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Fluid Mechanics - I Experiments Index Expt. No. Name of The Experiment
Fluid Mechanics - I Experiments Index Expt. No. Name of The Experiment
INDEX
Expt.
Name of The Experiment
No.
EXPERIMENT NO :
Q ac = V / t = (A.H) / t
Where:
A1 : Cross section area of Venturimeter at entry section.
A2 : Cross section area of Venturimeter at throat section.
H : Pressure head difference in terms of fluid flowing through
pipeline system.
V : (A.H) i.e. Volume of water collected in collecting tank
A : Cross section area of collecting tank.
H : (H2 H1) i.e. Depth of water collected in collecting tank.
t : Time required to collect the water up to a height H in the
collecting tank.
In order to take real flow effect into account, coefficient of discharge (Cd ) must be
introduced in equation 1 then,
Q ac = Cd.A.(2g.H)1/2
Therefore, Cd = Q ac / Q th
Theoretical discharge is calculated by using equation 1. Actual discharge is calculated by
collecting water in collecting tank & noting the time for collection.
Procedure :
* Note the pipe diameter (d1) and throat diameter (d2) of Venturimeter.
* Note the density of manometric liquid i.e. mercury (m) and that of fluid flowing
through pipeline i.e. water (w ).
* Start the flow and adjust the control valve in pipeline for maximum discharge.
* Measure the pressure difference (Hm) across the Venturimeter by using U tube
manometer.
* Measure flow rate i.e. actual discharge (Qac) through Venturimeter by means of
collecting tank.
* Calculate the theoretical discharge (Qth) through Venturimeter by using the formula.
* Decrease the flow rate by adjusting the control valve and repeat the process for at least
five times.
* Determine the coefficient of discharge (Cd) for each flow rate and find the mean value
of coefficient of discharge (Cd) mean.
* Plot a graph of (Qac) on y-axis versus (Qth) on x- axis.
* Calculate the slope of graph of (Qac) versus (Qth), it gives the mean value of
coefficient of discharge (Cd) mean graphically.
Observation :
Actual
Manometric Pressure Tank
Dischar
Reading Head Diff. Reading Q th =
ge
Tim Cd
Sr. e A1A2(2g =
Rig Diff
No Left H= Diff. t Q ac = H)1/2
ht . Initi
. Lim Hm[(m/w Final H2 - (A.H) Q
Lim h2 - al
b ) -1] H1 /t [A12 ac
b h1
A22]1/2
h1 h2 Hm H1 H2 H Q
m sec m3 / sec m3 / sec
m m m m m m th
* Coefficient of discharge
Cd = Q ac / Q th
Cd = _____ / ______
Cd = ______.
* Mean coefficient of discharge,
(Cd) mean= ( ____ +_____+_____+_____+______ ) / 5.
= _______.
* From graph,
(Cd) mean = (Y) / (X)
= ______ / ______
= _______.
Experimental Setup :
From Storage
Flow Control Valve
Convergent Cone
Throat
Divergent Cone
Pipeline
d1 d2
Hm
h2
h1
H
U -Tube Manometer H2
H1
Collecting Tank
EXPERIMENT NO :
Where:
C : Constant i.e. Coefficient of Orificemeter.
Again,
Actual discharge through Orificemeter
Q ac = V / t = (A.H) / t
V : (A.H) i.e. Volume of water collected in collecting tank
A : Cross section area of collecting tank.
H : (H2 H1) i.e. Depth of water collected in collecting tank.
t : Time required to collect the water up to a height H in the
collecting tank.
Theory : It works on Bernoullis principle and device use for measuring the rate of
fluid flowing through a pipe. It is a cheaper device as compared to venturimeter. It
consists of flat circular plate which has a circular sharp edge hole called as orifice called
as which is concentric with pipe. The orifice diameter is generally kept lines the
diameter of pipe.
A mercury U-tube manometer is inserted to know the difference of pressure head between
the two tapping.
Orificemeter works on the same principle as that of Venturimeter i.e. by reducing the area
of flow passage a pressure difference is developed between the two section and the
measurement of pressure difference is used to find the discharge.
By applying Bernoullis equation between inlet of pipe & throat i.e. orifice section.
Further if a1 & a2 be the cross section area of Pipe at inlet & that of jet respectively, then
by continuity equation
Q = a1v1 = a2v2
a2 = a1v1 / v2 ------------------------------------------------------- a
If Cc = Coefficient of contraction = a2 / a0
Cc = Area of jet at vena contracta / Area of orifice
a2 = Cc a0 ------------------------------------------------------- b
v1 = Cc v2 (a0 / a1)
From equation 1; v2 = ( 2gh + v12 )1/2 in this equation losses has not been
considered and gives theoretical velocity.
v2 = ( 2gh + v12 )1/2
Procedure :
* Note the diameter at the inlet of pipe (d1) and the diameter of an orifice (do).
