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1ru
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rn I 38I := I^t.egerPaltIpi] IlranspoEe IFactorlnteger [1358280] I l

o u tt 3 8 l = 3

rnt3el:: Int.egelPart ^ 10 / 35^!21 propei vc flvei pe duigopougtp6nooq.Aq 6ofge

ouvopnioscov
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In t4al := ? EacXorfntege!

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In tssl := r I3l
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2.3.Aox4oerE
2.3.1. No unol"oyioete rouq apr0pofq 2100 rcor 2.0100. Ilpoona0eiore 2 = | z l . e t o = p . ( c o s( l ) + i s l n o ) ,
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2.3.4. Na unoloyioele r1q napcord.oerg (nU )3 + 1or,u )' piqtq rnq eEiooonq5r3 - 3l x + 17 =O
f f ,rpoyporrKdq
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2.3.12.No ro.rooreud.oerello oDvdprnorl,q onoiavc Bpiorerapr0prlttrdrrp

n6prrq pi(o sv6goprgporlpenpoodyyroq25 ylqiov.

2.3.13.Nu rcrq.oreud.oere
pro ouvriprlol, I o7[oio0o uno],oyi(er"
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2.3.15.Na roro,oreudoarep1ooDvdprnor1 'n oroio,vo apr0prltrrd

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olt r45t= t{66, 6'7, , [62, 60, B4] ]

vc uvngetrrlriosr rouq flivoKg

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r {{x1}, {x2}, {x3}}; v= t{Y1, Y2, Y3}};
nou,ozl"ootcl(oupe56o 6rcv6opctc {a, b, c} rar {x, y, z} plorponorcilwoq rtlv
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xct ro 8efrspo odv Sldlrlol.to ct{lr1.'Etor, ouoruortrd einotpdrperto eorrrreptxd
{xl yl, x1 Y2, xI Y3]l,
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lxlyI, x2Y2, x2Y3j, {x3 Y1,

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t8l
o u t t 4 6 l : 2 x + 4 y + 6 2 txFo En:
y1 x1 y2 x1 Y3
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c,nor6leopu,{tav evaq 3x1. tot, rar or4 66o neprntritoergxo Mathematicq
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enrolpfyer pta l-iorc pLe rpia p6lr1. To napardtro ruapriSerypra6si1vr:t 'ypoppri ro ororleio x2, Kol rpirrl
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autt4Tl={aIbII + a 2 b 2 L ' a l 'b I 2 + a 2 b 2 2 } yta vc

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To ripqpLaoqv ouyrerprpevqnepirwoorleivar6tr
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Y 6w eivcr nL6ov anl'6g Xioteg, oll'd )'ioteq }'rotrbv Yndpler'
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aronileopo np1net va eivcr evaq 3x3 ntvort4. To Mathematica 6palq
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r n [ 4 s t : X = { x 1 , x 2 , x , 3 l ;Y = { y 1 , y 2 . y 3 } ; X2, x3l, (Y1' Y2, Y3))

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to np6ro otot1eio?rlq
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va sm)"f(et optotrrdvupd)"q an6 uutdg. fluparcdrrrt6ivovtcrr rdnoreq ouvoprl.r r- . Ag (avaeuprl0otipeqv nepintolol,
pe rtq ozoieg pnoporipe va ndpoupe 6vav rj neptoo6repouq6poug, 11ar6pLrlr.rrr
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oulrcercprpdvupdprl pnagl"iorng.
3tITranspose IFactorlnteger Ix] I l

"yLooprop6 prag ouvdptrlorlg, 1 onoiu ernotp6qer pto l.ioro

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expr
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oto np6ypappa.
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rct np(bran l'corleiu rrlg list
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ra xa)'.;')raian ororleia rqg list O or"rppo).'rop6g
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tSro pe rqv enml.Aovo'uvO{rc4
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Integer'A11)'46{,yiverur fleyloq oto
va CIet rlv emtxego)"i6c
6ror1ei0rrlq list, fiorr Bpi6Kovr0t
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n orotleia qq },[crcqlist pra l.iora l"rotrbv qg
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l , l r , : , : l ' . ' 11t1,n,ll. tinou 7r,t:ivutot nptlrot nuptryovrcgrou
 t tl'''lt,f frltt.ftt,

cKl;p(rior), K(rLrrr ot ovriorotlot r;K0t:t{;g.Irrrr;tiiti tl ]'dl0r: t:tttpdl)otrs ].[ottr nt:1rtt (rrr or1 mtvtillrqoq primcDivisors Xt)rlotpoTtotoupe rIV
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t-'llntcgcrQ cvrl n1g ncpdoruoqq yl"ll:
npriol otrll.r1 neprfler roug Trpd)roDqno,pd,yovreq,K(It r1 iir;6tcp1 or{trr1 r 'p*a ro Mathemalica0o arcts]'soer
Jlui prirrr"Oivirurs[num]Atrrfoorq
pe stctfl'eoqtT *"Ttn:l:
av,iotorXoug erc06teg.Apu av ndpoupe tov avdotporpo (Transpose)0a l|1xrr' tntcgcQlnunt, rat eu ouvelioer rqv
6vo nivarcape 6rio ypopp6g.H npcbrqypcptrrrl0u unotsl.eiror cn6 touq npritt trlq IntegerQ[num]eivar True Xe rcr0e
f,iuuu'O.ou 1 o,nd,vtlor1
nopdyovregrou urepcfou. Enopevotgq ouvripnlo4 First 0o enrotp6yet trlu /.io n1gprimeDivisorsteppoti(etar'
q r:rcri:1,cor1
pe touq rp6toug zapd'yovreqrou urepuiou nou pug ev8rarpfpet,
tou oploputoq
ppiorer lpqyop6tepa t4v entrcerpo)"i8c
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otav
r' /6,i.: p r i m e D i v i s o r s [ 8 08 5 0 0 1 o 1p6vog ert6l'eo1g eivur pxpdtepog
tprioqg, rcct 6ror
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H ouvdpnloq primeDivisors 3w 0a 8cboeiozrdvqol, ov ro 6p1opd 6t:v I ru 6nog 11lntegerQ uttdpxouv nol'l'6q
6tr np6rceitur ylo ouvopxllotlq' 01
ux6pa,rog,ur6pr1 rcar onlv nepintrooq nou to 6ptopcr aur6 eivut urf,parr'q Q, 1ta vu pog 0utrri(ouv
anravta pe
pa0qpunnl dnoytl. rdzrora eprbqoq (Question), ran'co Mathematica
ng or-'voplloetq'
riliauc civu.rcriroln va ppofpc o]"cguutiq
I r nI 6 7 Ji = p r i m e D i v i s o r s [ 8 0 8 5 0 0 . 0 ]

o u t1 6 1=j p r i m e D i v i s o r s [ 8 0 8 5 0 0 .]

O l6yog eivor 6tt pe qv nupd,oroorl x,Integer (r1tdtrreo116ro Mathemdtitt

sameQ
q ouvriptrlol primeDivisors p6vov 6tov q entteqa)"i6urou opiolt
ercrel.6oer IntervalMenberQ MatrixQ
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r n t 6 2I : = H e a d l 8 0 8 5 0 0 . 0 l LinkConnectedQ NumericQ
oddo TrueQ
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outI62J: Real tistQ
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i,owerCaseQ
Partj.lionsQ ValueQ
MachineNunJ.erQ
!tt1 ouvdpnlorl primeDivisors, avri rqg nopdotoolg x Integer, 0a Match!ocaINameQ Polvnomia lQ

va XprlorponoulooDps rrlv rapdorcoq x ?IntegerQ, I ottoio 6Ie1 to MatchQ Pr i m e Q

unor6l.eopo,o),ki lrerd(etur neptoo6,epo Xp6voytc vtr eKxslorei. Aq

olpuiver q nop&oraorl uutrj. vc (lrrloorpe
r&noro cn6 rtq ouvaptfloergaur6q,pnopofpe
Evrb q naprioruol x nptnet vc arol.ouOeitcr on6 rdnora ertre<pol.[64, 6zrrog
nopd6eiypc Integer, Real, List, o lcpartlpoq ? oqv ncpd,oto,oqx-?
arol,ouOeirat cn6 prc, ouvripqoq el.6y1ou. Or ouvuptlostg el,6p6orr natches
of list
tornl relurns True if an elenent
nopcordoerg, ot onoieq avu,yrri(ouv xo Mqthematica va cnavr4oer True q i s e M e n b e r Q I l i s t , form' ]_-evelspecl
frlse oLher
(Al,q0fg ri Yeu66g).H orivripqol IntegerQ aivct prc r6roto auvriptqol. Oc I pdrLs of lisL specifled
bv revelspec' MOfe"'

oov undvrrloq True cv ro 6propd tqq t;ivct nrfpo,toq, rct False oe rd.0t:
?[eptTrro('l.
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Kor pe rov
H ouvdprqoq primeDivisors rctcoreudorlrcc lttr vtr litvcr toug nptirrr tl ouvdprnonorimeDivisors pttopsi vo KorooKauoorl
ncpdyovreq ev6q crcepcioo.Aev eivor 6ptog o povc6rr6g rp6noq pa rov or
propoftrrevu ndpoope to urot6).eopa uor6. Ag 6otpe rcorptc 8ariteprlex8oXrlr := Select fDivj.sols [x] , PrimeQl
iv Ix_Integer]
i6raqo"uvdprqolg.
v [808s00]
To Mathematicanepr6leipro ouvripr4orl,1 onoia trrcg6iver6l,otg roug0ettrr
, 3, 5, 1, rr]l
Stap6regev6qorepciou.
orprprbgto
or ouvcpr{oetqprimeDiv ror primeDivisors61ouv
r , 1 5 5 J. = D i v i s o r s [808] rqv dl"1"t1'
f,lot6oo 1 piu cn6 nq 6rio eivar lp1yop6repr1cr6
Timing vo perpu
outt6sl: {1r 2,4, B, I1It 2A2,404. B0B} ro naoordto napd8erypa,pe 14 o-uvdpqoq
rqq rd0e ouvdPqoqq.
Aorpol.rbq uvd,peoo oe cutotg und.plouv rcr or nprbtor drarpfueq tot
Enopevrog,ov FTropo6oopvc ta0obqylootpe ro np6ypappa vu enrl,6(ct 93343 95904] L
[pritueDiv [ 1921396629550
]]
rouq npcbtouq upr0por5gon6 rr1 l"iotc auq, 0a ei1apt ro i6ro crtotil'eopo, ( [prineDivi.sors [1921396629ss093343959041
rcor 11 oovdprlol primeDivisors nou rutuoreudoape. O ouv6uo.op6g L 1j j ,
0 . 0 4 S e c o n d , \ 2 ' L L , 7 3'
ouvoprrioec'rvSelectrcurPrimeQ propei va po1Or1oetnpoqTqv rote60uvorl aurti'
. Second,{2, 17, !3, \'7ll}

paq 6iver
Divisors[n] Emotp6gerpla ]'iota ;re neproo6tepo1p6vo, 6lon q olvdptqorl Divisors
voq,fipoq
61,ooqtouq 0eoro6qoKspcriouq, rou urepoiou, or ouroioron1 ouv6lern eL'6y1ovtar
p6vov oorol nou
ot onoiot 8rorpotvtov or6Poror m PrimeQ, yru vu ano6o0o6v on1 Select
nOpoi.Eiuo,npoquv6S 6n 6evlpera(6pcrote6l'ouqrouq8rorpfteg'
Select[list,crit] ErnXiyereteivo,ro ororleia c4gliott4list, ouvdprqol primeDivt-
ot6 curotg 6ev0o eivalnprbtor'Avri0eta,11
1c to ozoio 11ouv0r6r1crit eivat cl'10t'19 c4 ouvriprloq Factorlnteger, q ono(c
puq 6ivei p6vov toug
'ypevu{etat
va yiver onotcbryots
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exprcivct nplotoqapr0p6q, eivcr vu ner[1oupe ra],6tepo 1:6vo erct6lsorlg'
ra.tFalseoe rd0c dMrl nePimrr:or1
tp6noq pe rov otroio
cot6 6eiIv1 6n 61er oqpooia o
6no:gplenoupe 11rotaoreuti zpoobropi(s'
H ouvdpqoq PrimeQ pnopei vu cnotel.doer ro <prcipro pe to onoio 1 Selcct Flo ouvd.pr4on,6r6tr
en ,6let ororleia cn6 pu l,ioza.

qq pcotrcdg'
r'166j := SelectIt, Prineo] 6vc peytilo p6pog rrlq ernai8euolg, t8roitepo
enopev<tlg'
o u t t 6 6 l= \ 2 , 1 4 1 ] oog oKeporoDqopr0porl6. Aw 0a onotel'orioe'
01 oTromq
6n ro Mathematica 6ra06rercpret6q ouvaprtloelq'
rn167lr= (PrimeQ[2] , Pritneg [ 4] ] O p^dyrotog (GreatestCommonDivi-
rorv6g6rorp6tr1g
eivcr t6roreq
xow6 loLl.onldorao (Least Common Multiple)
out/57l- {True, False}
 pta ta(wopr1p6vr1 lioro
CCD[n 1, n2, nk) Enrotpdgerro pf;ytoto ,list2, . ., listrl Entotp6rpet
rorv6 8tapdq rov oKopo{ovlrr 6l.ov turvotorltiov rou reptelovtut
oe ptc toul'dporov on6 r1ql'iotq listi
LCM[n1,n2, , n*l Aiverro eldlroro rorv6
zolJ,orddororrrrv uKpai,oyni " Divisors [ 124]
Quotient[n,n] Enrorpdger.
to urq),iro
2, A, 3I, 62, r24j
q6 6roip6rlqro1),r ErOt?
Mod[m, n] Aiverto utr6l,omotqg 6roipsorlg
rol n 6rul ' Divisors [568]
PrimeIn] Liyet roy n-at6 rptbto opr0p6 2 , 4 , 8 , " 7 r , r 4 2 , 2 8 4 ,5 6 8 j
ExterdedCCD[2,n] Enrmp6qetq ),iorc {g, {r, s}}, ^
' Divisors [10 5]
6noug eivoro MKA rcrrvcrcepo.irrrv
rz,
s0' Bo/
z, ro,ror crc6pcror
r, 2, 4, 5,8, 10,16, 20, 25,32,40/
o0 , 5 0 0 , 6 2 5' BAA'
s nccvororofvtr1o16ang = rm + sn , L 2 5 , 1 6 0, 2 a a, 2 5 0, 4
, 1 2 5 0 ,2 A O A 2 , 5 A 0 ,3 1 2 5 , 4 0 0 0 r s 0 0 0 ' 6 2 5 0 '
100000]
H 1pr]o1 trrtv ouvcprrloerov o.urrbveivar anl,r1. 0 0 , 1 2 5 0 0 ,2 0 0 0 0 ,2 s 0 0 0 ,5 0 0 0 0 ,

r n t 7 1 l : - e C D l I 2 4/ 5 6 8 , 1 0 ^ 5 1 llst1, fst2 ' lst3l

auttTll:4 4)

Int72t:= LQtI124, 568, 10^51 :rI

a u t t 7 2 l= 2 2 A I A 0 0 0 A

Aogc)"rbg6w undpler ovd,yKnvo Bpo6percdnorori),),4 ouvripqorl

rou peyiorou rcorvof 6rarprlq crcepoirlv.Mnopofpe, 6prrtg,
1:lorponorcbwtrq
pipr rcbpo lvoor6g o"uvcpqoetg vc enal.rl0efooups rov oprop6 rou. (
propi(oope o MKA rcov arepaio:v nl, n2, ..., nk iy&ro psyo.iurepogcno 5 6 8, 1 0 ^ 5 1 = =t a s t I I n t e r s e c t i o n I
pivisors [10 ^ 5] I l
rorvofg Srurpftsg tcov cprOprix autrbv. H o"uvriprlorl Divisors propeL vc [124] , Divisors [568] ,
6riroerroog 6rorp6regrrov arcepo,iovnou po.gevSraq6poov,on6re 11
Intersection (Topr]) pzopei vo poq 8ritosr to o6vo),o 6l"rrtvrov rorvrbv 6
[ 1 2 3 4 5 5 ? 8 ,s 4 3 2 ]

8, 54321
 tntutl: L2345618 == 5432*2272 + 4L74
2 - x + 3x2 + 5xJ - 4r4 + 8.;r5,
out/81/- True
6tt 0n yptirpoupcro rcoluritnrpo op1i(ovrdq zdvtore pe to
- 3 )c4ga
XprlorpozorrirvrcgrE o"uvtrpr{oeq Table rat prime pnopofpe
e6ro},a vo plxrr H oxol,or$in tc,rv ouvrtLot(bv rou trolD(DuipoD 2 xz
rouq r[r,Tvrdrrpd)rousorq oerpdzpritrougcrepaioug.

rnts2l:- rablelpline [i] / {i, 1, 50}I 6u0dtcr cpxer6q ouvoprrioerqpe ng onoieq pnopofpe va
o u t t s 2 t ={ 2 , 3 t 5 t 1 , 7 1 / I 3 t I " t I I g , 2 3 t 2 g t 3 I t O en6pwoq dvcrcg Eeilvei optopevegon6 oo169.
3 1, 4 r , 4 3 , 4 j ,
5 3 , 5 9 . 6 1 , 6 1t ' 1 7 , . 7 3 , 1 9 , 8 3 , B g , n , r a L , 1 0 3 ,
1 0 1,
r49,7r3, r2.7,73r, I3"7,L39, L4g, I51, r5-7, 163,
1 6 1,
1 ' 1 3 , 1 , , / 9 ,1 - 8 7 ,7 9 L , I 9 3 , r g 7 , I g 9 2 7 I , 2 2 3
, , 2 2 1, 2 2 \ i

H ouvripqorl ExtendedGCD pug 6iver ouoro.orlKd ro pfTtoro Kolvo

tir.ul)r:
Ko7lorov oKrpuiov, 6,dv ypopptK6 ouv8uaop6 rrov urcepuirov
cutriv.

rn I83J: = ExtendedcCD [1220, 4505, 4920]

outts3l: {5t { 48, 13/ 0}J

r n t 8 4 l: = 5 = = ( - 4 8 ) * L 2 2 0 + 1 3 * 4 5 0 5

O u t[ 8 4 ] = T r u e

to nol,utbvrr;.Lo
Oeo:pflooupe
3.3.floAutitvupa
t x - 9 x ^ 2 - 3 x ^ 3 + L 0x ^ 4 - 4 x ^ 6
Eivar yvrrror66n 6vo nol,urbwpo p(x) pn.r.l,lg
peraBlr;n1gr, Kol t.r.u
-9x2. 3x3+10xa-4x6
ouweLeotig, e(vorpro nc.pd,otaolrrlq popetis

p ( x ) = a o + q x + a 2x 2 + . .+anxn, 0o,pog8rboerrr1trretaPl,ltt1

O['[oD or ouwe].-eot6g ao, at, a2, ..., a, eivat" zpaygrurrrcoi

o.prgtrroi.
npogav6q 6tr 0o pzropo6o.c.pevo 6loupLe lol,urin,upc pe orc6porouq
r.1
ouwel,eor6q.O Ba0p6g rou rcolucovfpou6sv pnopei va npoo8ropioer
nolurilwpo, 6t6n urdplouv nol..fuizroXorbr,r,rpo
pe rov i6ro pc0p6. Ereivo 0c enrorp6ryern1 l,ioto tcov ouvrel,eotriw
tpoo8ropi(er nl,rlpcugwa nol.urbwpo eivar arol,ou0ic rcov o-uvrel"eorrbv
4 tlicttpl. xl
61l,c6?l n arolou0ia a0, a1, az, ..., a,- tlpuypan, cv uno06o.oupe
6n
t4v orol,ou0to2, -1,3,5, 4, 8, t6re ro nolur6vupo,rou o,vtto.rolr(ri
or ourll t -9, *3, 10,0,
-4)
sivor
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(-10' 10i] x^k' {k' 0' 6}l

c c T r b l . [ R t n d o l (Irr n t 9 6 r ,
(l)l)olKo,(rv 0r';),orrp8 vn ppoirpr; ro otrvtr:l,r:otfl r:v6q,rtrt pirvov ti1
pnr,rporipLr;
lplotptonor6vrug 11 ouvtipqoq Coefficicnt. 0 4 x r x " r 4 x a x " 3x ' '
'tt o7to1o'
onoq
I n| 8 8 1: CoefficientlPl, x^31 (u)(a)xiv t mrwopo^yputpiu' tqg ouvdpqoqg Apply'
tqv r;rtrr;9rr1"i6urov ouvoprllosolv'
( ) D t! 8 8 1 : - 3

"@@"
[ ]
eivutl napcrcru-r
Mru too8uvaprlcvto).r1

t nt B s l : = C o e f f j - c i . e n t [ P 1 , x , 3 ]
Mdhroto' tla
noXucov{prrrv'
I rp6tro ppiKopt pro p11cvi1nupo'yoyflg
autt89l= -3 vo pnopoupt vo rr
vc q lpdyoupe p popqil ouvdpqorlq' Ylo
E(var nporpcvfq 6o yru vo eiodyor.rpeevo nolucbwpo cr,o Mathematica tist
6vu npog 6va 6l"ougrouq opouq tou At
onolrecoprlvorvo rcl.rlrctpol.oyriooupe
yln-l :=
6ev pnopofpe vc ro orcotpfyoup.e,6ruv trrcq ev6rutp6per6vc ouTrcerpt 0, n}l
COTable IRandom IIntege!. {-10. 10}l x^k' {k/
nou 06l.oupsrfourulaio nol'utitvt
rol,urbwpo.Yndplouv, 6pog, neprnrrboerq
nolurilwPo n Ba0Pof Pe
pe ardpuro0q olwe),eor6g, rcq,rrdnorou Baopori, ltopiq vc ;:ag ev8ru<prlpet 6tr q o'uvdPtrloq aurq 6iver 6va
ouyrcerprp6vo.Xrq neprntrboeq cur6q Ocr pnoporioope vo otroqDYouFr: pera$ -10 rat 10.
nl.qrctpo),6yqor1 6l"ov rcov 6ptov, crv eilupe pto (pn1o\'T))
r nndotnPoly [4]
zroXucovtptov. 1 propsi vc ttutcoreucorei crv
Mro, r6torc pr11crT
yvoot6g o"uvtrprrloEE xo\ Mathematica 2x-':'x2+5x3-5x'
t1
Aq uno0fooupe 6n Ofloupe or o"uwel"eot6qtoo nolurovupou vu srvur eivcr ndvtore waq rpuorr6qopr0p6g'
; ev6g roxuorrupou
rcar 61t t8ruirepa pey&Ior, yra nap66erypa 0u pnopofoape vu rouFt otl
to n vc eivu vcq
ov enrpd)'1'oope
bo p^polio, vc pel'rralOei,
o"uwe).eor6g ppior<ovrcrpetc(6 rrov urspoitov -10 rcr 10. Xq ouvXelotrprux
petnpl
1rc to po.0p6rou nol.urllvfp.ot, rcarto otppol'o cr1g
unorpoo(ooutrre
? Positivel :=
},orn6v,61106l,oupeno}.utbvutr.Lu
rou. @o,ouprpcov{ooope, 6or'rpuepoucognpoq' lPol}momial [n-Integer
0' n}l
10]l x^k' {k'
aC Table [RaBdomlrntege! ' t-10'
Mra nprbq ercriprloqyra wu t6toro nol'urbvupo0a eivor
ger avoyrd(sr wrb pe to test?Positive
to n vc sivorcrc6pcrog'
I Integer, {-10, 10}] x^k, {k' 0, 6}l
r , a e o J j =T a b l e [ R a n d o m -06loupe
6""r*6q, ou q oovdprlol randomPolynomialvc 66oer
otlttgal= {l,t 1 x, g x 2 , 4 x 3 , ' 7x 4 , 5 x5. -4 x6}

Ap6orr:q Srarnotrirvoupe 6tr cu, 6 nou nflpcpe 6w eivor dva nol'urbr'opo, ol'l'tl tlndoloPolynomial [5]
),(ozu,qq onoicg Tu p6l.r1eivar 6por rcdnorounol.ucovfpou.Av 0upq0otpe,
_3x2+gx3_7X4,xs
6rr q 6rcrpopd ovd.peoa oto dOpotopo rcr t1 )'iotc eivcr r1
entrcegoi"l64,pnopotpe va a]"Id(oupe rqv entrceqa]"(Eu outf, on6te eo rarrdomPollmomial [0] ]
tmonial[-2],
to ti0potopc nou pog cv6tctP6Pet. a l' [01 ]
o l y n o m i a l [ - 2 J , r a n d o m P ol y n o m i
7t, I lhdl/)4ylrtsti 1u;ot't lLttlt, u,

'Iiirlrrr
r),i:ov "cnll'lathcmutiLu)4lrrrpi({xrplo tSurgolrt;rtxrilro]"(i)u,llup | , p2. kor
yl = ExPand [PoIY]
,rnorr:civorcriKolovs uTro].oyioouFt ro YtvoFtv0r')l):.
x4 + 1?015 x5 +
tnlgtJl:- P! *p2 *p3 3). | 1 o ) . 4x | ' ) 4 3 2 x ) t L ' 1 2 9 6x 3 + 2 A 1 1 5
* x11
'1 ,t, , -: - 1 9 - 1x9i + 1 o B 9 x B + r 9 ' l x e + 2 1 x 1 0
'/ x )
ourfgsl: (B 2x x 2+ 5 x l - 5 x a ;
1 1 * ' 1x 3 : ' , 2+ 9 x 3 xa
(6+52 9x2 3x3+10x4 4"u)
lpolyl l
Ioog q ozdwlol fiou 6ivel xo Mathematica vo prlv ivd,1trccrvonorqnrq,t;rpt
ro yw6pevo xotlo0r6vro,g10 Kd0efiolu61,'upop6oo,os nc,pcv0r.,rr
Tro,pouord(l '
(z+ ' x I x )a
3 ,x)
6progto np6ypcrppo61o.e6raouvo,prfottq, ol oroitq ovo?Tfliooouvro Tlvofl.v'

rn Ieel i: ExPand [ * ] IpoIy1]

outtggl- 48 + 364x -'12 x2 531 x3 + 355 "a - 388 x5
246 x6 + L213 x1 - 973 xB 1A2 xe + l1'16 xla + x 1 a1 2 + x ; a 1 3 + x ; 3
43'/ ><1a r59 xr2 + 342 xr3 12A xr4 20 x15 pr(tov'
p6 ro trolu6wpd eivar q eiipeorl
rpopl.ipoxo nou oleti(ovtor
--" n' etpson
'r"" ! ;,r,
;,.;, - I qq nprlq6v6gtroloovfitou':tov I ttsTPTl
ExpandIexpr] Avanr6ooei 62ic t0 T1v6pvo, (rllr0p6 To Mathematica }weret
r pLl: runoto oDYKsKPIPvo
Kol r1q 0K6p0tsg6uvdF1q,roD
otoTtoiq8ivouvano,vrlorlruloto6toaur&npoB}'{patrr,ir}"trorc
ofidp1o0r)vorlv n0pdcx&6\ expr
xcr dllors Ps nPooeYlol'
Factorfttolyl Merotp6ner to nol.u<irwpo
poly 6E yr.,/6pslo nol,D(Dvfpcov
pc oKfp{rloliq oDvr]"or6q,
sq66ov rlur6 siv(lr &)vdr6

Simpli$[expr] ErceIe i prc cerpri psro,o1nprrrlolr6v

oTqv ,r(Ip&orool expr Kol ern6rpdq1
rrp un)"o6orepr1popqri noD BpioKet

In t1A0l:=
Factor I t ]
aut[104]=
' 7 x + 3 x 2- 9 x l + 7 x 4 + x
( B + 2 x + 7 x 2 - 5 x 3 + 5 x a) ( 1 )
-+ ro o'6ppo)"o-) eiv0t o
( 6 5 x + 9 x2 + 3 x3 - 10 xa * 4 x6; ) dfvownt Pc
TTI
l-ropel .x a, 6nou
lopaKrnPov
nou PPiorcrurPcro(u 0 rat KTII TOU
tnl1011:
p o r y = ( 2 + x 1 a 1 1+ x 1 a 1 3 + x 1 3 ;
 '79
7ll I l*teqlmnrd yl:oo Mttlurnr lld.oirt4ur

Tu nol"rr6vupLa poly rcL polyl, ro ofiold ol)ioullr:n;xrqloutrtdvtrrg,

[optor((\'l
v.[x^3-12x^2+3Lx-27 = =O , x ]
1 ezoprvtl r:vrol"1neptglvoutrrt:vtt
ouoLcotrrll to i6ro nolurirwpo. Enotrrdvarg,
Srioqopg.
dtirou ro i6ro anotd)"sopLc
' - Vre8e' ':
I r 8'1 , / t e B B :r ' ' -I \-'9 '
Lnlta5l:= t \ i -
{Rep1aceAll lpoly/ x-)1], po1y1 /- x-+!\
I r r Prt 'vTB88c ,
t ) u tI l A 5 l = + 4 ( r i / r ) | " _ j
182944, 82944j '''
-
( r i " r : ) (- +2 (;zr o* Vr aeas ) ) ,J
t n t t A S l: : '
/. x-+-1, ReplaceAll x-r-1]]
{pofy lpoly1, 31T-8885
(t tv5) )"'
out[]A6l: l!*
{0, 0} r _ ,I V : ) ( * ( z r g. . u r i e B s) )s" '
2 3 2t . ) ]j
H o,rvdpqor'1Solve eivar o,rrortl"opdrlKri,6ruv 1 e(iorocl eivar Ba0porito n
t6ooepo. Ag SofpLerdnora ncpcbeirypcra. tou Mathematicd vo, p1v eivor rrcvozrouprc], 6poiq pnopoupe
apt0pqrtKll nprl rov pr(tbv pe 66o tp6noug. O 6vuq eivar va
IntlaTl:=
Solve[-2 x n 2 + 2 8 x - 3 9 = =0 , xl tq ouvapqoq N.

outllATl:
. , 1 , l
{" )(ta / - - e ) } , t * .i . ( r q* V 1 1 B
)j I

flcrpoqporipe 6n 11 undvlloq qq ouvdptrlor;g Solve 6ev eivar trlq p 83812 n J,

) , { x + 1 ' 5 8 0 9 4+ A . 1 4 5 3 1 4
-
8 0 9 4 0 . 7 4 s 3 r 4r [] ]
.)r = Jrl, dlld 6ivernr ocrv rcv6voq ;r r irt. ADr6 pog enrrpfnei, 6nrog0a
nopordrcrr,vc rdvoupe efrol,a qv ena),r10euoq.
8drcoupe riru tool"dPotov an6 rouq ouvtel"eot6g tou
6sro8tro6.

-10x^3+L2xn2 - 1 1 x - 2 5 . 0 = =0 ' x l

5 8 ) , { x - - r1 . 0 1 9 3 6- 1 . 5 0 8 1 7r } ,
* 1 . 5 0 8 1 7i ) , { x - 8 . 8 1 6 9 6 }

eivcreuro\ un60eo1.flopcrol,ouoeiote
ptoqe(io<ooq6

lt^Z + x^ 3;
 Solvc, PnoPoitPt:vtr
otrvtrl)rilctl:(ttv N rtrt
otrvlitrrtoltrtir r('lv
n1v ibtrr
t = S o l v e [ a = =0 , x ] rq rnrvtipttlotl NSolvc' 1 onoia 6[vr;t arPrPdrq
oDt11121-

{ { x + - 2 } , { x ; > 1 1 '{ x ; ; 3 }l bsv 6iveL

pur r:(loorol nfpntou Bagpof rca'tdvto, 1 ouv&px1onSolve
anrivtlotl.
a / . t

a u tt 1 1 3 l : - -
t - 5 x + ? x " 2 + 1 0x ^ 3 2 x ^ 4 x ^ 5 ;
{0, 0, 0l

'Orcv plo sqio(D6nrpirou li rrdproo Bo0pof,or pi(eq 6ivovtcrorrr

61outrre l q = =o , x l
p"r ro),fftIoKeq nopoordosrq, 01 onoisq rtg neploo6rpqqopeq rsptXor'v,l
pl(lKd. PiEeg[r pro tftoto. Foppri 6sv eivor ouvl0alg Xpliolpsq, otror fx()r)lLr, -f Root-l1+5#1 7 # 1 2 - -1 0 # 1 3+ 2 + I 4 + + I 5 & , 7)],
rrio4 vc prlotponototp rl1 ouvdpqon N, f1 vc 8ivoupe 6vc ouwefu:ori1 1 0 # 1 3+ 2 # 1 4+ + 1 5 & . 2l ),
.rRootf 1+5#1 -?#1'
'Opcoq,
Eio(Dorlqps popgli Eerca6rro6. rar 016 660 fispttrr6oeiq, or pi(eq;rort +
R o o L[ - 1 + 5 # 1 - 7 # 1 2- 1 0 # 1 3+ 2 # t a # t 5
a. 3l),

nd.poupeeivar npooeyyioeq,Kol 6m oKptBeiqpiq6q.IlopoKoLoD0eioreto t:rt! 1 + s # 1 1 + f - 1 0 # 1 3+ 2 # l a + # I 5 a , 4l\,

Rootl
't#( 1 0 # 1 3+ 2 # 1 4+ # 1 5 & . 5 l ] ]
zropd6erypo. Rootl 1+5#!

Intll4l:=
b = -8 +2x +5 xn2 - !2x^3 +xn 4;

Int115l::
s = N l s o l v e l b = =0 , x l l rtFeg.
cpt0pnrtKdq
o u t t 1 1 5 l=
{ {x; 0 . 6 1 B 1 1 8- 0 . 6 9 8 4 4 8i l , { x + 0 . 6 1 8 7 1 8+ 0 . 6 9 8 4 4 8 I ) ,
l q . =o , x l
{ x - + - 0 . 7 9 5 0 2 9 } ' { x ; > 1 1 . 5 5 7 6 }}

Int116l:: 3 . 9 8 5 4 1 ) ,{ x ) 1-11737},
b /- s , 2 4 8 2 2 1- 0 ' 1 5 6 6 5 7r ] ,
o u t t 1 1 6 =I , 2 4 8 2 2 1 +0 . 1 5 6 6 5 ?i ] , { x + 2 ' 6 A 6 4 } }
1 a: t ,
{ 8 . 4 0 5 9 2x 1 o - 8 2 . 5 9 2 3 1x 1 0
Sralerptorei rur pqr6q
8 - 4 A 5 9 2x 1 O 8 + 2 . 5 9 2 3 - l x .\ A
r4 \
, \ Mathematica pnopei vcr
nr1l.iro 66o
8 . 4 0 5 9 1x 1 0
8 , 8 . 4 0 5 5 5x 1 0 8 l or pnr6q 6Dv0prioslq iv01, 6nrog (6PouPe,
Xuvfotl
ouv66ovrdt 0PKrd orevd p.s ru, nolu6\,'r)Fa
floparrlporipe 6n or o1169roD nol.oovrlpou b ottg pi(eg s aivor no],it qpopoi)v ouvcPrqorqsivcr I uTrl.oTroirloqKolvtDV
rtq Plrq
07rlo6orsP(I
yTov6qTroubsiper qv rrol6rnro filq trpoodyyroqg,6ptoq6ev ivol pn6iv, AproprlrtKrlrut noPovoPcor{'q n 0vdluon os
6ev 61oupeorcprpeigpi(eq.
 - x^3) ' xl
Apartlexprl Avcl"irr;tn1 plnl fiopd,oraol cqrr'6{; r t s [( x - Y ) / ( 6 + 5 x - 2 x ^ 2
un).o$orr;parnrri ro duvnrdv r)"doparrr
3 + y
Apartlexpr, varl o*r t l y
1ol3; ')
To iEro pe to rpoqyoripevo,
rl , , , ,i 2 l a
prcr4 6rcqopri6rr XpnolUorolofvrollr(iv()\'
or perdBllr6q val, wd) 01uft6l,oweg
ther [a / b + x/Y]
percBl,4r6q0cr-'rporjvror
ulg oru0cpcq
T ogetherlexprl flpo<ig6rslrouq 6pougqg noprioroorlg
xpr Kor oro orrorc),copccnrXcrpci
vc onl,onoqoer rorvorig nopd,yovreg
oe opr0prltrl ra.r nnpovopaool
- - (L- sqrt[2]) / (a+sqrt[2])l
Collectfexpr,xl An6 rouq 6pougrrlg napdoraolq + gqrt [2] ) / (a sqrt[2] )
expr pyd(ei rcorv6TrcpdTovrd
nq 6lvriperg roo crwlKerp6voDJ 2 \'l ? I !,-:I-
Cancellexprl A;rl,onoei rorvofq ) " ) (V7 ..)
nupdyovregon6 cpr0plnKri Kflr
nupovopoorrl 6rqv napfi<:xa6\ expr x^2+ (y"3+3) x^2' x)
ttx^4+ (a+y) (x+y^3)
Intl2al:-
Clea! [x. y, a, b] lt (a, y) ,x2 13*yl+Yl (a+Y))

Int121l:=
(x +Y^3) x^2 + (y^3+3)
*^2, Yl
Apart[1/ (3 + 1 0 x + 1 2 x ^ 2 + 6 x ^ 3 + x ^ 4 ) l
[x^4 + (a+Y)
autt1211=
1 1 1 1 (x2 * a x2; Y3 * *2 y4
a xJ .r x4 + x3 y +
2 (t + xJ' t t ] - -

Int122l:- (x+Y^3) x^2 + (y^3+3)

x^2, {x, Y}'l
[ r c ^ 4+ ( a + Y )
Apalt[(2-3x^2) / (2-3x+2x^2- 2x^3 +x^5)]

a u tt 1 2 2 l = ' Y I
( a I Y ) , x f 3 ' " a Y
- . - 1. - . 1 2 - . I + 2 v
6 ( 1+x)" 9 , 11 - " / 9 \ r ' ^ ) 1 t- * 7

Int123l:= I
jar), / (x^2-1)l
(*", -2x^2\ + (x^2- 3x+2\
APart [ (x - y) . / ( 6 + 5 x - 2 x ^ 2 - x ^ 3 ) l

o u tt 1 2 3 1
X 2 t x
'; x t ) x: j x
6 5 x | 2 x + x 6 t x
 Ltlt tttpttlr0irvntt,)'txit!tr1
ll0),),rlqunti tt,, ouvulltt'1orrr,,lotr r:iiitrltl: ntrlrttnt'rt't,l
':q tl [Co.[2x-Y]l
1:q ouvoptqottg, F7[oPol)vvo {xp(rl)ltooroi)\'h(11 ol; Tl)lT(r)\(}lrr
Av lprlorponoqoouF rI otrvriPrrlotl Optiotls. luro1t'rr'1rr
7r(rPoordo{uq.
2x yl
iiLcntor6ooupe Trotqofi6 rtq trpolyotpevtg ewo)"ig iituOetortv r:nt/.oyr
rpry0lvoFrrprKOq rtIp(I('106tlq.
Trig -t Tluel
trl.t3ll:= tSIn[x + Y] ,

Options IExPand]
x I | ( l o s1 xI S i n l y l
t ) i t [ 1 3 1 ]=

{Modulus -At Tr\q J FaIse }

- -t Truel
I11tl.:J2l : -
lcot[2 x yl , Trig
l.\n+ i ^ha I F. ^l-^r I

l C o r r l Y l( l o s l Y l S r n l x l - + 2 C o s I x ] S i n I x ] S i n I Y ]
out t 1321=
{Extension + None, GaussianTnl-egers ) Fafse,
'9
Modu JS 0, Tr Fa I s^) -| Tluel
, Srig

Intl3jl:-
optians IsimPlifY]
o u tt 1 3 3 l :
{ A s s u m p t i o n s : i ) $ A ss u m p t i o n s ' [r-2Y] sin[2x+Y]l
C o m p fe x a t y F u n c t i o n + A u t o m a t i c , T i m e c o n s l - r a i n L '
T r a n s f o r r n a t i o n F u n c t l o n s J A u t o m a t i c , T r i g i ) T r L l ( 'l
Tanlx 2v)
Ilupoqpo{pe 6n or ouvcpt(on1qExpand, Factor, Kor Simpliff 6rc0irotrv
dl"l"ov rar q en).oyr] Trig, q onoio rpuou<dnopan6prel orrlv rprTovoltt:
ezr),oyricufl1 eivnr Sraoforpq Ko,ro 6Xlq ouvopfiloerg. Mnopoupr:,
nopaqp{ooul-ts 6tr otrg 5r1o nprbteg evto}"69 (Expand rat Ir
trp( qq snrloyrigTrig e(vorFalse,evrb6qv svro)"riI
nporagoprop6vrl
rUtfl
sivdl True. H en)"oy{ Trig wepyonoreirut 6tcv 11nporco0oP16ttavq
True. Aq 6oripe evc n0p661ytt0,.

