point source with
displacement less than the detector's radius (r < R )
has been given in previous works (Selim and Abbas,
1995; Selim et al., 1998).
2. Mathematical viewpoint
In the present work we derive a statistical integral
formulation for the total eciency of a right circular
cylindrical (2R  L ) detector using an o-axis isotro-
pic radiating point source, by using a spherical coordi-
nate technique (consider the case of the lateral distance
r > R ).
The total eciency of a cylindrical detector arising
from a coaxial isotropic radiating circular disk source,
with radius S (consider the case of S > R ), is obtained
by integrating over r, see Fig. 1. The location of the
point source is specied by the quantities (r, h ) and
the direction of incidence of the photon is dened by
the polar and the azimuthal angles y and f, Hubbell et
al. (1961). Note that the incident photon can enter the
lateral side of the cylindrical detector as well as the
upper surface, and the photon traverses a distance d in
the detector active medium.
The derived compact analytical expression of the
total eciency of a coaxial isotropically radiating cir-
cular disk source, in which S > R is given by:
R s
2 2
< e T >d eT1 rdr eT2 rdr 1
R2 0 S 2 R2 R
where eT1 is the total eciency of an isotropic o-axis
radiating point source in the case of r < R, Selim et
al. (1998) and eT2 is dened as:
eT2 eT face eT side 2

* Corresponding author. where,

0969-806X/00/$ - see front matter # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 9 6 9 - 8 0 6 X ( 9 9 ) 0 0 3 5 7 - 6
16 Y.S. Selim, M.I. Abbas / Radiation Physics and Chemistry 58 (2000) 1519
y4 0
fmax y3 fmax
0

eT face f2 dfdy d
y2 0 y2 0 3
 f1 f2 dfdy

d 1 for y3 > y2

d 0 for y3 < y2 4

The notations of the distances and angles are as

given in part I (Selim et al., 1998) unless stated. Y here
is expressed as:

Yr
p p 
cos f3 R2 r2 sin 2 f for yMatan r2 R2 =h
5

and,

eT side eT h L eT h 6

where,

1
eT L K1 K2 K3 K4 7
2p
with,
y3 p=2 y4 fmax
K1 f1 dfdy f1 dfdy 8
y1 0 y3 0

y 4 fc
K2 f2 f1 dfdy 9
y2 0

y5 fc y4 fmax !
K3 f2 df f1 df dy 10
y4 fmin yc y4

Fig. 1. Schematic view of a right circular cylindrical (2R  L )

detector irradiated by photons of a broad circular disk source
y30 fmax
0 y30 fmin
0
of radius S at a distance h: a=r(1R 2/r 2) and b=RZa/r.
K4 f 20 df 0 dy 0 f 20 df 0 dy 0 11
y10 0 y20 0

L R 2R 0 cos F p
y1 0, y2 atan , y3 atan p , y4 d1 ; R 0 R2 r2 sin 2 F; F
rR r 2 R2 cos y
Lr atantan y: sin f 14
atan and y5
R2
r2
p
L2 r2 R2 r2 R2 L0 x 0 cos F 0
atan 12 d2 ; x r cos F R 0 ; L 0
r2 R2 sin y cos y
L
15
fi 1 emdi sin y; i 1, 2 13 cos f
 Y.S. Selim, M.I. Abbas / Radiation Physics and Chemistry 58 (2000) 1519 17

Table 1
Total eciency of a 30  30 NaI(Tl) scintillation detector irra-
diated by gamma rays of energy Eg emitted by a broad circu-
lar disk source of radius S at distance h = 0 cm

Eg (MeV)

S (cm) 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10

4 0.3975 0.4238 0.3098 0.2509 0.2092 0.1918 0.2007

4.5 0.3668 0.3915 0.2862 0.2319 0.1934 0.1823 0.1908
5 0.3368 0.3594 0.2627 0.2079 0.1841 0.1666 0.1743
5.5 0.3065 0.3271 0.2391 0.1985 0.1655 0.1542 0.1614
6 0.2771 0.2954 0.2159 0.1819 0.1517 0.1428 0.1494
6.5 0.2469 0.2638 0.1928 0.1701 0.1419 0.1309 0.1370
7 0.2180 0.2327 0.1701 0.1560 0.1301 0.1190 0.1245

Table 2
As Table 1 at h = 1 cm

Eg (MeV)