* Note the density of manometric liquid i.e. mercury (m) and that of fluid flowing
through pipeline i.e. water (w).
* Connect the U-tube manometer to the pressure toppings of orificemeter, one end at the
inlet section and the other end at the section where jet of water leaves from orifice
forming a vena contracta.
* Start the flow and adjust the control valve in pipeline to get the required discharge.
* Measure the pressure difference (Hm) between two sections of orificemeter by using U
- tube mercury manometer.
* Convert the pressure head difference in meters of fluid flowing through pipeline ( i.e.
water ) by using the equation h = Hm [(m / w) -1]
* Measure flow rate i.e. actual discharge (Qac) through Venturimeter by means
collecting the water in collecting tank for a specified period of time.
Q ac = V / t = (A.H) / t
* Change the flow rate by adjusting the control valve and repeat the process or at least
five times.
* Determine the constant (C) of orificemeter and then calculate coefficient of discharge
(Cd) for each flow rate and find the mean value of coefficient of discharge (Cd) mean.
Observation :
Actual
Manometric Pressure Tank Constant of
Discha
Reading Head Diff. Reading Orificemet Coeffi
rge
Tim er cient
Sr. e of
Le Rig Diff
No h= Diff. t Q ac = C= Disch
ft ht . Initi Fin
. Hm[(m/w H2 - (A.H Qac [a12 arge
Li Lim h2 - al al
) -1] H1 )/t a02]1/2
mb b h1
Cd
h1 h2 Hm H1 H2 H m3 / [a1.a0( 2g.h
m sec )1/2]
m m m m m m sec
1
5
Sample Calculation : For Observation No. ___.
* Actual discharge,
Qac = (A.H) / t
= (______ x ______) / ______
= _______ m3 / sec.
* Constant of Orificemeter,
EXPERIMENT NO :
The flow of water through a pipeline is regulated by operating a control valve which is
provided in main supply line, for measuring the head loss. The length of the pipe is
considered as a distance between the two pressure tapping, to which a U Tube mercury
manometer is fitted.
Actual discharge through pipeline is calculated by collecting the water in collecting tank
and by noting the time for collection.
Q ( A.H ) / t
Velocity of flow = V = =
a a
Where :
A = Area of tank.
H = Depth of water collected in tank.
t = Time required to collect the water up to a height H in the tank.
a = Area of pipe.
Q = Discharge through pipe.
PA P h . .g
+ z = B + ( z hm ) + m m W = Weight of water
w w w
W = w .g
PA P h . .g Z . w .g
B = m m hm Z=
w .g w .g w .g w .g
PA PB ( Z hm ). w .g
= hm m 1 Z hm =
w .g w w .g
PA PB
h f = hm m 1 hf =
w w .g
Procedure :
Observation :
Observation Table :
.d 2 .( )2
* a = c/s area of pipe = = = m2
4 4
* Frictional head loss = h f = hm m 1
w
13600
h f = 1 = __________ m
1000
A.H
* Actual Discharge = Qac = =
t
Qac = ______ m3 / Sec
Qac
* Velocity of flow = V = =
a
V = _____ m / Sec
2h f .g .d
* Friction factor = F = = =
l.V 2
OR
2.h f .g .d .
* Coeff. of friction = f = =
4.l.V 2
+ + + +
* Mean friction factor = fmean = =
EXPERIMENT NO :
Name of the Experiment : To determine loss of head & power Loss due to
Sudden Expansion.
(V1 V2 ) 2
he =
2. g
Consider a fluid flowing through a pipe line which has sudden enlargement. Consider
two section 1 1 and 2 2 before and after enlargement.
Let,
Due to sudden change of diameter, the liquid flowing from smaller pipe is not able
to fallow abrupt change of boundary and turbulent eddies are formed, since the
flow separates from the boundary.
Let,
P1 = Pressure intensity of the liquid eddies on Area A2 A1,
he = Loss of head due to expansion.
2 2
P1 V1 P V
+ + Z 1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 + he
w 2.g w 2.g
But Z1 = Z2
P P V V
2 2
he = 1 2 + 1 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.
w w 2.g 2.g
Net force acting on the control vol. in the direction of flow must be equal to the rate
of change of momentum per second. Hence equating equation 2 and 3..
( P1 - P2 ) A2 = A2 (V22 V1 V2)
P P2
1 = V22 V1 V2
Dividing throughout by g
Substituting in equation 1.