Expand [Sinlx + Y] l

a u tt 1 3 4 l -
Sinlx+Yl
86 l, lffitlpdnxd ptot't IIolowurya

Intt40l:=
Expand [Tan [x - 2 y] Sin[2x+y], Trig-r trul

outtl4Al= qq
nivareg' evo 5x3 rar evcr3x5,
(CosIx]3 Cos Iy] ) / (2 (Coslxl Cos Iy]2 + rod'Ierclt6rnv Mathematica6rio
"ylv6pevo'Kol ro Tlvopcvo rov (rv(roTp69ov
2 C o s l y ls i n [ x ] s i n i y l - C o s l x l S i n l y l2 ) ) + c. Nd utrotroTiocrt ro
( C o s l x lc o s t y ) ' ) / ( 2 ( c o s [ x ] C o s [ y ] 2 + ,nvdKov.
2 C o s[ y ] s i n [ x ] S i n l y l - C o s[ x ] S i n [ y ] 2 ) ) +
A rar B [r oroqsio oKpuiouq
( 3 c o s l x l C o sI y ] S l n l x l 2) / ( 2 ( C o sl x l C o sI y ] 2 + lo rctooreudoets 66o 5x5 dvoreg Kol
2 C o sI y ] S i n [ x ] S i n I y ] - C o sI x ] S i n I y ] 2 77 - opi(oootr'tolv trlvdKov d'u-r6v'Koo{bJ
ror 10.Nc unotroyioeteTT1v 11 roor4ro
Ncr e(rdoere ov rofer
( 3 C o s [ x ] 2S i n l x l S i n [ y ] ) / ( 2 \ C o s [ x ]C o s[ y ] 2 + *rl y*op*o, A B
2 c o s l y l s i n l x l s i n l y l c o s l x l s i n I y ] 2) )
lAl lBl
( 3 c o s l y l 2 s i n [ x ] S i n [ y ] ) / ( 2 ( C o sl x l C o sl y l 2 +
oT Mathematica'
2 c o s I y ] S i n I x ] s i n I y ] , C o s[ x ] S i n I y ] 2 ) ) + etodYetartoug ncpoKdToTrivdKeq I

*''f/ir)
( s i n I x ] 3 s i n I y ] ) / ( 2 l c o sI x ] C o sI y ] 2 +
2coslyl sinIx] sinIy] -cosIx] sinlyl' ))
( 3 c o s I x ] C o sI y ] S l n l y l 2 ) / ( 2 ( c o sl x l C o sl y l 2 +
2 C o sl y l S i n l x l s i n l y l - c o s [ x ] s i n l y l 2 ) ) +
| -\
I
= 13 -8
|
\ o 15
l l

aa
ji,)
( s i n [ x ] S i n I y ] 3 )/ \ 2 ( C o s [ x ]C o s [ y ] 2+
2 C o s l y ls i n l x l S i n l y l - C o s I x ]s i n l y l , ) ) Ut t"1"11.3^^1
ro lv6pevcA B rat B A, rctnva 6romol6o*t
A'B' rar rotq ovoorpoqoog
I n t 1 4 1 1: : rov cv&otporpotou yrvop6vou
ox'6orl
Apartlt, Trig-, Truel *ar S. :.n ouvfleu vo 8ttrnrotrboete6tr rolier n
,A.
o u t t 1 4 1 1=
Cos[2x] Coslyl Cosl3x-yl Seclx-2yl Sin[2x] SlnIyl
rq,rooxetooreiprcl,iotc20rultrirovtpalpomriwaproprbv'or
va ppe0eito 60poropo'ro'r to
Inl142J:= ttt,.pO.rpot,roo 100 xo1 ouvdleic
sitrlPlify I t* ]
otoqeiolv rqq l,ioto6'
Aut[142)= grlrcoug
q ouvdprnol Table,oplpudort Pra )"iotu
]I , a o " ' 3 x - y- .' r C o s x - 3 y l r S e ei x - . y l
6Ic to otorlaia eiv0'1ioc' Ps 12'
E[vat yvoot6 6rt prc rprycovoprpucliTrdpdoroon pTropivo 6Xl tetpdyovc tcov
rcrrcoretc,otei pra liora, q onoio vc mprflsr ta
popg6q, ovd].oTo [r rooq rpryovoprplKofq oprepofq Trou Xpr]olFoTro
Oeorcbvo.rePoi<ov.
Enopdvc,:6 6w eivat nEptapyo 6tr ra 66o r}.uroio onor),6o1rurd.
6rc9opeor&, ev<itagopofv qv i8ro,rplyovot"LrprK{ no,pd,oroo4.
 I l//aftlpatr'rl 1i:aru lt'lurln u' 89

3.4.7. XlrqortrLtrnt)xlvrog
rov nivur{I lkrrl0r:rrrqttla MulhL,ttttie l|r\h.tl
cKt)tfkbsKdrvouvor ouvarprliosrqSurl rur ProtlLrct.!tr1 crrrvr':Xr;Lu
vu D:rro].oy
to ri0poLopc.rov 50 flprbrov 6provprog opr0pnlrLrcqg npoirlioLrpe npdlro (ilx) \
7,,ri1o2. Enioqg, vo Ko,rooKrudorepr.a ouvdpnlorl, n onoio 0n 6r':1:rrrr
tipLopLarlvn 0enrc6or6puro ru,ra.r 0o.enrorpfqer rov opl0p6 rr ! .
I(ctaq a. rrr onoftr f]lriorovr(rl ortq (k';o{;tq24, 56' 73, r<at99 Tr';}'og,
trru vrir l"iotu, 1 onofa vo rtprXsr ro orotXtro filg rr Ttou
Otd q (lioq | 2 rirrgruL q 0for12l , lcopiqva nspt6xsrro orotleio nou
l2ruL2l.
ppr{krtivni;vtr: pi(tg rtlrv TtoPdKdtoe!1o6o0ov.

3.4.8. Na KdrdoKuooririro 3x3 nivarag, o onoiog orl 06o11(i, i) (kr r;7r.r

y ' + 4 . r r + 3 x 2 + 2 , r ; +I = 0 ( 9 ) n p ? t t - " 2o ' u v t t=r :rt
orotXeio!=,6nou I < l, 7 < 3
(y) xeqr = t
3.4.9. Me Xprlonqq Range rd,we pro l"ioro nou rrp#Xr rouq oKcpcll()r_
to I dcogto 20. Xtrl ouvilero, pe Xpnol rnq Table KordoKeudorprd,l.ioru r(,rr XpqotponoLloreTable rar FindRoototo Errioclpu t-:, 5l (y)
fl{:prdlr rouq dKspoiouq oz6 20 6ro9 1, prs rp0ivouoa orlpd. Znreior{r (nrl l3l.
Mulhemoticava oDyrpiverng 6rio ),ioreg.Tr noporqpeite;
cvdfirtiqr;rt)rr1 arivcpq (1 + 2x + 3y)r, ror oro dnorfleopo v(
3.4.10. Zqrxiare ut6 ro Mathemetica vd cut 6riloei pru ],iota ono 6 rq peropllr{ x, an6 6nouivor6uvoro.
urepoioug upr0potq an6 to I 6oq ro 49.
61,eqot ouvoprloetg nou opf(ouv pLsTrig. Md0ere yrr
3.4.11, Karuoreudore prc )"ioro 1000 ruluicov crcepoirrtvapr0p6v cnir otrvdr({xo va pLerutpfyere oe er<0ettKl ttopqrl rnv Tru,pdorrr,orl
foq ro 100. Az6 11 ),iorc wd1 ern)"E\'r.e p6vov uurorig nou eivor npdrtor uprl -J lci' ! ! , , 2 i x
. Enicqg, va pero.tpdyets qv napriotuorl
Xrq ouvfXera ern),6{recurofg zol 3sv eivur zprbror. T6}"o9,vn 8ro.nrotrbor:tu
Fopqi
66o cr-rrdql"icreg neprdlouv 6l.c ro, ororleia n1g cplrrrig l"iorog r] 6p.
6 orllofo'xepu rcl"dotrrorarq 7[opdKoro plrel
3.4.12.Na rq.roorceudoere
rfuo,5x5 nivura Fr oxolxidarepuiouqarri
5. Na unotroyioeterqv opi(ouoarou nivmccauro6.Xn1 o"uv61ero vu ppr:iru
)t+7
cvriorporp6rou. crpooov
unopXer. ./-3 (p) x r + 5 _ r + 6 \r+Jtr:+Jr+|

3.4.13. Aiverar 1)lictaa = Range[I0]. Me q Borl0sraxov orlXofotepo rl"dopo,ra Tlq naparcdtrrr p1t,
Append Ko[ Prepend rpoo06ote rov cpr0p6 50 or1 ),ioa a. Ztlrxiart
Mathematicava o)yrpiver rq 56o )"ioreq.Tr zrapctrlpeite;
(P)#+; (yr;3*
3.4.14. No rc,ruorceusoreipra }"iorc, 11oloio vu.neprdlerroug 50 nprir
oerpri nprbrougoprOpotg. flq o'uvoprioelg Table rur Random vt
tlvcrc A pe ororyioo,tepaiouqpsro6 10 rar 10.Na
3.4.15. Na l4orporoqoere nq o.uvapr{oeq Factorlnteger,First, rur A elvc.t avrtorp6yrpoq. Av 6ev eivor va Bpeite eva
posc ytcrvu.zrdpetetouq rpcbrorg 6rarp6reqcv6q eerrro{ o,xepoioun. A. Me tov [6to tp6no va Bpeite 6va 5x5 cwrotpfyrpo
vo cqr;tdo0rl:(rv toxDouvot oxiotrq
3.4.16. Aivctar prn Liorn a nou nr:;rr/:Xr:t1000 tulctouq nrcpniorrg cni I
100. Iilrl,1:(l; ro nprirro rcr ro rr:L:utclo orcrlsb qq, l'ioroq. lizrrl,riirt
90 I Uttflrllnr|xn l :d(, Mt hl

,4-l' = l: - I'
( A . B )| - 1 1t . 1 I
(A-') ' = A
Kqr ot (rKipclol qpleFoi
1ttr1-1 = r1tr-ry

I oTtoio0o 661etar Sixr qrr

pld oDvd,prtlor1,
3.4.23. Na Ko,rrroKuo,ori
dpropofq m Kol n, Kol 0o srlorp6qst 6'ta mxn nivorc pe ororxio (rhr;l
peralrl l5 rcar15.

3.4.24. @earpo6pe
tov nupurcdto nivcro, qq pc0qputtrctlq
bv cp0ptbv lplorponoui oupd tq p60o6o
Koveiq vo
ro(r:t orlpuvttr6 p6lo. Ao<pokilg 6ev neprpdver
(0 1 0l Erceivo'
, = 1 00 , l Mulhcnrulicu pe ot61o vu nno6ei(er ptc np6taorl'
pto
\4 -17 8/ vu rdvoupe $tp1r6g qop6q tivol vo snolngsDooDp
an66et(q'
nlaq l:flt0upotilit. To yelov6g uut6 6sv onore]'ei
No Bpe0orivor pi(egrqg e(ioroorlg|,1. - ,.4 | = 0, 6nou 13 o 3x3 xdnoto rp6no rqv nenoi0qoq 6tt 1 np6raoq Trou Foq
n i v o r c u qM. d 0 c r c y r a 1 4 o t r v d p r 4 o lC h a r a c r e r ' s l i c P o l y n o m i ,1. 3lvatal.loflg.
Xprlorponoqore rnv orov nivoro, A. Nu ppeite rrg pi(eg tou noluorvipurtr
nporcfysr.Ti nupatrlpeire;
Kqr6lqlPsr6Tnrq
3.4.25.Na uno)"oyioeretu nupurd.ttrrc0poiopura.
vc 6ei(oupeon 1 roorltu
r' ".' , r ! -L r' rR I
tf ' ) \- n:
t" v r Y 1' 2
1- 1r /J
n=t n=0 n=0

3.4.26.Nc napcyovronorq0or5v
ru nopoKdro ro),u6wpo.
cpt0p6 r. Eivor lvolor6 6n t6toru npopl'rlpota
(o) 18-1 ( 0 ) , 5 + 1 4 + . x 3+ x 2 + x + I ( y ) 1 3- 3 , r 2 - . r + pe q p60oEot1g po0rlpatrrilq enayroyfg To Mathe-
ptc rdroro p0o5o,pnopei6poq vo pog
lro cnor6),eopa nou 0c Bpeirs eqapp6ore qv rotril"Ill.l ouvaprlotl, 'Etot'
6tr q np6taoq roSrer,yru 6notc' trp{ 061'oupe'
ndperero appr6 rol"urbwpo.

tov Help Browser pd0ere yra q ouvdprrlaq

3.4.27, Xpry<:tponorrbvrog 1 , 2 O ) l = =2 0 ( 2 o+ L ) ( 2 * 2 O + ! ) / 6
plexExpand, Kol qopFoors fl.lv orlq fio.poKor(l) rlo,pooro,os1s,yro vo
TrpoTpoTrKo Krrl To (povT0,6T1Koprpoq ouT(l)v.

tour6lpovo 6lt"y1o ytu nol,)"6gDratgopenrdqr4Lig

(u)(x + i,y)2 (F)ouv(x+ t.y) (1)r;9(r + l.r,) (6)1ph(r + ir')
9: I Mttll4lrunsri 1u'oh ll,rtlt,

IRrngaIs0] l
Ta.ble [Sum [k ^ 2 , { k , 1 , n } l = =n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + L l / 5 , 4 1 , 4 3 , 4 1,
ll, lj, I l , 1 9 , 2 ' 1 ,2 9 , - t I , 3 ' t ,
{n, 100, 150}l g ' 7 , r a r , 1 03 , 1 0 1 ,
1 9 ,8 3 ' 8 9 '
' fr u e , T r u e , ' l ' r u c , ' I ' r u e , ' l r u o , 3 , ' , ' ) , ( , 1, h l , 1 1 , l ' ) " 1 6 3 , 7 6 1'
I'Irue, Tr:ue, j , t ) . t , t 3 \ , ) " 3 1| r 3 9 t 7 4 9 , \ 5 I t r 5 - 1,
09, ll 2 2 1, 2 2 9 1
True/ True, T r u e , T r u e , Tr u e , 'I'rue, True, r93, r91, r99, 2rr, 223,
3 , t / ' t , t i tl , I 9 1 ,
T r u e , Tr u e . True, True, True, True, True,
T r u e , T r u e , Tr u e , T r u e , T r u e , - - r N , 1 1o n o i c 'ofierKovi(fl rdoe rPooKo
rrq ouvtiprloql:N
True, True. T r u e , T r u e . Tr u e , T r u e , T r u e , plropoupsvu 61outrre P10'YP0QrKn
n.orri nlrritrtruprUpro'rorc
True/ True, True, True, True/ True, True l
aprirtrrrvcP0Ptbv oto efiineSo'

Me tov tp6no our6 61outtt oDoroonKd Flo toXDPli fv6er(1 6tt 1 106Trlr(' it(rrl Primelnl], {n, 100}l;
o0Primes = TabLe [ {n '
uv6roqdpsllox!1 rpdTpoxl, 6ptlg 0n npdnervo roviooDpt 6n uut6 ijr;r' ptotl,abel -> "H ouvcrPrqol f"l
t I firstl0oPrimes ,
Fro pciolp0TlKri0n66etn.
lt our,dpr loq f

H 8rarpet6nlro oKspoiolveivdl pto 6wora qv ofioio oDvovrdp ot'.ir1tr1r-rrt

010111661 sKofioi6euo1. To Mathematica 5ro06ter apr<crf5 l ; (

'Eloupe
olvapqoerg. 11611Xplolpottotrloel no)'1"69on6 o,ur6q.ltu
uv o orcf,pcrtoq
}./opi(oup fi1 ouvdptrlorl PrimeQ[n], rl oTtoio s]"6yxs1"
ftp6roq 4 6Xl.

r nl r l j : {PrimeQ[131], PrineQ[126] ]

o u t1 3 7 : { T r u e , F a l s e }

rntll:= a = T a b l e [ R a n d o m[ I n t e g e t , {1,50}]. {i, 1.50}l

a u t t a l = { 4 ' l , 4 3 , 3 3 , 1 4 , 4 8 , 2 6 , 2 4 , 4 5 , B , I 5 t 3 9 , 2 ' 1, KotvoStotp'rll

ro
23,28,46,46,24, 18,4r, 20,38,L4,45,54, .ornonGCDIm. nl e;rrorpfqcr ftc1toro
4 - ,16 , 2 8 , L 0 , 4 A , 3 8 , 3 4 , 3 , 3 ' 1, 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 5 ,
ExlendedGCD[m'nl enrotpdtpcr
n'-"UO."n i:i ]':::
rov m Ko'l n' Ko1
61o'1prrlg
25, 34, 23, 76, 20, 44, 3, 43, 32, 15, 15, s,8l On- a "iu* o p6Yloroq Kolv6g
-- d
tol6 m's + n't
toug o7loiouq
rnf5t;= Select[a, PrineQ]
, 900l
, 2 3, 5 , 2 3, 3 , 4 3 , 5 l
a u t t s l : { 4 ' l, 4 3 t 2 3 , 4 r , 4 1 , 3 , 3 ' 7

ro n-or0
Eniorlq, eivar lnrroodl 11ouvriptrloq Primefn], 11onoiu enrotp6<p1
oprep6.'Eror, pnopofpe e6rcol"a,vu, Bporlpe roug nevrivro Trp6touq orl . txtenddccD [3960 ' 9 0 0 l
rp6rouq 0pr0Fofq. 9 ))
t)4 f, E n atrt .. lt. tnu D,t4-l

rnyGCD' or(irl; 0o
ttttttt: (-2) 3960+ 9 900 pr[ gopil {)tr t:tptrlrpootr;io olrtopirqqq mlvdpnlorlS

ttutlltl 180
= mvGCD[6'3]'
my(iclDle,6] = myGCD[6,Mod[9,6]l
fJl.r':nouue.l.otn6v. 6tr xo Mathematica 6ra06ter ouvaprlolq F tt! (
Aq uno0rlor
Inroporipeva pporips to p.dyrororcorv66rcfipftr1611oarepcir-ov. tqv ttfu:utcrinevtol.il0a nporcuyei
6pro4, 6n 6ev ryropi(oups xq o.uvoprtolq aut6g, rar 1:etd(r;rrtt
= mvGCD[3'0]'
UroStKnFoq ouvoprlol ylo to orono auro.
KfirrroKcudooul.tc my(i(lD[6,3] = mvGCD[3,Mod[6,3]l
nl'6ov 0a
Xro orlpeio dDr6 og Ooprleotpe tov a\6pr0po tou Euxl.ei6l, dvuv trnri 8etrepoq opr0p6q eivcr p16ev' on6te
| fiqpdoxoon o 6tr 0o
opxdl6rspouq ofuyopiopoDg,sQ6oov oqilsror otov Eurclei8l Av efl"otrltrr rqq ouvdptrloqg myGCD Aut6 olpuiver
I r,p,i,.n FopA{
rorv6g8rclpfqg tr'lv 24 rcur15'
;ulytoro rorv6 Ernrpftq rc,tv orepuirov a rcr b, 8rarpofpe to a 6rc rott
/', !p0p6 3, nou eivoro p6'yroroq
<nrv61eto,ro b 610roD Dftol.oinourr fllq rtl"euroioq 8roipeorlg,petd SrarPor)1ul
[ 2 ? ? 2 0 0 ,5 7 s 0 0 ]
11 6ru rou onol"oiztoD/2 rnq telsurdicg 8ruipeorlq,rllr. To re).eutaio pq ltrliir:
un6l.ouro eivcr o p6yrotog rcorv6q 6rarpfqg r(Dv 4 Kdl b. Enoprivorq,
or.rvtipfiloq nou enrotp6<pelto pfyto,o rorv6 Starpfq 66o arepuitrl pnolrr:l
2 0 0 , 6 75 0 0 l
61eiqv naporriror poprpri.

rnI:21:= mYGCD
[a-, 0] := a
ttlg
n y G C D[ a _ . b _ ] :=nyccDlb, Modla. bll quorrcbv upr0prbv eivar 1 arolnuOio Fibonacct'

flprv npolropriooupeoe rdnora napcSsiypo,ta,ag Soripetov tpono trretov

6Potefvot
l.eiroup"yei11ouvripqorl nou p6l"rgrc, uorceudocps.Koroplfv vo Oupqftrtipt t , 1 ,2 ,3 ,5 ,8 , 1 3 ,2 l ' 3 4 ' ' ' '
11ouvdptrlol Modfm, n] emorp6qerto un6]'ouro qg 6raipeoqqrou lz tjrn
Aq uno06ooupe6n rdnorog prloqg 6iver rqv evrobi myGCD[24' I 5 ourlg eivur to &0poropatcov 56o npoqyoopwov
ouvripolcl myGCD 61ei 3r1o8rorpopetm6g pop<pdq,or oztoieg'pcivovrrtt 6rr o yevtrc6qtqg 6pog bivercr an6 tq
o1eor1
n npdTn
rprbrl ror q 6e6tep1ypcpprlcvdororlu,.fta vu e<pcppooti
rp6nei o 8efrepoqopr0p6qvo eivorpr16ev.Erer6ri,B6Bcru,6eveipuoreot: an--anl+an2

qv zapinrool, ro Mathematica 0a egcpp6oer tov oprop6 tqq = l' a2 = | H Mathe-

optorotv or Erio nprbtor 6por a1
myGCD, nou epqavi(etur otq 6e6repqypappri, on6te 0o rporcriyer rdnoro 6po aut(q
lomon Fibonacci, 11onotu enrotpftper
Mod[24,l5J] = my66p1tt' n,.
myGCD[24,l5] = myGCD[15,
'Eror,
ep<pavi(etatpttr vdu ewohi myGCD[l5, 9], ottlv onoio Ocr
ndluro optop6qrrlq ouvd.prrlorlq.Aut6 orlpaiver 6fl 0c 61oupeqv napootccnl

myGCDI5, 9l = myGCD[e,Mod[ls, 9]l = myGCD[9,6]

 ';.E'''fr|yf.mt

va rdvet nol'l"ou6
oro 'yr,1ov6q6t 1 Muthcmutica ava6o.(etcL
ror mYFib[2]'
y, ...1,exprl Awrpetconi(er
Module[{.x, ta odppolaa pd1:t vc roruXflfet oog Yvtoot6qnp6q mYFib[l]
y, . .. ocv ronrx6qpetcph.1t66 orolooOfloet q 6tc6PoPt1
Module[{x= xo,...1,expr) Opi(ovrtn ap26rdqrtp6q + mYFib[28]
'== mYFibt2gl
301
1'ronq rozrr6gperopl,ltdq.n,. . . + mvFib[26])
+ (mvFit27l
+ mvFibt2Tl)
(myFib[28]
rl]1r6J:={Fibonacci[5], Fibonacci[9], Fibonacci[{15. 28}] }
yv<r:pi(ercrnorov
o u tt 1 6 t : { . 5 , 3 4 , { 6 1 4 , 3 1 7 8 1 1 }} pper rrq op6q myFib[l] rcarmyFib[2]' xtq o'roi4
unol'olioero1'6rl1poto d0poropu'
l-u&prnonq .vpib, on6te0o
Ag uno06ooupc6116ev yvopi(oupcr4v rinop(crrqq ouvuprqoqgFibonacci.
orlv ertfl'eo{ tr1g' ra}'6 tivdl vd
vc ppiorougcrdOe6po rqq cro).ou0icgcrln19.H ).r1or1
06tror.,trre uoqc).ti.rg
civrrr ouvdprlon myFib eivar apy{
tov cpr0prbv^Fibonaccr'
xcrcoreud,ooupepro ouvdptqoq yro to orozr6 our6. rDuorr&, pra 1"6o11 roopevo Bpotpe wa dl"}'o rp6no unol'oyropof
va onote)"eipra l'6o1'
npoBlrjporog 6iveror an6 trq ol6oerq noo npoo6rop((ouvrouq oporrg n rnocrc&totouvdprlol 0u pnopo6oe
'Eror,
orol,ouOicq. 0a floupc
tlbon [1]
r n I r T J i = t n y F i b[ 1 ] : = 1 ; In_I ; = M o d u l e [ { x = 0 ' Y = L } '
nyFib[2] := 1; D o[ { x , y ) = t y , x + Y ] , { n - 1 } l ; Y l
nyFib [n_] :=nyFibln-11 +nyFib[n- 2]
rar petp(ooupero xpovo
mrpa8ei'yporu,
oe ou'yrcercprpdvo
H ouvdprrlorloucl pnopeivo pogScboer
touq oprOpofg
Fibonacci
vctu:olt tt] "out:-.1:.:-1]
,i, u*, -uootoqq, cgnpooraoriooul povn6r6q
6n o
,q -uAp"rlorl Fibon.Kcrtcpfiv vo 0upr10o6pe
x rcn y oav tonx6q'
rnt2at:: lmyEib [15] , Fibonacci[15] ] Module eivar vo opioertrq petop\t6q
0o undplouv6[or.trn6.m-"in"1]
o u t t 2 a l= { 6 1 0 , 6 1 0 } tr"opfn.Jqaotdq6ev fdd"
tq oovdpqol Do'
llt irt n 6oul.erdlivetct urorl'erotr<& cn6
6po6 eivarnol,ri opyrl or4v erc6l,eorlqg, or6pq rcr yrc olenrd prrp6grtpfg
z, Mzoporipe va ppo6pe tov p6vo errfl:oqg qq orvtiptrlorlg oto]q, q ouvd,pqoq Do ertel*i tr1v nupdoraorl' I :t"* Bo**.11..:::
oalv 8etteptl
lrrlorpLonoqooups q ouvdpqol Timing, qv onoia 6ru,06ter n Mathemalicu r6oeqrPoP6g6oegra0oPi(ero o1:r0p6gnoo ppiorstar
ro oron6 cur6. Eivcnnporpcv6g 6tr o 1p6vogercr6)"eor1ge(uprdrar xur an6 ; ;;;#;'"" iro'p" *eoootqvDoeivor11{x' ') = !:-i^l-!;
napdotaorl eivo'r olorcottrtt
rl - 1 gopdq H ouyrcerprp6v4
rcllT qra rou uno),oyrod1. errekotei
Mathematica xrte\ei
61la6f x = /.y Ko'r y = x + y' H
erte)'ei oq 6noteq
rn121j;= Timing fnyrib [35] l pe 6vo rctn povc6rr6 tp6no Aq)'o6f1'
rcr 11ttp{ oTrlv onoic rcota}'{1sr
o u t t 2 l l = { I 0 5 . 9 ' 7 2 S e c o n d , 9 2 2 - 14 6 5 } 0eutepo pel,oq cqg awrrardoraoqq'
npdlro p6l'og'
otq petcBl,rprl rou ond'p1ei oto
rnt22l:= limLng lFibonacci [35] l
Fibon[4]' H Mathe-
rqv ewo?''t1
out[22]= {0. Second, 922'7465}
oulr, r6po, 6rr rdnorog priotrlq 6iver
;;;;tJ";" rrb6ma,rot opi(errq oiv&pqoq t**'"T::-ti:::'
'np6g oqv ert6Leoq l1q Do
x = 0 rcct y = l, rar petd 0a nepdoer
'erteLJoet
y)' 6r1)"obti nq
0c n1v ncpdotncl lx' yl = ly' x+
 I t'tr.'ultr.tt^.. r.(to

0vTrKdTcoT0orjr!.r = ,t) K(rr .f = \' + l , Ilx:ls g(,I)/:q, ll rlrrirrtl r:rrrl).r

r)tfl6Tlx:\l;r.r = l, cntl rqv nytrittrl uvnr triorfloq, x.(rl r = 0 + | . l,
t5r:frr;pq.Kar {)ii6 rt;}"Er6vr:L
e(lotloeov
6rogovrtxdtv
t1 rprirr4 r;rrr':},r:o4tr15ntrpriotcoq!. n lxr rl
t:rcfl':)"r;o1riyr 6rcqopcttrcdqopxrKdq ouv(hiK8g, rnr ouTrr:rcprpr:vrrr p?ropouFtvcr
nol,fu:qqopitq {:[Qcrvi(ovrot nPop]'flputo, 6ro oroio
.y = l. Erot, ol1 derirepq ercril"eoq, 0a znpoupe .r = | unri np, unupXouv
cNilpuulql.uor;Lg.fta fiopd6e1TFo,ov urTogsoouFs6rt
nvttrnrnorcorl, KOry = I + | =2, o26 q 6eiltepr1. lro orlpt{]ioorrro rr
lritvuv rorv 2 rat 3 Euptb,tote to epcbrqpatr6oo Ypo'pForoorlpn
rar 11 8rirteprl sKr6)"son rlq ropdoroolg. T61"o9,orrlv rpirl r:rri:ir, p1 orc6poregl6oe4'
c1ot)hool)ltllpr; 150 Euptil, 6ev pnopei vu 61et
fll)ord\/sr x = 2, an6 rlv 7rp6rn avnrci.rdoto,oq,Kor y = | + 2 - l,
pltopoirpr; vo oTopdoouFe 15,3 ypcppot6olpo" Av' l'otTtov'
6r;irrepq.E6rbrlr6vsr 11ercrf)"eoqqq ouvdpqong Do, on6re 1 Murln rcov 3
clopri(orrpre.r Tpol-lpot6onpoxtrlv 2, Kot -v ypappLur6orlpa
<ruvsxlosrpe rqv ezr6per.'r1
evrol"rj rou K65rKo.,noD 6ev eivar ilJ"rl rrnri = 150, 6nou rtr 'r Korl 7tp[t1
Sodtrr:tvo toxrit)trl oX6oI 2 x + 3 y
A1Lu6r]0a ezrtotpfyerrqv re),suraia trpf tou y, nou ivo,ty = 3
o[v(rt (lKl]llcrtot.

Ontog einape o yv1K6q6pog qq ar<o),ouOioq

Fibonacci 8ivetcr r.tni' r11
r:ivat prc e(iotool qq popqrlg ax + by = c' 6nott a, b ru c
ul = an-t + an 2. Ay napnqpriooupa npooexnx6tepu rqv r:rrrlLr (DYoq
Airoq o1q broquwm{q e(iotooqg sivol oTroloSilnor
ouvdprqol Fibon, nou arplypd\}rop nporlyoupdvcog,
0o 6umorci.roorrlrr; Eioo)o.ll6tv
ttou tKovonoteirqv tiooon oDtri' Mto 8rotpavmrl
rrnoKdererr6),eor1 rnq nopdoroolqrnq Do, I l-tsrop],lnix rpotrir;rrrp, vo
l'tu ruapabetlpc,6ev udplouv dKfporot -x Kct't-t, 01 oroiot
opovcr,,2, Tlrltul rou t rpurd.ertrlv flp ] tou 6pouan-1,t\td) prrr|l\, I -- 15, dr6a to nptbto p6}'oq eivcr navtore
{foo.ro1 2 r + 2 y To npri:ro
qq rro.pdoroonqI v6o ntr 1 rou y eivut o 6pog a,, rnq o.Kol"ouoloq
Fiborrrrcci,
lloc, r;v(bro asfrepo p6l.ogeivot neprtt6q Enop6vt'lg,
rn 125li: Fibon [ 30 ] vn mcvq0ei eivur n6re pru Eroqawtrq eliotoorl 61er)"uo1'
ouvf,Itrd.nP6Ttttva Bpotpe flq )"toerg,eQ66'ovDtropxouv'
o u tt 2 s l : B32A4A

6logovrrrfl e6ior,:or a'x + by = s 61etl'foq r6re Kor Fovov

r' 126l. = Timing IFibon [35] l tov ouvreleo, rilv
Er1).c6{6rcv o F6TroroqKo1v6q61o1pdrnq
vo
o u t t 26 l = [ 0 . S e c o n d , 9 2 2 1 4 6 5 ] ro oro0sp6 6po fl1q e{iooor1g.Enopdvc'lgeivcr elirco?"o
I{ron oc }rru6ro,QcvrlKrltiotuorl
llopor4potpre 6rr q errdl"eo4 rlg oDvdprnolg Fibon 6ev unolrsl Fl;yftL.c
8toorlparc, dK6Fn Kor Tro l.rsyo)"6rpqnpfq rou quorKof opr0pou ,r.
I, f) EnrotP6rPeicP zicPdorcol l,
Int27l:= ILmlng I ribon [ 75 ] l conditionsivtn trl'rl0flq,
6rav q ouvOrircq
Kd1cnv fiupdor(ron/,
a u t t 2 7 I= { 0 . S e c o n d , 2 I I I 4 8 5 0 ' 7 ' 79 1 8 0 5 A) j
6tov r1conditione{vorrYeu6{9.

