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DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
Sample
a set of data drawn from the
population.
Population Potentially large, but less than the
the group of all items of interest to a population
statistics practitioner.
frequently very large; sometimes
infinite.
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Statistic
Parameter
SCENARIO
The faculty senate at a major university with 35,000 students is
considering changing the current grading policy from A, B, C, D, F to a
plus and minus systemthat is, B +, B, B - rather than just B. The
faculty is interested in the students opinions concerning this change
and will sample 500 students.
a. What is the population of interest?
b. What is the sample?
c. How could the sample be selected?
d. What type of questions should be included in the questionnaire?
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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Which Group is Smarter?
Each individual may be different. If you try to understand a group by remembering the
qualities of each member, you become overwhelmed and fail to understand the group.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Which group is smarter now?
110.54 110.23
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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Types of descriptive statistics:
Organize Data
Tables
Graphs
Summarize Data
Central Tendency
Variation
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Organize Data
Tables
Frequency Distribution
Relative Frequency Distribution
Graphs
Bar Chart
Histogram
Stem and Leaf Plot
Frequency Polygon
Pie Chart
Scatter Plot
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80 89 3 12.5 12.5
90 99 5 20.8 33.3
100 109 6 25.0 58.3
110 119 3 12.5 70.8
120 129 3 12.5 83.3
130 139 2 8.3 91.6
140 149 1 4.2 95.8
150 and over 1 4.2 100.0
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HISTOGRAM
BAR GRAPH
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Stem Leaf
8 279
9 3678
10 235679
11 159
12 078
13 1
14 0
15
16 2
SPSS OUTPUT OF A
FREQUENCY POLYGON
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PIE CHART
SCATTER PLOT
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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Summarizing Data:
MEAN
Most commonly called the average.
Y-bar = Yi
n
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MEAN
Whats up with all those symbols, man?
Y-bar = (Y1 + Y2 + . . . + Yn)
n
Y-bar = Y
n
i
MEAN
Class A--IQs of 13 Students Class B--IQs of 13 Students
102 115 127 162
128 109 131 103
131 89 96 111
98 106 80 109
140 119 93 87
93 97 120 105
110 109
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MEAN
The mean is the balance point.
Each persons score is like 1 pound placed at the scores position
on a see-saw. Below, on a 200 cm see-saw, the mean equals 110,
the place on the see-saw where a fulcrum finds balance:
1 lb at 1 lb at 1 lb at
93 cm 106 cm 110 cm 131 cm
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units units units
0
below above
below units
MEAN
Income in Malaysia.
Syed Al-Bukhary
All of Us
Mean Outlier
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MEDIAN
MEDIAN
Class A--IQs of 13 Students
89
93
97
98
102
106
Median = 109
109
110 (six cases above, six below)
115
119
128
131
140
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MEDIAN
If the first student were to drop out of Class A, there would
be a new median:
89
93
97
98
102
106
109
110 Median = 109.5
115 109 + 110 = 219/2 = 109.5
119 (six cases above, six below)
128
131
140
MEDIAN
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MEDIAN
2. If the recorded values for a variable form a symmetric
distribution, the median and mean are identical.
3. In skewed data, the mean lies further toward the skew
than the median.
Symmetric Skewed
Mean
Median
Median Mean
MEDIAN
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MODE
The most common data point is called the mode.
MODE
It may mot be at the center
of a distribution.
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MODE
1. It may give you the most likely experience rather than
the typical or central experience.
2. In symmetric distributions, the mean, median, and mode
are the same.
3. In skewed data, the mean and median lie further
toward the skew than the mode.
Symmetric Skewed
Mean
Median
Mode Mode Median Mean
If you want to know which score occurred most often, then the
mode is the choice.
The median is a better choice to serve as the representative score
because it takes into account all the data in the distribution. However,
it treats all scores alike; differences in magnitude are not taken into
account.
When the mean is calculated, the value of each number is taken into
account.
When the scores in your distribution tend to cluster in one of
the tails (i.e., a cluster of high or low scores) the distribution is
skewed (i.e., a nonsymmetrical distribution). In these instances,
the median may be more appropriate.