(V1 V2 ) 2
he =
2. g
Procedure :
Observation :
A1 = Area of flow at section 1 -1 = ____________ cm2
V1 = Velocity of flow at section 1 - 1 = ________ cm / sec.
A2 = Area of flow at section 2 - 2 = __________ cm2
V2 = Velocity of flow at section 2 - 2 = ________ cm / sec.
he = Loss of head due to sudden expansion.
Observation Table :
Manomete
r Reading
Power
(cm) (V1 V2 ) 2
Sr. t V1 V2
he =
Lost Mean
hm hw=12. V Q
No (Sec cm/ cm/ 2. g P=.Q.g.h Power
= 6 x hm cm3 cm3/s
. h h ) s s cm w Watt
h2
1 2 Watt
-
h1
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
Sample Calculation :
* hm = h2 h1 = _______-_______ = _______ cm
V A.H
* Actual Discharge = Q = = =
t t
Q = ______ cm3 / Sec
4.Q
* Inlet Velocity = V1 =
(d1 )2
V1 = = cm / sec
d12
* Outlet Velocity = V2 = V1 = = cm / sec
d 22
(V1 V2 ) 2
* Loss of head due to Sudden Expansion = he =
2. g
he = = cm
EXPERIMENT NO :
Name of the Experiment : To determine loss of head & power Loss due to
Sudden Contraction.
Consider a liquid flowing in a pipe which has a sudden contraction in area. Consider
tow section 1 1 and 2 2, before and after contraction.
As the fluid flows from larger pipe to smaller pipe, the area of flow goes on decreasing
and becomes minimum at section C C. This section is called vena- contracta. After
section C C sudden enlargement takes place. The loss of head duet to sudden
enlargement from Vena-contract to smaller pipe.
Let;
Now,
hc = actually loss of head due to enlargement from Vena - contracta to section 2 - 2
and is given by
hc = (Vc V2 )2
V 2 Vc
hc = 1
2. g V 2
Vc A 1 1
= c = =
A2 A2 Ac Cc
A2
Substituting in equation 1
V22 1
hc = 1
2. g C c
If valve of CC is not given, then the head loss due to contraction is given as
0.5.V22
hc =
2. g
Procedure :
Observation :
Observation Table :
Manomete
r Reading
Power
(cm) 0.5.V22
Sr. t V2
hc =
Lost Mean
hm hw=12. V Q
No (Sec cm/ 2. g P=.Q.g.h Power
= 6 x hm cm3 cm3/s
. h h ) s cm w Watt
h2
1 2 Watt
-
h1
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
Sample Calculation :
* hm = h2 h1 = _______-_______ = _______ cm
V A.H
* Actual Discharge = Q = = =
t t
Q = ______ cm3 / Sec
4.Q
* Outlet Velocity = V2 = = = cm / sec
(d 2 )2
0.5.V22
* Loss of head due to Sudden Contraction = hc =
2. g
hc = = cm
EXPERIMENT NO :
.V .D
Formula : Re =
Where :
Laminar Flow : A flow is said to be laminar when the various fluid particles moves in
layer with one layer of fluid living smoothly over on adjacent layer.A laminar flow is one
in which the fluid particles moves in layers or laminar with one layer sliding over the
other. Therefore there is no exchange of fluid particles from one layer to the other and
hence no transfer of later of momentum to be adjacent layers. The particles, in the
layer having lower velocity, obstruct the fluid particles in the layer with higher velocity.
This obstruction force is called viscous resistance or viscosity. The laminar flow is one
in which fluid layers glide over each another. It has low velocity and high viscous
resistance.
The flow can be visualized by passing a streak of dye and observing its motion. In
the laminar, low velocity flow the streak line is only slightly zig zag. In the turbulent
flow, the dye thoroughly mixes up in the flow. Thus passing through a glass pipe and
observing the velocity at different mixing stages of the dye is the principle on which
Reynolds apparatus is based.
Procedure :
Observation :
Discharge Velocity
Sr. H1 H2 H Time .V .D Type of
A.H Q Re =
No. (cm) (cm) (cm) t Q= V = Flow
(Sec) t a
01.
02.
03.
04.
Sample Calculation :
EXPERIMENT NO :
P V2
Formula : Total Energy = + + Z = Constant
w 2. g
Where,
P / w = Pressure energy
V2 / 2g = Kinetic energy
Z = Potential energy
Theory : The Bernoullis theorem states that the total energy of non Viscous in
compressible fluid in a steady state of flow, remains constant along a stream line
Daniel Bernoullis enunciated in 1738 that is In any stream flowing steadily without
friction, the total energy contained in a given mass is some at energy contained in a
given mass is some at energy point in its path of flow. This statement is called
Bernoullis theorem with reference to section 1 1 and 2 2 along the length of steady
flow in the stream tube shown in fig. The total energy at section 1 1 is equal to the total
energy - at section 2 2 as stated in Bernoullis theorem.