,ul To i6to ge to nPonYoup^wo'

KOreTrurlfov?rtoTp6qelT riv ttopooTuon,l'
6tcv q ouv0r]xqcondition6sv
tvo!o6ts oln0rig, orir\YeD6rlq.

tq 6toq0vrtt(6q6to6ot1g
 'l I btitltql(rf t^(r ltt:o|t

tritl/t:
gtnEgurtj'on [ 12 ' 7 , 245i
ExPand[t]

I Jj J l

tinEquation [14 , 6 , 5 43 1
Av nupcrqp(ooupe tov rctb6txunou 6tvtr q ),rio1 qg 6torpavtrrlg t;lior'ro
liofrpr: tirL 1 np6n1 ypc;rpr1 eivar ouor.uotrrd ru 6e6otrr6vurou npofilri iri Il() li()l Lrtion

tirl).n6rl q i6ra r1 eliooorl, ev6 11rpinl ypupprl eivar ot oldor! (4). ll ,ir.
lpalpq opi(r;Lrouq npropo{qd, m Kol n.
TouGoldbach
Mmpor'r1u:,r:nioqg,va npoo06oorpe orov r66rrco our6 rot t1
r1v.
rou ?rpoqtov Euler Srconoloe
ttlv ruroic yivr;tur o i;l"r;y1og
qg 6nup(qq l6oqq. rn (ioldbach oa 6vo ypdppu ypaqei
tou 2 pnopei vo
tn*,, ,U'r** arfpurog peyul'frepog
t ' ) tr t l : (a, b, c) = {4, 6, 2S};
Itp6t0v (rP(JF6v'
(d, {m, n}} = ExtendedccD [a, b];
If [Modlc, d] =.0, cpt0pttbv' QU61Kd'Tltr oxerlKo
6o$pr: ncpodci^yptrtcr6rotclv
((c/d) n+ (b/d) t, (c/d) n- (a/d) t],
"Thore is no solution"
l
ll=3+5
, 4 t tt t , ' t l l J, 4l
l 0 = 3 + 7 =5 + )
=
O xrirlirrcg nurrig r:ivnL r';va pLrp6 np6ypuppo, ro oTroio fttfu;tl d
2 4 = 5 + t 9= 7 + 1 7 1 1+ 1 3
r:drotiror:rg.To pr6vo nou dloupe vc rdvoupe eiva,r va u),7,ci(oupr rr lv
0 o = 3 + 9 7= l l + 8 9 = 1 7 + 8 3
= 2 9+ ' l l = 4 t + 5 9 = 4 7 + 5 3
lpoppn,6ll.odn vn eroriyoupe pur vrlu sliorrrorl. fta napriSsrypo, rl r:
6 r - | 0 y = I 5, 6noq ti8o.p ftponToup6vog, 6cv dler lilor1. (s61oq nptbttov oprOprilv'ttov
6tt 6r:vundpler p6vov wu
6tvetto (qtorSPevoc'KPcro'
trt4u: {a, b. c} = i6, -10. 15};
{d, {m, n}} = ExtendedccD [a. b]; urepciov oe d0potopc
acpob8iTForoavdluorlg dpnow
I f [ M o d[ c , d ] = . 0 , o{pepu ottl
Jo.'tou Gotdua"h 6w 61ei anoberlOeitrr61pr
{(c/d) m+ (b/d) t, (c/d) n- (a/d) t}, dpnog 0am6g
"There is no solution" eivot &lvttloto uv onoroo8ipote
l opl0Fdv'
ocv &0PoloPu6uo nptiJtuiv
o)tl4rl there -s no sol-r ion
uuclg'
pCPatcv cr 66oet trlv onober(r1tqg erooiog
to
aut6 petctp6netcre0rcol.cr
To np6ypaptrra oe ouvriptlorl. VO ppofpe (eriyrl np6ttov apt0pcbv' TroD

I n ! 44 | : diophantinEquation Ia_Integer, b_Integer, c_In

({d, {m, n}} = ExtendedccD [a, b]; N, rar 06LouPe vo
6vcv dPtto, 0etrro crePuro
I f [ M o d l c , d ] = =0 ,
d0potopc ot1 PoPrPtl
{(c/d) m+ (b/d) t, (c/d) n- (a/d) t},
"Thr ia no solution"] )
N -- P1 + Jt2,
104
vo rcctcoxtudooupc Fto^cDvoprloq'
0 ttg rnparqpqoutq nurfg ;Lnopoirpc
6nou p; rcct p2 uivot rpdror cp0poi llnr;rtiri paq l:v6ldqdpouvp6vov ttl N' xat0a::t*t'*,:
tovupr0g6
aprOpol, propoript vo XllnotpoTrotrlooulL{; rl fl)vdprrlon PrimcIxl' q O"iro"* .rouop,opo "fi,if::l &&-
(EvenQ|#I
el'6'v1ou
pe &0potopaN H ouv&pqor1
cnrorpdtperrov x-ot6 zrprittoapr0p6. il;;:'
napardtc'l'
ve t * I e &#>4 &) 0a ou(r1t1oei
^ytc'
Av uno06ooupe6tr o fvcg un6 rotg nprixoug aprOpotq eivcr 2'
goldbrch
'-t;rra"i"tt I
pt = 2, r6re 0c np6net Ko;Lo p2 vu eivar dptrog, erp6oovo N eivut tilttttg (EvenQ[*] e6 Positive[*] &&# > 4 &) I : =
povo,6tr6qnprilrog nou eivot d.pttog eivat o 2. Enop6vroq0c 61ou;-Ls 7r1 2
tlodule [ {a = i}, i},
p2 = 2,6nl.o6ri N = 4. Aut6 or'lpoiver6n o povoEtrc6g tipttoq, Oettrcoqar^ i++ '
toxlL = 2 , Prinetil <t/2'
rou 61srocv npoo0et6orov nprbro opr0;r62 eivar o apr0trr6g4'
-I f. =[oPpr p " r, gatfn" , - P r i t n e [ i ] l '
iln
-
{Plinetil , n Prinelil }l l l; al
Ao<pal.rirqproporipe va e(arpfooupe r1v repintooq tou cprOpo{ 4, or
nprinoq cpr0p6g 2 6ev pnopei vo eivut rlvag on6 toug npoo0et6otg rotr r [2{ ]
Oetrrot orcepuiouN. Aur6 oqpuivet 6tr o nprbtogcpt0p6q 2 pttopei vu 1 7) , { 1 1 , 1 3 } }
1 5 , r e l , 1 1,
un6 rqv uva(r1n1ol trp6TorvdpleU6v
6tr ta 8rdrpopo(euyr1.nor)
,n, av 06l.oupe,vc Stanrotcilooupe
Yno06oupe 6n royier 1t1= 2k Enop6vtoq,trinopotpevo roporllplloorrpr: oron6 *l:
nlnr**, d0poropcz4 ltu -to :t:"t",1:
Plus'
o nprbroq npoo0et6og pl eivot prrcp6tepoqt'1 ioog cou k, t6te o p2 l\t l""Ot* Apply, oe orv6ucop6peq oov&pqor1
? Apply'
ro (e6'y1 (p1' 2',)
peyal,rltepoqtou ft. Ensr6f, l.orr6v, po.q ev8rarp6por.rv q niq ouv&pqo1g
e<pappo'yf
uo'*o0opio-pu"o enine8o
oprer6 vc uvu(lulooops ereivouq rouq npriltoug apropofg pl , ol oroiot vc eqtrpptoorei oe pro nol-l'anXri
l'ioro'
prrp6repor rq ioot tou ft. Aql,aEri lpeia(6paote wu pllavropo. o
ovu(qtei npcbrouqcpr0po6g pmp6tspoogrj ioouq tou ft H olvripcloq For [PIu8, t' 2]

vo Poq0tioet.
24, 24\

6o ov lvropi(oupE'tov pt, t6re o p2 ptopei va ppe0ei [284]

Eivtrr npo<pav6q
241},
a;6on N = pt + p2. Aogo,l.rbq,zrprvo,noEel0ofperc ln7o9 (p1, p2) L l , { 1 , 2 ' t ' 1 } , \ 7 3 , 2 ' 1 7 \' { 4 3 ,
1l , L57} }
anopcitlro va eley(oupeav o cpr0p6qN - pr eivctzrp6roq' 223}, \13' 2rr\, { 1 0 3 , 1 8 , \ : I 2 1

T6l,oq, ener6rl ouvrl0rogundplouv nol,ld (zu11 nprbr<rlvuptOpriv nou l u a ,$ , 2 !

dOporopcN, zrp6nerrriOe v6o (efyoq ztou ppiorcotpevc utpootiOetol 4, 284, 284, 284, 284,
284' 284\

zrporlyotpevo. Att6 oqpoivei 611 1:eic(6paore pro petcp)'qrr1, q pto

&&#>4 & eivo'r6nolq (6poope
ouyrevrpdlvct6),c curd ra (euP1. ) [ # ] &&Positive [ # ]
ppioxetat oto t6)'oq' O
gotu""o, onO to lcporrdpa & nou
 'ljvog
litrl.tig lulxrrrilpug && r;ivur ro oirlr[o].o A rqg Ma{}qparrrrlqAo1rrrl5. rurrr.r':ott;tfu:t:rt:i pirvo 1ru tirrrl pcg yuyrlt'r1io rctrtt;v1;Lrirtrrotl
lir;i26vrrtirr or ngrorriourgEvcnQ[i/1,l\rsitrvcl//l Nor // 4 zpr':nr:Lvu ro 6!ilJ(ol)q rou rd0l tioltrxp6porr,ov 6?(t o Ktptoq, sivct vc ott;]'vuL
rctrt6lpovu. O pti),oqr1q ouvdrpalolg cunlg r;ivur vu r:l"r'ry{uL
rov ultr0pr! lrru mru r:vdtuoi;Douvrov t6rortr]tq rou. Eivar Trpoqov6q6tt 6lu ta
brirocro Xprlotrlgotq ouvdpqorl goldbach. I l rt;)"r:urcincuni ouvirprqorl ,ir,v tou ori;l.vouv ot 6opuq6PotftpogrI yn ivo1Trpoottriorov rca'Orlva Optog'
r;rcrr:l.rorci,cv o opt0p6r.rou prjotrl 6ev eivar dprog, 0enx6g rct pr:yr).u r;ivcr g6vov os ooouq pnopofv vc tc cnoKo6rKotlofl6ouv'
rou 4.
nou 1:tlotponororivrot olipepo ivol oTtorsl'eopsrtrcoi,rolupoi, t<c'r
/ r r l r , . r li : goldbach 'yrc rftoroug rrb8lrceg,
[]-211 Av xot undpler [ttTd].o v6ro96pov
o l , t 1 5 2 7- go l dba ch 11,2Ll touq lenepvdtc 6prctou nnp6vroqavmetp6vou F'6ril0c'
n nr;pt'fpden
Kdr[oroDqcnlotq rrilbuteq, pe cnorleront6 ot61o ttlv Ko'rovono1
r,I5Jl i goldbach[-24] tou Mathematica.
ouvnprfloecrrv
out t53l= goldbach[ 241
?rou 0d 6o[p Booi(etar otouq crepaioug modm, ran ]'6ysrar 6fl
rn154ji:goldbach[4] yur rp6rl eopd o't6 rov Ioril'ro Kaloapc. Erceivonoo 6t<oveo
ircv vtt cvarcu,toorriotl Kde ypdppo tou plvDttoroq F ro
o u Ll 5 l t l : go ldbach [4 ]
pptor6tcv 3 06oeqzrtoKdrtDoro a)'qriBrlto.A1l'ab1to priwpo ABC
on1Kov1(6rov
. Tc tp(c rel.euroiu ypdppoto tou u}"<pcrpr1tou QDotKo
Ta releuruia ncpoSeiypcta deiryouv ro0apri q l.eitoupyia tou el"i"ylorr
ercre),el11ouvdprqorl EvenQ[#]&&Positivel#l&&# >4&, erp6oov 4 orrvrilr 7pdpp0r0.
goldbach8ev 6iverandvr4o4 oe rcprd an6 wro),6g aurdq.
ftou ?ro{izlslvo yiver sivcl I opiOpnol rov Tpoppdrrrlv rou
Vo
6ore rcdOeypdppu va pnopei vc nupooto0i $ svo ouTKKplF

4,4.Kpunroypagio
A B C D E . . . V W X Y Z
H avrclJ,cyr] puonrrbv prptrprircov 6gv eivsr rdtt v6o. An6 ra apXai.a
0 1 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 0 0 ( l )
1r6vta, r6ro[repaoe neprnrdloergzo]"6trrrov,
unrjple q o,vriyr<rlezrrorvovicg 0 | 2 3 4...2't22232425
coppaprcrbv 8uvripearv,rard. rftoro rp6no to:areto pqvripcru vu pqv
rorovo4rd,aa6 rov e10p6,oe nepizrroorlzrouaurd.6zregruvoro.lipru roug. pe X1 &a ypdtrrpo tou opxrKoli pl'lvlipdxog, ror oto
yiver Xa, ro oTtoio0o 6ivetot uno t4
lrflwlto ro ypdppa uut6 0o
!{pepa q ovdTrnour1 eivururc6pqpeyc}"6rep4, rar cve(dpnlni on6
ttttlrprlosrg.H COCA-COLA,yrc nupd.8erytrLu,
0a f0e1,evu entrowtovr:i
Xx = \X,1+ l)(mod26). (2)
dvd rov K6oFounoratconl;,Latdqg, X,opigvu pcooivero avro,yovLorrlg
entlerplpLarrxd 11goXf6ru.
ovrtKo0iorotor p xo Ypdppo nou pp(oretat 3 erioetgnro
"WKIV LV
'Evc
dl,Io fiopd8rTfrooro onoio edivrol rl ovdTKrlrng trruonr6rltag r;i ro pri!'ulio'THIS IS TOP SECRET"0o yivet
e(ti6. Eivcr yvtlor6 6rr undplouv 3ei<d6eg
6opurp6por,
or onoior
yuptrr cn6 q Tl! Kor otil.vouv Stdrpopeqd,qpopopfug. An6 pcdroqtrrvrrr,:q
crrrfl ayvooupe ro Ksv6 6tdoxnlto ftsrdt rtriv l'6(etov, ov t<ot
rqLconrrx6q crzropnl;q, pril:r gtrrrolpcgir:q n1q enrgcvflog qq ylq
vc {:tocyoupl: i;vu orrppo},oTrouvo ?roptor&to 8rdotrlpru auto'
purprlor;q.Kcvr:i6nrov x6o;ro iir;v nrorlucr irtL rrirourq
Ftrctrrpolo1rK{:q
l0ll L Mqlnt0rtK.t lti:ott,

li(vnr zrpogcvi;g(trt orqv zrt;pinroroqt;tcclorltic r:v6qvdotr rnr(16)'ott q 0u ;rerurpf,notv tn lpcppctc

(6puol; 6rio mrvallr{or:tg, ot onoieq
*"
Xprlotl-Lonotdrvrcq d"l^l
0a ytvr;tX5 = (X/ + 3)(mod27). Oc trLr:ivorrpr; 6ptoqotu 2(r yptipltttrrt, rar tor)q flpr0po0qos Ypopporo' Itll*
'li pe trl Bo{oetc rqq
riorrpc rcnl"frep1onetrc6vrolrcovypuppnrrov rqg lattvtr{q cr}"tpaprltorr' L *rrron""r,,l.roupc66o t6toteg ouvaptt]oE'
r;(r1qtu revd peto(ri zov Ls(ecov0u clnroor5wcr.

Xtr1 ouvfleto 0o.npoona0flooupeva Bpo6pre6va tp6no, 6ote 11rrrt8rronol

4 cnorcoSrronoirlorlvo yiverar un6 ro Mathemalrca. Ot oDvaprtlot:tq
pqotgonorrlooupc6ivowat ncpcrurur.

ct"," c2"l
CharacterRange[" Ezrrozpggetpra ]'ioro p loDq lstrg-Stringl :=
rou ppiorowat peroqritrov cl Kct c2 [(k = 1, st = TouPPercase I strg] ] /
k + + l ; d a t a t[ k ' 1 l ] l
Characters["string"] Enrorp6rpelq ],iota torv lrt=r=a.t"ttt,2ll,

lcParrr] Provtou relPevoustring perurp6ner6va 1aporclpo oe

6ntoq8etlver rcatto 6vopd qg,
ypdppcr'H nopopetpog
ToUpperCase[string]Entotp6gettoreipsvostring otp6vcoqtov perutpfryei oe reqa)'oio
1 yra vu propgooDpe vo
rerPal,oia
pt 6ld r0 Ypd.Ptrdra tonrKrl, Kor upli(er pe trlv flpf1 'Orog
tlp6ro ($i'yoqtou nivcrc data 0le11Ua.ro tis-t-111
FromCharacterCode[r]Enrotp6<pertovlopcrrrlpc "st =t= dataltft,2]l', rury(vetcr axr106g p6vov 6tav-o
" itvar
nou 61erASCII rctil8rrtrn datallk' 2]l'
06<ooe o prlorlq 6w eivari6rogpe tov pporctripa
ToCharacterCodel'string'l Erirorp6getcq l"ioru pe touq ASCII to test H ouvoprnon
6vc o 6eixrrlqk, rar ercavol'upp&verct
6)"tovrtrw lopurdpolv tou rcerpdvou U t*t|"":t
lu crptptbq t6te 6tcrv o lcpurt{pog , lt.:o
"s2", ...}] npr0p6data[[k'
ShingJoin[{".s1", s1s2. .
tq ouprpo}.noerpd
Enrotpdrper onOren"ouuaprnonModule0a 8riloertov
=!= sivtfl oDvxopoTpo9lo
IopoKrnpdcut6. Ta ofpBol'u
Aorpal.rirqro nprirto zpdypa nou lpero(6paote ivol I uvrtorolxio ( l).
np6net vo ppofpe 6va tp6no, ritote to Mathemalica vo pd0et qv
oe retpol'cio' 6ev
aucl. Enopevcoq aprei va rotu,oreu&ooupe 6vu nivuro pe 66o ypoppl:q. BrToCode petotp6ner rdOe loporrqpc
o un6 ro lprloq To
0o nep#1ertoug opr0po6qon6 0 6o9 25, rccr 1 8eftepq tc ;tr tov onoio erodyetur lupartlpog-
t[optDtlTFo'
l.aovtnlq clqopr]tou. H avtrotorfc nou 061.oupeeo nporfyut 16o,6t<rlqgaivetol oro tropoKdr{D
cvdorporpotou nivc,tcccoro6. "w" ] ]
1',y"1 . charToCode[
In l5sl : = data =
"A" "8
Transpose [ {Range [ 0 . 25] , ChalacterRange [ ,
,o rp67[o pnopei vo KoxooKuooriKol vo ei6og
o u t t 5 5 t ={ { 0 , A i , { 1 / B ) , { 2 , c } , { 3 , D } . { 4 , E } , xoug
{s. F}, {6, G}, {?, H}. {8, r), {e, J}. {10, K}, 6n)rcbrl praq ouvdpqoqq Trou Fei{rrp'ra
{11. L}, {r2, M\, {13,N}, {14,o}, {1s, P},
t 1 6 ,O ) . { 1 7 ,R } , { 1 8 ,s } , t 1 e ,r } , { 2 o ,u \ ,
{ 2 1 ,v \ , 1 2 2 w, l , { 2 3 ,x ) , 1 2 4 \, 1 , \ 2 s , z i \
 codeTochar [n_In!eg! ? NonN.grt1v. /; n 126] ooda! = chtrTocodq lcharacters Istrg] l
Module [ {k = 1} ,
(0, l,), l'), t), 2., 10, 0, I9, 3, 0, 22' 13J
While[n != dataI tk. 1]1, k++l; dataI tk, 2]ll
oXfol (2)'
I r)| :,t)| : codeTocha! [ 1-8] rnq lior(lq codcs nprin:t va Pmoo1l$oxtototv F Pdon trlg
tirL (h nportyet pto v6o l.iota pe toug ro8xonotrlpvoug
( ) r ) tI 5 9 l S

Ag unoe6ooupe, ro trl]vupn"Attrrel
rrbpo,61106l"oupevo rotSxonorrlooutrre aa;coda = Mod fcodes + 3, 261
dawn" (Enne0eire rqv cuyrl). Aorpotrrbg, npinet np-ora va erod.youpcrr' 1ri
16l
6'r,0Mathematica. 1 3 ,2 2 , 2 2 , 3 , 5 , 1 3 , 3 , 2 2 , 6 , 3 , 2 5 ,

yiver pe rq
ttlt501:= sLxg = "Attackatdatrn" ; t1 pr;rotponrl t(l)v optep(ilv oDr(bv 6s luporctrjpeg 0a
pro'liota
ouvdpnlolq codeToChar.Eivct nporpuv6g,sq6oov 6lou$t
H ouvdptqorl Characters 0u pcq 8cboet 61,ouq roug laporrlpeg rrlr q tnrvdptlotl audl npfner vn f1e1rlv 166rlro Listable'
rcoBrronoirloqqpdol g.
ttributes IcodeTochar, ],istable]
fr l6lJ:: Characters Istrg]
= codeTochar Inewcodes]
aDtt6ll: IA, t,, 1,, a, c, k, a, t, d, a, w, n]
W, W, D, F, N, D, WI G' D' ZI Q}

H o'uvdpcloq charToCode,6nog qv rcctooreudoupe,neprpdverouv 6prnlrrr

eivct vo, [trorp6voDtlt q ]'iotu tt'lv
lapardlpu, rov onoio 0o rydler vc Bperota 6e6opdvcdata, rar 0u ano8rirnr:r F6vo ttou rloups vc rdvoups
cvrlorol1o apr0p6.'Eror, 6w 0a ]"ertoupyr'1oa1J rEtFcvo.
o,v oo,v 6propa 6e1rei tr1
laporrrlpov rrlg un6 ro8rronoilon
qp{i6lg. Aur6 orlpc,iver orr yrn vc = StringJoin @@neltchar
Xplorponoqooupe oro npoqTofpevo anor6Leotrru.np6nar 4 ouvoprlorl
Code va 61et qv rrccv6r1to vs ero61"0er DZQ
p6ou oq liotc, ror vu rtpup
rd0e dvo un6 ra otorXeia qq l"iotng autr]g. Xuvoptqoeq nou sXouv "Attack at
slvor ro Ko8rKoTrorqpworcsipwo fi1g tppdoqg
6uvor6trlru6ra06rouvro XopoKxnprorrK6
Listable.H o.uvripnlorlAttributcs
.
(ern't1ou;,te
6ivet tu lupo.rcrlprormd rrrrvouvo,pn]oerov.
tropoTrovo)
vc xl)norForlotnooulrrrq evroltg roD treplTpo\yol.t
rn t 62I : - ALLiLbutes fDivisors]
0c pzropofoupe vo rlg ouYKsvrptbooupeoe pto'
o u tI 6 2 J - { L i s t a b f e , P r o t e c t e d l 0c entotp6tpstp6vo ro KoblKonolnp6voplivDpo, eqooov ro
elvut oEtdroopa.Mtc r6tora oDvoprnon p?roptrvo sltt
Enop6vrog,n ouvdpqol charToCode npinet"vu nnorn]oer ro
Listable. A.116yiverol ps r1v ea6pevqewol"r1.

tnt6:t| : SetAttributes lcharTocode, Li8table]

-*"
 . I t'tt.v.lr.'."^'. '^'
l(

rrrriTr: ttt Mulln'nu ictt 0u lvrrlpi(rr tu [(ivt(l oXl:TtK{rltl:

!rltrt)l: data =
"A" K(rt Tlv (rt[oK(,)iitKo7[Oilloll.
Transpose [ {Range [ 0 , 25] , ChlractrRang [
charTocode lstrg_Stling] :=
"PD-
vtr tioirpt: /;vu nopa8etlprc,6tt nopul'dBcpe to pflvupa
1t<r
M o d u l e [ { k = 1 . s t = T o u p p e r c a s eI s t r g ] ] , ea pag Stboet to
,VlXQ", ttitr; 11 ouvcptrlorl decodedText
while [st =! = data I tk, 2l] , k++l ; data[ [k, 1]ll;
SetAttributes IcharToCode, ],ista-ble] ;
codeTocha! [n_Integer ? NonNe gai-ive /; n<261 T [ 'PDVIKHPDWIFDI,VIXQ'']
Module [ {k = 1} ,
'I.II.NI:;IJIJN
whileln != data[ tk, 1]1, k++l; data[[k,2]ll;
SetAttributes IcodeTochar, Listable] ;
eivar
codedlext := StringJoin @@ vo pqvupc ro p6vo nou lperd(erot vc' t<d'voupe
I strg_String]
q qp'&a1"Mathemallca is fun"'
rq lt:qr;rq,on6rt TTporcuntei
codeTochar [Mod lcharTocode [Characters [strg] I + 3,

lr I75Jj= codedText "This IsTopsecret" ] ncptypayopL: ncpondvto oqpi(etar orq o1ot1

[ tou
aut{g eivar
out 1751= WKLVLVWRSVHFUHW 26).'llvn paorr6 pportqpronr6 t1q o16o1q
qv rrpLrl1ra rdnora cn6 trg petopl'qtfq Xs Kat X1'
0u' pnopouoo$ vo
To pova6u<6 v6o ororleio roD u7rd,p1elsivol I ouvdprrlon codedText, I lqv &)'h. Aut6 olpuiver 611
'01,o nou vn 6ta06tei to i6ro
Bpioxsrur oro rdl"og. rn un6l,ouro ivol or npo1Toupvtg 1o dL)'q, avti)'o"yq pe cutrlv, o16o11
encrva)"apBovowur.Eivar nporpav6q6n 11 ouvripalol codedText l'to nopdDerypc,0o pnopor5oupevo lprlolpoftotqooDpe
6i"egttg nporl'yofpevsqwto),6g. Enopwog, av to Mathematica 6cv
Kd1 lrio (1716aut6g, t6re 11ouvdpoloq codedText 0u 8rboer prlrn,lrrt
taut6lpovl erct6l.eor1rouq pa(i p rlv codedText, q6oov ppiorovrtrt Xy = (aX1 + b) (mod26),
rce),i,'yvcrroronorei
o.xoMathematica 6l"a ru anapaiulro orolleio. 6n o ouvtel'eodlga 6r;v
rpo11otpevr1, pe q Erorpopd
pe ppotipc
'Ooov
crpop&rlv o,norro8xonoiqorl ev6g Flvriltorog, sivot flpoQdv{)qOll t ov propi(oupet t1'tttyfi X1, t6re pnopof va
r6rs rl ripri X1 0u rponiyet
yivei pe pra uvdorporpl 6rq,6rro,oic.H povtr8xf 6tarpopri0a eivct 6tl noJpt(ouperqv rtptl X6,
ol6onq XK = (XA + 3) (mod 26) 0a lprlorponorl0el 11
XA = (XK - 3)(mod26). Aut6 oqpoiver 6rt, av or4 o'uvoprloll = a-t (Xx - 6)(mod26). (3)
c,wrrutaorlooo;-Le t1 oXCq Xx = (X,1 + 3) (mod 26), p{l
X1 = (Xy - 3) (mod 26), 0o nd,poupepta ouvriprrlol tqv ttp{ XA lrpbnzrva uzrdpXerto cvtiotporpoTou
q 6xtol
p1o oDvdprrlon zou 0a uroror8rrconorei plvfpato 0o pnopouct; tpdfitt o ouvte]'eotqq d vo tKovoTrolel
7rdp0K0,To.

r/l I76Jj: decodedText I strg_String] := StlingJoin @@

codeTochar IMod I charTocode Ichalacters I strgl I

H mrvaprrloq dccodcdText 0n propotor; vn tono0trq0r;i oto i6ur rr;li

codcdTcxt, xur rLq d,Ll,r:gcXr:rrx(;gr:vroMg. Mt: tov tptino mrtti ttt
 por(rrpoTniq Av'
rrl <l1/:<nlrortitronotrloqq, dl)o lov KolStK{r
liivnt nporpcvl:gt'rztro pr'rvonou 11rr:rh(r:rur
vo cl,}'liqr:l cnt'r rrq cnrvuprrlor:rg tou
ivtnc uut(rv rov rtbtitra prlc'tponf1q,1 anoralStronotrloq
rctnorruncrn;tc nnpcrzdvro,eivcrtot mrvcpn]cr:tqcodcd'Icxt rnL dccotlctl'lc on rc
v61po' our6 0o' oqpaivet
ptil,rora q cl.)"a"yr1arpopri;.t6vov q olior1 (3). !r1 mrviXetn tiivovrrr !w odql;f ot pto QPoon pe rdnoto
r]tcrv Kor&l-)'ll'o Eivo'rn6vtote
nocrmparv rou plotpozroqocpre 6ev
<nrvnprrlocrq,ot onoieg rcrrErrcozotofvru.r unorcro6tronototvXp1orFon(,1(i 'yro napd'6erypo' tc
pc lou pug ev6lcrg6peivo pnv 7Iep15IL
o 1 6 o 1X a = ( t , 5 X 1 + g ) ( m o d 2 6 ) . 66o dl')'a (stiytl
nr:p(tlrool'l uutfl pnopotpe va Xprlolponollooupe
*o, n6)"roq oulv6qto pqdvrolq1opoKrilpcov'rur vo
1nt78l:= newcodedText I stlg_String] := StringJoin @@ pcn,iL,p,tuu,
'p*
rov rp6no eivut
Mod[15 charTocode ICharacters Istrg] I + 9, 26)l urtoono*.6,ronoir1o1'xuvef(ovroq P dur6v
()crtiru0doouucto rtu6tronotqgdvo pr4wpa oootu'
rn[79] := newDecodedText lstlg_String] := StringJoin @@code
ModtT (charTocode ICharacters Istrg] I - 9) , 26ll oto i6ro ypdppa eivcr
6tt q nvttotoiltoq voqYpo'ppuxoqn&vtote
auto6 o6{1qoe oe
Av uno06ooupe "VZMRARJNRJNKJWNR"
6n to trrrir,rtrra o. ll avtrlrsrdfiron rou peiovcrrtlpotoq .d}'}"eg
61errotbrroror sv6g loptrKrrlpo u'7tovov
rll ouvdpnlon newCodedText, r6re 1:qorpozonbwoq fllv an6 oDr6q eivor n ovrlKordoroon, 611
newDccr prSouq' 6r1)'obtj evoq
pnopofpe vc.ndpoupero upprc6 pr]rrupo k <ruv6l,ou1opoKdpov, ouyrerprparor
rou olrrot pflKoDg
, pr: fva d).},o F r]"oK1o.poKrilpov
r' 1I 0j ; : newDecodedText "
[ VZMRARJNRJNKJWNR"] rop&8aTFo Aq
rs tq p60o6ocrur{ 0eclptiwagevo ouyrerptp6vo
"Beware
a"t tBa,- C-VEDEACEA'HA\CE ro pfwpo' Of The Messen-
06loupevu rctl8uconolnooults
pnl'ot<tov 66o lupcrtrlpov'
t;tc cut6 0a pqorponorlooupe
rrou 6sv sivor d),]"o on6 q 9pdo1 "Give Peace A Chance". yrn pnlor ourorou8t]note
avdloTsq oK6\teq pftopotv vc yivouv
'yiver eivot vo Xoplorei ro trlvDlro oe
flp6ner vc nopcllprlooupe rur ndl"r, 6n or 66o te)"eutoieg fipdTpd rou np6T[ervo
prlvupu 6lei neprc6 upr0p6
rrcflipov. Xtqv nepintoorl TIouro
1:lorpozorofv rov zivcrs. data, 6nog nio1q Ku,lrE ouvcpr{oeic, X' oto
oe apropofg,ro,r uvriorporpc.Aur6 orlpaiver6n to 6vcq nluor6q lcpcrclpoq, yra nopdberlpa
lapnrccrlpcDv
t[p6ftsr vu Tvopi(l 6],o uurd rc. otorXeiu, rccr perd vo XplolpoTror
olwuprrloeq newCodedTextKo.rnewDecodedText.
E "Bewareof,TheMessengers "
'Ol"eg
aurfg <l1 rro8rronoqoeig Trou onlpi(owor orqv
y = (o X + b ) (mod rz) eivur zo16 e6rol,o va ond.oouv. O rd,0e = "x"] I ;
lchrl , 2l + 0, chr APPendlchr '
ofilKovi(sro,r o 6vov d,L.l.o,rcr rdvrore orov i6ro. A11l,o6r],cv xo opxrK6
reprdler rov 1opoKrnpoR nwre rpopfg,z6re ro ro8rrozrorlp6vo
!r rr er A, f I Tl
zepr6letn6we <popfgtov avdotorlo rou R lcpurctr'1po. Sr Sr er n' 9, e, r, s, X]
!r
'Elovroq
to xrrlDmonorqp6vo
pqwpa prnopofpe vu rctcrd(oupre rouq os [r[],oK rov 660
lov I0PC[KfliPov 1(t)Piqetot
cv6l"oyc pe q oDlv6rnrd eprprivror]g
rooq oro ptwpo. trl ouvdXerct
vc.tcur[oouperoug 66o o"u2gv6repcFgov(6pevoug lcparr4peg rou
pe rouq 6{0 oulv6rspo eprpavr(6pevorq laparrrlpegrrlq oTyllKnqy
slvct ro E xnt ro T. Xprlorponorritvraq tc 66o uurd (er17r1
uno).oyt(oupr;
touq ouvrc).r;orfg
d Korb rrlq roo6ovopaoqY = (u X + h)(
 t nr^t,tllt\rt^.t lI ott) trrtrnr,lk tt ,t

/,,irri. blkText = parLitionIchr, 2] ri.nv = Inverse[a, Modulus -r 26]

) j j t t ' r ' ,1i 1 1 1( ', i , 1 w / ; r l ,

1 f , , , 1 , 1 r t ,t l , l ' t t t ) l l ({li, "i, \t|t'2.J\it
1e, M l , { e , s } , 1 s ? e l , i t ) , , t} , 1 r : ,r } , { j . , x } }
Modla.ainv, 261
'lir
r:n(rpr;vo Br1trracivcr 11perntponr] t<ov
lnpmctrjprov or opt0trroug o-upq(Dvl
TOV'ttvflK(r data. { { 1 , 0 } ,{ 0 , 1 } }
ta (e6'yr1
a, Flropofpe vo $sro'rp6\'oupe
j ttttt(,| : blkNunb = charTocode [blkText] nlolpolrotrlooutl rov ttivoKo
crr:rtrtsLronotqp6vu (ety1'
1 , ' /1. re 6 / { 1 1, 4 } , { 2 2 , 0 } , { n , 4 } , .t},
1 7 4 ,s } , { 1 9 , {4, 12},
= Mod lblkNunb 'al 261
{4, 1B}, {rS, 4}, {13, 61, 14,7t}, {r8, 23ll codedBlkNuhb
\ 1 ) 1' I t 2 ' t ' 1 ' { r 9 , 1 2 } ,
Kri0c (eriyog npr0p6v pnopei vo 0sropl0si 6ov 6voq zivurcagypntrrpr1, t \ ? , 1, 2 5 1 , { 6 , 1 0 1, 1 2 3 , 1}}
oTrol: ,rv 2 l ' l r 1 ' ' 2 5 }' { 1 0 , 1 1 } , { 0 ,
no),]"an]"oorcoteipx 6va 2x2 rivarco. 0o paq Srboer6vo d].)"o { 1 6 , 1 4 }, ! . r 4 , a ) , 1 2 ,
zivcrc ypu1r1rr1.
51)"odr1dva ti),},o(efyog apreprbv.Aur6 oqprciver6rL 0u rqg oDvc,Ptnonq
rl pofOercr
11ollor1
1pr1ottrronou1Oei (rurd 0n p:rarponoriv oe pporttlpq F

(Ct Cz) = (p1 p2, (^, u^t

(.r)
\a2 D 2 l) t m o d 2 o . 1 codedBlkNunb]
codedcha!s = codeTochar I
rinou {P1, P2} xivat fvo (eriyoq oprOtrrrirv
nou o,vrrororXouvoe XdpoKrllp{tqr(,u L}, {M'B}' {r' M}'
llv, z\, [G,K], {x,
nplrrcot rerpdvou (PlainText), rcur {C1, C2} tvu (eriyog upretrrdiv, cJ, IL' z\' {K' L}' {A' Bl}
ro o/rot(l ,0, "i, to, ol, t.,
ovrlorotxst o'XopoKrnprgrou rro6rrconorlp6vourertrrdvou(CodedText).
go petnolqpcttoxofv 6e Ko6lronoqp6vo rceipevo'
or lapcrrflpeg uutoi
OuorKd Tro tr1v czorcr,r6xoroirlorl 0o
lplorponor40ei 11 avtiorporprl o1.;
Flatten Icodedchars]
@@
6q),c3r1 oododText = StringJoin
ZKLAB
VZGKXLMBTMQOOACCL
(Pt Pz) = (.cr Cz).(tt @od26) (
\ 4 2 :Dt) t)
3oK{:i[lVonouOcrorcr}.,eior106o11c1gqp&or1q''BewareofTheMess
"VZGKXLMBTMQOOACCLZKLAB''
oz6ze o nivurog o lopo*.,Ipes
Xcrv
pe tqv avtiotporprl 6ra6traoiu -
btt iottoilon ooqo).6g 0o Yivel
n, = \ toa, t "VZGKXLMBTM!:OAC::-1-
br) t "o pilr,rlpc
b-oonf"r8,*ono,l1oou1tu . ..:.i,--- .""-
i\'.'ll
orl o t..tuu'^u5
f,tot 0a 8tcntottitoou;re rouroxpovo
nou rulrlorltoTrotsire
npdzsrva eivur cwrorp6ytpLogmod 26, 66zt dto.rpoperLrcri
Ocrcivnr 6uvao11 onorcofrrozol1oq. 'Evcg rdrorognivcra.geivut
o
0u
I'tttt/t: a= {{5, L7}, 'tpdfi0tTopqwpovopeturpcrreioel(rp0KT{peq,oto7[oio1
{4,I5}}; Kor ed ptrqrponofv oe optgpotq'
OefttlroK r(l)v 66()IopoKrlPov'
ljivur rrirol"o vc tiLnnrnrrimorrpr;uv r:{vur cvrrotpr';rprpog,rnr
vc f}porilrr;
uvtlorlrogotorl nivcru ir.
 '/.,
L., Q. O, (', rar K
prlvriptrro,,lIlrioxovttrtol l(rp{rxrlll)l;!
lrt'r tt cdChr = Charactrs IcodadT.rt]
urrrq ivug XcPurrtiPcq iir;v
Iinop/:vt,rg, pt; t1v rortiLronoilo4
t ) t t t' ) t l 1 V , / , , ( , R , x , 1 , ,M , B , I " ttdworl: orov itiro YrPnrfllPc'
M, Q, O, O, A, C, C. Lt Z, K, t,, A, 1)j

blkCdChr = Partition I cdChr, 2]

I{v, zj, {G, Kl. {x, L}/ {M, B}, {r, Ml,
roDq fipd)Touq200
7[p16xr
t o , o ) , { o . A } , { c / c } , [ L , z ] , { K ,L } , { A , B } } KCtnorr;rxrotci pro trioro, 1 ofioio vo
(!pOttouq.
btkcdNunb = charTocode IblkCdChr]

{[21, 25], 16, r0], {23, rr}, [72, L)!, lr9, r2J, ttttoLrrylot;t8 za napoKdro o0poiol'lortl'
1 1 6 ,1 4 j , { 7 4 , 0 } , { 2 , 2 } , { \ 1 , , 2 5 } , I 7 o , r r l ,

E "l . :
(fl) 1-) I {v) ) r' -t r ! 2k
" /)
Ttbpu zp6netva lpnotFoT[olrlooupsrov ovriorpoqo nivoKo,rou a, Tro v{r
#t-t k { k +l ) /)

ro'uqopropofq TrouovnororXofv orouq upXrrcofglapoffiipeq.

a\, az'
q aro),orr0icr ' '' ak, , rl ottoio oPi(etor o,ndtrg
rnle6j:: plainBlkNurib = ModlblkcdNunb. ainv, 26]

o u t t e 6 t :I L 7 , 4 j , { 2 2 , A } , { 7 ' ,14 } , \ 1 , 4 , 5 } ,{ 1 9 , 1 } , { 4 , t . n eN'

yraKdos
l,uz = 5,Kotan+l= an + 2 an-t'
t 4 , L B j , { 1 8 , 4 } , { 1 3 ,6 1 , { 4 , 7 r \ , { 1 8 , 2 3 } }
' pe yevrr6 opo
q oKol.ouoio. bt, bz, ' ' ', br"
Or cpr0poi uuroi 0o prorprrTrofvor lapurrr]peg, tauri(ovtor'
av or 6rioarcol'ouOieg
?urKd0srr e N No,eletcorei
r n t e7J : : P-Laj-'l.Chr= codeTochar lplainBlkNumb] rov op10p64' Tlo
av o upt0p6g 7' - 3' brulpeitur 0rt6
o u t t e T t =| { B , E } / { w , A } , { R . E } , { o , F } r { r , H } ,
{E/Ml, {E, s}/ {s, E}, {N, c}, {E,R}/ {s, x}l
pdOsxtT1orn
rov rivcrcu po(Oerogtr1g Mathematica
o[ Icpc,Krllpeqos un],6 reipevo, otgit", Ktrt orr ouv6l1o'ttrutp6vrs rov or6poro

rr 1981j- PlainText = StxingJoin @@

Flatten [ptainchr]
tnrotrlpc.
a = 12345678'
out Iesj- BEWAREOFTHEMES
SENGERSX p6ltoro rorv6 6tarp6o1d ro:v oprOptilv
= a't + b's'
vo rov yp&ryeteoq popQn d
ofil ctuv6r(s1o
rct rdl,oq ro o.n1,6reipevo noipvl rnv rl,tKrl roo popq{, orov
Kotdllrll"d rtq ),6eq, Kol 6roTpd.\UoDp
rov lupcrt{po X, nou
= 1359 Nn
npoore0ei oro r6l"oq.'Etot, (avaBpiorcou!.sro op1rK6 xeipevo "Bcwarc a '- 123, b = 456,c = 789,rcord
= la, bl lc, dl' 6rou [x, Y]
Messcngers". l u . b , b c , a ' d ' b.dl
fioX,1.cnl'6ototrov x' Y'
Mzropoirpr;r:uxol.u vu Troporllpllcol)lu:6rr o lcpnrnlpng E ppiorcr:ror
<rnq
2, 6, l l, 13, 16, rcr lc) lrtr clrlrxo$ Fnrtrparoq,{;v(i)on6 i6rr:q
tiU I Mitll4putteti 1ti:or"Ahtlhrrtutttt,t

4.5.11.I,livurIv(')dr(i i)l r,:ri0r;

{)r;rrxtiq{lkt:l)(rros
tt l:Xtl f.vLrlrl)(brodr(ll)i]ll
llrxlxir{rl)oTOu fi. XploL1-ronor6vtu! To yl;yov(lq urrrti, vu KulcloK{:u(ior;u: l rl qro v
or)v(il)rlon uvdl"oTlnlq PrimeQ.Ar1),adr1,0c 6ri1:rurivu 0errrc6oKr:poro,Kur 0't
r:ntorl)rq{;L
Tluc, ov o ar<fparoqslvol ftp6roq, Kdr F-alse,ov o oKpurosr.r\rrl x4 iAAYePPtr
otv08roq.