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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Summarizing Data:
RANGE
The spread, or the distance, between the lowest and
highest values of a variable.
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INTERQUARTILE RANGE
A quartile is the value that marks one of the divisions that breaks a series of values into
four equal parts.
25th percentile is a quartile that divides the first of cases from the latter .
75th percentile is a quartile that divides the first of cases from the latter .
The interquartile range is the distance or range between the 25th percentile and the 75th
percentile. Below, what is the interquartile range?
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VARIANCE
A measure of the spread of the recorded values on a variable. A
measure of dispersion.
The larger the variance, the further the individual cases are from the
mean.
Mean
The smaller the variance, the closer the individual scores are to the
mean.
Mean
VARIANCE
Variance is a number that at first seems complex to calculate.
Yi Y-bar
If the average persons car costs $20,000,
my deviation from the mean is - $14,000!
6K - 20K = -14K
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VARIANCE
The deviation of 102 from 110.54 is? Deviation of 115?
VARIANCE
The deviation of 102 from 110.54 is? Deviation of 115 from 110.54?
102 - 110.54 = -8.54 115 - 110.54 = 4.46
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VARIANCE
We want to add these to get total deviations, but if we
were to do that, we would get zero every time. Why?
We need a way to eliminate negative signs.
VARIANCE
If you were to add all the squared deviations together, youd get what we
call the Sum of Squares.
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VARIANCE
Class A--IQs of 13
Class A, sum of squares: Students
(102 110.54)2 + (115 110.54)2 + 102 115
(126 110.54)2 + (109 110.54)2 + 128 109
(131 110.54)2 + (89 110.54)2 + 131 89
(98 110.54)2 + (106 110.54)2 +
98 106
(140 110.54)2 + (119 110.54)2 +
(93 110.54)2 + (97 110.54)2 + 140 119
(110 110.54) = SS = 2825.39 93 97
110
Y-bar = 110.54
VARIANCE
The last step
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VARIANCE
For Class A,Variance = 2825.39 / n - 1
= 2825.39 / 12 = 235.45
STANDARD DEVIATION
To convert variance into something of meaning, lets create
standard deviation.
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STANDARD DEVIATION
For Class A, the standard deviation is:
235.45 = 15.34
Review:
1. Deviation
2. Deviation squared
3. Sum of squares
4.Variance
5. Standard deviation
STANDARD DEVIATION
1. Larger s.d. = greater amounts of variation around the mean.
For example:
19 25 31 13 25 37
Y = 25 Y = 25
s.d. = 3 s.d. = 6
2. s.d. = 0 only when all values are the same (only when you have a constant and
not a variable)
3. If you were to rescale a variable, the s.d. would change by the same
magnitudeif we changed units above so the mean equaled 250, the s.d. on the
left would be 30, and on the right, 60
4. Like the mean, the s.d. will be inflated by an outlier case value.
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STANDARD DEVIATION
Note about computational formulas:
Your book provides a useful short-cut formula for computing the variance
and standard deviation.
This is intended to make hand calculations as quick as possible.
They obscure the conceptual understanding of our statistics.
SPSS and the computer are computational formulas now.
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SYMBOLS IN STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Summarizing Data:
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BOX-PLOTS
A way to graphically portray almost all the
descriptive statistics at once is the box-plot.
BOX-PLOTS
IQR = 27; There
is no outlier.
162
123.5
M=110.5 106.5
96.5
82
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SHAPE OF DISTRIBUTIONS
Shape of distribution is measured by
Skewness & Kurtosis
When the scores in your distribution tend to cluster in one of the tails
(i.e., a cluster of high scores or a cluster of low scores) the
distribution is skewed.
Positively Skewed Distributions occur when there is cluster of lower
scores, the smaller, more spread-out tail will be on the right (i.e., fewer
high scores).
Negatively Skewed Distributions occur when there is a cluster of higher
scores, the smaller more spread out tail will be on the left (i.e., fewer
small scores).
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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Now you are qualified use descriptive statistics!
Questions?
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