Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fem Attachment PDF
Fem Attachment PDF
CONTENTS
UNIT I
Fundamental Concepts
Syllabus
General Methods of the Finite Element Analysis
General Steps of the Finite Element Analysis
Boundary Conditions
Consideration during Discretization process
Rayleigh Ritz Method (Variational Approach)
Problems (I set)
Weighted Residual method
Problems (II set)
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operation
Gaussian Elimination Method
Problems (III set)
Advantages of Finite Element Method
Disadvantages of Finite Element Method
Applications of Finite Element Analysis
UNIT II
One Dimension Problems
Syllabus
One Dimensional elements
Bar, Beam and Truss
Stress, Strain and Displacement
Types of Loading
Finite Element Modeling
Co Ordinates
Natural Co Ordinate ()
Shape function
Polynomial Shape function
Stiffness Matrix [K]
Properties of Stiffness Matrix
Equation of Stiffness Matrix for One dimensional bar element
Finite Element Equation for One dimensional bar element
The Load (or) Force Vector {F}
Problem (I set)
Trusses
Stiffness Matrix [K] for a truss element
Finite Element Equation for Two noded Truss element
Problem (II set)
The Galerkin Approach
Types of beam
Types of Transverse Load
Problem (III set)
UNIT III
Two Dimension Problems Scalar variable Problems
Syllabus
Two dimensional elements
Plane Stress and Plane Strain
Finite Element Modeling
Constant Strain Triangular (CST) Element
Shape function for the CST element
Displacement function for the CST element
Strain Displacement matrix [B] for CST element
Stress Strain relationship matrix (or) Constitutive matrix [D] for two dimensional
element
Stress Strain relationship matrix for two dimensional plane stress problems
Stress Strain relationship matrix for two dimensional plane strain problems
Stiffness matrix equation for two dimensional element (CST element)
Temperature Effects
Galerkin Approach
Linear Strain Triangular (LST) element
Problem (I set)
Scalar variable problems
Equation of Temperature function (T) for one dimensional heat conduction
Equation of Shape functions (N1 & N2) for one dimensional heat conduction
Equation of Stiffness Matrix (K) for one dimensional heat conduction
Finite Element Equations for one dimensional heat conduction
Finite element Equation for Torsional Bar element
Problem (II set)
UNIT IV
AXISYMMETRIC CONTINUUM
Syllabus
Elasticity Equations
Axisymmetric Elements
Axisymmetric Formulation
Equation of shape function for Axisymmetric element
Equation of Strain Displacement Matrix [B] for Axisymmetric element
Equation of Stress Strain Matrix [D] for Axisymmetric element
Equation of Stiffness Matrix [K] for Axisymmetric element
Temperature Effects
Problem (I set)
UNIT V
ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS FOR TWO DIMENSIONAL CONTINUUM
Syllabus
Isoparametric element
Superparametric element
Subparametric element
Equation of Shape function for 4 noded rectangular parent element
Equation of Stiffness Matrix for 4 noded isoparametric quadrilateral element
Equation of element force vector
Numerical Integration (Gaussian Quadrature)
Problem (I set)
ME 1401 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Syllabus
Historical background Matrix approach Application to the continuum
Discretisation Matrix algebra Gaussian elimination Governing equations for
continuum Classical Techniques in FEM Weighted residual method Ritz
method
Boundary Conditions
It can be either on displacements or on stresses. The boundary conditions on
displacements to prevail at certain points on the boundary of the body, whereas
the boundary conditions on stresses require that the stresses induced must be in
equilibrium with the external forces applied at certain points on the boundary of
the body.
Problems (I set)
1. A simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load over entire
span. Determine the bending moment and deflection at midspan by using
Rayleigh Ritz method and compare with exact solutions.
2. A bar of uniform cross section is clamed at one end and left free at another end
and it is subjected to a uniform axial load P. Calculate the displacement and stress
in a bar by using two terms polynomial and three terms polynomial. Compare
with exact solutions.
4. Galerkins method.
wi = Ni (x)
Ni (x) [R (x; a1, a2, a3 an)]2 dx = 0, i = 1, 2, 3, n.
Problems (II set)
1. The following differential equation is available for a physical phenomenon.
2
d y
+ 50 = 0, 0 x 10. Trial function is y = a1x (10-x). Boundary conditions
2
dx
are y (0) = 0 and y (10) = 0. Find the value of the parameter a1 by the following
methods, (1) Point collocation method, (2) Subdomain collocation method, (3)
Least square method and (4) Galerkins method.