S (cm) 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10

4 0.2585 0.2675 0.1783 0.1415 0.1182 0.1061 0.1109

4.5 0.2394 0.2479 0.1652 0.1326 0.1096 0.0984 0.1029
5 0.2184 0.2261 0.1507 0.1231 0.0999 0.0897 0.0938
5.5 0.1924 0.2026 0.1372 0.1069 0.0880 0.0791 0.0826
6 0.1767 0.1830 0.1239 0.0983 0.0801 0.0727 0.0760
Fig. 2. Total eciency of a 30  30 NaI(Tl) scintillation detec- 6.5 0.1578 0.1681 0.1106 0.0902 0.0743 0.0667 0.0698
tor irradiated by photons of energy 0.5 MeV emitted by a 7 0.1469 0.1522 0.1015 0.0817 0.0673 0.0604 0.0632
broad circular disk source of radius S at dierent heights h.

q
R2 r L= tan y2
fc y atan ; fmax r2 R2 L2 tan 2 y
L 0
fmax acos 0
and fmin
2Lr tan y
R
asin p and fmin
r2 R2 tan y r2 R2
acos 19
Lr tan y
Lr
acos 2 16
r R2 tan y Here m is the total attenuation coecient (less the
coherent part) of the scintillator at the specied energy
and nally, (Hubbell et al., 1980; Hubbell and Seltzer, 1995). For
capped detectors the function fi is to be multiplied by
rR 0 r2 R2
y10 atan , y2 atan and y30 emtt/cosy, where t is the cap thickness and mt is its
L Lr total attenuation coecient.
p Systematic calculations of heTid of a clad right circu-
r2 R2
atan 17 lar cylindrical 30  30 NaI(Tl) detector were calculated
L
for isotropically radiating coaxial disk sources of
 dierent radii and photon energies at dierent heights


L x from the detector surface. The results are presented in
f 0
2 1 em cos y sin y sin y; x
Fig. 2 and in Tables 15. The cap eect is noticeable
p only for very short heights (less than 1 cm) and for
r cos f R2 r2 sin 2 f 18 photons in the energy range smaller than 100 keV.
18 Y.S. Selim, M.I. Abbas / Radiation Physics and Chemistry 58 (2000) 1519

Table 3
As Table 1 at h = 10 cm

Eg (MeV)

S (cm) 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10

 101  101  101  101  101  101  101

4 0.2720 0.2779 0.2073 0.1717 0.1431 0.1289 0.1346
4.5 0.2660 0.2721 0.2047 0.1695 0.1413 0.1273 0.1329
5 0.2601 0.2664 0.2021 0.1674 0.1395 0.1257 0.1312
5.5 0.2544 0.2608 0.1995 0.1653 0.1377 0.1241 0.1295
6 0.2487 0.2553 0.1970 0.1632 0.1360 0.1225 0.1279
6.5 0.2432 0.2499 0.1945 0.1611 0.1342 0.1210 0.1263
7 0.2378 0.2446 0.1920 0.1591 0.1325 0.1195 0.1247

Table 4
As Table 1 at h = 25 cm

Eg (MeV)

S (cm) 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10

 102  102  102  102  102  102  102

4 0.5099 0.5230 0.4399 0.3729 0.3143 0.2842 0.2963
4.5 0.5062 0.5195 0.4381 0.3717 0.3136 0.2837 0.2958
5 0.5025 0.5161 0.4363 0.3706 0.3130 0.2832 0.2953
5.5 0.4987 0.5126 0.4346 0.3695 0.3124 0.2828 0.2948
6 0.4951 0.5092 0.4329 0.3683 0.3117 0.2823 0.2943
6.5 0.4914 0.5057 0.4313 0.3672 0.3111 0.2818 0.2939
7 0.4878 0.5023 0.4299 0.3660 0.3105 0.2813 0.2934

Table 5
As Table 1 at h = 50 cm

Eg (MeV)

S (cm) 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10

 102  102  102  102  102  102  102

4 0.1310 0.1345 0.1202 0.1033 0.8763 0.7941 0.9053
4.5 0.1305 0.1340 0.1199 0.1031 0.8754 0.7936 0.9043
5 0.1300 0.1335 0.1196 0.1029 0.8745 0.7931 0.9033
5.5 0.1295 0.1331 0.1193 0.1027 0.8736 0.7926 0.9023
6 0.1291 0.1327 0.1190 0.1025 0.8727 0.7922 0.9013
6.5 0.1287 0.1323 0.1187 0.1023 0.8719 0.7918 0.9004
7 0.1284 0.1320 0.1184 0.1021 0.8709 0.7914 0.8995

3. Conclusion References

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analytical expressions. sources. Nuclear Instruments and Methods 154, 501508.
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