4.5.9. Na (qnloere aro xll Mathemallca va napouordoer Fs Fopgrl rrvr,r'l

(TableForm)rouq 7rp6ro!q 100 npdrtougurepaioug,fivd 36Ko..

4.5.10.Xpqorponorrbwcqr:q oDvdpqol Fibonacci,va opprurioe.repur ).irrrr

np6ypo;-tpu Ma|hemalica Fs Fopql
p{; rouq 50 np6roDg6poDqqg ur<o},ouOiug
Fibonacci. 'r,tg l:Vuq nivrrrcg ero&yetur oto
l:iti(rpt:
pryouq K&Oe entp6poug
*."i to oxol1tio eivot )"ioreg tou c'urot
ourof fia nap&6erypu'11)"iota
4.5.11. Na ox1pdriorr pLrc),ioto l-l.rroDq 30 np6rouq aprOporigrlg ltol iopr,rro p,o ypoppli rou trivoKo
f , 6nou Fr. eivdr o i 6poqqq dKo)"ou0io.q Fibonacci. - L o '2 } } ;
- r= tt1, 3,2t, t4,o, -1], {9'
4.5.12.Na Bpeire6)"ougtouq apr0porign pro661 rcar100,Tlo rougonoior'\ "ypappr]nspr6lerru otorleis 1' 3' rcut
u'g 3x3 rivoKoq, roD otroio! q np6tr1
opog F,, r4g orcolouOiugFibonacci eivur 6vognpcitrogcpr0p6g. 9' -10' ror 2 Ut:"f.el-"lt:;n:' *'
tl rpirl Ypottfti nspt{ixrro otorleiu
rq ouvd,pqon Table'
4.5.13. No olqpurioere pro ),ioro 50 urepairov,r6rora rirore ro k orolxr;io r vc rnrnoreudooupe nivoKcqxploltlonorrbvtng
)"iotaq vu eivor to d0porotrtnrotv k zprittcov6pov qg u.rcol,ouOiag FiborrrLr'r, 5]l ' {L'L' 3}' {i' l"' 4}l
! ' T E b l e l R a n d o m[ r n t e g e r , t-5'
flcpcqprirwuq rouq apr0po{q uurorig, rpoonoOeiore va Bpeite Fra ovoT(,)lri
2 , A l, 1 . 2 3
' ' 1' 3}}
o16oqyr' ourotg. ({0, s, o, -5}, { 3,3,

vu pqotponoqooups Kot rl
4.5.14. Mro rpui8a arepoiov (a, b, c) nou trcovottorofvry oyloq c? + h) rq ouvtipqol Table ;Lnoporips
),iyerar llu0oy6peru rpui6a. Eivur nporpo.vdg6tr pzoporlpe va uno06oouperirr Array, 11onolo.oplpati(er eniorlgnivorceq'
crdpa.rora, b ran c eivcr 0etrroi, rar 8ev flouv rorv6 no.pd,yovru.Ano8strcvi)r:r
6rt ay m ro,r n eivc.rnprbror pisra(r5rouq esrlKoi crcdpo.roq
o 6vag eivor d.pnoq,
dl")"ogzeprtt6q, rco.rroXrlerm > n > 0, r6re 11xpiaict (m2 - n2, 2 mn, rn) +
eivol Flo llu0uy6peru tprd6c, rcct o,vtiorporpc.Na Bpeire pur flu0uy6pera
crcepci<rrv,xa0wog o,n6roug onotougvu dler rou)dporov 5 y4gio.

4.5.15, Na rcczcorceuo,orei pra ouvripqol, n oroio, go 6rl1eror pra

crccpniov rccr 0n enrotpdtperTrue, a.v or ax6pc,torsivdr rlpd)rol psrd6 roug
56o, rcnrFalsexct rcdOeril,l"r1zepinrcoorl. l ] l l, f l 2 l , f l 3 l ]

4.5.16. Ncrr;nr]"uOoirv
or zrnl.rnrdrtor
liLorpcwtr/:qu(rodlor:rg. If, (2,3]1
r , 1 fl 2 ' \ , f l 2 , 2 l , f 1 2 ,3 l ] )
l l , t l l , / 1 , f l t , i
( c ) l l . r + - 5 1 . y - - 5 ( X )l l l l 2 2 x - 3 2 y = 2 6 4 ( y ) 3 - r + 3 9 y = l 1 ; 1
122 I Mall4patra p|aut

!n|rI: A1 =Arlay[*1^f2 e, {3,3)]

( ) t |t tt t { { 1 , 1 , 1 } , { 2 , 4 , B } , I . J ,9 , 2 t } \

Tt';l"oq,ei8cpe 6n o nol"),anJ,oordop6g yivsror ps rl oDvdpqorl

Trwd,Ktrtv
q re),eic (.) lvot lrto o'uvropoypurpicqg o"uvripqorlqaur{q,

tnl6l:- A.B

o"trot: l{ 5, 10, B, 1}, { 2, -23, \, - 2 3 1, { 3 4 , 69, 1I),

evrb 11ouvdpllol Det poq 6ivflT qv opi(ouoa av6q nivaru IB]

2 \ , I 5 , 3 , 3 \ , { a ,- 2 , 1 i . { - s . o ' 3 l l
rnlTJi= {DetlAl , DetlALl }
u4' us' u6
outt/t: { 1,4I, 12} 6tt btvovtnr ro 6ruvri6poxo'L' u2' u3'

{-5, 5}], {i' 1' 5}l

lRandom [rnteger,
{-5, 5}] / {i' 1' 5}l
[ R l n d o ml r n t e g e r ,
5.1.Ba0pi6c
dtovuopdrulv
KqrrrivqKq {-5, 5}], {i. 1' 5}l
l R r n d o m[ r n t e g e r ,
5}], {i' 1' 5}l
l R r n d o mI r n t e g e r , {-5,
Mto an6 ng nprbregpaorrc6q6woreg nou ouvovrd ra,veigorri fpappLrrl 5]1. {i' 1' 5il
lRandom I rnteger . i-5r
eivcr q ypupprrrl e(dpqoq Srcwopd,rr-rrv.Av u1, u2, . .., u, tivrtt 5}]. {i' 1' 5}l
[Random Irnteger, {-5,
6rcv6opazatou lritpouR.', 6eveivorB6pcro6tr a.urdeivurypatrrptrd
Av fr an6 curd eivor ypopprrri ave(dpqru, r6re Lfpe 6o q L, -5, -4j

btawopdrorvut, u2, ..., u. xivatk. flporpavrirq,av q Bo0p(6orotv 6 -4, -1, 4]

eivarypotrrtrrtrcd,
outrbveivcrz, r6re rc 8ra.vriopcrcr aveldpqrc.
5, 4, 1)
'Evc6
efxol"oqrp6nogyra vo ppofpe q pa0pi6urdnorov 6rcr,tropcrrarv
-2t -3, 2J
or ypopprg Tou oTrolourwOr 01
o?(nporlooDlrev(I 7r1v0,Kd,,
Dtowoptitcov ourti:v. Xr4 ouvdlerc ercre)"otpe ororleirb8erq npri(erg orq -2t 3, -2i
q Bc0pi6aroo nivurc. Av o
rou n(vcro,curo6, 6q)"u6{Bpiorcoupe
0c nporfyei 6ev 61errcpic prl8evrr{ ypol.Lpr],r6re ru 6rav6opo.tc.eivnr
5, 0,
ave(6ptrpa. Ararpopertrd,o upr0p6qtoiv pq pl6evrrcritv
ypcppdrvrou ypoppmcr
R 5 rar 06l,oupeva e(etdooupecv eivtr
elvar1 pa0pi6orrov6rawopd,rrl:v. ro zivcrc,, tou onoiotr or ypappfg eivct
ot
(IuT(r)v.
H Malhematica 6to.06rsrc,pxer6gouvcpr{oeq oleax6q pe r1 fpcpprrq

, u3, u4, u5' u5);

Otrpng 66oct q pa0p[64tou nivcrrcuU

 Inll6l: R o w R d u c e[ U ] x . ( L , 2 , - 1 . 0 , 1 ) ;Y = { 2 ' r ' o , L , 3 } ;
r . (0, 3, -2, -L, -Lj ;
. ) t t t1 6 l t { 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 } , { 0 , I , o , o , 0 1 , 1 0 ,0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ) ,
t . { 2 , A , - 2 , O , 2 \ ;a = { 4 , 5 , - 2 , r , 5 } ;
{0, 0, 0, r, a}, 10,0, 0, 0, 1}, {0, 0, 0, 0/ 0}}
rqq ('uvdpxq6ngRowReduce
fiapaqporipe 6rt o nivcrog nou 66rrroe 4 RowReduce tepr6lei pqiir:vu.t4
Tpopp6q.Aur6 oqpaiver 6tt ra 8ravriopc,raut, uz, u3, u4, u5,,6 6av r;i lorRduce [ (x. y, z, t, sI]
ypoltptKd cvelripr4ra. EnerSrl11Bc0p[6a rou nivo,rcaU eivcr 5, egooov dptrlr:
pq pq6evrr6gypupp6q,r1pa0piSorov Srcl'uopdrrov nou pruqev6ra,rp6pouv
r:i { { , , }o},1, , | t , t , , ,i , + ,0 i, 0r .,o , 0 l }
cnioqs5. Enoprirrog
6vaan6 outd eiva.typupprr6gouv6uuop6qrr;rvDnol"oiTr(,)r, ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 o, ) , t 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 1{ ,0 '

Aq 6otpe, rdtpo, rov rp6no ps tov onoio pnopofprsvc Bporitrre

q 6tr to Sto.vuopdxo trurc 6ev eivcr TPdP[rKd aveldPrqtc
e(dpqor16.Ka.roplqvnp6nerva Oeotp4ooupe
pto o16o11
rnq Fopqlq prl0evtr6qYPdPPeq),Kttl cKOPrl6t 11pa0pi6crroDg eivol 2, eq6oov
1p0pp6g.
FndcvtKdq
k 1 u 11 k 2 u 2 1 k 3 u 3 + k a u a+ k 5 u 51 k 6 u 6 = Q , (
qq ol6orlqsdprtlonq
rut ocl o"uv61eicvu l,6ooupe ro or5oo1;-Lcnou 0o, rpoKfvr e(rocbvovrrrq
o.vriorol1sq ouweraytrr6veq.H ouvriprqoq Reduce pnopei va pc,g 56or;r ax + by + cz + kt + ms = 0
onovrlo,I.
tq po{0era tlg Reduce.
r ' 1 1 7 l j = R e d u c e [ k 1*. u 1 + k 2 * r t 2 + k 3 * u 3 + k 4 * u 4 + k 5 * u 5 + k 6 * u 5 r r
{k1. k2, k3, k4, k5, k6}l [rx+by+cz+kt+ m s = =0 , { a , b , c , k . n } ]
'o-
- - 4 ' k& 6 , k ) r11 k1 +b_2c&&m==_b+c
out,t, k.)- rt
_ri
-5 7 ki
2 4 IkI --. 2rtx l
duKb-: g0
16-o**r-- _12

flapanlporipe6n or rtp6qrorv ouwel,eordtvk; bivowar pe q Bo{0erot:vir6 + k + m ) x + ( c - m )Y + c z + k t + m s = 0

cutofq. Aql,o5r1,q ouvdpqoq Reduce paq 66rloe roug ouwel.eordgtrlg
e{dpqonq ( 1).
c, k ran"m Md]"rota n sTrol.rl0 on xtlq
rov Tropop6rprov
ypahlerol vo Kdvoups
Fro s!Ko},I un60eo1. To p6vo nou
Aq 6otpeevacr6pl rop&61ytlo.
Yno06roupe
6tt 8ivovrctro,8ro,vriopcrn o16oq, rcctvu (qrflooope an6 ny Mathematica
e(06ooveivot Yvoot6q or T1p6gtov a r<arb.
x = ( 1 , 2 ,- 1 , 0 , 1 ) , y = ( 2 , l , 0 , 1 , 3 ) , 2= ( 0 , 3 ,- 2 ,
( o + k + n ) x + ( c - m )Y + c z + k t + m s l
t = ( 2 , 4 ,- 2 , 0 , 2 ) , s= ( 4 ,s , - 2 , r , s ) 0, 0)
Kat 06Louttsvu erd,ooup
ov ivor ypdpp.lKdcve{dprqzo,rcarva
oI6oI s(dpqonq or4v nepinrool nou 6evefvcr.llpdrra npdnet vo
dtovtiopcrcoro np6ypoppaMalhematica,
 ., .q4.4nn^t t^.' t1,.4tt

0utolltilvruq 6rt ot
u(r:r/rcortpr: ttr 6irtt nutti npoli)"fpnrc'
pc rr1ouvfl0q pdorl
5.2.Fp0lrlrrxdg
ouvopr4oflgxornivoxcE lirpor [rl t;lvtrrt;godrnopi;vor
l))
(ix,rltoupe toug R-Sra.r,oopaflrorig 0 , 0 , . . . , 0 ) ,c 2 = ( 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , ' 0)' "'' er = (0'0' " ' 0'
lritpoug R" rcar R', rcur tirio
let, ez, ..., e,} rcar {el, ez, ..., t.l curcitv,cvriororlo,. Eivar -- R3 ' nou opi(etor
yvt,ror,i rigl (lrt floupe rn YpolttttKl o"uvdptrloq/: R3
ypapprrl ouvtiprqorl/ : R, - + R. rru.vororeirq
oXrioerg

"fti + j) = .f(i) + f0) ru f(xi) = ],f(i) y - 2,3 x - y + 2 z' x + 2 y + 3 z)

IG, y' z) = (z x + 3
ylo Kd0et, I e R', rct rcriOe), e R. Xe rd0e eivolvo erodyoupe rl 6DvoPTI6rloto
rdrorc ouvripqoll ovtrotorXr;l *p6ro nou npfnetvc Kd'voups
r[av0K0q

l*' y, zj
+3zl;
r (2x+3Y-z,3x-Y+22' \'+2Y
Tov rp6no oplpozropor5 tou nivcrc plog Tpdpt-rlKnq
q tpooertrxd
roo onoiou rdOe orrll,r; anote)r;rrat, cvriororlc, 0cbrantor6ooul.e6nlel6pevqowdprqolenrotp6perrovnivoKo
oz6 rq o.uvreruypr.:vr:q,
Srorroprirrrrv /(e1) , -fk),..., -f(",) (DgTrpoE
rn griol {er, 2,..., nl.Onlv
ooros trvol o TnvdKd,grnq f oq npoq nq
Bdoerq {e1, e2, ..., t,,l trixtf-r,istl := Table I
It), t;2, ..., t.l. Avriarpoga, oe rcdOemxn nivara ovrlororxl, / {i, 1, Lenqth [f] ]l
p rov Co.fficientlf[ [i] I , variableslfll
rp6ro, pu ypoppllcliouvripflloq. Eror, or ypapprr6E
ouvuptrgoeq rcaroL
livowar 6riotuur6olpreg6woreE. trix I f]
-!,2\, Ir,2' 3\l
fru. vc 6odpe6vc l"ry6repoyevrr6 nopd8erypo,ag r 3, -rj, 13,
Oerop4oouprs prc
,/ : R3 --+ p3. Kd0eypopprrqo"uvripqorlopi(ercr,o"uv4Orog,
ouvripolorl
ttl
o16q 116 I
1topprlg

1l
J
. f ( x , y , " ) = ( a 1x + \ y + c 1z , a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z , a 3 x +
b3y + qz,
2
6tro'tta6 bi, cr R. O nivoKogqqf ag npog rrl ouvr]04
Brioq rou R3 0a r:ivnl
atrfl pnoPei vo, 8tiroel tov nivuru lrru.qYPcprptKng

,u,=[:,i:':,1
\a3 b2 c\ J
I R, -----+R.u, Ku'l 6p p6vov evSoptoPgtoltt':v toD lK-

lpalrF.tKrlduv&Ptrlorl
r Lu

To (r;ro0pevo
eivcrva Bpofperov nivnrn, 6rcv (6poups ypopprKrl lx-2Y-2,2x+7Y-3zli
rq m)vdp1
Kor ovridrpopfl,vc Bpofpe rn ypalplKl| crrvdprqol, civul
az6 to Rl oro R.2.trlg onoiuqo ttivoKoq
6rnv Tvcrrpi(or4rr:
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r l. (*, Y' l)
t n I . ' I ) l: fToMatrixIf1]
- 2 x + 3 Y +z | 4 x + 2 z l
2 x + 5 Y'z ,
( r ) tt ; t , ) t { { 1 , 2, 1}, 12' 1, 3}}
tov nivoro' A
emorp6ryer
orrv&pqon fToMatrix Otr
I r i . r o/ : . M a t r i x F o r m I t ]

o u t 1 3 0 I/ / M a t r i x F o r n =
trtx Ig]
2 ' \ 0' 2\j
r r
\2 1 -3 I 2, 5, -r], l-2, 3, rj ' \4'

tt"": f. *l:::i:TT,)::.T*:
tousvaopopqropot
ropeorl
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il;:'-' ; ;;; l'u^; oupqootPs T;lil"';l'lll
-x!-2x2' 2><L+3x2 -x3' 4x2-3 vc :..l[ f ;;;"il;
6'q't ur
*' : "1o"1T'-1:::
r n t 3 1 1 : =f 2 = { x 1 + 3 x 2 - 4 : y . 3 , l'iot'
,pe oro o'pt6paopu 6tr 1
';rrilleni orrl\, rota'l'r]yo
n lPaFFll
u*'"tT1:Y::::1T::,f
r--, ^ ri1,.,r(dc rou
eivor pra ypapprrq ouvdprlorl /i : R
3 ----+Ra n1g oloicg o nivcrcoq eivctt
, ;;'*o *o'1"i"' "n ouvdptqoq pnopei va
*Ttt*:i;;;' io"", w'r"""n
rn t 32I : = froula|-lix [f,2]
-3}l
o u t t 3 2 t :{ \ 1 , 3 , . $ 4 } ,t r, 2, O}, 12,3' r)' \0' 4'
In_List]
r,ength lFirst [n] I ) l
r, i3Jl:= Matri.xForrn I I ] lxr, {i ' 1,
Out t 33l //MatrixFarn:
[^]
ll', nn !xz-x:3,
. 2 x 1+ 3 x 2 + x 3 1 4 x 1 + 2 x 3 ]

l 2 3 - r
4 -3 ouvuprrlorlcropq rot otov
I o oF ertorpirperrq TpoFFtKrl
roxq nivoKgg
i.u*a. t* *o66erypa' aq 0erop(ooDpe
e(cprdtar ootr: clt
Bl,6noupe, l.orn6v, 6zr 11 ouvdpcloq fToMatrix 6ev
r\l ;
8rd.otoorltov lcbpiovotoog onoiolg opi(etar prc ypapprrcrj
o'uvdPrnon'oIM - 2 1, t 2 , s ] , ( 6 , - s ] ' t - 2 '
uudl tt1 o' 2\\;
rcr on6 trq peruBl.rlt6g nou 1:rlorponoror5pe, Tlu vo opiooupe -9',2,1,2J, lL, 4,2'
oDvopqon. orwupfl oerg
oyrtororlo r1qTpttpprr6q
ro cvriorporponp6pl'1po
To en6pevopripcrsivur vu cvnperconiooupe
p&o1'rat IA11
8ivetoro nivorogA prcgypopprr(qouvdpqorlqg oq ouvriOl
p svo tA2l
vo ppo6pe rn YpopFlKrl ouvtipalorl g' A6 [erLvrjooup -2x1+zz\
ncpd8erypa.Eivor efrol.o vo 8rontorrbooupe6tr o rcivarccq iRr+5x2' 6xt. 5xz'
A x 2 + 2x r + 2 x s ]
: ( 3 + ? x 4+ 2 > < 5 x, ! +
r n t 3 4 t :A== t 1 2 , 5 , - L j , t - 2 ' 3 , L l , { a , o ' 2 } } ;

q o16o1
trv,rototlet otov ev8opopqrop6g nou bivetot cn6
 lp(rrt:tttrt Ynr Ttqlpollrtxlg alrvnpfliol;ts ./i : lR]
Kot 6[(r)q {jfu':norrpr; ' R'
ldcntityMatrixlrl E:notp69etto Fova6taio'4xt??ttvoKo
ouv(iplllctll l'l
./i: lts -- + R2 norr olti(tlvtat pu rrg nclrcntrvtrrc1i;ot:tq.II efro?"cr'
0c uarorptipcLtouq op1tKotqrivoKllq. tE pAo,rqr:ivcrtr1mrv1Oqg, r6re tn npd'yparueivcro1enrc6
6tt 61oupe pdorl
rq ouvf10r1
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rnl4tl: fToMatrixIf1]
e3, e4) = IdentityMatrix [ 4]
5}' [ 2' Lil , t2,
c r urra - r l - { { 1 , 2}, 12' 5)!, {6,
o' o' 1}}
1,o' o}' {o'o' 1' o}' {o'
tr, o,o,o), {0,
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r1
a u t t a a t {: I I , - 3 , 2 , 1 , 2 } , [ 7 , 4 , 2 , A' 2\] , rct 6(vctot xor Pdoq
= 2 ' - L ' - 2 1;
r (1, -1, 2, -2\; v2 lL'
Ener8t o nivoKoq ploq YpdpFlKflqoDvdprlolq Bpiorstot pe tt1 = o' -2' 3j;
ov Oeoprloot'1tr: t io, t, 1, o); v4 t-L'
Bdorlqtou 5bpou, eivar tr6pwo 6rt out6g 0a ol.L.dst
griol. Aur6 olpdivl 6tq yru vo Bporiperov nivcrcc qq ypdp[tKlq ov tu 8ro,vuoPctc
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orl v6o po6ll 0a npfret rponToDltfvoq vo td6ool.tto np6plrlltrt R*
?rpdYpottPrc Pd'o1too lbPou
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l{vL, w2,v3,
0' 1' o}' {0' o' 0' 1}l
0, o, o), {0,1, 0, o}' {0'
5,3.Mlqyn 9donS
pa0pi6a ttrrv 8rawop&trrrv eivur a'.^or61e,11""itT'"^::
6tr q'#;':;;
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ourdv r,.lq
rc'lv8rcrwcp&ttov
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I e t , e z , . . , e , | r u r { s ; , t : 2 ,. . . , t : , 1
Aql.c6{ 0c eivor o tivorcrq
Tou R-8ruwoponrof yirpou R'. Eivar yvclor6 6tt to nfpaopu an6 rq v4]l;
ll\tL, v2t v3,
oolv d},X"qneprypd<petorpe 6vo cvtrotp6yrpo nivarcu lPl
( P t r P t z . . . P l, \
t l 0 -1\
'^ =| P z1t P .2 2 ".' .P 2 '. I . 1 1 0 1
I

[P"r Pnz . P,, ]

o 3 J
rou onoiou rdOe oc1),q ofto,el.sitor ovrlorolxo. ofio r1q on6 q Bdol { v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v a }
P 0o eivat o nivo'ruq petdpcoqq
8rcwopdtov rqg pdoqqler, q, .., e,) oq npoqq Bdon let, c2, "'
nivoraq P l"6yetcr zrivorcagpetdpooqq cl6 q Bdoq let, e2, ..., c l
lq, tz, ..., rn). O cvtiotpotpoq tou P eivut o nivoxcg perdpoorlq alt6
[ e t , t z , . . . , c , ] o t q p d o ql e t , e z , . . . , e n l .
 ndLt or ott'1?'cqrou
rnt5ll:- Q = Inv.r!. IP] vc encln0suooupeto uror6)ecpa, e96cov rut
u2, 4' ual as
, , 1 3 1 L 5 r 1 5 1 I r t crotelotv rq ouweto'yp6vsqrov 6to'wopo'tolv l z 1 ,
---at -7:
outt'll*1I ' E l, \8, - t I,
( v 1 ,v 2 , v r , v + 1 .
6 6, 6 ' b o

t ) 1 1 I I ' '' "'

\ I' z' Z' ,l' lrrn.Po3e tt{l tI2lI ' tv1' v2,v3'v4}

Or orr'1leg rou nivcrc Q anotel'ofv tq oDvrsroTpsvtq r<ov 1 0 ,r , 2 , 2 )

npoc,rn grion [vr, v2' h, v4l. To yeyov6gcuto
let, e2, 4, eal r'r,c, v4)
llfl tt3ll .lwL, v2, v3,
ro eiralqOalrooupe.
-2, 0, -r, r\
rnt52l:=lia s P o s e [ Q ][ [ 1 ] l . { v L , w2, w3, v4}
perd'pttotlg an6 rq Ptiotl
o u tt 5 2=I { 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 }
cwtctporpog too W eivo,r o nivcrcq
ornPe6nluv, u2,u3,ual'
r ' i s r J i = T r a n s P o s e[ Q ] [ [ 3 ] l ' { v 1 , v 2 , v 3 ' v 4 \
lnv.r36 [w]
o u t t s 3 l ={ 0 ' 0 , 1 ' 0 } 'I 6 1 4 1
a , , r 2 - 72
, 0 ,i , - i l , \ z s , ; ' js' zst'
Ag r.no06ooupe, t<itpa, 6tr 61ouperccr pltt dl,Iq Bdorl tou ybpou Ra a 1 4 4 T . , 1 1 I r 1 8 17rt
, ;, i,ij'\;' t' 2 i 'E J I
r n t s a l : =I l L , u 2 . u 3 , u 4 ) = { { - 2 , - L , t ' -2},
-2}};
r c , r , 2 , 2 L l - 2 , 0 , - 1 , 1 ), { L , - 2 , - t , orotel6opatoq livstar pe rov iSro tp6no

r n I 5 5 i . . = R o w R e d u c[e{ u 1 , u 2 , u 3 , u 4 } ] t R lt t 3 l l . { u 1 , u 2 , u 3 , u 4 }
o u t t s s l{ ={ 1 , 0 , 0 . 0 } , { 0 . 1 , 0 . 0 } , { 0 , 0 ' 1 . 0 } ' { 0 , 0 , 0 , , 0)

Av Ol,oupevo ppofF rov ttivoKo prdBoonq ofi6 rn p6on lvt, v2, v3, tportnter 6o 11ouvdPqoq
g6on tur, u2, u3, u4l, pnopofpe vo ppo6pe tov nivcro petriftrc16 A
lB1 List, B2-listl :=
gdoq tvr, v2, v, v;l orrl our,r1OqBdoq, rcr tov nivcrcr pstdpoo4q B
. TransPose [B2]
orv{fi p0oa orn PdG[ {ut, u2, u3, ual, on6re o nivorcq nou 06}'oupe l|tttnlPoEe [B1] I
ro yl6pvo AB.'Etor, o nivcroq petdpoolq on6 rr1 Bdo4 lvl' v2, v1, oq Frioq 82' Kor pdl'loro
FmdBootlqan6 cq Briol Br
Fdaq (vr, u2, q' u4l oa Eilar aut6q. xav napri8erypc,o'q ppofpe tov
etvor ot B6,oerg
v3. v{}ll q ouvR0qPdon orn pdon {vr, v2' v3' v4l' rov ofio1o

I 4 v2, v3' w4}l

[(r1, e2, e3, e4], {vL,
it,
- 3 ,o l l 1), (-1. 2, r, o),
t - r , i , - r , - 2 i , t - 6 ,2 , t - 2 1, l - 2 ,
-2, 0, 3jj
t.l4 I Mu|4yaut ti 1ri:ot,t lAytNlyt

t , rI t 1 l : InverseIt] ". r1 ' {1, 0); e2= {0, 1};

changeBasis[{vl , v2, v3, v4), {el , e2, e3' e4}]
R: , rct tt1 orrvrl(h1f)irot1
'l'Iue
{ ) l r r/ r , l /
= 0' 1};
dl ' {1, 0, 0}; d2= {0, 1, o}; d3 {0'
priorl tov 66o rbprov 0a eivar
I . o rivurag qg.l olqnpoqrll ouvf10r1
ouvdprnong
TourivqKqUtqgYpqpUtKRg
5.4.MercpoA4
r fToMatrix I f]
Mroporipc tcbpu vn eletd,ooupe 11 yevrrrl nepizrrooq rou nprtll,)
(Dr;orporrpLe
ttq Brioerglet, ez, ..., e,l rcar\e\, e5, ..., eLl rou Xtipou Ll{". lr,2l, \ r, r)i,{2, Al]i

f]rioerq{r:1, t2, ..., Enl rat lt\, t'2, ..., li} tou ltitpou R.'. Oectpt'f'1rr'I n Eivetat ano
un6 tq ouvi10r1Pdorl tou R2 oq Bdoq {z,l1,r.r2}
----+R.', rot uno06roupe611o trivdKoqrll( / t'{
TpolrprKrlouvdptrlorl l : R."
chungcBasis.
r r q p r i o e r ql e t , e z . . . . , e , | r o t { c 1 , t 2 , . . . , Q n J E i v o l M ( . 1 ) , K u t ( , ) \ n
priocrg{ei, e5, ..., nLl rcar{e'1,el, ..., ei,} eivarM'(/). EivatTvoori)('tl h.ngeBasis [ { eL , e2}, {u1,
u2}]
mrroi nivareg ouv66ovzurpe tq o3iot1
, li, Ir, 2\j
M'(f) = Q-t M(f)P q
vu pporiperar tov nivcro petdpuorlg o'z16
trLnoporl;,Le
6nou P o nivar<o,gpLerapaolg on6 q Bdoq {a1, e2, .., ( l o R1 orrl Pdoq{vr, vz, v : l .
k\. ei, ..., e',\, x:at Q o nivut<ugpetdBaorlgon6 q pdoq {sr, tz'
st{d1, d2, d3} , {v1 , v2' v3}l
[ t r i o 1{ c i , t i , . . . . e ' , " i .
, 1 ) , { 1 , 1 , 0 1 ,{ 1 , 0 , 0 1 }
Xttq apolyotpeveg ncpaypd.qougunol.oyioope 6l.a ta, enrpdpougotttt
o
agopofv rqv napo,ndvroro6rqru, on6te pnopo6pe vu unuvrloottpt; pe rrlv to6nlta cl)'o,yfq nivcrconou eibapenporlyoup6vcog'
v2, v3} Tov ybprovR2 rcurR3
Tevtr{ nepintioorl.Ag 6ofpe 6va ouyxerprpdvonap&6erypa. 6 116Brioetg{ut, u2} Kcrl{v1,

Yno06roupe6rt 61oupe11 ypuppLrf o'uv&pqoq ./: R2 -_;>Rl zou

ax6o-l l0l .A'P

In164l:=f= {x+ 2Y I Y -8.,2x};

l - 2 ' - r J' { 3 , 4 } }

O6loupeva ppotperov nivaxarqgl r,lgnpogrtg Brioeq : R 2 - r R 3 8ivettrt pe q PoPtPtl

tnt65l: u1 = {1, L};w2= lL,2}; = ( q x t b t Y ' o 2 x + b 2 1 t ,a 3 x + b 3 1 t ) '

too gilpou R2, rc.r

t n l t , ( l t v 1 = { 1 , L , L } ; v 2 = { 1 . ,1 , 0 } ; v 3 = { 1 , 0 , 0 } ;

I
rou 16pou R . 0)r:topo(rpr:r:nloqq 11 cnrvrl(h1[]dlor1
t.t6 I . Mt )1qurrxti1i:au

xntttorr:tr(tootrFr:tltfl ol)vopTrlcn,q or[oio 0o 6rir;t(Ir trurfr, rrq n01r0prir1 a3= {o' 2' -L};
rl . (2, 2, -Lj; a2= 12,2,1);
0u t:ntorpt':gcttov nivoKo rrlq./ orrs pdoflq Bt Kar 82 .