Matrix Algebra
Equal matrix: Two matrixes are having same order and corresponding elements
are equal.
Diagonal matrix: Square matrix in which all the elements other than the diagonal
are zero.
Scalar matrix: Square matrix in which all the elements are equal.
Unit matrix: All diagonal elements are unity and other elements are zero.
Matrix Operation
Scalar multiplication, Addition and Subtraction of matrices, Multiplication of
matrices, Transpose of a matrix, Determinant of a matrix, inverse of a matrix,
Cofactor or Adjoint method to determine the inverse of a matrix, Row reduction
method (Gauss Jordan method) to determine the inverse of a matrix, Matrix
differentiation and matrix integration.
Gaussian Elimination Method
It is most commonly used for solving simultaneous linear equations. It is easily
adapted to the computer for solving such equations.
Problems (III set)
1. 3x+y-z = 3, 2x-8y+z = -5, x-2y+9z = 8. Solve by using Gauss Elimination
method.
2. 2a+4b+2c = 15, 2a+b+2c = -5, 4a+b-2c = 0. Solve the equations by using
Gauss Elimination method.
Syllabus
Finite element modeling Coordinates and shape functions- Potential energy
approach Galarkin approach Assembly of stiffness matrix and load vector Finite
element equations Quadratic shape functions Applications to plane trusses
Types of Loading
(1) Body force (f)
It is a distributed force acting on every elemental volume of the body. Unit
is Force / Unit volume. Ex: Self weight due to gravity.
(2) Traction (T)
It is a distributed force acting on the surface of the body. Unit is
Force / Unit area. But for one dimensional problem, unit is Force / Unit length.
Ex: Frictional resistance, viscous drag and Surface shear.
(3) Point load (P)
It is a force acting at a particular point which causes displacement.
Finite Element Modeling
It has two processes.
(1) Discretization of structure
(2) Numbering of nodes.
CO ORDINATES
(A) Global co ordinates, (B) Local co ordinates and (C) Natural co
ordinates.
Natural Co Ordinate ()
pc
= x 2 x1
2
Integration of polynomial terms in natural co ordinates for two dimensional
elements can be performed by using the formula,
! ! !
L L
L
dA X 2A
1 2 3
!
Shape function
N1N2N3 are usually denoted as shape function. In one dimensional problem, the
displacement
u = Ni ui =N1 u1
For two noded bar element, the displacement at any point within the element is
given by,
u = Ni ui =N1 u1 + N2 u2
For three noded triangular element, the displacement at any point within the
element is given by,
u = Ni ui =N1 u1 + N2 u2 + N3 u3
v = Ni vi =N1 v1 + N2 v2 + N3 v3
B DBdv
T
Stiffness Matrix [K] =
V
Properties of Stiffness Matrix
1. It is a symmetric matrix, 2. The sum of elements in any column must be equal
to zero, 3. It is an unstable element. So the determinant is equal to zero.
AE 1 1
l 1 1
[K] =
F1 AE 1 1 u1
1 1 u
2
F l 2
The Load (or) Force Vector {F}
F e Al
1
2 1
Problem (I set)
1. A two noded truss element is shown in figure. The nodal displacements are
u1 = 5 mm and u2 = 8 mm. Calculate the displacement at x = , 1/3 and .
Trusses
It is made up of several bars, riveted or welded together. The following
assumptions are made while finding the forces in a truss,
(a) All members are pin joints, (b) The truss is loaded only at the joints, (c) The
self weight of the members is neglected unless stated.
l2 lm l2 lm
2
m2 lm m
K Ae E e lm
l e l 2 lm l2 lm
2
lm m m
2
lm
Finite Element Equation for Two noded Truss element
F1 l2 lm l2 lm u1
F
2 Ae E e lm m2 lm m 2 u 2
l 2 lm
F3 le l2 lm u 3
F4 lm m m 2
u 4
2
lm
Types of beam
1. Cantilever beam, 2. Simply Supported beam, 3. Over hanging beam, 4. Fixed
beam and 5. Continuous beam.
Types of Transverse Load
1. Point or Concentrated Load, 2. Uniformly Distributed Load and 3. Uniformly
Varying Load.
Syllabus
Finite element modeling CST & LST elements Elements equations Load vectors and
boundary conditions Assembly Applications to scalar variable problems such as torsion,
heat transfer.