With usual notations, the expression for total energy contained in a unit wt of fluid at
section 1 1 and 2 2 is given by
Where,
P1 / W = pressure energy at section 1 1
V12 / 2g = Kinetic energy at section 1 1
Z1 = Potential energy at section 1 1
P2 / W = Pressure energy at section 2 2
V22 / 2g = Kinetic energy at section 2 2
Z2 = Potential energy at section 2 2
P1 / W + V12 / 2g + Z1 = P2 / W + V22 / 2g + Z2
P1 / W + V12 / 2g + Z1 = P2 / W + V22 / 2g + Z2 + ( H )1 / 2
* Open the measuring tank valve fully, to keep the tank empty. Close the outlet
valve.
* Open the inlet valve and let water rise to some height h in the inlet tank.
Measure this height on the piezometer. Now open the outlet valve slightly. If
water level in the tank falls, close the outlet valve slightly and vice-versa.
* Thus adjust the outlet valve fill the water level remains constant at h, and also
readings on each of the piezometer.
* Check if reading is correctly written. Close the measuring tank valve. Measure
the discharge, i.e. note rise in water level in 5 or 10 sec., write these and also
measure and note length and breath of the tank. This completes on run. Take at
least three runs by changing the discharge.
* Open the supply valve and adjust the flow so that the water level in the inlet
tanks remains constant.
* Measure the height of water level (above an arbitrarily selected suitable plane)
in different remains constant.
* Measure the discharge of the conduit with the help of measuring tank.
* Plot graph between total energy and distance of gauge points starting from u/s
side of conduit.
Observation :
Sample Calculation :
A.H
* Discharge = Qact = = = cm3/sec
t
Q
* Velocity = V = = = cm/sec
a
V2
* Velocity head = = = cm
2. g
P V2
* Total head = + + Z =( + + )= cm
w 2. g
P
* Draw the graph : a) No. of tubes to - + Z cm
w
V2
b) No. of tubes to - cm
2. g
P V2
c) No. of tubes to - + + Z cm
w 2. g
Result : The total energy of a streamline, while the particle moves from one
point to another. Bernoullis theorem for an incompressible fluid flow is
verified.
Date : ____________
EXPERIMENT NO :
V A.H
Formula : 1. Qac = =
t t
2
b 2.g (H ) 2
3
2. Qth =
3
Qac
3. Cd =
Qth
For finding the discharge of water flowing over notch, consider an elementary
horizontal strip of water of thickness dh and length surface of water.
H
Q = C d .b. 2.g . h.dh
0
Q = C d .b. 2.g
(H )3 2
3
2
2
b 2.g (H )
32
Qth =
3
Procedure :
Observation :
Observation Table :
Point Gauge
Discharge Measurement
Reading Qac
Sr. V A.H 2 Cd =
Diff.
Qth = b 2.g (H ) 2 Qth
3
No. Initial Final H t Qac = =
(H) t t 3
(cm) (cm) (cm) (sec)
(cm) (cm3 / s) (cm3 / s)
01.
02.
03.
04.
05
Sample Calculation :
V A.H
* Actual Discharge = Qac = = = = ________ cm3 / s
t t
2 2
* Theoretical Discharge = Qth = b 2.g (H ) 2 = ( ) 2 981( )2
3 3
3 3
Qth = __________ cm3 / s
Qac
* Coefficient of Discharge = C d = = = _______
Qth
+ + + +
* Mean Coefficient of Discharge = C d mean = = _____
5
EXPERIMENT NO :
V A.H
Formula : 1. Qac = =
t t
8
tan 2.g (H ) 2
5
2. Qth =
15 2
Q
3. C d = ac
Qth
Let H be the head above the crest of the weir. Consider a horizontally elementary
strip of thickness h at a depth h below the water surface. It X is width of strip then,
X = 2 ( H +h ) tan( /2)
The area of strip is ( X w h ) or { 2 ( H +h ) tan( /2) } and the technical velocity of the
water flowing through the strip will be 2.g.H .
The total discharge q for the entire triangular notch may be integration above
expression within limit O to H. Then,
H
Q = Cd . 2( Hh + H ) tan( 2)dh. 2.gh.