Il rcrtnoretfl ou,i yivsror erirco},a,xar eivar cprccrov.t orTKr:vrl)(loor)lu,

-Lt;b3= {-2' o' -2};
r:vtol,iq nou pqorpozouloape npoqyoupwr,rq.
'Eroq t 12,-2, -Ll;b2= IL,2,
1 ouvdprqorl urrrri
rqv ncpcrcdro popgrl. eniolg rov trivcKo
. G)rxoporipe
t t l t / 3 1: - ffol(atrix If_Iist / Bl_List. B2_List] :=
r ( ( 1 , o , 2 \ , { o , L , - 1 } , { 1 ' 1 . 1 }i ;
Inverse I changeBasis I IdentityMatlix ILength If ] l
"ypapprrll oDvdpr1on / : Rl --')
fToMatrix I f] . changeBasis I 6n o nivuxcrg o.ut6q nuprotc pta
KCfl{br' bz' b:} eivur o
IdentityMatrix llength lvariables [f] I l, Bll o rtvoKo,qoq Trpoqrlq pdoerg{41, a2, a3l
'Iocog (ltoirpr;voelvalvu pporipetn oovdprrlonI
np6nervu toviooupe 6zr q Brioq Bl sivol n v6o,Bdon rou nr;r\iorrr
wrb t1 82 eiva,r 11v6o Bdol rou Trs8iourlpd)v 146 ypapprxr]g orrvrilr rn ouvdprqor1 matrixToF, fl1v ofioio KtrxooKsuooo$
Aoqal,rbq,prnopofpevc enol"lOerlooupern ouvdprrlo"I aur4, 1:rlorlrrrnrrrri 6rl oDMi0rl pd'on'
f,pdnr;ro n(varcagnou bive,ur vo avo'q6peror
ypdttl-nrcl o.rvriprriorl f rcor rrg Bdoerq {a1, u2l rut" {v1, v2! yr } r(nl Efiopsvog' 0a npner va
lrv toper ofilv 7tpiTrroorl oDrrl'
rpolyoullv(Dq. nivoro toq npog rr1
trtvaKoR, tbote vo nd,poupetov ovriototlo
rnt74l:: fToll/latrixtf, {u1, !2}, {vL, v2, v3}l
oto tp6Bl'1pc
o u t t T a t{:{ 2 , 2 } , { 2 , 1}, {3.4}} to avdof,poqo np6p\ptr proolnpori(rol
flq pdosrq B1 Kat 82'
iR pu lpapptr{q ouvdprqolg/(Dq ftpog
Ag 8oripe 6vc or6pq ncpd8erypro.@ecoporlpe
rov w8opoprpropo g qql(t)q rpoqxE oDvrloerq
Pdoeq"'
trou op(Erdrp q ox6o'rl
pdol' t6te
rrlqlpapputlg ouvdpqorlq/ og npogrI ouvriorl
I n t 7 5 l : =9 t= { x - y , 2 y + 2 , x+22};
6tr 0a rop5eiq to6qta
Kot e6l,oupvo ppofpe rov nivorcr rlq g rogfipoq rn pdorl
R -- Q-t Pq]lP,
r n t 7 6:t: { x ! , x 2 , x 3 } = { { 2 , L , 3 L { 3 , 2 , I } , l t , 3 , 2 } } ; a2' a3l
6rq
Fmdgooqqo7t6rI oDvf0nP&orl PdoI \a1'
Iqv replnroo1 auq or Bdoerq81 rat 82 rqq fToMatrix tuuri(ownr ;u:
a3}l
12, ltd1, d2, d3), {a1. a2,
lr1, 4l. Enop6vrogo nivo,rcoq
nou (nrdpe eo ivor
( 2 , 2 , 2 ) ,{ - r , r , 1}}
rnt77l:= floulatrix [9. {r1, 12, c3}, {r1, 12, !3}j
11 7 I
1 t4 3 1r 3'r on6 rq oDv10ngdoq otn P'iraq{bY b2' b:)
(t16 I - 13 r19
t l o
9
, 1
18a t 1 go j .
1 I 9 , t 1 8J
1 e ' I o
9
'/
t1 8q
b3}l
t(dl, d2, d3), {b1, b2,
En1 ouvdleu eo cntlerprjooupr; vo rrr[ovrnooupc
oto avriorporpozrpt'r -1''2jj
21, | 2,2, o\, l r'
oulrr:rprpfvtr,(h;tolnrip:tov R-6Lavu$FarrK6X6poRr , ruLrrq pd<rr:tg
l3rl L Ma(l4ptt rx/t pl:oat

llropdvorgo nlvcrcg R1nou pcg uvbLnpi:pct0n dlvtrcrt uz6 q ofoq rlt l(L26, -2, t-76, L,57\l;
r1l [41]

R 1 = Q , R , P - ', lrlxl('tnl
126 2
dqlobrl 0a civot o nlvtrcg ,t' )

R3 -+ R2' toq npog

: t R1= Q-R.InverseIP]
tnlB.3 Oxr7[optoT0pro lpapprr{ ouv&pqoq li :

" , , , r 0 {' .{t--} , f , , l } , , r , 2 ,z } ,{ 0 , i , , t t

1, -1}};
b2, b3) = t{r.' - L , 2 \ , l - L , 2 , L \ , { 2 ,
Av ougevrptbooupe 6),egtq evro)"q?roDXplotltoftolrlocps nopancvat' &j = l{2, 3l, t3, 5]);
vc rcrcoxeudooupe pro ouvdpalorl, 1 onoio 0a 561etar tov ntvcrtr R 2 o.v,iotorlu O6l"oupe vn Bpotipe o1
ypdpprKlq ouvdptqorlg, rcc.rnq pdoerg81 Kctt 82, ror 0o,eirtotpeqtt rov ldlprov R3 rar R
.^
rqg i6ng'ypopprr4ouvtipqorlgog npoqrrq o'uvrl0eig
Bdoerg
urolo'YioouPe rov tdvoKc rng / rog nPog q our'r10r1
Pdo1,
Jnl84J;= changeMatrix [R_List/ B1-],ist, B2-Listl :=
changeBasis IIdentityMatrix ILength IR] L 92l tq ouvtiPrqorl changeMatrrx'
R.Inverse I b3}, {al, a2}l
trixlAl, {bL,b2,
changeBasis I ldentityMatrix [],ength I First [R] I I ,

'loorq 9 ) , { s , 3 ,- 2 l i
np6ner vo toviooupe rcur rcdl.r 611 4 prioq Br eivdt q Briol tott
opropo6, evto1 82 eivot 11priol tou ne8iou ntrrrilvqq ypopl'Ltrct1g matrixToF'0c ppofperq ypoFprKtl
pofl0eiaqq ouvd.ptqoqg
rr1 ouvdprqol aur4,
Aoqckbg, pnopofpevc enal.rlOefooupe 8v6toQ6Ptt.
rov zrivorcc JR, rcat ttq pdoerq [a1, a2, ql KtLr lbr, bz, btl rc,'ttt
,rporlToupfvoq. lBll
-
lt2 + 9 x.3, 5 x1 + 3 x2 2 x3 ]
r n I 8 5 . l; = c h a n g e M a t r i x [ R ' { a L , a 2 , a 3 } , {b1, b2, b3}]

o u t r e s{ lt--} r , i , - 2 ,2 \ , l o , - * , o l r
it, t2,
T6pc propofpe vc lrqorponoulooupe 14 ouvdpr4oq matrixToF otov rlq popqnq
a{w6oeov ;ren ayv6otoogeivcr 6vo'orlotrlpo
Tlovo ppo6F?nTpopprrcti
ouvdPqoql
+ a t 2 x 1+ +a1,xn=b1
\
latstrlol It ] h + a2zx2 + + a2,xn = b2 (1)
!' ,ll x2 x3 ^ 3xz,
t-? - - 2 x L- 2 x 2 , z x t , - z I
? i, Xl + An2x2 + + a^, x, = b^

rov nivcrcc
5vocr6pq tapd6eiypo.@eotpotpe
 r rvr..t,ttp..r r^.t 1u:ot'

(rmrtr c;; lR l;lvot or mrvtr].r;orfg rulv uyvrirororv,r, rrtt ^ , . R er,6q<nrctqpctoqr)ivoto?(r)rtKddrrotr'r1un60eo1'ovxplorF'oTIotq6o

"ylo
orc{)r;poi 6pot rorr orrotqpatog. To mionlpa uur(r pnopr;l vu lP(rfrl lu. LincarSolvc.Aq ft;ropflooupc, ropd8stYpo,xo ouoqpa
ntvd,K(l)v 2 x - 3Y + z = l l
. r + 5 1 ,+ 3 z = - 1 5
A'X = B,
4x - Y- 4z = 3O
onou or zivu.rceg
,4, B rar X 8ivovra.tan6 rq ro6tqteg
vo elToope6tt o nivcrcrg roo oDorRpuroq eiv(rl

-4}};
r {(2, -3, 1), {1, 5,3}, {4, -L,
t^l
03
Eva ypopprr6 oriottqpo dler )'6oq p6vov 6rcv or nivo,regA rol (A I l]) rl:
[5ro Bc0pi6a,6nou
d1;t povc.8trcj luoq.
op or, btl
(ot,
o ) 2" ' o " o ' I 1 1 1 ,- 1 s . 3 0 ] ;
t A l B t= l o ) t v [A, B]

Io-, o-, t-,, u-l 2, -3\

ovtlTrpoo<rrtrtfel ro
ivor o tftduqlpfvoq nivarccgrou o"uoalpuroq(1). Ouvdprrlorlq LinearSolve eivcn pro l'iotc nou
I l,66rl tou oDoflipdxog iv(Il
Eivat zporpuv6g611 6vc ypcpprr6 ofoqpa npo661opi(sro1ft}.{ptrlq
nivcreq A, Tov 6Dvrlor6v, Kor B rov oroep(bv6pr.ovrou ouorqgurog. x=4,y=-Z,ratz=-3.
o ouppol,top6gr(Dv oTvd)or(Dv6ev noi(er r<cvivu p6),o. Enopfvcog,11
ouoqparog e(uprdrar arr6rouq E6o uuro6q nivc,rsg.
eivot e(ioou etrotrl

To np6ypappcMathematica7rpl61flprtr ouvdprnorl,rnq ono[oqn

neprTptigero.r
orq ouv6Xerc.nou Uropci v0 6(borrn l0orl ev6q

6ev 0o anoppiryervtr fliorrlpo pe zrsprooorepoug

e{roCooeq.lqv zrepintrr:o1,6poq, oocl 0a 0eoprloer
ocv zropop6tpouq,0o 8rbosr ooTKKp1pvg trptg ortq
yevrrq
0c poq 6rboetpru oulrcerprp6rnl1'6oq,rcn op 11
pr:4
To ototrlpa nou uro]"ou0cicivct evu ouorqpa
 Llh!(hlltlI t^t, lu.tt, .lll

Lr t .l.r't : t 2t
6 . r + l i r ' + 2 : . 15 r - l
9 . r + 1 2 1 , + 3 ; + l 0 l - l l
l{ctlucc' nott
l iiiro nivurr;q' ll otrvtillrllotl
orl l.irtertrSttlvcnt:1rt;rt:vt:t ptr;
Apc to oirorqpLurtodrlt;rnL
,U'"r,t.,rq',, rt4rpivt:t r;(torirot:tg
tlrtiro.

l:ri),uot1rorr ouolifrurog oDToi)ollltrrivl)roogo).(i)qlr6(ry(r)yrir(,)v rvnir

rnv(iK(r)voTo Mulhat utiut.

r , r '/ r r r i A = { i 3 , 4 , 1 , 2 } , {6,8,2, 5}, {9,12,3, LO}};

[4. {x, Y, z,
B={3,7,L3};
Linearsolve [A, B]
! rv 1 r et . = t
1 1 1
, l
1' 1' o ' o ' r 1 6tt ttt tilvt,lorot y Kur Z Ffiopofv
vrr 0eopl0o6v otr,v7tc'polttTpot,
sivol
Iitnq totr o'uoripLorog(4) 0o
llrrlrurrlpoirtrLe 6tr r1 16o11 nou Sivcr 1 ouv(xprlon L i t r e a r S t l l l c r . r l t t
lrovrrdrril ouyr(rKptllrvrl ).rroq. 11 oaoicr tKcrvonotti. B f B o L ur o o i r or r 1 1 r r r , -4I- = P ' r c o r 1 =1 '
, = {{tr P ) 'Y = } ' " ' z
lrnopoupe va iiLantottirooupLe
enitrtoq ouotilpcrtoq pe Flo ll
frTropotpcvo, tTtr1tprlooult
';o Mathematica6ev0o rd'vetU]:o--1ntl.:
A.t:: B Ltn"rt. urB*t Ar'
;l';l;; il;; ior1o{oerrcarnposour(v rqv rccre60uvoq

True tlop(i6l:rTPtr,Ioot)ot1Pa

(a+l)x+(a-l)Y=a
tiprognni;3r ev8el6pevanol"u an6 tr1 l"riorlnou neprp6vapeva ppoupr;. - |
dx + (a+1)Y=a

nepr6ler rlv ropoFerpo '7'

lr.ivct 1'r,rtrnt6otr ouotr'lpLarucunlq n1q poprprlg61ouvorvr10o4 noi,triq 0a btooet pru l.for1 nou 0a
oroir:q nlronrnrorrv ov ecroprlooupe;rdzoLouq un6 roug cryvriror nPogr Kcrl'
rou ouor(Pctog tr.rq
nupuprltpouq. llpoq qv rnrcir0uvol out{ pnope( va por1Or1or;r 11
Rcducc.r1q onoicg11ouvra(q divcrurorq ouvuxslo.
(a+1) Y==a-1)' {x' Y}l
r+ (a-1) Y:: a, ax+
ReduceIeqzs.vars] Azl"onoui ng e(to rhatrgeqns,
rar en ,6ero.lqnpoqnq petaplqtfq F j - 1 6 5 , y = =l ( r * x )
i
vars. Ot e(rorboer6nou nponinroov l + J a

eivar too66vcpeqpe x$reqns q h5oq rou ouorflparog'

ooviipxnoq Reduce pcrq 66tooe
, vars,elimsl Anl,ozrou( rq e(ro ril,oergeq ns, a"Etor' 61oupetq ltiotl
Of,*,,ir,o au noodpetpo
xdvowoq orc.Lotgrl rorv ncpcpCrprrrv
. { j , f r , r ,v = - # , ( n a v a * -\'
t44 L MatnlatrKd ltto.tt

-2' L}, t1, 1, -2))l

Aq 6oipe 6vocr6pr1nopd6utlpc.Oeoporipeto oitorqpc: t{l-2, L, LL {L,
a x +Y + z = l
-1}, {0,0'0l}
x + ay + z =q {1,o, {0,1,
x+Y+az=a2
. 2 , r ' - 2 }' t L ' ! ' - 2 ' L } } 1
tl{-z,L,1, 1}, {1,
Mnopofpe va (rldlooupe cn6 r4 ouvdptrlol Reducevc l6oet to ottcrqpc
0eop6vrcg oav ayvdtorouqrrg petapl.rlt6q x, y, z, on6re ott6rlnorr; -1, 0}' {0' 0' 0' 1}}
o, -1, 0), {0, 1,
oav otoOspd.
0e<op10et

IntlAsl:= 6rtoldriouttoiztivcrrcsq6sv6louvtlvi6rapa0pi6o,'Iopgvoqto
Reduce I c6{voro.
= =a n 2 ) , { x , l t
{ a x + y + z = = L 'x + a y + z : : a ' x + Y + a z
o''lproupleitar "j:* ""'JT;il,:"H:il,::iTl"fr
out[10s]= T1l
6oov o'tpopa
rrE/\!u*"u!L'\'r' "--
ototei"eoFoori, --.r c.fdi.,
y
a = .1 & & z - = I - x rcdncrru perovertflpato' r'1 teLeutcic
_ l rsolve Av rcorundPlouv
( - 1 + a )( 2 + a )+ 0 & & " = = - i l ! & & v = = 1 + x & &1z ' . 11l'6oq nou 6ivereivcnpra l'iotc'
i*-noin., uo unonpdtcrt,6r6tr'
vo 1:rlotPonorl0ei6'Peoc'
E[vor o1e66v rpocpov6gn arprprbq orlpaivet q andvrlorl zo"-
-2,'c6rc xo
ropdpetpoq a ttovonorei ng ol6oerg 4 + 1 Kol a + to zroPcrrcdtooiorqPcr
povc6rr4 l,rior1,nol 6ivettn cr6 ttq olfoeig
2x- Y+ 3z= |
^ r - _ , )
x + 5Y- zz - '
) +Za l
" =_!:+ .= ---l- -=!-
o + 2 ' 2 a + z ' a ' 2
-x+llY-l2z=4
It1 onv61era,cogcl,<itg,rpnet,ta elerdooupe rlq trp6q rnq l'uo1' rur
6o pagev6rarp6per vc e(etdooupenptbtouv uld'p1er
qnopptvop.BMnoupe,l.orn6v,6rr yw a = 1, to oforqpo elet tllo
o'utousrvor
tou 8ivetor o.n6ttg o16oeq
X,{loe<ov, u. O nivaruq tou ouotflpcroq

x = I - ), - $,y = )',ratz = 1t' -r2}} ;

- 1 , 3 ) , lL, 3, -2\ , {'L, rL'

al6 po a = -2, ro oriocrlpa 6ev rp6ner va 61er h5or1, erp6oov11 6pov eivcr
rrlv
6ev po4 66ooe rcopia. Mnopotpe va ezol,q0er-rooDpe
lw a = -2 ro o0orlpo Tivsrdl
l)t
-2x+y+z=l A eivcr
el'eyloupe eivor cv o nivcrraq
x - 2y+ z =-2 fipdYpo roo np6nei vu
x+y-22=4

propotpvc pporlpe
ffiOaroqq RowReduce q Bc0pi6ctou
rcOdlgrct tou encu(r1p6lountvcxc.
 Det IA]
trtxPorm I t ]

2 t .
l l )
Atrtri tir:i1vur6rL iir;v dloutrrevn rcdvouprc
pLer':vaoforqpc (.rlr))cr. op,,t -l ll l2
oqpcrtvu 6tr 6ev undplorrv l"tosrq rou orrotlprutoq. f,rn vu r:),r:yiorr
unop1utn)vri tiXr ),tiosrg nptnr;L va Bporlpc q pa0pri6o rou nivnrrr A,
t ABI
fin0pLitiarou enau(rlpdvounivoKo, 6Ti]"oB{rou nivurcnzou nporcirntr:rurrrr
av npoo0i:ooupeoe alt6v 11 on1),qB.
1 , + ] , { 0 ,o , o , o } }
O cnau(rlpdvognivarcugtruropeiva Bpe0ei pte n1
Bor]eeurtr,n,
or)voprrlosovAppend ror Table. Md],ro.ru,pnopofpc vo KorcoKr;r,(rool
o-Dvoprlol, n ofioro vo sfitorpgst rov enou(qpt6vonivnra. FI ouvdrpnlorl
Iu[opouor vd e1srqv s(r1qproprpr,l.
t )
r j
augmentedMatrix [l_tis t, k_List] ;= Module[{i},
0 0
r a b l e [ A p p e n d[ r t t i ] l , k l t i l I I , l L , L , L e n g r h [ 1 ]
]ll
o riv(rKog A rcat o enou(1trr6vog AB 61olv qv i6ro pa0pi6a'
Trirpa pnoporipsvu pporipeq Ba0pLi6c
rcovnrvnrotv nou prugevSrngrlxrrrv Tov cv0 0)'vojoTooov lTOpoFcrpo'
ptolroirpr: vu ocurprloor.rpc
tnltt2l:= 0c l:p )"uo1. H ouvripclol 6ptoq LinearSolve 6ev 0u Etboer
RowReduce IA] truot1.
outtI l2l:

t { 1 , 0 , 1 } , { 0 ,1 , _ 1 } ,{ 0 ,0 , 0 } } v. [A, B]

MatrixFortn [*]
()ut I I I I | / /Mat rixt'orn=
1 0 1 tov
l.rior1,Oeclpcbvrag
Rcduce puq 6ivet n\pfoteprl
0 1 -1
0 0 0

lnlll4l:-
AB = augmentedMatrix ,Y,z)==Bl
[A, B]

Ottalrl4l-
5
\ 1 2 , t , . 1 ,t ) , 1 1, 3 , 2 , 2 1 ,I r , t t , 12.,411 ' l z
 I llft,lttlltIrt^ti lu:ni) l)Yt:fPtr

ylpou lR"' Enopcvr'rrg'av t1

3lvct r';vc lit/rvttopu tott btuvtro;LurrKoir
pe rt1
5.6.H 6rcyurvroroino[
nivqKq tllg pi(ug L tor) lopoKrlprotrrou no)"uol''rrpLou -rauri(e,u'r
l" t6te o nivcrtrq I 6rayt'lponoreitot
ft, ylr1ru,,t(tr), Tra ruOe tiitonpr'1
Ag uno0riooupe6rt 6ivcra.rdvngrlxm nivnrcrq
Ko'r0o npoono0riooupeva
0u nftpoupc fvo. ouyrcerptpfvoTtivoKct,
trpoTpdpporoqMathemat-
:6),.4 tn npollo6ptvo lre rn Bo{oero tou

,=[+
Lotn6v,rov nivarcn

pe ororleia crn6 ro o'rbpu R. rcov npaypartrcbv uprOptbv.Aorptr).tir,,{kl

r5Lc[repuBo]"rtt6av o n[vcrag ,4 flruv 6ray<bvrog,
rdtr nou yevrrcri6r:v rolr
:l 3
0

eivar vc erodyouperov Ttivolco

sp6qpo l,orn6v eivct ov ;-Lnoporipe
va Bporipefva loodtvopo trretov A ri to [l)(i)ro nou dXoupeva xdvoupe
o onoiogvu eivar Sto.yrirvrog.

'Evnq
nivurag B Xlyerat roo8tvcpog ps tov nlvcrc,4, ov uzdpllL uvtro
o j , { - 2 , 3 , 0 } ,{ 0 , 0 ' s } }
nivorcagP rcrorog ri-rorcvu roxuerq o1cor1

B = P - t .A . P 3 , 0 ] , { 0 , 0 ,s i }

Evu rdroro np6p),r1po6ev 61erzd,vrore )"6o1, 5l),a6f 6ev sivur prif]ororlrl

retpayrrtvtrcoqmxm fiivoKrrEI 8taycovronoreitar.Ynd.pXari..6oq pulvo
opropiveg zpo0roOfoerg, or onoieg e(cptrbvrar rov nivaxa zl. ll
no),),anl,6qrorcri0er8rotrpr]qrou nivu,ruI vo eivu.ri6ru pe rqv 0
cvrlororlou r8roXrbpou.
5
Or r6rotrp6qrou nivcru. (l) eivuror pi(egtou lopumlpronxof no)"ur tou A' Ano t1
rr vo ppo$pro XdpoKrnptorlK6nollibvupo
ntvc.rcourori,ro onoioSivetcron6 rrlv naparcdrrr:
e(iorooq. opiqouoo'rou
6rt ro nolutilwpo uut6 eivar oDoloorlKd I
Att-x An dtn I o povo8taiog nivuraq' Apo ro lopoKrnptorlKo
a2t 422 - x ... o2n Stva!
- 0

aml am2 ... 4rnm * I

D.tlA - x rdentitvMatrj'xt3l l
Av ), e[vorpra r8rorttrril
rou nivaro,A, r6te o cvriororlogrdrogirpoq
6ivr:rcr
or(don 1 1x 2- x r

V ( ) '=) l X E R ' nl A , X = x . x l nol'urilwpo ev6g

dvct dirorokr vc ppe0ciro ?(dpoKrlptorlK6
6uv{iprqon' I ottoio civot
lo Mulhcmulicu 6ta0i;rtt ptcr
 toolilivuFl [r{: Ttlv r;vrotr"rl,rot) XI)ll('rl()TroniooFl:[(rlxlfidv(!), K(rr
I(rPoKrrlproTlKd]Io].r)drw!o r;v(iq)IivflKfl. NullSpace[z] Ezrrotp6getpta]'ioro8ruvDopdrtov'
r(r ono(o (rtrotl"oliv t-t1o

IdentityMatrix[z] Enrorp6ger
tov povu6roionxn zrivcro Bdoq tou lcbPou tov 8rc'lrroporcov
v nou trccrvororo6vrrl olfon 'fi'v = 0
characteristicPolynomialIAiverto 16o,poxrqprmrr6
m, xl nol,u<bvu;roroo nivara rz pe to yilpo V(l')'
6tt 1:ctn(6puote p6vo q brdotaorl xtn 6p tov i6ro
psroB)"nrllnolurovfpou ro oupBol,ox oDrfl, Tto vo Bporipefl1 8rdoraoq
I])qotpotrotnoouperI ouvdprrlol.l
t n t 1 2 3 :l : 5).
ChalacteristicPolynomiat IA. tl
a D tt ) 2 3 1- - 5 ldentityMatrix[3] l
I . NullsPacelA
25-35t+11t2 tl

r 0, 1], (-1,1, 0]]

Trirpc nl"eov pzopotpe vo Bpofpe ng tdron;-r6g roD l, nou sivor ()l
Ttl,surciou noluovf pol. rrlq pi(og 5 roorS,ar [t xrl 61d'oxoo1 too crvtiotorlou
ppofpe tov loo8tvupo pe
I n t 1 2 4 l: : o t[ivoKoqI 8tcyrrrvronore(talfrtr vtr
8ruydlvro trivoKo' o
rts = Solve [charPoly ==0. x] 1rlvcKo,6sv 61oupenapd vu ollpotiooope rfuu
tou A'
ug r6tooP6q
r0pra dra'ycbvto
a u t t 1 2 4 :I
{{x + 1}, {x;,5}, {x+5J}
rrix[{s, s/ 1}]
Iloparqpotpe 6a 61oupe66o rSroapfgpr = 5, Fe pc0p6 rolJ,onl,6nlrcg
r4v cr),t1 pila p2 = l. Aut6 olpaiver 6u npf,xxt va e),6y(oupe rq
0), {0.5,oi, {o'o, 1}}
rDrolrirpou nou cvtrororlei qv r6rcttpn 5. Aev Xpetd(ercr cvdororlog
rlv r61or1pnl, erp6oov11Stdorooq rcdOet8royirpourrcvonorei q o16o11 (r'[6 lov loo66vopo PE ro! A
I otTopo,irnrovo 66poDp6,eKr6q
nivaraq curoq
8, ro.t rov ovrtorp6\rt[o nivcru P O
I < dim Z()") < rol"),on1,6r4ra r4q l, 'yra va ndpoope rov ttivortog B, 6ncog ei8ope ott1
pd'osrlrv roJv
Enopev<oge[pLoorep6Boror6rr q 6ldorc.oq tou r8oyitpou V(l) etvat P 61ei onv 6rrll,eg ro. Eravrioprcta rrrlv
pdon
6ql.o6rl io4 pr rnv no),l"unl"6rqroniq pi(og 1. ,{. Apc Trc vo ppotpe tov P, ptlg lper&(etor Kot ttlo

E(etd(ovragnpooercrrrdrn o.1eonopropot (4) rou rSrolbpou,

ro ororleic rou r8rolrbpouV()') eivat orprBriiqerceivtrrc 6rav6oparaX, tc
lA - 1 IdentitYMatrix[3] l
pq8evi(ouvrov n(vcro. A-X".I, cpooov nplner vu rrccvonouilcr1
(A-7\'l).X = 0.
,,
To rp6ypappoMathematicaeivcreqo8tcropf,vo
lrs pra ouvdprnolt rl
pd6q 0c a(vot
Fla w6q tdroroulrirpou.
 - 2 1 . ,( - 3 , 4 , O ) , { - 3 , 1 , 3 ) } ;
P = r l a n s p o s e [ { v t sI tl 1 ] 1 , v t s l t t 2 l l , v t l l t t l l l ) 1 {(-1, {,

iurrtltr:grrttI
{ { 0 , ) . , r \ , 1 0 ,1 , 1 } , { 1 , o , o } }

(rtr o nivrrx
l:ivnr xpogovdq6n pnopofpe eircola va enn)"r10erioou1-Lc tlg.nvalues IM]
pptlrcnpeuivntnpdypo,naur6gnou (r1rdpe.

tnlt29l:-
Inverse I P] . A. P ==B
fcl ltitodt(I\.'uoPatorou nivcru M,

True
rs [M]
Ano ro npoqyorSprwo napriEerypasivor ooefg 6tL q druyrovronoiqorlr.v,r,,
6cv unotel"ei fvu E6or<o),onp6phpd yn r1v Mathemali.a. Mnotn:i I 3 , 4 \ , 1 2 , 3 , 3 ] ,{ 1 , 1 , 1 } }
ofild p6oo,5q]"c6r1pe nn]"6gror 7To],.[
Woorfq ouvupnloerq,vo cvrrlr:r(l
otorlio' rouroxpovo
ttp6p),Ipo cut6. Ewotitorg, \ M(rthemqlica eivar erpo6raopL6vl
pc r:riirrrlg 6tt prq;oupe vo ppo6p ro ?tpolYofFevo
orono u.ut6 ouvopt{oerq. Ta ov6;lara rar q orivto(r1 rov ouvolrricr:rirv rq m)v(rprlol EigensYstem
8ivovrcr no.purcrirto.

t.n [u]
Eigenvalues[z] Aivei pro ],iota pe og r8rortpdq
rou terpo.yrrtvrrori rlivaKa m 1 1 , t t 1 , 3 , 4 j , 1 2 , 3 '3 l , I r , 1 , 1 l ) ]
pta ],iorc pe
Eigenvectors[n] Enrorp6rper o nivarug M
zrou pnoPotPe vtr Kcvoupt eivcr,r ott
xoD xTpdy0)vrKo6nivara m 'Onoq dv0qfp0p napcncvto, t1
61ercnl.6qr8ronPfg. 'Eror,
Eigensystem[m] Enrorp6ger y.rc],ioro rrlq popqrlq 1, 6tov rrvrlorolxaioa an}.r1Pi(u. etrcolc
elvut
{t6roap6g,r6ro6ru,v6o puta} pe rrq 8raytbvrorivcrca.
r8rorrp66xcr ro r6ro6rcrv6opara
rou rerpo,ytlvrrof fii'vo,Ka
m
rri-x Id]
H pfoq trov oovopdoe(Dv ourrirv elvur npoqavrirgneproo6repo
yld ndpo6trytlo.rov rivcru
Ag 0coprloorrpe. l t l o , 2 ,o ] , t o ,o , 1 ] ]

(-r 4
-2) l?roDpo,q 66tooe to Mathematica o}tlyoiN
M =l-3 4 0 P, tou cvntp6pcpeTrporlyouptvog'
|
\-3 | 3 )

Utod,loupt;rtrvrivcru c.uriroro rp(r1pcpltc Mulhamuti<,tr

 to 6tnvttoptrtc ctrn oplputl(ottv rtg
6proq,vc t:tvut. tit6tt irt<4 l{:porrpr:
P = Transpoae [dv] uwtotlrrlYt;tortnivcra P'

I \ r , 2 , 7 1, 1 3 , 3 ,1 ] , { 4 , 3 , 1 } }
sxrilKdrvouvqprRqsov
Trbpa n),rov q enol.4Osuor1eivot trrtaanl.r1 Stabrroofc,. ronoreq
arpo autfl 0c npoona0flooups vo KdrdoKsDdooupe
oronoieq8ivouvcrrotel,opcrtcrrououlvd'xprlorporrorotivtcroTTl
eivorolemu Ko1
Inverse [P] .M.P:= T iittpp. ftou eo rdooDpe
Ttr tpoB),{pLata 11ro'
priorpeg. Md,l.rorc,
o t t Ll 3 6 l = """i"*a nou 0a 8oripeioog 6rv eivo,rr8rairepc
Mathemalica'
True vc ondplow trrerd'nora poprpfl oto
f,"p,*iq orrO outfq rutaorceuti
11pfqorl otqv
;;;;." eivor 1 i6tu 11ouvdptrloq' a)'l'ri
Aq 6or5peror dvc napd8etyFo tlivoKo, o oTlotoq6ev 6rc.ytovtorott;itttt,
rEroroqnivoroq eivcr o
l,orn6v,6vcvmxn nivoro
rt 3 0 0 \l
A = 1 02 0 1 ,
lo r zJ (1)

cve(dprqrc cv rd,n t6toto qaiveror nepiepyo,616rro nivo,rcaquut6q r:ivtrt

6ru'yrbvrog.
cprOpcbvEivar lvtr:ot6 6n oe rdee
ott6 xo o6po R trrlv npuypunr6v
Int137l:= (rr - 1) x (n --l) rivo'Koq'o
rou nivo*tr I crvnotorlei 6voqel'dooovcq
A = { { 3 ,0 , 0 } , t 0 , 2 , o } , { 0 ,r , 2 } } ; qq i ypoppfg ror rqqi odll'r1grou l'
an6rw A pebroyparp{
O nivcroq A 61erpra no},},on},frStonprl rataorsun ptoq
np69?iqpo nou 0o paq otroololliocl eivor r1
'-'r"'"r'0aerrrotpdrperrdnorove},&ooovcrev6qo.u.yrerpr
vu
Eigenvalues IA] o6qy6, 6vc ou"yrerpipevl-.livcru' lra
lpqorponoqooupe,oav
tov nivcro
a u t[ 1 3 8 ] = etK6vofilq KorooKsu{1 @eolpofpe

, =1.':i,',,^,)
{3, 2, 2}

6polq rcav6vagr6roybpoq tou 6ev 61er 8rdotcol 2

Intls9l:=
'
Eigenvecto!s IA] ,rp6t{stvd(rrov 166Yottlttcro Mathematica
out[139]=
{{1. 0, 0} , {0 ,0 , 1 }, {0 ,0 ,0 }} z, w)
[ r , b , c , d , r r ,Y ,
Aut6 ro rc)'eutaio npor6ntet un6 to 'yeyov666tt ta 6to6tav6oFcrc ,rou
6ov e{vat lpopptxrt cve(dpr4ra, eg6oov 6vc az6 otn/r eivnt ro pqduvtr6,
 r t r r ( . t , t r . r r' ^ t t t t r n u '

'rftl:
v(r lllx T(r Il:Y1:(]ll(rl)r(i. O (rl)l0F(isr(,)v YP{r}lll(i)vrol) 'rlv(IK{[ ll)
m= {{1,2,3,4}, { a , b , c , d } , { x , y , z , e t } l)

nurr r:1oupr:rlrr:i' yt
lrnr;rtirjra0r; nivurcag,uvr(dptrlta an(r n1v r;rrc(rvc
. l.ngth [rn]
t:ivttt ptn ).ioro ltrr to ll4ullrnolictr, 11lnlorotrl ouvaptlotl Pa ft(ts r;nl
qg trioroqrrr.h1).cri11
enrl-r:(ouplrdreitu cntr ro 1ri).r1 r.rirorrtrtnir trt otrrt
yronnpdderypa,
nivara M. H ewo}"r1,

L n l l ' 1 2 1: - lorv orl1,6v rou I.nsiv0,1

Partlm/ {2, 3}, {L, 4}l

O u t[ 1 1 2] :
r Lngth IFirst [rn] l
{ {a, d}, {x, w}}

6nog napcnlpofpe, 11 Setrepl rar qv rpill ypcl-rprjrurr rivrrr.rr

enr)"6yer,
c.n6curdg tqv npcbrqrar n1v r6raptq on]),q.
va Srulpnyoupe,ytu nap&6eqpu,q 6efrepl Tpottpnrou
Odi\oupr:
ror.,(1. /) c).tiooovcrivcro yiveraroraypn,prlrrlc r y1
Iro oXrlporrotrro va r:n "d(otpe rqv npcbnl rtrt t1v tpinl Tpopltll rou nivoKo
orq),qg.5q).a6r1yivcrur cnrtroyrlr.rlr,-rv
rtuv ypapgtirvcrcrogrqg l- r.rrr aut6 pnoporipevo, lprlorponoulooutrlrov ouv6uo,op6ttov
orq),6v err6g n1g7. Enopdvrog,npfner vo. Bporipefvc rpofio rb<:lrri,{r\,{i,{}(r rnr Range.
8ruyparp{qq i ypopplig, ro zp6ypappa 0a en "6yer6leq trq unirhlnr,.
flporpuvrirq,xo i61o Trpdnsrva liver rcm ,yroug nn1)"e9.H ouvaptrqorqI
lR.nge lrength [n] 1. {2} 1
orroioqn otvroI 8ivetat or1 ouv61sro,pTiopivo Bon0llou o' ol,r(i.

Lengthflist] Eniorpdgsrrova,pr0p6
ro)v pl.d)vrlq l.ior0q list lrnopt vtl Ywar Kor prertg ottl),eq. H en6pevl evrol"4
Or{}'1 rou nivorccm.
Dropflist,n] Erirotp6gerrr1liorc list
Xoqpieur n np6ra orollia qq
ll.ength lFirst [n] I L {3} l
Dropfiist,-rl Entotp6rpeiq ].(oralist
to n tel,euraioororleio 116
26roptg
Dropflist,[n]l Emotp6rpeirr1]uicrolist lropiqto r-
o16ororlcio rrlq vo lrrlctponoqooupetrg )'ioteg/ rur s yru vc Bpotperov
m, o onotoqnpoxfnrerpe 8rcypcrpri qg 6eftepqqypopprlq
Dropflist,{lz, n}] Enrorp6geiq }.iotc list 1o:pigrc
rqq rrorlBpioKovrororrq 06osr6on6 nt toD m.