The element connectivity table for the above domain is explained as table.
q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1
0 r1 0 r2 0 r3
Strain Displacement matrix [B] =
2A
r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q 3
Where, q1 = y2 y3 r1 = x3 x2
q2 = y3 y1 r2 = x1 x3
q3 = y1 y2 r3 = x2 x1
Stress Strain relationship matrix (or) Constitutive matrix [D] for two
dimensional element
1 v v v 0 0 0
v 1 v v 0 0 0
v v 1 v 0 0 0
E
[D] =
1 v 1 2v 0 0 0
1 2v
0 0
2
0 1 2v
0 0 0 0
2
1 2v
0 0 0 0 0
2
Stress Strain relationship matrix for two dimensional plane stress problems
The normal stress z and shear stresses xz, yz are zero.
1 v 0
E
v 1 0
[D] = 1 v 2
1 v
0 0
2
(1 v) v 0
E v (1 v) 0
[D] =
1 v 1 2v 1 2v
0 0
2
q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1
0 r1 0 r2 0 r3
[B] =
2A
r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q 3
For plane stress problems,
1 v 0
E
v 1 0
[D] = 1 v 2
1 v
0 0
2
For plane strain problems,
(1 v ) v 0
E v (1 v) 0
[D] =
1 v 1 2v 1 2v
0 0
2
Temperature Effects
Distribution of the change in temperature (T) is known as strain. Due to the
change in temperature can be considered as an initial strain e0.
= D (Bu - e0)
Galerkin Approach
Stiffness matrix [K] e = [B]T [D][B] A t.
Force Vector {F}e = [K]e {u}
The two dimensional propped beam shown in figure. It is divided into two CST
elements. Determine the nodal displacement and element stresses using plane stress
conditions. Body force is neglected in comparison with the external forces.
Take, Thickness (t) = 10mm,
Youngs modulus (E) = 2x105 N/mm2,
Poissons ratio (v) = 0.25.
1
K c Ak
1
l 1 1
Finite Element Equations for one dimensional heat conduction
Case (i): One dimensional heat conduction with free end convection
Ak 1 1 0 0 T1 0
1 1 hA0 1 T hT A1
l 2
Case (ii): One dimensional element with conduction, convection and internal heat
generation.
M 1x GJ 1 1 1x
1 1
M 2 x l 2 x
GJ 1 1
l 1 1
Where, Stiffness matrix [K] =
Syllabus
Axisymmetric formulation Element stiffness matrix and force vector Galarkin approach
Body forces and temperature effects Stress calculations Boundary conditions
Applications to cylinders under internal or external pressures Rotating discs
Elasticity Equations
Elasticity equations are used for solving structural mechanics problems. These
equations must be satisfied if an exact solution to a structural mechanics problem
is to be obtained. The types of elasticity equations are
1. Strian Displacement relationship equations
u v u v u w
ex ; ey ; xy ; xz ;
x y y x z x
v w
yz .
z y
ex Strain in X direction, ey Strain in Y direction.
xy - Shear Strain in XY plane, xz - Shear Strain in XZ plane,
1 v v v 0 0 0
x v 1 v v 0 0 0 e x
y v v 1 v 0 0 0 ex
z 1 2v e
E
0 0 0 0 0 x
xy 1 v 1 2v 2 xy
0 1 2v
yz 0 0 0 0 yz
2
zx 1 2v zx
0 0 0 0 0
2
Stress, Shear Stress, E Youngs Modulus, v Poissons Ratio,
e Strain, - Shear Strain.
3. Equilibrium equations
x xy xz y yz xy
Bx 0 ; By 0
x y z y z x
z xz yz
Bz 0
z x y
Stress, Shear Stress, Bx - Body force at X direction,
4. Compatibility equations
There are six independent compatibility equations, one of which is
2 e x e y xy
2 2
y 2
x 2
xy .