0
15 2
If the vector angle equal to 900 then for (/2) = 450 and tan (/2) = 1
8
Q = C d 2. g ( H ) 2
5
15
8
K= C d tan 2.g
15 2
Procedure :
Observation :
Point Gauge
Discharge Measurement
Reading Qac
Sr. Cd =
Diff. V A.H 8 Qth
tan 2.g (H )
5
No. Initial Final H t Qac = = Qth = 2
(cm) (cm)
(H) t t 15 2
(cm) (sec)
(cm) (cm3 / s) (cm3 / s)
01.
02.
03.
04.
05
Sample Calculation :
V A.H
* Actual Discharge = Qac = = = = ________ cm3 / s
t t
8
tan 2.g (H ) 2
5
* Theoretical Discharge = Qth =
15 2
8
2. 981( )2
5
Qth = tan
15 2
Qth = __________ cm3 / s
Qac
* Coefficient of Discharge = C d = = = _______
Qth
+ + + +
* Mean Coefficient of Discharge = C d mean = = _____
5
EXPERIMENT NO :
Apparatus : Inlet tank which is fed from on overhead tank through a pipe
network sharp edge orifice, hook gauge attached to the inlet
tank, Stop watch, Scale etc.
The water is allowed to flow through an orifice fitted to tank and a constant head H.
The water is collected in measuring tank for known time t . The height of water in the
measuring tank is noted.
1 2
Vertical distance y = g .t --------------------------------------------------------------- 2.
2
From equation 1 and 2.
x2 2. y
t2 = 2
( a ) & t 2 = (b)
v g
Equate (a) & (b)
g .x 2
v2 =
2. y
g .x 2
v=
2. y
v g .x 2 1
Coefficient of velocity = C v = = x
Vth 2. y 2.g.H
x2
Cv =
4. y.H
Cd
Coefficient of contraction = C c =
Cv
Procedure :
Observation :
A.H Qac
Sr. H t Qac = H Qth = a 2.g .H X Y Mean
t 3 Cd =
No. (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm /s) (cm) (cm) Qth Cd
(cm3/s)
01.
02.
03.
04.
Sr. x2 Mean Cd
Cv = Cc = Mean
No. 4. y.H Cv Cv
Cc
01.
02.
03.
04.
Sample Calculation :
V A.H
* Actual discharge = Qac = = = = ________ cm3 /sec
t t
* Theoretical discharge = Qth = a 2.g .H = _________ = _______cm3 /sec
Qac
* Coefficient of discharge = C d = = = _________
Qth
v x2
* Coefficient of velocity = C v = = Cv = = = _______
Vth 4. y.H
Cd
* Coefficient of contraction = C c = = = __________
Cv
EXPERIMENT NO :
Name of the Experiment : To study the Impact of Jet i.e. to verify the
momentum equation.
If a vertical water jet moving with velocity V is made to strike a target which is free
to move in vertical direction then the force will be exerted on the target by the impact
of jet. According to momentum equation this force (which is also equal to the force required
to bring back the target in its original position) must be equal to the rate of change of
momentum of the jet flow in the direction.
(
Fx = .Q. Vxout Vxin )
Fx = .Q.(V .Cos. V )
Fx = .Q.V .(1 Cos. )
For flat plate = 90
Fx = .Q.V
For hemispherical cup, = 180
Fx = 2. .Q.V
Here is the mass density, Q is the discharge through nozzle, V is the velocity at
exists of nozzle and a is area of nozzle.
.Q 2
Fx =
a
2. .Q 2
While for curved hemispherical Vane the force, Fx =
a
Procedure :
* Note down the dimension as area of collecting tank, mass density of water and
diameter of nozzle.
* The flat plate is inserted.
* When the jet is not running, note down the reading of upper disc.
* The water supply is admitted to the nozzle and the flow rate adjusted to its
max valve.
* As the jet strikes the vane, position of upper disc is changed. Now place the
weights to bring back the upper disc to its original position.
* The procedure is repeated for each valve of flow by reducing water supply.
* The procedure is repeated for 4 to 5 reading.
Observation :
.(d )2
Area of nozzle = Cross sectional area of pipe = a =
4
a = _______ = _______ cm2
Observation Table :
Sample Calculation :
.(d )2
* Area of nozzle = Cross sectional area of pipe = a =
4
a = _______ = _______ cm2
V A.H
* Actual discharge = Q = = = = ________ cm3 /sec
t t
W
* Force = F = 9.81 = 9.81 = _________ N
1000
2. .Q 2
'
* Practical Force ( For Horizontal Flat Vane) = F =
a
F'= = ________ N
2. .Q 2
* Practical Force ( For Curved Vane) = F ' =
a
F'= = ________ N