Elvot ltporpnvl:q(rtr 116tuypugrl prng ypaprprlgrj prnq onll,lq c{aprhtct

'lirnq
ap0p6 tov lpn;Lptbv, rr:t rov upt0prl rr'rv orql,rbv rou nivarn.
 |. Mull4yunui /:oo Mr eAlqtlnl
l5x

q. TrbI.[r[i' j], {i. 4}, {j, 5}l

Part [m, I, s]

a 1 1 's l ] '
( ( a i l , r l , a l l , 2 l , a l : r , 3 l ,a t 1 , a l ,
Ilr' 2, 4l, lx, Y, wjj al2,a)' al2' 5))'
l d 1 2 ' t | , a l 2 , 2 l, a l 2 , 3 l,
( a 1 3 ,1 1 , a t 3 , 2 1 , a l 3 , 3 l , a [ 3 ' a ] ' al3' sl]'
eix6vc tou crore)"6oparogourof iooq Boqeiosr neptooorcptt'
H ontu<t'1 a L a '5 l ] ]
a[a,a]'
{ a [ 4 , 1 1 ,a [ 4 , 2 l , a 1 4 , 3 ] ,
tntl4ul:=
I'tatlixForn [* ]
rm Iq]
t)ut t t 4I I / /MatrrxEarn=
1 I 2 4 1 - l d l r , A - 1 .l
I
\ x y w / | [ 1 . 1 I. a l ] ' , z a l t t
) " t ) 4 1 ^ 2 . . l
1 2 ,L l a l z , z d L z t ) J o . '
r " { 4 l . r l . 5 l
[ 3 , 1 l a [ 3 ,zl el )' J)
J '
To p6vo fiou ollopdvel eivct 11ro,tcoreut] rrlq oDvdprlonq, q onoin tpt
o

a[4, a] al4' sl
nporfryeran6 n6 npolyor5trrveq svroX"6q Mro pop9l rnq ouv0prlols (l [ 4 11 l a l a , 2 ) a l a , 3 l
propotoev0 iv01I tFiq. 4x5 nivurog' rur 11 en6PLn'q
,Kru opiodt.tnupondvt'rcivat wcg
rov q F 6 rTp0qn qq
Int149J:- Tov Idcoovo nivoro nou 7[poK6tlr1an6
minorMaLrix [m-Lis!, i-Integer /; Positi-ve[i] ' Kar8sutePqqor{},qs roD q.
j_rnteger /; Positive [j ] I : = Modu1e I
{t = Range [Lenqth tn] I , s = Range [Length lFirst [m] I I I
tllx [q, 5 , 1 1
Paltlm, DroP[1, {i}] , DroPls' {j}l I l

Xrq ouvriprrlorl minorMatrix lplorponotofwot KdTIorovf,o otorXeiu, tc 1 1 .a t 1 . 3 1 , a [ 1 , 4 ) , a l L , s l ] ,

cnatroriv ere(r1y1oq. l l , a l 2 , 3 l , a l 2 , a ), a l 2 , s l ] ,
1 l ' a l a ,3 1 ,a f a , a ) , a l 4 , s l ] )
Condition U) O coppohop6qatr6q Xp!1ortlororcitot
Tld,v(I opi{owor oovorireq,ot onoieg
osrjowot
vo e?tol,n
fipi/I!jtO,laporrtlNo
a [ 1 ,3 ] a [ 1 ,4 ] a l l , s l
al2,3) alz, al alz, 5)
Positive[r] EntorPdgetTrue a [ 4 ,3 ] a t a ,4 l a l 4 , 5 l
6to,vo n eivol eerff6q
(o.1.11066)
Negative[z] Emotp6gerTrue(41,q066)
6rcv o n elvcr cPvqnr6q

rqv minorMatrlx
0c 1:rlotPonore(
A6 6ofpe, rrbpc,6va napd6etlpnrnq v6os ouvdPqolq Ttou
ntvoKasq nou 0c lrlotponoqoou;re c(vfl.lr6roloq,6ors vc iilvtt r;rrro).r1
crK6vcloD pr;1/:0otrq
rott nlvnra
I (r0 I lldhllunrxri 1u:att lh ,ll lqt l

Ttiv(rt.{l,'1.or(r)S(rl}tl)\ ol)lorllrl'
xtrt nri).t tlvtrv tt;rlltrytovtrti llxlr
(-)r;r,rlllfrgr:
"yvt'rottititt ot: rti0t: crotTr'to a . {( r , -1,3),
o ;or1( l) nls ltl)ol'foriFt;vllqfl(IPoT,)(i(p(n)l')ivtrL (3, -2,r\, 5 , - ! , 2 j , { o , a , 2 , L } };
y';r' O onoiog opir't;rtlt 1tt:tt1 o1r'otl
Tol) TrivuKo,'1uvrtottlLXt:io ou$noPdTovrug
torr ntvarc A ec efvnl
A;i - (l)ttDetld11,4l, rl,
"(ov tl
(nolo 011A civot o e)'dooovoq ftlvoKoq TroufipoKli?Trtr an6 $l: bl{rYlnttfrl . rdjoint}{atrj.x Ia]
('xltto.ri(ouv' 6notg t;ivttt 'ptrorrr''
Tp(rt+qq Kot / oriL.ng.To ..ror$t:ia Ai.i
o avdorpoqoq tou onoiou l"fystat npooapqpt';vog nlvttt'rt" rtD
nrxnr nivc,:{J-, -L2, ? 9 , 4 0 , 15), {19, 12, -r'7, 11},

xcr.LoupBo)"i(etcrrpe adjoint(A). Md)'totu' or 6rio nutol nivcrt;q trrtvrtnotoitv 9, 1 3 , 3 0 , 46), { 58, 22' B, -3}}
o1cot1

,4 adjoint(l) - Det(l)'/ - adjoint(l) '1' I ad]

txt,.Jrn
an6 tqv onoia nporcintur Ko1rl 51o61Koo[ostptoqq rou uvdorpurp'rr' nilt 40 15
I1 - 11
A.
t l 30 - 46
(
O v6oq pag 016109 sivol vo KoxooKeudoouFcltlo ouvdprloll^ ll 22 B 3

cnrotpfrpertov npooopfilpL6voev6g nivurtr. Me r1v zrnpouolo'rlq or

6rr o rel,eotoioq n(vcrcg eivar o npooopqp6voq
minorMatrix, ru npdypata 6ev eivor rSraltepa 6rioro],o' A]"]'roott;. r;xr
tq o16o11(3).
perd(etat vc rcdvoupeeivar vo Bpottrretoug upr0poig '4i1, vo oxllttrrrio(
nivuxo pe otoryxla A11, rcat tftroq v(r nd,pouperov uv&orporp6totr"ll
trropqllqq vdaqouvdprloqg pnopeivu eivar 11e(1q

Inl.t54l:=
adjointMatlj'x [n-List] : = Module [ {l = Length [n] ] , r 0 , o ) , { 0 , - 1 3 9 ,0 , 0 } ,
TransPose lTable t (- 1) ^ (i * j) Det [minorMatrix [m ' 9, 0), {0, 0, 0. -1391}
{i, 1}/ tj.lilll

lov eqo.ppoyfl,oq Osoprioouprov rivoKo

( I 2 - l 3 1
I r 4 -2 tl
o= l - t s - r 2
| 6n ro yw6Pwo tou A pe tov nPooaPtlPevo roo Pag
f o 4 2 t ) 6vo 6tc"ytilvronivarcape qv opri rrlq oPi(ouoog tou A

rov nivnrc A oto Malhcmalica

EtodyoupLt;
 cv tc 6tov0opnto ourd civat ypnpprrd cve{dprr1tn.Av uivct
5,8.Aoxiloeq vn ppr$ei q o16oqe(tiPr4o1q.

5.8.1. Nc rotcoreuu.orei 6vaq4x5 zivarcag,o ozoiog on1 eriorl (i, j) vu dvo 6x6 nivaxa A pe ototleia rulaioug arepaiouq pstc{ti
ororlcio i + j, ?gDlorlrofiortbwagnprbra pe q ouvdprqoq Array, rur at, az, ...,46, sivol 01 6 TpoFp6gtou nivarc A, vtr e(etaorei av,
ouv6leru pe n1 ouvriprlol Table. og 6tovf6poto tou lrbpou R6, eivcr yptrtrrprrdcve(d,pcqtc, ro'r vo
EdpqoIS, cv 6w eivat. No y(verto i6ro yro og otil)a,g b1' b2' ''
5.8.2. Ntt olqpo,rrorsi pra l"iozc, 11 ozoic vc nepfler rouq A,
nprirraq ouvriptlorl
nepnro|g0etrrofg orepcioug,lprlortrronotrbvrcg
q
orrl orivilero ouvriprqorlTable. I TpopptKr1ouvdpr4ol /: R4-- R6, q onoia opi(mor pe rrl

5.8.3, Xplotponor6wag ng ouvupr4oergTable rar Random, op1

= ( x 1- 2 x 2 , x 2 - 3 4 , 4 - 4x4, x4 - xt' xr + x2' h + x4)
pera(620 rur 30. Nc npoo(|i
Lioteqa rcotb cn6 6fru mluiouq o.rcepuioug
orotleio rqg l,iotoq a oro 16l"o9t1q l.loroq b. Na lroptoere (Partition) ru
r4g v6cg l,ioraq oe rerpd8eg, on6re 0o 61e,e ouorcorrrcd6vc 4x5 ni
onoio ovoprioreA. No Bpe(te'rnv rpirn lpoppr] tou nivorc A. No f ag npogttg o"uv(Oerq
r!, .r4) Ra. No ppe0eio nivcro.grt1c,
tpirq or{l.t1 tou nivcro A. Merarp6yte rov nivuru A oe an}"ri },iota. Nc
to p6oo 6po ttrlv ororXeiovr1g l"iorag aunlg.
16po Ra 8ivowcr or Pcoeiq
5,8.4. Aiverut pra ),iota a pe onoro8flzorep(rcoq.Me zoro rp6rco -3' 1]'
a 2= ( 3 ,0 ,- 5 , - s ) , 4 = \ - 5 , - 4 , 3 , s ) ' e a= \ 3 ,- 2 '
q,srdore cv rc otorXeic n1q l"iorcq aur]g eivar 6),c i6ru; Na
cn&vrqorl oog otrq noparcdrco),ioreq.

l x z+ 2 x + 1 , * + 2 x + 1 , x z + 2 x + l , ( x + l ) 2 ,x 2 + 2 x + |
3 { - 3 , O , - 4 , 1 l , e q= { l ' 5 ' 3 ' 2 1 .
= 1 2 , 5 , - 3 , 5 ) , e=
{ { 1 t, , 2 } ,l t , r , 2 1 ,1 1 r, , 2 1 ,t 1 ,t , 2 1 ,l t , 1 , 2 l l
Inrdpoolq o.n6 14 pdoq {tb e2, 3,ea} orrl Bdorl
Nu oplpadoere 66o 4x4 nivureq A ror B p"e ororletc petdpcroqgo116q priorl {e1, e2, q, ea} oq p6or1

trrera(trrr:v l0 rur 10.Na ppeirea1v opi(ouoarrov A rct

tou yLvo;.rwou A B. Nu Bpeirerouqcvdorpogouqrov
4x4 rtvcrtrq A Forotlsio rPoTlroxrro6quprOpo{q
rur rqv opi(ouodroug.

Etov R-srawopattr6 lrilpo R.sDivoworra 6icv6opcro

c ( 4 , 7 , 3 , 2 , - 3 ) , a 2= ( 5 , 3 ,- 5 , 6 , - 2 ) , a 3= e 3 , 5 , 6 , 2 ,
a a = ( 4 , - 5 , 7 , 6 , I ) , K o ta 5 = ( 0 , 3 , - 2 , 6 , 5 )
pw ypopprrqouvripr4orl/: Ra ----+Ra, coqzpoq
 lhrthllttt ttrt 1u att lLtlu n,

('l

to vl
k(ll
04 sqlodroEl|,v K(Il ouortlFqru'v
r ; 1- { 3 ,- 4 , 4 , - 5 1 ,t 7 = 1 3 ,l , - 5 , 3 } , c 3= { 3 ,- I , 5 , 2 ) ,t a = l - 2 . . 1 . r , r l

Nu flprl)r:io TrivdKoq
qg ypopplKlq ouvdpnlolq.l orgnpoq q oDvri(hl
lj(i(rl r,
lirpou I R a .

5 . 8 . 1 1A
. f v c t o r1 1y p o p [ r K l io u v d p q o l / : l R 3 + R a , I o n o i oo p i ( 1 : I r ,t rl
ox{:o1l
Mulhttrtttlittr6ta06retcpret6gtwo)'6qYlorlvtfiilDoleqrodlosovKor
. Arrrt';qt:ivar or enoPevsq:
. l ' f t y, , z ) = ( 2 x 3v,x-32,2+21,x y+42),

Tt(r Kcior(-r,,y,z) R3. No Bpe0eio zivorcaqtlg f oq,rpog rlq Bdo8rq

e 1 = { 2 , 5 , - 5 1 , e 2= l - 4 , - 2 , - 4 } , 4 = l - 4 , 3 , _ 3 } .r o uR r , r a r

r : 1= ( 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) , e : = ( 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ) , e 3 = ( 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ) , e + = ( 0 , 0 , 0 . t r ,
r
R4.

5.8,12.Na en 'u0ri ro oLloqpd

x-2),+32 =13
2 t + 3y - 4 z = 1 1
-3x + 4y + 5z = 19

5.8.13.Na 6repeuvn0eiKol vo sr .o0eito orioqtrru

x-(2-a)y+32 =a
2x + 3y - (4 + o)z = _Za
(a-3)x+4y+52=3_5o

5.8.14. Na eletaotei av 8rayotvrororeitcto nivcxag t'14,l:vTo],r':qroD TtpolTofpsvou fiivoKo

"=[r
,il'J
tq,!(r/v(',lletlucaratRootsppioxoupeaKplfiiqkle Erq:LovElo(irot-
rot xo)vol)6Tll|[0.T(ov
 L Ma(WLtnx(l l u:/ntt Mttl hr'rttttl k ^.\, vt4't.tr-...,1

/ . so llrl :i.(Jrt
. Mr) rq ,{So/vc rar I'indkxt 0lliororrpr: pt'rvovulr0prltrrriq (rlroor:1yta
' oc ltof(Pl
rfg) I{oerg, cnrv{0orgt:ivnt nttl po}'trc6va i;1ouperLq hioetg 'r0, -rr'
pnopouFtvo' X)Tlorpo-
lJruivo zou np6nervo Korooxeioopiq e(up1t1g,elvct 6tt r1,...|,ltopig toug xov6veqcvnxotd'ornoqq,
llolJ'6q <popfg
tov l;fu;ori cvrtrctdotaoqg /. yru vc to entniloupe
Mt crcpift:npnopoftrvu enrl6ooupe6vu peyri)'onl.f10og8rarpolrr:rrr. n'1'
or6nruo vu 66ooupe ozq X.iotcnoo 0a nporcuyerfvo ovopo'
ct6<bv
e(to6oeovKorouornFdx(Dv, al")..ri
6Xr6)"ora ei6r1.
f1.1.pLuro,\.r
wptKl e{iooroqp6xp1Kol rerd,prouBuoporlemlfvetcr ndvrort:pt; rtr
Bna, uL)d plo 7rol.u(DurplK{Eiooon Bo0ttof uvotdpot rou tt:tri1
pTropivo rft u0si pe crcpiBeiacr)")"dpnopei rot 61t.
flovtaq ttg l6oerq orq 6td0eo1 pcg c'ig)'iotu,
tp6no crut6,6r1)'ubi1
Ilpooeyltotxd pnopofpe vo eml,t5ooupe61"nto ei61 rov ar66or:(!)\' Vc Kdvoulit trP0Estq:
ouoTqpoTrov.

6.2.ArprBrlgsrri uon slrotrrostrlv

H puorrcrl wrol,r] enil,uolg e(ro6osrrrv pe axpiBen ei''tut q So/ve, qg

11oriwclq eivur 16o11Aut6 yivetut
rqq va avaqep0ofpe oe rdnoru ouyrercprtrrsvrl
-2:
So/ve[e$ocooq,
x] r c y v t o o , d X t t t l l , t : l , 2 , 3 , n . y y n q l r i o r 1x :

6nou,x eivo.ro dlnrooroq.H e(iooorl aro Mathematica ero&yetarpe 6rnl"6

Lo ro6rqrcq :=, ugo6 ro onl6 orlpBol"orqq to6rqrcq lrrlorponocltnt
npolpoppLayra vo opioer rdn. Or lfoerq;r0, r1,... lrquvi(owo,r oe ]"iota
xcv6vov avtmcrd.otcorlq "---+", cogenq:
poprpr1 8[vat lDon, eirc],10e6etoroq e(riq:
. x - rX 3ll
{ { x - - - + , r p{}x, + : r 1 } ,. . . } .

tlcpd6erypa6.2.1
rpiroupo0poff + qf -lx-s}:0
fio rqv e(iocoorl 61oops toug r.l"n ppioroupepe xpion
?ov ',toeov, trrrvtetpuyrilvc,lv
(otqv onolu 0a cvctpepOofpecrvc]'utrd otqv nupdyparpo10'l):
equation = x3 + 4 x2 - 11 x 3 0 = =0 ;
3 i l . S u m l x t t i l l 3{ 'i ' 1 ' 3 } l r
{ t , 1 . 3 } 1 , s u n t x l l i l l 2 ,t i , 1 ,
solution = Solve Iequation, x]

({ tpeq
{{x+-5} | {x+ -2}| {x-+3rr e(vct6urlri (f1tprnl.{ r'}.n.) q Solveqv enrotpfger6uo
'
Ena)"r10euoqrdvoupe f pe qv wrol.1 llotcr tcovhioeolv, wtb, oTcv 6evrruiglouv l'6oeq, anorp6qa { }
OuoKa pno-
x\*4x2- L1x 30 /. sorurion ftou taipvoupe ;'rer1v ewoXf So/ve etvat arcp$tiE'
pe qv evrol't1 N'
DFeaFlcoq apr0prlrrr6q (npooeyyronrdq) l'6oerg
t0.0,01 '
ryqqioven0upotlpe
6c4 urpipetcr6era6trcrilv
fl ttt: rlv
 Trq i6u;g r:(rorilor:rq,nou cn . vu 11r:vro},r1,trlv(,, r:nrlivlx Kot tl t: ttrlv l,ilor:tlv or; ),iotu:
Reciut'a.H mlvra(f1 tr1grivaL ncp6pLornpr; ereivrl r1g Solvc:
lcsl'i,lI
Reducefe$aaoq, x] -r i//),trl: iV-)]
Or Dra<popig
n1qon6 qv wtohj Solve eivo,ror en6trreveq: + 4 = 0' 6nou 'r ivol plo '[o'pd'Fe-
ldpoupe ttitpo tqv e(iorrrorl axz-Zx
o H ."vrokilReducenapouord(erng Xtoergul6 tr1 poppq crrrq civut 6cr-,tcpopd0pra orav a * 0'

"r== J0 ll I :- tr1 0,eropei6eurepo-

rl ... q rnv pe qv evrokil Solve, 10 Mathemdtica
og egqq:
(Oupi(oupe6rr ll eivct o ),oyrr6grel,eonlg, nou zaprotdvet ro 5ur(rrrr uno06ret6n eivcr a * 0, rur yr' out6 cncwa
r1).ftc vu zrd.poupenq lrioerg or popq{ },iorag, erpapp6(oupu: nprirru - 2x t 4 =-0,x)
anokil {ToRulesl%o]},yn va rq sprpcviooupeorg rcv6veq o.vnrrrr
onq, Kol orrl ouv1eroerpopp6(ouperov rel"eorf uvnrcotdora.olq. I , I ze!
2a
vopd pTropo6!" vo eqapp6ooupero oljvOerozel"eor\ x l. {ToRttlt:tl,\
'Orov tttokf Reduceyivetcnnl'ripqq 8repeuvlol:
. I io(Dorl nepr"l"opBdverprd ri nrploo6rspeg nopopr';r1x -2x+4 --0' x)
Reducerq.venrlfver nupouord,(ovraq6),19ng 6uvct6g zsprztriror;rg,
wcg 6q),o6r] ouaw.r.ErKu6tsp6vqory,ra:r notl6ev rdvet q So/vc. 2 ^ l4 1 6 ^ " . , , " l x ' 2.^l 4-:16"
66d-0 e ea + 0
zllx 2a
nqpddsryuq6.2.2
l. Eailuorl r4g s(iootoqg x'-x'-4 = 0 pe tr1vewolri So/ve:
l)

S o l v e [ x 3- x 2 4 . - 0 , x l
- T 1 6rav a = 0 (o-
t , " . e l , r * - 2 / 1 - r Vi r ) . l {, x r iVrr}} 'ti rfulov n liion x - 2,11 oLoic-Ilporcr5nter
; { A
olvataProtoPd0Pra).
Metarporq rrDv lfoeov ufi6 rccv6veqavrrrctdoruorlq oe ),ioru:
Solve rat ReducepLzropofpe vc en ifooupe nol'Id 6rc<popett-
x / . 2 6oo rur 1 ewol'r1Rools' nol 0o lnral-
, o?Ot .Ooo aut6q or 6uo'
eniluotl nolutowpr<6v
l. etvcr t8roitepo rcord.),\Ieq yro tr1v
1 1

{' 2 ,2: ' I r - . r V 7 )- ,' i r , t l t 1 , oprop6vuorot-

161oaot6 rpivoupeor6nrpovo crvoq6poupe 'yivouv
yra vo ono-
Etpeol npooeyyronrcbvfuioeorv: n6 t<ove(rodloeoiv,nou eivnt uzrcpaiolta'
qKolouoo$v.
N[%%]
qq petapl'qt{qx Bu0po6r' Ev6rc<pep6
{ { x - + 2 .} , { x + - 0 . 5 - I . 3 2 2 8 8i } , { x - + - 0 . 5 +1 . 3 2 2 8 n8 } } l.r) 6vo.tolutbwpo
- Al'1eBpoeivulyvo-
nw e(io<oorlr paOpof ,f (x) 0 An6 rqv
2. Eriluoq t1g e(ksroa1gx3-l-4:0 pe rr1vtwokf Reduce:
R e d u c e1 x 3- x 2 - 4 = =0 , x l = 0 6xerorprprirgn pi(eg oto otbpc tov pryc8trrirvoprO-
,l(r)
r l
x 2 t ' x t V " ) r t x
) ( t ; ( 1 , t V ? )
 I lllt h11uttrtri1u:oo ltahun t:ltor inull t' ru or tm41ri t t tt

()ttrv rr.: -5 or pi(r:gnl! {:qioo)otls/(r) 0 grnopoirv (fipootT1t-

vu r;rplrrroroirr'
1r. t1v r:vto).i1/lcrlrtr'. Mnopoirtrtt:tilLoq vu fidPoupt opt0FIrtK{;q
potl()r;turt;tpcytovtrrirv p(rirv, or orroirqr:qopr(i)vrut
urr(irol,s orrrrr:).r.rr r115ttrll(rntivot |Niotrrrlg trtcnlv ewo)"i N:
Al.'tot:t,.
rqq 8q,[otl)olq.
()tuv r > 5, or pi(cg qq nqiooollg
./(-r): 0 6cv F ropofv n(ivror; \rl , 2 4 l r t ' ; t t , l x , 1 . 0 5 7 7 5 1 . O 0 3 B 4 r i [] x, + l 1 ' 0 57 75
+ 1 ' 00 3 84 r ] '
eptrorotv ps fll poiosro rrpoTrDvlK6vpr(6v, ot ofloi{:qr)Eopr(i)\,rur , g . i 2 t t t l l . ( ) 0 6 2 1t i ] , { x r 0 . 9 3 2 8 7 1+ 1 ' 0 0 6 2 7t L } l
rou! oDvrr],sor6qrng rEio(Donq(@rritptlpd.tou Abel).
7to]..uo\,'t)FrKfl
{rv(re{:poupe roD 5, rlq
iooonBaopofpeya]'6tepou
ItipLtptrva),orn6vpe to nopondvtu,or tstro)"f.g
ReducercatSo/yc rtolil ,lirlvc ppiorceipreoKpiBeto6uo l'rioerq,o[)'d Y1orE un6l'oursq
. Efitl[vouv Fs oKp[Bslorcdeeno],utowptrr] e(iootor1,I ofioio t)[vn llrl r)KepirostgrIg Fopqiq Rool y1dvo rtg ovdfiopoorliotl: Bootq6psvol
ns4. nopd8ctyFo,, oq fidpoutts ro ovdT[rDTporoD ywopcvou
'Orov 4x-l)
. eivann > 5, 6ev trg en .fvouv ndwu, lropig B6Buta.va trnor.),r
Kdrt r6rorc. t2 l) (x"r4x-1),xl

lllllrrlvre),eutnin lrpifirrrlol ro Mathemqtice lpllotltoT[olsi aKqtrriorr\ r4xt x', x'

'Orov + 1 : 0:
ttoperlq Rool Tto vo flq cvonupcorrloer. oupBei rcdtr r6toro, pnolxrirlrt qv {rEiotDollx1-x5+ 4x3-x24;
ndpoupeercrrov uorfpotv cpr.0prltrxdqrtpiq yrc rtg hloslg ps rrlv svro),li N.
; 1 1, 4 x J x2 4x+ 1"0. xl

flcpd6erypo6.2.3 I-1), { x ) R o o t l 1 * 4 # 1 1 # 1 ' & ,1 l } ,

f. Aq ndpoupenlv eio(r)oq
4"'pc0pori;ra + 213-13x2-l4x + 24 {, r{t l + 4 f i l , # 1 5 & , 2 l1, { x r R o o t l 1 + 4 + 1* # 1 5 & , 3 }1,
rqv umlfooupe aptbrn pe tqv evrol"fl So/ve + 4 l l 1 , * 1 5& , 4 l ] , { x : R o o t l 1 + 4 + 1* # 1 5 & , 5 1 } }
- - | rct x1 l' onrDg
S o l v e f x 4 + 2 x l 1 3 x 2 - : 1 4 x + 2 4 - . a ,x ) Euoarprpciq)'rioctq.Tlq -r0
r:?rrorpdQcl

{{x;J 4}, {xJ 2}, {x-, 1}, {xi)3}} KeivsgEll,o6{ 7[oufipoeplovrol o716rnv qt(Jor-
tl6 Dt[6]"omeq,
nlq popq(q nool' A
0. tq cva,ncptoraps XprioneKqpdo(Dv
rcnr otq o'uv61eta pt n1v *roki1 Reduce
Reduce [x4 + 2 x3 13 x2 14 x + 24 -- a, x] Reduce rat So/ve pnoporipevo l66orlyt Kol t(to6oetq, ot
eire pt(tKd, ir Kl.dopo.xo,ontogsniolg Kor rpryovoperpt-
x = = 4l x== 2lx =-1 1 x==3 l.oyopreptr6grc.c.Aq 6ofpe FeptKd,Topodtiypo'ro'
Aronrortbvoups, 6rr rcr or 6uo rfi6orp\yo,v xq iSreqX{oerg.

= 0 cpr':oruq
13 Pr(rKd
2. Av nripouperrbparqv e(iooorl 5"' Bo0porl.;r5+ 4r-l I
= 2 Fe rIV vrol.TiSo/ve:
ord)voup, 6rt ro Mathematica 6ev pnopei vu ppet rtc,arcp$dq kbaag :n1;
rlv ovrolll ,Solre:

S o J . v e l x 5 +4 x - 1 = = 0 . x l

l { x r R o o t l 1 , 4 1 1 1, # 1 : ' & 1, l l ,
( x I l l ( x ) t I t , 4 l l I I l l 1 "! \ , 2 ) t , i x , R ( x ) Lr r r 4 l i l r l l l ' r , 3 ) ,
" '1, ',
l x I R ( x )I t I , 4 f i l , l l 1 r , 4 l l , l x , t t x{ } l I I ' 4 # l r l l l )l
172

, 1 I ^ (!4
.. zt xl lx
R e d u c e |' x
V x
1 ^
cn6rtqevrol,6qSolveranReduce'prcd)"}'lewolr]'nou-pnopoup:vo
x &[x + U out c y,o vc ?u5voupeelr'o6oeig' tivol Tl Rools' *"t":11:.:l^:t"::
4 t cltotbocq
;;;;;".. Entl''u" opuiSp6vov no)"utr:wprxiq
u:';r"
6.2.5. Ki\ooportrig e{totfuoetg Iuoetg un6 t1 poprprl
., ^ | x'
Eniluorl' rrlqc(iotr;orlq-i- . --. - -;- Srrlvr':
lt rrlv cvro).r1 x = = . r ol l x = = x | . . .
JC'-l .rrl .r-+l
- x )_
-^,..^r x I -l 6.2.8
' x / :r]l] emotpfrpouv
, f rcLt\ToRuleslRoors[elioooq'
I x , l x . r l iu]u-utrq,otor,,
^ l - r . t t } ,{ " ' J ' ' v ; } , t " , J , ,
{ { " - , iJ 1 . v ,} , { . - "
c.2.9 =
6.2.6.TpryurvoperptxiEe{lotfuoetg l ii "E-.* ot"z* + 4 0' xtonap&aervpc
1?:' YTo i6ro
:'
q eliorrrqgsin(-r)= l/2: Auul 61et,trrg
Edluor;rqgrpryrr:voperpxf 6eutepop60pro'
,rlu "*o?"rl So/ve,ei8ape6tr 0eorpf10r6e
rinerpeql6oetg, nou eivor qq poprprlq qv eniluodrqg Pe rlv evtolri Rools:
a: vlg + )kx, k eR..
x + 4 = =0 ' x l
Av enrleiprlooupevo. lfooupe tr1v e(ioooq uur{ pe rcdnotcrnn6 rtg
a 2.^lV :16"
Reducef So/ue,0a ndpoups opprd wa priwpa, pe to onoio lo
npoei8onorei, 6n trrropsi vc undplouv rccr ril,l,eq l.6oerg, rccr or4 ng l'6oerqur6 popqrl
prc l.6oq qg (erceiv1nou nporcr5ntet1u ft = 0): qv evrotrt]{ToRuleslV")}0o n&porpe
. 1
S o l v e ' S i n [ x ] = =-l , x

So]ve: :ifun : Inverse functions a r e being

z *Val r6i 11
---
used by Solve, so sone solutions nay not be found. IJ
I, lx. 2 a-
ILIt " - 16 .l r]. 1 va yPdYotPe anaiOeiaq

a x 2 - 2 * + 4 = = 0 ,x l l ]
6.2.7. Ex0errrig xcr troycpl0pt169 sq,lotrroslg
' orqv roporrlPloq 6.2.8,
I . Ezrii,uol r4q e[i oroqq "t-" = e pe xlv svrokt1Solve: 6n ot evtolig, noo avorP6PuPe

solve le2 I -. u-*, *]

{{x; -1}, {x+ 2}} gcv arprprl Lrloq' a 'd 6cv

rq 6* pcOpori,q oroia,6ler
pt "qu "u ro).:\Reduce: 127x2-36x-23=0 A<pn
2. Eniluoq trlq e(ioroolgln( lf, ): fn(t) Liuorn"Eioron xo4x44xr
6ev pnopei vo rr1
vcr 8tonrotoost' 6o 11wtol'{ So/va
n e o u c e i t o s I]V=*=V r , o s t ",l * l
x= iEn'6.
trrloq
 t74 L Ml44purd qi:ottt | /)

6.3.Apr0gqnx6gA0oargsf,todrosurv lrori)osts
l x l r 2 C o s l x l. 1 , x l
Auo eivaror Boorrfqewo1"6g
ps ng onoicgpnopoirpeva ndpoupr: I I nvor iirt functions a r e pelrng
x6q (npooeyytorrr6g)l.rioeige(rotitoerov. 8oIvc, so some solutlons may not be found.

H pic eivar 11ewo)'{ 1 | , { x , 1 .s 7 0 8} }

NSolvele\i<sacr1,xl
lrodrorS
..r, x]
q onoiu e<pappL6(etar
rupicogoe noluc,rwptrc6qe(ro6oetg xat yevrrcdor: [x' Vt x |
nou pnope[vo,enrl.foer11ewo],r1So/ve.
A
flcpd6erypc6.3.1 l6oe1qYru 6Io tc e(bqtov e(r-
lVSoivedr;vppiorcernpooe'yyrorlK6g
fru vc ppofpe apr0p4ru<6g
ltoerg qg e(ioooqg x' + 4x-1- 0, pntlx durdq 8[v0t l'l
rr1l6ooutrrenpcbto,pe np evtolrl Solve,ytu va ndpoupetrg nrprBuig},i
(rd,n nou eivcrerprrr6yrod q e(ioorol eivcrrtpirou Bo0po6),rcr pr:rrivrr
rp6ryoupetrg orprpeiqXrioerg
oe opt0trrqm6g perqv evrol"llM F&9 ntotp6qet I svrolrl N,So/Ye:
S o . I v e [ x 3 + 4 x - 1 = =0 , x ] ; - x 2 = =O , x 1

Nl?'l The equations appear to involve the variables

for in an es sent ia11Y non-algebraic way.
l { x > 4 . 2 4 6 2 6 6 \ {, x - + 0 . 1 2 3 1 3 +3 2 . A 1 , 1 , 3 4 n{j xI : 0.1231332.{)II
I != 0, xl
Av 6w pcrqv8roqipouvor arcprBetg
lr5oerq,r6re egapp6(outrre
un'
rnv vro],li ly'So/ve: xar 61r p6vov oe aut6q, lrrlotponororipe rq beurepq
06rer orrl 6td0eo"( pcg yra n1v efpsol crpreprlttrdrv
N S o l v e [ x 3 + 4 x - 1 = = 0 ,x ]

{ { x ; ; ; . - 0 . 1 2 3 1 3 32 . 0 1 1 3 4 n \ , { x + - 0 . 1 2 3 1 3 3 + 2 . 0 1 1 3: [4] , { x + 0 . 2 4 6 ' 2 6 6

Me a1v wro),rj NSo/vepnopofpe vc enrlfooupe cprOprltrrri oXeti6v :

tptopqrucn )'6o1 rqq e(ioorotlq oqv ftptofl rou jr -r0.
ei6q e(roriroeotv.
Ag 6o6pepepmd:

6.3.2.E{rorboers pr pr(rKd
N S o I vfe2 " 2 - . \ l - = = 2 ," l ) - x2= O,rou 0opllooptrpolTofpvo,ovo$lrotpr
x= li
[ { x ) L . 2 4 8 4} 1}
! . 2 =o=, { x , 1 } l
6.3.3.KlcopcnKeg{(rodroas A
N S o l v_exf ;+i ;1 * . . , ' " = = 2 ", )
x z - 1 'lo0 p?ropofpva crco]'ouootpeo oDv8uoop6 p rTl
{ { x + 1 . 2 8 0 7 8 i ,{ x - r - 0 . 7 8 0 ? ? 6 } } vo Kdvoups?tp61orn TpoqlKllnopoorool rnq ouvoprn
Iaq 6ivstrqv rpoq eril,uonqioooq,perrlv ewo)''{
 xau fi,ct\ll(lftttI
176

Plotl.flx\,{.r,xmax,"rmin}l
(oqv onoiu 0o ovagep0oripe avaluttrd oqv napdypa<po I l.l), ot; t:vtr
1,o 8rdoqpo [xmax, ,xmin]. An6 q yparqrrf ncpdotool ]"cppdvoupr:rct/t nprOprlttrcd''
Nc l"irot:tt:tLq ncpardtc,r eltodroaq rccr pe arcpiperorot
o1;y'yroqrc orlpeia topr]g fllg ps rov dlovc tr,lv .r Kot 1o Xprlotpotlotoi)ltr;ori Eniolg va r<dveteenuL'r1oauot1'
lqrn1 rorv rara),Ir])"crrvcwo)"6v.
peic arpeqpiaq orrlv swoXrl FindRoot (uvu(rltoirps 6r1l.u6(l.6osq oqv
rov onpsiov (rDrd)v).
Ji=rz, = 2sin(4r),
p) sin(2x)+ sin(6,x)
x+2 : l'
6) sin(x)+ cos(x)-sin(x)cos(x)
napd6Erypq6.3.7 ,-z
fia rqv efpeol rar ril.).atvlfoeov r1g e(iotlo15 cos(x)-x2= 0 r r i + bx + c: 0 rco'rvn
!) Nn lirourr; qv e(iorrloq 8eurdpoupu0gou ax'
xpolra rnyporprn]nopdorcorlt1g ouvdpqonq .l(r) = cos(x)-x? oro 6ui tq 8etteprl lfol rrlg
. fl) No ovopdoere,pe 3116ocq o6trrBo).'o,
"y) tpirov
[-n13,xl3l: onc)'r1(k:rror1. Bpeite ro dOporopat<ovtetpcyrilvolv, ttov
qv eliottt-
Plotfcoslxl x2, {., ^ / 3 , n / 3 } , P l o t s t y l e + R G B C o l oIrI , torv tltcptov 8uvdpstovttrlv lloetbv o1q 6) Nc l'6oere
e-0.
trirocrerqv eliot':oqtpirou Bc0pot ax3 + bx2 + cx + d:0 xar
rq 8etteprl ltiotl
[) Na ovotrrdoete,pe 6116oag oupBo]'o,
0 .? 5 urtrlfl0euoq. y) Bpeirs to d0poropLarrrrvrrpoTdvov, tov rpl-
tqv
ml tov t6tnptcov 6tv6.petlv ttlv l,6oerbvl1g 6) No lfoete
0.5 a = 0 r ' hl = 0 .
-2 - : 0 rnr vc
0.25 trq lriostg qg e(iocrorlg ra + 2x3 x2 4x-5
Erq ouv6lera va Bpeite cpr0pr1trrc6glfoeig qq pe 6tatpopt>

ouwetcyp6vegrr-ov6uo zprbrcovolpi(Dv roplq tov Ypogt-

' terpq-
mtv ouvaprfoer,tv e rur sin(x), not 61ouv 0ettr6g

rct vc 6tepeuvl0e( 1 e(iocrtotl

orqv onoiolrlorponoqonpe rqv enr)'oyfPlotstyle+ RGBColorll,0' Ol a x-a-l
o1 ypoppr]qg tcpznl\q pe r6xrwo lrti
vrok\gPIot y:nva etrrrpoviooope x-a-2
Trl ypoprKn napdotaoq noo npodniye, avuyvcopi(oope efrol,c rc o1p:tc
Trlqp Tov d(ovo tr,tv r: eivot ta olpeia pe retplp6vrl I =
-O.9 rar r = 0. Nc liver enol.40euo1.