u
u r , z
w
r
Stress,
z
rz
The strain e is given by
er
e
Strain , e
ez
rz
Equation of shape function for Axisymmetric element
Shape function,
1 1 r 1 z 2 2r 2 z 3 3r 3 z
N1 ; N2 ; N3
2A 2A 2A
1 = r2z3 r3z2; 2 =r3z1 r1z3; 3 = r1z2 r2z1
1 = z2-z3; 2 = z3-z1; 3 = z1-z2
1 = r3-r2; 2 = r1-r3; 3 = r2-r1
2A = (r2z3 r3z2)-r1(r3z1 r1z3)+z1(r1z2 r2z1)
Equation of Strain Displacement Matrix [B] for Axisymmetric element
u1
1 0 2 0 3 0 w
1
1
z 2 2z 3 3z
1 1 1 2 3 0 u 2
B r r
0
r r
0
r r
2A
0 1 0 2 0 3 w2
1 1 2 2 3 3 u3
w3
r1 r 2 r 3
r
3
1 v v v 0
v 1 v v 0
D E
0
1 v 1 2v v v 1 v
1 2v
0 0 0
2
Equation of Stiffness Matrix [K] for Axisymmetric element
K 2 rABT DB
r1 r 2 r 3
r ; A = () bxh
3
Temperature Effects
The thermal force vector is given by
f t 2 rABDet
F1u
F w
1
F u
f t 2
F2 w
F3u
F3 w
Problem (I set)
1. For the given element, determine the stiffness matrix. Take E=200GPa and
= 0.25.
2. For the figure, determine the element stresses. Take E=2.1x105N/mm2 and
= 0.25. The co ordinates are in mm. The nodal displacements are u 1=0.05mm,
w1=0.03mm, u2=0.02mm, w2=0.02mm, u3=0.0mm, w3=0.0mm.
Syllabus
The four node quadrilateral Shape functions Element stiffness matrix and force
vector Numerical integration - Stiffness integration Stress calculations Four node
quadrilateral for axisymmetric problems.
Isoparametric element
Generally it is very difficult to represent the curved boundaries by straight edge
elements. A large number of elements may be used to obtain reasonable
resemblance between original body and the assemblage. In order to overcome this
drawback, isoparametric elements are used.
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same as number of nodes
used defining the displacements, then it is known as isoparametric element.
Superparametric element
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is more than number of
nodes used for defining the displacements, then it is known as superparametric
element.
Subparametric element
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than number of
nodes used for defining the displacements, then it is known as subparametric
element.
Equation of Shape function for 4 noded rectangular parent element
x1
y
2
x1
x N 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 y2
u 1
y 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4 x3
y3
x4
y
4
N1=1/4(1-) (1-); N2=1/4(1+) (1-); N3=1/4(1+) (1+); N4=1/4(1-) (1+).
Equation of Stiffness Matrix for 4 noded isoparametric quadrilateral element
1 1 T
K t B DB J
1 1
J
J 11 J 12
J 21 J 22 ;
J11
1
1 x1 1 x2 (1 ) x3 (1 ) x4 ;
4
J 12
1
1 y1 1 y2 (1 ) y3 (1 ) y4 ;
4
J 21
1
1 x1 1 x2 (1 ) x3 (1 ) x4 ;
4
J 22
1
1 y1 1 y2 (1 ) y3 (1 ) y4 ;
4
N1 N 2 N 3 N 4
0 0 0 0
N 3
J 22 J 12 0 0 N1 0
N 2
0 0
N 4
0
1
B 0 0 J 21 J 11
J N1 N 2 N 3 N 4
J 21 J 11 J 22 J 12 0 0 0 0
0 N1 N 2 N 3 N 4
0 0 0
1 v v 0
E
[ D] v 1 0
(1 v 2 ) 1 v , for plane stress conditions;
0 0
2
1 v v 0
E
[ D] v 1 v 0
(1 v)(1 2v) 1 2v , for plane strain conditions.
0 0
2
Equation of element force vector
Fx
F e [N ] ;
T
Fy
N Shape function, Fx load or force along x direction,
Fy load or force along y direction.
f ( x)dx w f ( x )
1 i 1
i i
1 x1 = 0.000 2.000
2 1
x1, x2 = 0.577350269189
3 1.000
5
x1, x3
3
0.774596669241 0.555555
3 5 9
8
x2=0.000 0.888888
9
Problem (I set)
1
x
1. Evaluate I cos 2 dx , by applying 3 point Gaussian quadrature and
1
1
1
2. Evaluate I 3e x2
x
dx , using one point and two point
1
x 2
Gaussian quadrature. Compare with exact solution.
3. For the isoparametric quadrilateral element shown in figure, determine the
local co ordinates of the point P which has Cartesian co-ordinates (7, 4).
4. A four noded rectangular element is in figure. Determine (i) Jacobian
matrix, (ii) Strain Displacement matrix and (iii) Element Stresses. Take
E=2x105N/mm2,= 0.25, u=[0,0,0.003,0.004,0.006, 0.004,0,0] T, = 0, =0.
Assume plane stress condition.