6n x = 0.824132eivcr pto,rcrri npoo6'yyro1

8rcnrorrirocpe, l$or1. I vo Dtspsuvnetiq e(iot'lot1
pnopor5prevo ppofpe,6rr prarillrl rard zrpoo6'yloll6on eivor11x = -0 x-4 2x-a
++=-
F i n d R o o t l c o s t x l x 2 . =0 , { x , .9ll r-3 x-5

l x t O . 8 2 4.1t 2| npoq <r."y)Na hnr;i r:niorlqrrrqTrpoq-{, ov yvtopi(oupe6tt

 L Mtr|rlluuru rt Kal dt)o(\lltrf(oy
l7r{ 1u:olt

pe rrl popqfl liotoq ri tlg olv66ou-

x : 0 rivu,tplo l6on rlq. tr4 c(rorbor:qrou rntortlporog 6ivou;-Le
= rcot) Touq ayv6orooq 611'rilvoupetriong P
F'}oYtK6 l;L.r;od1 && (
6.4.8. Aqou Kd.vrrtg Kordl.l"n]'sgTPoqLK6q ?ropooxdoutgvu l\)r:i rr: o)
npooeyTrortKnl6oq trlg eiorrrolqe' :.r2 Kdt p) ndvru npoor;yytottrr':5)'iror;t4,
Mor;tq(xo,/0,...), (xr,yr,...), nopouord(ovttrr
c(iooolg sin(r' ):0 oto Srdorlpc [,4].

6.4.9.Ynoloyiott ro orlpidroprlg ttov arcol"o00tov(suytitvorrratltt trtorc un6 rq poptp{rov6vrrlvuvnrotd'otoolq

ypnqtKi ndpdoto.oqllo vc.tc vtoniot:rt::
nqor5nprbtcrrivetercardl"Ir1},q { { x - - - + x sy,- y D , . . . } ,{ r - + x 1 ,y " ' yt, "'}' ")r

o) cos(x),
e' (.r>0), oe popqn ,t,roroq'
grqorponorotpe rr1Solve I.c va tlq ep<poviooupe
p) sin(x' ),e * (0<r<2) rar pnopo6peKd'rd xo Wooro vo Xpn-
; rorq rccv6vegcvmordotoonq,
pe rov rel,eoo] ovnratdoT uoqq /' '
y' ) l 1 - 1 . c o s ( x()0 < x < t 0 ) .
t0
Fopqn
6.4.10.Bpeitenpooeylotrrcdn6wehi6trg rc)veErcdloec)v: x = = x o & &t : : t ol lx : = x r & & , = = trll "
u.)x5+ 5,r4+ 4x3+ 3x2+ zx +1 :0 Kor lw va napoDpeflq ltoerg oe poprpl ?'i-
lrlorponototpe c4 Reduce' 'yra va nq epgovi-
p) sin(xfr' cos(zrx) -.x. T,poppOpup,erprirtc tr1v *tok\ \ToRutesl%l)
eqcrpp6(ouperov
fra tr1v rel.euto[tr pd],rora, va nq ppeire opc5x6. r.,rqrav6veq ovtratdo,uolg rcar orq ouvflerc
pnopougcvu ctpupl-tooou-
6.4.11.Na L,foete npoosyyroorcdnq e{loriloetq r oua,t*o.oo.ooqqlx. yl l- looSuvago'
'
to 6fv0erolsltotn Ix,y\ l' lToRulesf%l\
u) sin(r): cos(x) oto brdorrlpa l-x, rl2l rol

- 6.5.1
'0 ) s i n ( x ) l n 1 * ; |2 o r o b r c o q g o [ 3 . 6 1 .
rrpd)roro ofotqptr trov 6uoypcpprrrbve(rorboerrlv
6.4.12. Ynoloyiare ttg hloerg tr.oveirop6vtove(torboerrrvKot, lLelllv ax* by= c, dx+el:.f
6n or yparprrfgnopcotdoeq trov -ouvoprfloeolv
P/ot, psparo.l0eire laipvoupe
x rcL v. En .uvovtdgro trrctlv rvro)'r1So/ve
ng l6oeig:
+ b y = = g .d x + e Y = = f ] ' { x . Y i l
a) 2x3-x2 -2x + 1:0,

p ) 3- x3 - 8 . r ' - r + 1 o : 0 ,

4 8 9 x 3+ 1 4 5 x 2+ l l T x - 4 2 : 0 r 0 ; t
y ) 1 0 " x+5 5 3 . x + ro pe rr1vReduce
6) 6,ra+ 13 x1-48x2 -ll7 x-54 = o. + b y = =c , d x + e Y ' = f ) . { x , Y } l
cd a t
6 &- v & & b oa e t u '
bd ae
6.5.ErriAuo4ouornUdrov f a w
, = o '6 &* . : ' 6 e d + oI
d q
Or puotrdg wroLr':qnou lplotpomloitpt: yta rqv r:nilttotl d)orllll(irtr,v
ot.9olv? xur Rulucc, tq onoL:qmtwtlootlupr: rctdr ta yvtrroztl,pr: privtl rt1
 - : L Mnlfutuxi 1u:ootlL lrnnnt ,t ll{l

(J.t,t(.l r l
&,!110&ty
r
rd,,/()ll fuorqporo p 6uo rrqpoptrpous
'l'lorur
' 'Y ro oirortlltrt
,l o&,!,' or,&1 0&&x ,,,,r,0
,1
,f
0&&l) 0,i&c 0 & & d - = O & { , e 0 & 6I 0l
0&&rl t)&&e 0&&f==0tty- 9565*O T0 r, I crv(rt ot cr"rv0)olot KOt T(l a, b or nupriperpor.Tq lfoerg rou trdip-
pc r1v evrol"rl^Soluz
lvef{ax+by.=1, x by.-2}, t,t, Yl)
6.5.2. fuor4pcro p llq rropdpsrpo
'liorr'r 3 1 + 2 a1 1
rO cirorqpa r
ix- , v- )t
t L+a (1+ab ) r
i-rt+.Y: l. x +,Y: l,
Enolf0euorl:
otrol)t(r .r r(Ir .t,r;ivnror rilvooror xnr i;ropdpctpoq.fLu vo epyooroupr u|r
frr; ax by.--, x b, )l
oq ctt1 ouvr':r:1u,rorr tiivoupc opxrKd dvd 6vopo.
syrl lkx ry l, x, y.=1] {True, True} }

l k x ? + y . -t , x , y tl trretrlv t:vrolil Reduce:

Arepeiivrlol rcd.voupe

tF lll0foupe pu rqv r:vro},f1So/ue,Dlvowog6nl l,fol ettiolg rirn ovopa c e f{ a x + b Y - . \ , x bY==2}' {x, Y}l
, l o t v r I c y sl , { x , y } j iI e e b - = O n ex = =2 | , . = = ; s o V = =
I 2a
n o 1 + a + 0 & [ b0]
l' k
r k 1 L i r " ,b
r+01,{y' ,*
k
Iuorflpara BoOyo0peycA0rspou
rou 2
Ycrtvoupr-erntrrlOcuor1 Asv avtLperconi(olpsraprd 6uorco)'ia,6tav fXoupevc en tjooultc ol)orlp[t-
pcOporirz > 2. fra ro oriooltrro
1 , k l / ^--y = J. x-y: Z
' l1I -1 l' 1
k -"
l,uoergpeqv evrol.f ,So/ve:
vo BpotpsoKprpeiq
?u to dsurcpo (ru7oq ),6oeorv11ena),r1Oeuo4
6ev eivar ocarlq, vu r:.
l v e f { x 2 V = - 3 ,x y--2},lx-,y\]
xar n1v evrc).;tySimpli,fy

{ ' - ; + , " " f , t ' ^ r ' ){1",-: ( 3 . v 5 ) ,i-t,r . v s t } }

lytl /. soll // Simptify
( ( T r u e , T r u e ] , { T r u e , T r u e }}
vcrrtg perurp6youpeoe apr0pLqrtrfg(npooeyyrottr6q):
TCl,oq,trrroporipevu rcdvoupez),r1pr1drepeirvqol yro rrq Srirtpopcgnpu5
rrlg
ncpcpdrpou k pe r1v xvro),:tlReduce: It]
R e c l u c e l { k x 'y+ - =1 , x + y . . 1 } , { x , y } l l y > 2 . 6 L 8 a 3 x, + l l 0 . 6 1 8 0 3 4 ] {, y : ; 0 . 3 8 1 9 6 6x, i 1 . 6 1 8 0 3 } l

x (. l & & y 1 l x 1 1 + k
&ekt0 EuornparcFrrtproo6rpousqyvooroug
irry. k 'Eoro
ro nuptrrdtor rnrorqpcrtpuirv lf,to6oetov, pe oTV66roDq,r,I, z:
 tNl I Mu04lutrttti 1u:rtro t irori xrtt'tt xtn ortot4l rttrr'tt
llhthttn,tutt

t;N9p(iol]lgTllg
It'' lixlt:t'. ru)llalfto[orti)vI(r!
I r2l.r: l ( r r. l y r : {},2f lp-: 5. ll r:vro),tt ,\irlrr, lrrrq I:lttoIl)rxpl:l
'l itcl|ul|'llr;vrotrrlNSr;/t.r,t;ntor1lt,:tpt;tnlxror;11tortrt,:g}"ilcr;t5.'[1vl;,I|[]s
o r;rL)"rivorrpr;lLr;trlv lvto).r1 ,\o/rt,:
utpqvottpt;lrtr rov cvtr'lvtitortl
: i ( ) l v ( , 1x 1t ) y r 2 . . 7 6 , x 2y t z. 0 , 2 x t y pnopei vo 6tb-
2 . . 5 1 , ot(r ofioiu o{rt; tl svrolil NSo/ve
\x, y' z)l Ti;)"og irrappLrv o1)ctllpox(r'
'' -(L
- '(\ 'r' ( ' u i v u t r o o u o t r l g t t
ttl0ol:YYtdrtKLqAu.'ctg E'vu
l { x ' J , y ' 4 , 2 . 5 } }
:
6 cos(x) = Y, 'r e''
K( . KdvoupI]rr0.)"iesuol: ra-
xqv E\trok FindRoot' o)'l'd,(ovrog
li5tb pnopoirpevo' Xrqotf'orolTlooups
I x | 2 v 1 2 . - 1 6 x, 2 y + z - - 0 , 2 x + y z - . 5 j/ . X oro eTt6psvo
qla 11 o{vra[r] qq, 6noq Qoivtor
'l'r
{i uc, 'f rue, TrLrel }
'Eor(r) 6.5.6 0]!
To orioqpa
6uo Iuoetq rou ratruroiou oDoTrlForoq'xplolpofiot(ivro'g
(9a PPor5Pe = q 6cD- y 2 Y1o
ax+))+z:1, xiayiz:a, o{srIlPi0q r0 y: I yru qv ftptbtqlcotrd x: e2'
x t | y * ! 12 = e 2 ,
(rnorra eivur nnpdpcrpoq.To hivoDp rlv
Fs wrol"rl .to/ve
= =Y ' x - . E Y ] , { x , E } , t Y , 1 } l
rj ( I) S o l v e [ [ a x + y + z- - I , x + a y + z - = a ,x + y + a z . _ a 2 ] , n d R o o t { 16 c o s l x l

1x, y, zj I , : 0'4013631
, I . 5 0 2 8 5Y
E 2 J ,l y , 2 l )
l t i , a 1 1 2 a a 2 . . t l { 6 C o s l x l ' . Y , x = = E y ] ,l x ,
l ' , Y - ' / ff A
l a 0I64j
t l.5lI?-4, Y :2
ravoupc cncl"(eeuorl
TeletrbvouPe Pe r1v svrolfl
i a x + y + z - - 7 . x + a y + z = - a ,x + y + a z - . a 2 ;/ 1. s a l / /
y' "' }]
Simplify [ate[{666tnpo4ioriroeov}, {x'
-r,y,... Ltvur
r'y" 7torlrrsp "oupdvowol
6[vorperci0lnr6q,
{{True/ Truef True} } -6:t:::::T::,:::
rlq ]::'H
pfdd ottl
ovo'P(r9i)ltr:vl:q'
vfl orol'si\yo.,*s
H ewol{ currl Pcq m1rp6fisr Aq'liotrpc ro
K0[ 6rrprfvr]oq $E rny *xoki| Reduce: rov t'1o6oattvrou m)orlllt loq"
son lioro. ps,ropl.rlr6gFterou
R e d u c e{fa x + y + z - . I t x + a y + z : = a , x + y + a z . = a 2 1 t
I
lx, y, z| I 6.5.7
llcipvouPe to 6torrll'10
a l&&x=,1,y z )
ax+y=1, x+(l-a)Y:2'
" &&y== &&z== ' : &&-1+a+0&&2+a+o
z,u t;
ro d (l)qfl0pdperpo BpioKoDp't
<Duotrd undplouv ouorllporo, rd onoio 6ev pnoporjv vcr rr ( 1 - a ) Y ' =2 l ' { x ' Y } l
,u0oi)v pr uxl)i_ veltax f Y'- I, x+
pt;ta. 'Eva rdroro eivat ro el6pevo
I a 1 '2 a 1 1
| x l 'Y'
.-r , I I I '" "d1 1 ;-a'IJ
/r r--t. .
v - r y" rolv luotrrtv
l')lvct rpcvrp(r.(irL fu;to6rl

rf,
 t, Mulhl[rrrxri lu:otr ILtth(uttttt .t ,'^- | ttu'nt ttt\ ^(tl nttitlllttltt'r'

l u Ir2u
I d I u
Aor4oatq
l)[(il)Xt]l {'lvoqScopriq,rov onoio pltopofpl vo
l]po61reono)igovrus ro r/ llr;r(r!_rJ ttt oircrtlptr
ro)v -r Kor .y.Aurrlv oKplB6qqv rpTo6i(I Kdvel evro)"flElimincte.. 6.6.1.Nu trrOr;irtrt vu iitrpt;ttvt10r:i
I
I .l li m i r l a l e l l a x yr . = 1 , x + ( 1 a r I l ' - J , { - ( r / -I ) } ' 2 '
a ) y = = 2 1 a, l
( l y )y x2+x1 2 ty1 a clvct napdpetpo5 Nu yivcLunu)'ti0srlo1
to 6uornFo
O 6r;opL(rg
),oLl6v eivaL 6.6.2. Na lu0ei rar va 6rsperrvrlOei
a-1"
( a - l ) x+ 2 a Y = - 2 ' 2 a x + ( a - l ) Y -
= x' +.r
( I .r,).r, 1y-2;.
a civnLtnPcrPelPog'
Av 0d),ou1Lcva en .uooupetov iieop6 og,rpog l[1o er rorv duo
trrerap]-1rrirr,. to orSottl;'Lcr
pnopoirpr;ao'rpa),6gvu lcqotpronor{ooupctqv vro}"rl,So1ve 6.6,3. Nu hrgei rcarvu 8repeuvrl0ei
Ko.rdrd J,1r'ooro 1 2 '3 r + ( 6 a + 5 ) - lr 7' : 20'
Ijolve
'il
xl
+ 2 y + ( u+ 3 ); : t t ,2 I + 3 y + ( a + 4 ) z :
a eivarnaPuPatPoq
) 1 '4 y L,, l
1,' y lt "; ro ouorqtrtu
.'l- 6.6.4. Na )"uosirar vn 8repeuvrloei
l r ' ' ( l '
: U. \ r o v a' ^u ' z h t - 0 , r ' c v ' t
Iiolve lii, yl + u y + o' : + d
r:rul{'
b' c Kur ottq 5uo neptnttitot;tgvtl livrr
oq 7rpog,r,l, z xar 13)cognpoq a,
l;lll
to ouocltrrc
Al"],ri e8rbed),oupsva nvarpipoupeqv en6pwrl duvnt6rlra, rou 6.6.5.Na lu0ei ror vo brepsuvrlOei
Fo,qnrrpr:-
1t;t q ewol"rl Srl/ve: i r h a- ( l '
z+ ltw
x + a y + c t | z + a 1w ! a a : 0 , x + h y + b 2
o 'Oruv :0, x+ tly+ d z+l14'f /-0'
efJ,oupevn hiooupe og zpog r c.no).eipovrdqro a, x!cy-rc2z*ctw+c1
lprlo.rtrronoroulrr; rtrt r:rtrl'r
qv evrol,rj c Kol r/ eivar ncrpopetpot Na livr:t
fipoq -{, y, z xor w, 6nou rr, b,
S o l v e l { a x+ y - - | t x+ (1 a) y-=2}, x, a)
to o"uorlpo
lr* ',t.u
, 6.6.6. Nu lu0ei xar vc 6tepelr.'q0ei
, t l

ln /.,,.x.2 2 r 14 / .
o 'Otcv _ ! * r * ! - ! , lx- ! * ! z= !b, ' rx . :Y- : z= :c
e6)"oupevu ),6ooupr og rpoq 7 ono).eirpovrcgro a, prlorporoLotrpl x Y z a Y
qv ewol"rl: vn t:n
u' b' c- Kur otrg 6uo nepmttbonq livt;t
oq rpoq r' l, z rot p) <rlqrcpoc,
S o f v e l { a x +y = - I , x + ( 1 a ) y = = 2 } ,y , a l

to ouornpo
e" . ; r ' ] l l 6,6.7, Nc l.ueei rci vo 6repell10ei
(z+ rx-{ + l') = 9 (t'
( . r+ . v x y + z ) : a , l v + z ) ( z + x ) - 4 u '
a r:ivat ntrpnltltlloq
ro rnrorl;ru
6.6,t1.Nc hrOr:i rtn vtr litt;1lt:ltvq0t:l

'-,
It(r I M )r11utrni lurnt lrh ht ,! tttttt.,

.\' l': .r. :l -t y .r'.

oTrol) rr r:tvot fitrl)olt{ttl)os.

6.6.9. Na ]"u0r:iro oirotllLu oAou0ldrv Ktrl ouvqprqotdv

l n ( r )+ l n ( y ) : 2 , r-y - 2,
xuLvu liltrl)r;i npooeyyrorrrcfllrio"q.

6.6.10. Na Bpe0otv 6uo npooel,yrotrig hioetq tou olorrlpatog

stn(.r)= cos(1,), ,r = e'.

or oro)'ot0eg:
oro rerp&l'urocut6' eivor
Or cvrol-cq,not 0o WtDpiooxps

enrorpdrgerto 6Protrlg
Limitla,,n'(r f
u,rol,otOioqat' az,' ' '

Limitlfix), x -->xo) srno{peqelfo 6p1oqq o,Dv(rprn6'nq

oro ro
fx) 6tav ro ir xivs1
-"'>17 emorp6gerro 6P1ornq duv0Ptnoq6
), x -'+ xn,Direction
;(x) oto xncm6cPtotP&
t -l) smofp6Qtrto 6pto t1q owdpa4or
x), x "'t xo,Direction

.1. OPrc qKolou0l6v

to 6pt6
'Eot<r at, a2," Vr(loKo)'ou0io H ewolr]' pe rlv ottoio llptororrpr:

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n "+ @l
t6oo oc rntyrtrlvort<rt
t1q urcol'ouOicq'Erpapp6(etar
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arcol'ouOieq'
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fjorl0r:ruyr{ t:ivrttq ttit
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ol rlru t4r! ttivar onoKlivouonolo I / Ntt' ltrtttt
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l)oKrnprorrKorqg ewol"riq ovoypdqrrdl I oIrrrKti 16161110: Attrihute\l t.itnitl lov Mdlh(nuli(u"
lLi:;luhlc. Protected|. To 6efrepo o.voqsp6psvoXaporrrlptonrc6 r1g r;vrol
Limit lnpuivEq6n eiva.rnpooroteutrrdvrlun6 ro np6ypoppo, uz6
nlv r.;vtorrr l { ' i ,,;v , ' r l 'n ; - l
6cv pnopofpc vc r1v rctivoupevu Bpiorceto,tr8rltorc dl"),o,eicr6gumr
opur.
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ro Xdprrclpronr6 qq ewo)"{q Limit, 6t pnolrli vrr ri.
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frotnprlg
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o ,r,, (J2,,+t J z ', vL l r,,I, 7.3.2

l oto
r
l, Ii,, r. tilrtirtt15ano oprorepcr
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7.3.Opro ouvapr4oeurvUrq6UrrqBAnrng .t J lllricrrrrrrPt::

'lrotor
pLLu
olvdrprrlorl /(_r).To 6pLo f (r) ppioxoutrrecriorlg 1rr.rrlr r .
,,.tg1"
vur)tt\ Linit. cqo r<dvoupeoq otwu(r1 qq peprrcdg
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, x)2, D\recLion
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flcpd6erypo
7.3.1
grcr I
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ro 6pto lim ypdrpoutrre:
.,1 er' + 5 1 : r l8
| .r L,-)l
l{ /t .. t' -l
lim a + llm--.-
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l,ir iI I
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x:2 no-
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ro Mathematica sfilorptqel
nouvflercrc' eibougEv toirrotg
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ou".*flr
2. Ag doirpLe rcbpc riva nopdbctypc olvdpr4orlg, r1 onoia dw 61er61:norlrrrv tl '
.1 'n,: To -r:0 civorolpeio ouordl8ouq uvropa)"iaq I),
r1q olvriptrloqq l(.t:r,,,f
\ \ / A
7t' ntxir 6ev rrnd.plerro 6pro lim /(x) Kat ro Methem(ttLca enrorpdrper prlvrrlrrr to onoio npotpuvtbgeivar soputrtrtvo'
rtq ontwtt:g
rt1; tLopgilSInterval[la, bl] l.oLnov 6tov ava(rlroripe 6prn ouvapt{oetov! Ei'vat an6
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l ,i m lt l S i n [ 1 , , . - . O 1 f't(botxqorrq onoieqro Mathematica Smopei
_
I n L e r v a f{ { 1 , 1 } l

Avri),op1 ouwa(ri 6Xouvor ewo),6g,pe trg onoieg pnoporipe va ppoupr: r o Aorfloetg

tiltto utti t\tja rut to 6pro atto aptmepa qg ouvdptqorlq
./(_x)oto xe: 6ptcr:
?.4.1, Ynoloyiott ta napordtol
Ltmltlflxl, x ---+xn,Direction -..+-ll
,ro - ll
--
K(It R)
' lint
'lr,
, x. lh

Llmlt[./Ix], x -4 xo,Direction -+ ll)

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bl,v(rI(inlTrr r:irpr;oqqtou opior.r
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s i n( ,r r) etpeolg tr;rv dl-
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ps Xpfon ro)v svxol'ov
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y1,x---xo7,l-fol
ttlrtorr n:

tt) .r sin(.r),6rav.r -+ 0, B) ] , 6rav r -.' l, y], Y -- Yof,x --+xo1

eE +l
ll L*., sin(-r)
-1,.1- rll
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-
s/ r ottlv -L -'+ u,
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0) , , oT&Vx' + 2 rut 6rav x -'
-2,

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t) --;-- ,.; . oruvx - 2 rar oravx- 4,
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ro ncpondvtrr6t-
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r., 4
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iirn},ri ilrto 6r:v l,n(il)Xl;t.Itivn rl o l , v ( t l ) t
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r r ) . / ( . f , . r=) fll peplKflnopoY(o"yo
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 196 Mtllqyunui 1u.out|fu|hontn,t I Ir11xt1'rit1'ro4^( t !t^hlltttto4
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ror ng rLPf,qroug Ytn -r 2:
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tlcpd6erypa8.1.1 tox Mathemotica)'
ttt, ot c, i o (pr' Bofloera
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11ouvripqorl .l(;r) = arc(tan(_x)).
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/(r) ptoporipe
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22 ".il;ffi;;"rr.,, Urr,lt.r. n /(x) xsin(r),:rpfnet
ea paq cnt-
d* x Sin[r]' ro Malhematicu
125 o, noorugeor,q.lt6n ov ypdryotpe
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rat Tahle/brm,rq (lrofpeveg nupclcbyougolq al{g: x sinlxl
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{x, n}l}. tn, 1.5}ll
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l-lcpd6erypc
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('rlq /(-r) : r sin("{)pe pr1or1tou oupp6),oud. t pe toug 6uo rp6noug:

' f L ar 1 v t f t a p r n r o p o T t o T o a ',t (xsinlxl)

("sin(r))l') :
onr'rgror oT1gezi'lrryr:qPII'lsliI
4 C o sI x l + x S i n I x ] Aval.uttrd ottg ewo)'fq Pktt rrx Show'
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r u l r q , . \ " , 'rnc,
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x C o sI x l 3 Sinfx yic,orrrlglropooroolq'0o uvoocpOoripc

tlapur4p4o48.1.4 rrtplooor6pov pErqplnrd'v

, flcpcytilyro4 ouvqprnotov
f,lq lnrroot6v, 11 egcnropnl tqq ypcrprrc{gnapriotcoqg gruq ouvaprrlorlg
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=
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./(xy) pra ouvriptlorl
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Ttg egam6pweg qg ouvriptrlolg lr) : xsin(x) ora oqpe[a pe rerlLqpulvr:q /),rl 6 Dlfx'Y)'Yl)
a|'
r = [.6 rcq.r
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rn pplKfttoPolcoYo
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fra vo oTroeDyoope

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r;rrl
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ncpoyciryougpt61prrcor rpkqerd{r1g'1q ouvd,p- el'dltotc' 11otq ouvdprnol
qqe xt yi zt ouvd,ptqorl J(x), \w'rcr tonrr& cq-
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r{ptrqq td(r'1grccrrq apr0pqt*6q np6q rouq y'o x: e. Eprpaviote ta azote},6-
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fi(x, y): (-r " y n x) n .v uvtoffi Pktt ratot6 r;nil'o^yf'q
rat ./i(x,.y)- (x ".y) " (x " -y).Tr napaqpeite ; il.1.

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vu rdvete t4 ypatprrcrlna- xl
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* C o s l s i n I x I] d x

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rCrl.r6r:vl"crroupye| 6nroq6ev ].ertoupyeiofte q evto],r1Dlsol2,.x]. Tlv nupdycoyo tq enr-l'oydqtrlq' 0u pel'etrlooupe
wtoXrlq Plot (tr1v oruotc,6nrrlqrct
t''(x) ppiorcouperdlpo og e(r1g: 11.1)oq e(t1q:
otrlv ncrP&1Po<Po
I ) l y l x l ,x l / . s o l 2 +RGBColor[1, 0' 0] l
Plotfylx) /. soI2, {x, 1, 5}'
PlotStYle

I Clll e"-Cos[x] e"-Sin;x] ,

x ) x .,2

'lb (6to
arcprBcirqonotdl.eopa 0o ndpoupe p r1v evtol,r1 y'lxl I . sol2, nlv
I)l .y[x) I . sol2,x], aX]"aKor rnv Dly[x] /. soll, xl! H emBeBoirooq
oq yivei on6
tov avoyvrilotq.

Enul"rl0euoqrcdvoupep rrlv evtolrl diffequ I . sol2 (6nou, otrlv nporcerp6-

w1 ncplntooq, nptnu vu eqapp6ooupKo,ltr1v evto].r1Simplifu), otqv onoia o(t-
(ct va napotqprlooupe, 6tr 6ev (qto6pe vo yivei cvnrotd,otooq Kor xnq y'(x),
0.9
agoir cutrl yiverut un6 p6vr1a1q.
'Otnv 0.8
undpXoDvKor apymtE oov9r1rcq,nq ovoypdrpoupepou otqv evrol"rl
DSolve pa(i pe tq Srorpoprrcrl
eliootorl un6 popqq )"io'rog: 0.7
, L

D,So/ve[{6ragoprKrle(iooror1,ouvOr1 }, ylx], xl
rceq u . o

fta rdOe pra an6 outdq peirbvetcrrstd 6vu rcc,rco nlr10ogrcov ota0eprbv nou
ri peprrc(hioq nou npodruryetKo'vottotc
epgcvf(ovtar otrl yevrrr'1l6oq, eq6oov p6puro or o-uv0r6egeivar ave(dprnrsq. Mnoporipevo enu\0e6ooupe, 6tr
2
'
Ifcpdderyp
s,9.1.2 a1 o16ot1exY' : oru0 . :
Ag ndpoupe q 8rarpoptrcq
e(ioroorl lorpr(opfvov perapl"qtrirv *'y'- y:0 9 )
Ex ylxl' /. sotz
Kct og cva(qrlooupe tq yevrrcr'1
Xfon tnq, XprlorpoTrorrbvtc,q
trlv evtolrl DSolve pe
tq popgn nou yvropioapr ornv op1n rng nopoypdrpou: {e}
rqq lrcpt-
'Otov 6poq q TrpoqenaffiOeuoq o16o11neprl'appdver nopcrytiryoDq
dif fequ = *'y '[x] - ytxl -- O;
soll = DSolveIdiffequ,yIx], xl rflqirDonq,rlenalqeeuorl6evsivot6uvct6vvoyiverptrovnpoqyorSpevotp
curo}'c'' av 0el'rlooupc vu cna\0t:fooupc
Aut6 pnopor)pcva to 6tantctti)ooup{:
i'rrol rlrlpr;i lt'x' rq c1i:crq
{lylxl,(,l"cl1l}l
* avutpcp6pr:vo t1r6ro' 6tt q pr:ptr(
1;;
| | yr;vtrr1rr'roq nr:prl.upfldvr:rFu om0Epq qv c:[ | J. I I pr:prrr1rricnl qq, yru
,2 ,, r 1t V' (, \ .y otrf().
 225
224 L Mu|tllttntri luinr't Mttlhcrtttlit'tt

pe pr1otu0e-
dtaqoptxtilv c(totiroeolv
I o l:nttrfvt;r pr;1d]'ortrq(k4 ylrcpptrrilv
x ' l , xl y l x l y ' l x l E*ylxl / :;rtl/ t dt(qg'
r 6r;trtr:pr1q
pt-lug ouwr;l'r:ot r';g pr':11r
pq "rpopptKdv 6totpopm6v e(torboerov'
l ' l
| | 2
y/ '. l * t ] r Enrl,fvet rcrt i;vcrr;upirgdopa
I /,',0''**'
er6rilv'
pe 6ratpoprr6qe(roriloerq6raq6prrrv
fip6ft1;l
li(vcr gcvr:p6 lotn6v, 6tr 6ev crfto8i6st. fiu vc Kd,vouptsrljv e7rcr),qeuorl, Aq 8orlpe peprxa ncrpa6eiypota'
vo Jff)oi)p{;rn peptKq l6ori rog rcu0opr1oDvdpnlon

sol.j DSolve[{diffequ,yl2) ==1}' y, x] Ilcpd6erYPq9.l'3 Z ^ q onoro

-! .
:nifile y'+y'-?=0'
Trp6rnq
ef,iocooqq
1. A6oq tqq 6ro<poprrr'1q
t I
' t ' ' ' , , ' i,o' 'n l r x r ,e 2 "
I
:0):
{{Y l}} 6ql"o6qrqq popQTl q y' + A(x) + B(x) y + cO) yz
eivortfnou Ricatti(eivor
()rr(trr:ftl"fov ro fipo,yl"toroeivut afi)"d: '- = =o ' v t x l ' x ] / / s i n r p l i f v
. ) 1
DSolveiv'tx1+ v[x] 3
x''llxylxl y'Lxl E" y[x] /. sol3
(( z x 3 - c ; 1 1' ,,
.
{ /<' ' n,}
f {vt"l 74. xclt l J
:
qg ypnpptKfE\mrpoptrcrlgt(loon1E \ebttpqE rd'(r1Ep ora-
2. l{ yevtrrl f,r5or1 rlv onoia y(1) 0:
Kor rrlq ptplKllq tqq luong Yto
fupuiq atvu)emtE y" -2y'+ -y= 0 neprl"otrrBdvtt rtg orcr0spfqC[l] Ko1C[2]: '- o ' v t l l = =o i ' v t x l' x l
==
D S o l v e l i v ' t+
" tv [ x ] 3
D S o I v e l y " l x l - 2 y ' [ x ] + y [ x ] = - 0 ,Y i x l, x l
.( 2(- I+"3) ll
( { y l x l , e * C J 1+l e x x C l 2 l } } +;e.A
f{vtxl ll
Av ava(rltrlooups rn psplKn l6oq, yu, rnv onoio y(0) : 1 0u zrd,poupeptu 6e6rcpr7qm(4E pe ma1ryobq
ypaplttK4qimtpopwrlE e(loan4q
2. Arioq x1qc)
psprnl ltloq, otrlv ofioto sFqovi(etor pra orclespd,\ Cl2]:
- - =0 "
ovwe)"eottqY' Y xe'
D S o l v e l { y '' l x l - 2 y ' [ x ] + y [ x ] = =0 ' y t 0 l - = 1 ] , y [ x ] , x l
- Y L x l - x E " = =0 ' Y ' x l
D S o I v e [ Y "[ x ]
( ( y t x l, e * 1 1 + x C [ 2 ] ) ] ]
*.-*ctrlllJ
Q - 2 x * 2 x 2 1* e " c 1 1 1
r , - , r . r . t i - o n i t ix' l",
rot ov ouprepil"dBoup Kot tqv opXrr( oov0r'1rcr1y'0) : 0, 0a ndpoDpt pto {{v-
pspucnhioq, otqv onoio 6ev undplouv nl"6ovoto0ep6q:
ror enal.r10euor1:
D S o l v e l { y " l x l - 2 y ' [ x ] + y [ x ] - - 0 , y t 0 l = = 1 , Y ' [ 1 ] = = 0 ] 'Y [ x ] , x l - - x E x = = O/ . % / / s i m P l i f Y
Y" [x] Ylxl
t( I x ^
' \ - z +* ',-] ,J) )
ttYlxl iu A {True}
m{4q pe pq omiltpoitE
6wpopw4E Qioao4q 6ebrep4q
3. A6orl rrlc,ypa"PlrtK4E
H ewoltl DSolve 3
: .
+ l)Y'+ (x + l ) Y = x te^"
r Entlfvet 6l,eg trq 6ruqoprrc6ge(rocboerq,zrolJnept6louv p6vo tqv np6trl ie xy"-(2x
ropdl<rtyo rr1g (qtoup6vqg.ouv<ipttloqq. ylxl==
*V* s * , Y t x l 'x l
( 2 x + 1 )y ' t x l * ( x + 1 )
DSolveI x y , , l x l
o Enflirvct 6Lcqttq lpuprptrdg6ragoptrd6e(todroerqpe otcrOcpofqouvtt;It;- 4
1

, , x * " t ? , 6 " { : 1l 1 * e*x2ctzt))

ot/:q,onotcodrlnorr;rd6ng. {{vt'l, 't 2
220 L hlu( 141u u rx ti 1ti:ot,t hlt t I I tt.'rttrtl i t t t A u trlttt1t t x'i:; |:i.to( |)ot:t\

9.2. Aoxqoerg l.tuvcf}lltliltrtr;TIl}'(rorlttl\rttlrttftt|vt'ltitrrtpoptrriqt:loototlga;',,

ncrpaltillo"S 'nt
t\t;v cltrtr;'tr;ntrlrti vtr t:totlltltrltt; ttg ptt;ptri;q A*' U,
Muthemati<:a,
c(ioororl ( I +c^ lyy' - n" = 0, vo ppeeetq pu;t)r-
9.2.1.Ncrl,u0ciq 8roqoprrcrl

yro rl.lv onoiu y(0) - 0 rccrtva ytvet q ypuqtrctlnupdotooq tr1q.

rri l.r'ror1, d,yvrrlotrlqouvoptqoqq;('r,.v)rutirtcrlvtootd(p)"ncrpaypa<po8'2)'on6teto
tr1 levrrc( Iuotl
Mathematicd poq tfirorp6gret
9.2.2. Na f,uOeiq 8rurpoprrrle(ioroorl yt-3xt + 2x y y' - 0 Kol vo, encr).r1- yl' xl + yDIz[x' Y l , Y l = =z | x ' Y ) i
p a r d i - f f e q 1 1= x D l z l x '
()r:urr:i,irtr q lilor1 n),qpeitq o16oq " (y'-rt): 0. Eniorlq,vu ppe0eiq peprrcrl)"ri-
orl, yr(rtqv ono(o /( l) : 0 rco,r vu yiver11yporprrcrl
nupdotooq o1q. ge! = DSolve fPardiffequ' zlx' Yf ' {x' v]l

9.2.3. Nc hr0ci 11broqoprrcrle(iorooq (x + y) y'-(x-y): 0 rcstvo, eiro\er;u- ,( t ) -l u

. .L ,' i1l rx ll JYl l1)
t t t t * ' Y r
rr:t. tirt 11l.irol nl"qpct q oX6or1y2 + 2x y-x2 - 0.
liroqq nupouor&(etor
q cuOoipetrl ouv&ptrloq rnq TwlKng
' - f I - l ' r q p e6tr
flopctqporipe, rcbvoupendvtorq'6ttundplerq6uvat6tqtaul"l"o-
Bernoulli) y' -*-
e(ioororl(tr-rruou
9.2.4. Na lu0ei q 8to<poprrcq 5r2ys :11
C['l
peto oriPBo).o
L, I
trlq enr)"oy(q
K(rrv(r r:nal.qecutei,6u q hiorl rlrlpei tr1 oX6oq \ + 4xt : ots0. w6 C n'x' 6e f r&vovtoqXpnoq
yt'1qtou BuorrououpB6)"ou
v --+
elrocb-
6u'<poprrc6q
6q)'ubr1rdvupe Ko'torq ouvqOerq
DSolveConscons5 f' 6lroq
9.2.5. Ncr),ueeiq 8tcrqoprrrle(toroorl(ninou Euter) x2y" -4x y'+6y: x + l. 9'l)'
oetq(B)'.noPdYPcr<Po
rq popqnr<1v6vu
9.2.6. Ncrlueofv (ypapprrdqpe otoOepofqouvtel.eotfq): H lov!'r'r l6oq bivetutlis
rr ywmn T*::::f-:T;j::::":: t[opcrrpcrqo
rrlv oTroto61oupeqbq yvcrlpioelorn
ul .v" l .v ' x cos(2x)+ sin(3x) rut ouvdftewqcrutof too yeyov6toq' l6oqq sol ottl
06Loupeva r&voutrre
- 4 v " ' + 1 4 Y "- 2 0 Y ' + 2 5 Y: 0 - 9.1, e(vcrr11ar6l"ou0r1:'ov :":1n:t:^"1.,qq
0) v""
s(iorrrorlo;ttt*"' 6evuprei"i qn"T"ii:J:l::::::trcrtootuorl
6ttrqopm',1 t6te 0an&poupte
lin t4 luor:q, nou eo ppeOorlv,
vcrytverencrlrl0euorl. Kilfi; ,t.,rlpte trlyw,crll'rioqsol'o<pof
pardiffequ / ' sol

9.3. AtagoptKfs e(torrroergUt psptKSrrqpqydryoug

Atotpoptrc6qe(to6oetg pe peptrc6gncrpuyriiyouqenrfu5voupeentorlg p rnv s- p6vov q ouvtlpqotl

e[tocr;or1avtrrco0ioratot
, to6to, yioti otq bro<poprrc{
wol'r1 DSolve, uprceiva 8citooupetrg cve(dptqteq petuBlqr{c, uno trq onoieq e- u1g sol' ft' crut6 rpfnct vcr
y) ps tq sol c}.l"d,op rat or trrepufq nop&yroyot
, rFAc'.
c[r1q: oq
(cptdtcrt q (ltofpevq ouvdptqorl, un6 poptpt1l"iotoq.
;;;; ;;r,fi"*oroon Ko1rc.v pep'<6vnapayrir"yrrrv,
x] / ' Dlsol' yl // Simplify
llopd6erypq9.3.1 r d i f f e q u / . s o r / ' D [ s o I'

q 8rogoprrcrl
l. Aq nrtpoupe e(iocoorl td(qq -X* yX= z \ x ' y ) .
ruprbtqg ( ( T r u e ) ))

eivotopovev(q
l.rioq qq eivot z(x.y\= x
Alruroorqr:ivcrrq ouvapqoq z(x, y\. tl yr:vtrcr1 ,l:), e(iotrro'n
2. H dtatpoptrq #-t#.6#;=0
1cvtrcr1 )''tron
cruvteleot6q' H
rnq t:tvot
lpapptrrl

/ , ,\ taqq Pt; otc0eporiq

cnrvcptqot:qtttrv
6norr .7'fI I r:ivutpu<ruu0ctpr:q <ruvdpqoq qq putcrphttq I r t.v) 6nou ./ rcrt g clvct au0cr(pt:tr;g'
\.r/ -r y) ./(3"r1 .y) u(Zx
 22t tl unPtt1t r xl:g t:CrotDo':t\

peroBl'qr6v 3x + y Kar 2x-r y av'iororla. frc vo ndpoupe rn ysvlKn lfon qq llcpd6erYPq 9.5'1
u(totiloctrlv
oq rco0crpr1
ouvdprlorl, 06toupe npoita Aq n&poupcto cnrotrlptrtalv 6rnqt4rtrdv
=
r D [ z f x ,y l , { x , 2 } ] ; s - D [ z f x , y f , x , y ] ; t = D l z l x , y ) , sin(x)' z'(x) + y(x)+ z(x): cos(x)'
{y,2}l v'\x) r.v(x)-z('r)
Kcr Xpnorponororlpeqv wtol,rl vcr ppofpe tq ?uriotlrou' ttrol)
ouvoprqoutq y(x) rccrt z(x)' fta
D S o l v e [ r - 5 s + 6 t = = 0 ,z , { x , y } ] fuvrrroteq eivur ot
pcrq6tvettrqouvuptrlottqoqrccrv6veqovtrru,tdotcroqq,Xpt]orponorofpeTnvgVTo-
{ { z - : F u n c t i o n [ { x ,y } , C [ 1 ] [ 3 x + y ] + C t 2 l t 2 x + y l l ] ] kfi DSolve orqe[t1q:
- z l x l = =S i n l x l '
ot ouvaprloerq c[1][3 x + yl ru cl2]12 x + yl eivu,ror auOoiperego-uvoptr.1- s y s t e m= { y ' [ x ] + y [ x ]
oer6 ./(3.r + y) ru g(2x + y) o,vriotorlo. z ' l x ) + Y [ x ] + z [ x ] = ' C o s[ x ] ] ;
Aqof q yevrrcrll.r1or1xer ano6o0ei orq roOaprl o'uvdptr1o.r.1, z|x)\, x] // FullSinrplify
11enol4Oeuorl 59}=DSoIVeISystem, {yIxl ,
ytverar an).doq e(r1q: Sin[x] ) '
t' { y i x l + S r n [ x ]
* e-" 1C11C 1 o s[ x ] + C [ 2 ]
r - 5s + 6t.= 0 / . Z // Simpfifv - clll sinlxl)]]
; i " , + c o s [ x ] * . - " i c 1 2 1c o s [ x ]
nou nponi-
{ True} Fullsimplifu' 6r6tr u)'Itcilqr1)ifoq
XprlorponorqooptKo'ttr4vevtoffi
i6ro 0o rc&voupe 6nou1per6(tro'tKotnapordto'
mttLyttnolfnl'orq popqn'To
yvootd'
9.4.Aor4oelg Trqnapoydryoug y'(x) rcut z'(x) Bpioroupercrtd tcr

9.4.1. No ru0o{rv or urc6},ou0eq

8rorpoprrcfq
e(roriroeq pe psprrcdgnopayrilyouq DIsol, x] // FullSimPlifY
Kor vtr yiver encXr'10euo'r1: * ( ( e x - c [ 1 ] + C l 2 ) ) C o s [ x ]- - ( C [ 1 ] + C [ 2 ] ) S i n [ x ] ) ,
t' { y- z' t' xl xl )- .n) "
" (-(c[1] +c[2])cos[x] - (e' -ct1l +Cl2l) Sin[x])]i
, ,02 0z
A) x- 7-1xy ^ = y' ,
ox oy nopdyoryo y'(x):
w6 av 06),oupe p6vov tqv
Fullsimplify
D --y2z=xy', DIFlattenIsol], xl t t1l I //
ox- - ( c i 1 l+ c l 2 ) ) s i n l x ] )
y ' t * l - r e " ( ( e " - c t 1 l+ C l 2 ) )c o s l x l
, O2z ^ O2z ^A' TrpogovrtKotdota-
T) ^:t-J- +z-i=g.
Av 06l.orpe vu rdvoupe enol.r.1oeuor1 , nplxxtvo brbooupe
ox- oxov dv'
xooq
nopu"ycil"youq
g.4.2. oq t6oo trg,Ifoerg 6oo rcn ttq
No rug.i q 8rarpoprrc'1 e(iooorl pr trreprrq ruapoyriryoug x] // Simplify
Az Az r0z s y s t e m/ . s o l / . D I s o l .
=+=+vw--0.
ox ov dw ( { {True, Truei} J
ytc tqv onoio y@2): 1 rur z(nD): 0' Fpioroupe
T6l"oq,q pspllq X'riot1,
9.5.Euor4pcra6rogoprxdrveflotilosu)v F'qv wtof,r1
= =o ] ' i Y t x t' z t x t J' x ) / /
DSolve [ { sYstem' vl;) -=!,zl;)
Euorr'1paro8nrpoprr<irve(to6oecovezrOrtivoupe p rTlv ewolrl DSolve, un)ra
dtvoupc uq 6rogoprr6g e(totiror:rq,16 oprucdgr1 cnrvoprarfg o*uverlreqrcor14 d- FulISimPlifY
nr(Doreq<ruvoprrloerqrln6 popgrl l,torcg. ( { Y l x l I S i n l x l ,z l x l r ( l o s l x l ) )

-fr.-
 2.10 L ll.ftr()rll urr t x ti 1ti:out lliltt ! lu,ntt t t tr, t l)glO(tl0l)lY
lhlls

9.6. AorrloerE ll oirwclil rt19r:tvtrtn l;Troftt)vq:

),iot1 rq;[u: rllv r:vtotri1N/)So/r'r"
xmax|]
9.6.1. Nu lfoete rc, zcrpc,rcu,rco
ouotrlpoto, no,(pvovtugrtq rrioerqolgrcnvriyr,," 8rcqoprrrle(icocrq'-y(x),lx, rmin'
'vrrrc'rnotoorq, v., rcu,vsreenol"r1oeuor1K'r v0 ppeite trq peptrc6ghl0erq yrcr .q I laputripoirpc(rtt 11orrvtcftl tqr.
uvugr:ptiprcveg apprdq ouv04rcsq. tqq pe eretvq rqc,Dsolve: to 6propa
r Mota(ct otcr neptooorsp' ororxsicr
t r ) . y ' - z * 7 . v : 0 , z ' + 2 y + 5 2 : 0 . A p p r c 6 q o u v 0 r 1 r cye@
q :) : l , z ( d : 0 . eliocrlot1'6oo rcur
t6oo tr1 6u<poprrcr1
tqg elvut q tr(oto, nou rueprl'crpBdver 'rqv onoic
$l 2v'- z'-4y-z :0, !' + 3y + z:0. ApytregouvOr1rceg: trg up1trc6gouv0r'1rceg,rcurorol'ou0ei 11(qtofpwrl ouvdpt'r1oq'
yQt): l, zQr):0.
toq y(x) r'1u<6pu Kot oq y'
7) r' "'x -t y * z, y' : x -y + z, z' : x+ y - z. Apytrlc,ouv0qreg: r(l) - {1.
avu"ypdqoupte
r(l) l, z(l):2.
(DqTrpoqto elr"1q:oto t6l'oq npfnetvo 6q-
)-r;ru0r; nepintcoorl,vu rdvete tq yporprrqnapdotooq. o Atoqfpet on6 ereivr"l tqc, DSolve va 6o0ei
rmax]' p6oo oto onoio 06]'oupe
l.cbooupeKo,tro Atdotqpu [xmin'

9'6'2' Nu rfo'ete ru napuruno ouo''1poro, no,ipvovrcq,,q n l6on.

rfoerg rog rcu0cr- 8totpopmrl e(ioool'
pdq rnrvapnlorq'vo, rcdveteenol,rlOeuoqKol vo ppeite Ag etPuPP6ooups tl'lv evtoX'r1NDSolveorqv TtopoTr&vo
ng peprrc6qr.rioergyro'q : y(0) : 1, crvu(rltrrlvtcrqp&l'rota qv uprOpqtrrrl
cvagr:p6pcvegcpprc6gouv0qrceg ttq opPrfq ouvOr1rceq /'(0)
o) .y' +3.v+ z : 0, z' -y + z : 0.Appr6g ouvOrlreq:y(n) : l, z(t) : oto 8tdotrlPa[0,4]:
l. ==0'
'
g e ] = N D S o l v e[ { Y ' [ x ] * 5 L o g I Y I x ] l
F).y' I z - 0, z'- y-e'* e - ' : 0 . A p p r c f g o u v O 4 r e g/:( 0 ) : z ( 0 ) : 0 . y ' [ 0 ] = = 1 ,Y t O l' = 1 ] , Y [ x ] ' { x '
0 ' 4 Jl

T ) r ' = y + . 2 y, ' : * L r z , z ' : x - t y . A p p r c f q o u v 0 r 1 r c re(ql ): : y ( l ) : 1 , z(l):0. t0'' 4'}}' <>][x] I i

Ee rd0r: ncpintrooq,vo,rdvete q ypoqrnl napd,orool1. { tytxl'; InterpolatingFunction[{
H evtoffi evePYeirrrqe[t1q:
nparu oe 6va nenepaopfvo nl't10oq
9.7. H rvroAn tVDSo/ve o Ynol,oyi(er tri h5o1, npooeyytotncd''
oqPetrovxe[0,4]'
KLelvoupe to rceqd].urot'v brogoprrctrve(rocboov trlv peto(6 ttrrv ttptirv' nou 61ct
[-r evtofu4 NDSorve, o ltqouv1erorcdverrat&)'l'qlq ropeppol'r1
ouv&p-
orola naptyet ''1 6ovot6tqta o,pr0pqtrrr'1q orqv anovtrloq avoqdpetut 11
1 eruiruoqg6rapoprrcbve(roriroerrrvro,r oto petu(6 pper (yt' aut6 6l')'<rloxe
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ro un6lomo olx-al' *'. Me n1v zopdoroo'n fiou noipvou;repnopofpe eniorlg
"? - 1 ( - 1 + x ) - + x )
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va . 1
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s 2 4 18 3 16
vou ncpc6e(ypotoq
: Jt + x ' Me trlv wtoffi
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-_
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pt1 rnt q 8eiiteprl pe ouvepl pofpTr, rcdvovtug
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6e vcrto enrBeparcbooDlr
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ty Ma<'-Laurin n1qorvripnlcqq .(x). Euv{eoq qv e<pcpp6(oupe6tcv to n eivnr
apKord trsy6l"o.
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n 10.

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n l0.Iuyrcpivete to anorfl.eopu pe erceivon1g rporiyo6pevrlqdorcr1or1g.

f0.6.5. No Bpeirs opa6rrcd ra, uvonaiyporo, o oerpfq Mac-Lqurin ,av

cnrvapnloeolvsin(-r')rcarsin(x)', m:2,3,..., 10, yw n: 10.
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vdprrlor, Trouvo, npoo'eyyt(errnv rerpoyo,vrrcrlpi(o w6g ru1oiou rpuorrcor5
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lflx,y)==a,
10.6.8. Bpette opu6rrcdtoug ouvtel,eotfg tou x-tor'Jv ay*nDypa''v Mac-
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10.6.9.Bpe(rera avazniypuru Tayrorqq o-uvdpnl.'ne

Jv): sin(-r)+ cos(x)
onlv repro264ralv oqpetcovx : 0 KOrr : I yru n : 7, grcor g. xtrl 0uv61et0vu e-
gcpp6oete qv evrol'r1Normal Kor.vo, rdvere ''g ypc<prrc6g nupootdosK r')v ou-
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=
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OTO STTIITS6O

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o T r l v c o s ( 2 . r )1 l t ;n p t i o t v t t .
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I r l o t S t y l e > { { R G t s C o l <I; rl , ( ) ,
{ R G B C o I o r| 0 , l , 0 l ) ,
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S x < rl6,enrruyldvoupe p rtl orlv0etq evtolrl

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uwrru0rotd un6 rqv npn <i;rqp.aoq>'
tl
Ioo66voprl tqg npcilqq 6rtppaoqq ewot
6ettepr1.

H tono06tqor'1 rnq <6rqpaoqq>). otnv

<petoB\tr1> ytvetut povo rllv ortYln Ttou
MetoBl"qq,
'Ercqpaorll rccrloripe fllv ouYKsl(prpdvrl<petaplrltrl>'
r'l
Ioo6irvaprl qq rpdrtqq drqpcroqq ol'vot
 tl(r t ut\ t x (td t t I i i, .\ I I 1x t 1'1t t 114 t r t t t o1t' t',
I 1t7
I
'l trlv ttptl rtlu
o ntrlrtrzrdv<rliotlv ),otnrit,h(lrortq iiiro nr;1rrnr<ilor;r5
rrvtrrpr:l)l;Tul
or; <rvriOr:or1 rtrrttj oqrr:[]r:tr. ot(t 1r:lrvdrg drtl ttl t' l"gt't r:1611
lirrr<1xr1lti
trF|l5 rur r'lxror: toritqtrr.'l o nr:1rrr:xir1u:\()
T|ls1u;rup}"t1rrjq
nou unriltxufil)lv 1l\
rrulrrrntivt'lr;vrol"r1
Xovr;rur.

llcpd6erypa 2.1 , '2

A= RarrJcmtlnteger, {1, 10il ; unolovi(uts to trvtiruttrylttrrol) ( t + l)

B := Rardcrn[Integer, {1, 10}] ;
A1 = Table[A, i5] l
81 = TablelB, {5} l .1;
{ l o , 1 0 ,1 0 ,1 0 ,1 0 i A+1
1 2 ,1 , 6 , 9 ,I l

tou HiY T10,ro A rcn

llnprbtq svrol"nunol"oyi(er6vuv ruluio o,r6pc,roopr0p6 psrcrErtI rcar l0 (r,,r, ,tp6q evtol,rl Srlproupyetpru 06oq otqv trvqtfl1
i rqv ttpt'1 l.
l0) rcur tovTono0etei onlv 06o11tou A. Avti0eto, orqv 8eiitsprl cvr.)r1
opl(orrpe6tr o B 0o 6e1rei6vov ruloio urcfpuroopr0p6 peto(rl 1 ru,r l0 tirrr'
rov rcul"6ooupe.ruvezrcirgotqv tpirrl wrol"rl eruerbr1 A A
ro A 61errl6q tqv npLrj 10,
6tav npoozrcr0ofpe vcl n&poupe6vuv nivarco,pe 5 upr0por5g ioouq pe A, nuilrvr.r
K(rrroug 5 iooug pe 10. Avti0eto 6ruv npoonu0orlpLe va 8qproupyrlooupcrl,rrl
rtvrrru pr; 5 crprOpotgqg popqnqB, rcd,Os <popdzrourcol,orrperov B yru vo r()\, 6e(td tou (:) nou .t;[vut I t I
toro0r;trlooDpo,rovnivoru, uno),oyi(srorq frrppaorl nou Bpiorcetur6e(rd r,,r, 6cutr:pq evtolrl Bpiorer to o'not61'eotrru
1) Kot ro tono0ctci onl:l:::
[ou otrlv 6ei)repq wto]"q rco.rrozroOsteirorotov nivurco 81. Aur6q ivo,rrctn . on ,l .rph tou A'crn6 tqv npriltrl evtolrl rltcrv
vo ott;ycrot;trtlv rtltll
Mryoq,norr o nivoru,qBl 6n06ter 6ro<popetm6g "nq Uvr1pn,nou eile uvoi(er otqv np6tq n1toftt Yto
ruluieq npr6q.I *l
ppiorcetot
otr ott8r'lnote
i.'iitp"tnpofpe, dq}.osn, 1'':.?11:li :::::
trlg tonoOt;tt;ittrt tltltil ntttr
op,"ttpA'tou toov, 1&urrot Ko't orq 06oq
{|
Jlopd,ilttypa 2.2 6i(td tou ioov.
t: Ilgarrl[^(x* y) 2]
Kflt
x' t 2xy,y' ovrtKo,ro,otu0ei pe 6)"l"eqewolfq nto cirvtttpt:q'
I A:A+1 pnopei vo, orq
r : = trlq)ard[1x* vl2] Or evtol'6q aut6q cfil"yofvrat
bopo, Tttptooorpo )"ettoupyrrc6q'
w
x ?, 2 x y * y 2
Au(6vel tqv oPrl tou a ru'td l, rct ernotp6qst rrlv
rlapaqporipr oro rro,pofidvrrr
nopd8erypa 6rr ro z Kor w 61ouv trg i6reg trpLriq, zpoqlotpnq trpq tou a
Av 6polgotq ouv6leru06ooupe6nou x:l+a t6te 0u 61oupe
x= 1+l tlv
Merdovst qv npfl too a Kot& l, rct tTttotpdgtt
1 . r .a
npoqYotpwn flp( tou a
z
11ra)2t2qI+a)y*y2 qv v6o
w Ao[&vet r?4vttpfl rorl a Kotd I' KOr ernotp6qfl
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Il')
t4ti \l'ttltt rtt,ttr',t

--il M r ; l r i l v r : trt l v t r l n i r ( ) t ) l K ( r r ( i l , r r t r r ; n r o r l ) r ; ( p tn; lr\ , \ , r ' . r r

rlfni r()u 1r

ill da Au{dver rqv rrlui rou a r:crrc, da fi.X. a,=.it+cla, kul

eznorp6qrrlv v60,nprq rou a i ' i r : t , n 1 r o r r : t r ( \rrl ( t X l ) l l o l l t o l o t t l t t o t r l t rl.t t r l 1 t r : r r r f i ) " r 1 or rr lt l o l ) \ ' r : X l : l (tt( ) l )
r t l r t * r ' t t o t c l l t t t l kt ; i t ' t t t r r r / . i r r t : 1 r t ll ' t t t l n o t i t ; o 1 t t ; i r o o t r t r trtr;l r ' 1 r r ; t r r l l i l l r r l
rtr
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) o l)q
sfirorpfert rlv v6(rfllui roD a
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it* ''C llo),),anl"uord(er rnv rlpri rol) a lrt c KcLt 8(Pocro\

x Anoporcpfvct onotov oprcp(l eilupc titilot:t oro x
rofioosrrlo1ro ofiordl"aopo oro a fi.X. a:a* c, tfitoTf)rr(l)r.I
rTlvv6u,npll roD a

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a oTroftol(pfvtt X0pclKTqptortKir7[ot) t';ptrv rrntliit'r{lt:i
oto x ri pnv0poro lrot) ouvo6l;i)ol)v r() x li ()l)toltl';\'l:\
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I lupri6r:rypu2.4
A- L; 0rll,ar va oqcttp6otrl Ko1 ro Xul)(IKrlll)tollN(i (ltttdl
('lclll'n ll crrtlr' {ft':ot1
A++ lrTtop6 vcr Xpqolltonotliottl rIV
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I
I Il Remove ofiopoKp0vtt optortK(i ro ctf)lll|()i'() x
r';tot tilote vo pnv ovcryvtopl(t;ttrt rt(l trnit ro
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Mathematica.
l+.3
L

Mn<rlroirpcvcr uvcr06oouprrrv i6tg npu-1ot nupunuv,c,r

u,ru6pru petcrBl"rltrlr
rl.lv ewo),r1ovd0sorlq:
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MetaBl,rln1;
.A
2, \l
llupri8r:rypu
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x = Y =1
I
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trt1r1

r:rrtrv tliirl
ltrttr ttltdt;lllttv iir:{'tri rotr
RltowtAl lliri:yXttrrlrr: (t\1 ()t llr'l(rIl)'r1ti''' rtg
littrrpo;lr:trxti t() Mathcmattca
?A tt(if)l:t tr1u';q (lltf) ntt'';tn1u'otti' r1 //N otav
ro N[]
orrv oirltIloi'rr' llniotl'' Il)llotft(]ttoto(r1tt:
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l)KQP(ior;15. , r..^^,^. nd'pet

-k^-l ooortq
Ito ntrlrtrntivtrl
napraiictypo ctvot gclvupo(lrt uv (utolto,Kpuvol)pt;
Tllv Irlttl
l:l,r':ylouprr: ttv r(l ollio[trttr T(r)v- ol)vcrpJqoeotv 61ouv
rou n F{; rllv {;vro}"llA:., ncrpcrtqpoDptott nupnptivtt q t6t6rnro rol) A orl (rptoptu)"oycrpi0pou 0etrrc6rc'o'rc'
;ft:"; rrn6pr(oOt;ttrco'
r;i\'(n lrur global p{;roB},qrn,o ovriOcoq pc rnv svro}'t RemovclI n,'u ov6pcrtu petup\trbv nou 61ouv
).uvr10i(oupt vtt Xpr-lotponotorlpe yra toftqto'
nl,rlptrlgto A rc406qKot rtg dt6qreq fiou ro ouvodsuouv.
cfiolr(rKl)'f)vr;r
op':or1lrti rnv fiooornrcr tqv onoio fioptoro6v ft'X' velocity
'K'o'K' "3u
$rca yto epBu8ov fra va (eyopi(oupe ta oY9p1""
Mathemattca
IptloUroTlotei ro
pr:tcrpl'qt6v poq urc6 crut& fioD^vi&pp,'"nq
)-rqv 0r1oqrnq psroBl"nrnqx pTtoporipeenurl6ov vu XpndpoTtotlloorrltr pentqofq
peroBf,lrqq
uo,puioup";;1f1'"9
cnrrnl0i(oup,
orilr[]o],trl)fioKord,oro,oqq (* ytcrKov6vov11neptoo6tspoDgXopoKrnpts,kt ltll
n.1. velocity avtt Velocity'
11,rp,i*tlipoq
r':vuvr1fir:proo6rspouq lupurctr'1p%ffr6g otr6 Keqol.oiouqlaparctrlpeq)yr,, t',r tt1 ondpe os o'fi1'o6orspsq
Otuv ptu 6rctppuo'4'iuot "ofu6"l"orr1'
<\r1),riroto r';va trreycrlutepoofvo)"o petaBl"qtcbvru.1. Clearl"x*"1 tiro,r; \'rl
r:rgllcrosqn.1'
rrnolrorpirvcrtrq ttpr6qan6 6l"egnq petuB),qtfgnou (erwofv azr6to lpuprprri
- b*J;' 4*

llupri6r:rypo 2.7
Z I''ll+Sqrt[B'' *24t<A*C]
ll - (1, 2, 3) t'x A'r'C]
22- ti Sqrtln 24t<
{1, ,1,tl z 7,tlz2
N2.2 Xprlotponotoupe trq svorrlporopl'uqTu"q1qt]! -"::^Mathemattca
Sqrt[B**24*A:t]^".".:l:'
2 6tou eivur 6uvut6 lE'X' B+ K(rt
tov tp6no crut6noipvoupsrcrxurt;Po
btl1"'1*",
i*tg--i+-a*c)^(1/2). Me upt0prqrtxti
61oupe vo' )'rioouptt;
?tl xol.ittr;pa unote),6opatu 6tuv
lltf ornr,rl iorr : : rrot found Qrml-rnl A1 nnt fnrrnrl
fipoPl.tlPcttct.
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xarsugdvlons
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uvaoeorlg
rp6TTot

Ilapatqpqoerq
oe petupl'qn1 ytvetcrt pe ttg nupcrrator
l. fipoofloupe nolii Ko,rd,rqv rofioedrnon rrov fiopsv0fosov/dlnotpt'rv, 0lfuiq rpoTroqav60eoqqtrpqq
Av 6ev e(po,ote otyoupor Tro ro oxs6roop6 rrrlv tKqptrot:(t)\t.
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i:)'qyo eivot 6tr :
A=InputU Zryker Ps 6rol,oYrrr1 Popqi 0eo0)
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Trcrpcefpou) Ptc rtpn
crv Xpnotpofiorcfpcyto Ko0t pcrcrp)"lrn ro lbto 6vo;ttr or;
2. Ir),riyXoupr;
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PetoPiqfll'
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rou TrpoTpcrp.poroq.
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A lnputl"Mrlvrrpu"l '/4rurrlt
lll; lircl"ttyrrrl 1ro1ttp11 (;rr.,r,,r
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ro o'uymrcprprfvo Ko,r{;u0uvrrl1,r,,
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A:lnputString[] AtuBd(er pr nap6poro tp6no /r(lrr

uvotpfpapre nu,pand,vrrl pro crllroi,rtr
lapurcrqprov.

A:lnputString AtcBd(er pr nup6poro rp6zro .rr(1ri

["M11vupa"] cvoqfpape napundvo prfi ol"lror,rrr yivetur ette un)"6g ypdqovrclqro ovo[o
gxrf)r(,)orrro)v rr,7ro*),eop&trrrv
lopartrlpov, etrrrpuvi(owoG
ro ovriotor7ir tp6no :
nou 0f)'.oupevcl tKrufitbooupeeite tov nupord'tro
nrrlt).r1tr1q
<prlvupu>.

I lupri6r:rypo roql,6rcqpuoq2,..] Ertunrbver to o6voho tov erqpdotov fiol)

A = Irgrttl unuplcr Feoo orllv Print rcurorn ouvcxctcl
o)")d(er YpCIPlil1. Av 0Al"ouPe
eqopp6oouPe pttI, ouYKtKptpwll
popqonoiqoq ornv tKruJrcDoq Fug
pnoporipre vo lpqorporuotqoouLu) rllv
StvlePrint.

2.9
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A = Irgrtstrirg[ "l.larE= "1

A, "Sectiorr"]

etoo6ou'e(o6ou
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I l u l l f t l i t : r y p c A v i ' i r n , r : r r r r ( ) i ,ll:lvl :t t n ( ) o ( i n I r : r ; r l l r ( i K l o ' l ' l ; . u , K

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riivr;rrrrrrnti lrv rfrno :
(t+'t)*
M:A.T. onou'.=E/r(x)
t2 (t+r)^-t
tr) Ntr ypu<pr:irlvu np6ypoppaunol,oyro"pori tqg prlvniag 56or1q]rcr duitpolrr
rrlrcgrtov A, E rar N.
[]) I fotrr q ltoptprjrou npoypdpporoqov A: I .000, E:10o/orsr N:5.

A) I Ir:prypcrprlero66oo-e[r66ou
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lf ) llupd6erypa pe ro 16pr
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rov 16710
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oqq.
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Efpa 3, lirnrrrirvorrpr ro ofiorl.6oputa.

A) tlpQpuppa
(t Yno)olcoyQ 1t4vca(aq 56nq 5aveiov t)
(r I ' lkfe,qd)arc 6aveuopoir *)
(r o = &rr-r6acco 5avetoltoit t)
(* n = l(&vua
66on =21.9831
a^ox)qpapilq t)
(* m = Wycaia 6oo4 tc)
=
a Irqr,rt[ "Keqa)auo _ rr.l ,
6ave copoit
e = Irput[ "Ftr cr.6xuo 6ave
copot =tt] ;
oro i61o cell pe rl'lv ostpd'
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n = Ir4lrt[ ")(p6v s. oroxA4g'tpf1c, =

) r
rTor6vroq(ENTER) oro r61.oqrqq K60eYpotlptnq'
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t= /100,' roro0croi)vrot ovdptoo oto oripBol"a(* rur
at (1+t)n
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lrtu Liotrr unir nlruylrurrnorig ullr(llroirq
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ro ofioio to ,1, q n1r(lrtrorl r:iytrt rr)'rl()riqrl ryr;rrtirl''r;rtt;Lt;i
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np6. ,NIKOS,
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flt 0a unol,oyi(er rr1 06oq rou rd0e i ; r ' o r rv t t . i t n r t r n t u o c l u I l trl:l v ] . o y r r r 1o u v o r 1 r c nr [ o l ) l ; f l l t : l r t l ; r ; r r t l 1 t i ; c r r
lopartrlpu orov rcil8rrcunS( ll
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oe lopor'.1peq
I rcavo'rrr-
qg ouvdptqorlgFromCharacterCodenp6.
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f = f1,+ f2; =fl; Q=f; f = f ' 1 ' + f 2 ;i = i + 1

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t *,f,L
I progran fi.bcracci

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96
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vo, 8rc,nrotciroete r;ripog

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anrykey to contirue
no, r;frcol"a qaivstar 6tr 6rarpeir0,r p
ro r00. To nupunuvazrp6ypoppu ()c
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:
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vtrt np6B),qpo 0o pnopofoe v0 lu0ei Ktlvovr(ls Xl)lloll rllg

GCD.

Ilpriypuppo

a= Ir{nrt["&"] ;
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b= Irpql;"g="; - apr()p6g,eivorndvra np6roq op10p6q).
lfti.Ie1a* b, ff[a> b,
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I l, I t , t , l t x , r o t , t x r t ' . I I1t t t; ' 1t t l p r t l E p d l ,

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lrru 11neproo6tepegevtol"6q lrrlprop.vsg p vu civrrr evroLrl ;
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,ip4 0ro tiatrrematica. .rr1i,
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l'
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;;-;;';roptqorl. arinl ouppetfler otqv napgzrd,vo svtol"rl uvrigr;or1g. )t pp;t.'fllrltf4 ttl6
r';rur/rrtrr nupri'erypc oqi!3uue pro Ir.
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perapl.rltrirv tqg ouvdptrlonq ps trq petupl"rltt':9ttttr crrnr{pntoq, o6qd
ttbcr[n_] ;=
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(fl = 1,' f2,= !;
6pe vo 8ql.rbooupe 6fl or petuB)"qtfg fiol) xj)tlotltr)'tttt0itpt: pdoc onl
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f) rur 6ev 0u ouoled(ovtut pa rcnptcr cndr rt5 pl:Taf))'"ntd6tFtt
fibartSl 6!co crn6 tqv ouvdptloq. Auto to nt;nt1tt[v()lrftl]pc qv cwolrl
2l tqq onoiuq 11 ofvto(q Siveta,t nuparcatto, t:vtir tlt pr:rtrfl)'qrdq nott
pe out6 rov tp6no ovotrrd(owcfi tonrrcdqpcr0[li'r1tr':q(local varinblcs).
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petlv trprl noupcg6iver11wtol,rl Fibonacci
ffi:ffiil: to,
{ petop},qt{1,perap\triz, . . ., per{Lp\t("},6r<ppcorll
l.i-bcneit8l 1:flpxtKqfl[rT]r,. . ., ],{rqpaoq]
{ petoB},r1t{
27
rrlv nopcrzrdvoto-6wu(t1 6r1).cilvoupe 6tt or petcrBl.rlr6q {pctaB}.qn11
..., petaBl"qt(,) 0u eivur tonrrcdgrccrtOcr61ouv olq ottlnti tov
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I l l l r ( p ( , ) \ / (t r . ' r n , r r
l i l : r o i t r r 1 1 ] ( ' I r i V r l' lrr i n o r r i r v r r r , - r 1{,}"r r l r n o l l o i r o r r l r rr; , r r ( r r v r r y l ) ( i \ / ( ) r ) l l rl :] l \
o t t r r t i l r t t l o ttlr n o ) ' o y t o l t r t ri t t t t t t - r t r r r o irri l r o r rr r 1 , t. r r o ) " o r r ( ) i r r g
l l i b o p l c c i ( r ) q{ : q r l . t{i=a}, i+ml

fi-bcr tn_Integer?Fositirel :=
ltrdile1{fI = 1, f2= L, f , i} t to m 8eltrire qv trp( l' un6 tqv
rrlpoirpLc ltltn(rv (rtt ottlv lllock
D o l f = f 1 , + f 2 . ;t t = f 2 ; f 2 = f , i
*',' "opol'u nou q petcrB)'nc1
{L, L,n_2}); ova0r;or1
loirpLavq :1]:l:::tT'^"::.":::l otqv
fl petuB?'ntn i (6ncoq
eo',"xeonpetqv-ef,cotep*(
ffi'ffi'il;;r'r, lvv tOnlfOt
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pe tqV !v'-"" i n-OU
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x=f+1 (,pevope uut6qs tonuqq.u:::!ll* ,t-i J:i:lT['"rfiJ: I
l , l p'"oBr'q'ni rcatq-tonrrcq
;i:H-$,*:;;;i=n;;i;;*{ *'J"Fr\''1
,pB&vouvtqv i6rog6oqpvrlpriq
KcnoDVtTrt::""1i9i3:::-*LTi":ll
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pretuBr'q'1'
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rrqv napanavcoouvdpqon 7[poo'06oo,p Kor rcd,noreg Hl|H;;;l;;;;"'
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nlrrlnr;tvrr'rKovoT[orei to 6propo nou 0o,6ivero xprorng @.y. 0u nplnav., r:ir,,r rr1 pctupl"rltri i nou epquvt(etar otqv
ert6q tou". \,itnrfirle
Module'
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cvdl"uorr o,urcD!,r(,r\, i preru$llltn i nou epquvi(etar
nr:prylrutprirv 0u 60ripeoclv sv6nlr u 4.2. TE)"oqnpi;netvuoqperrbo.oupe eiirirt,rr
rtrLri nlloypappatrotrrcd, eivor zrprvqv dr1),coor1 tr*uqouvdptnonqvo npolTr.r*r Tornrcrl PetoP\tr1 i
t1 iir'yp'<pr1tou ov6puroq rnq ouvdptqorlq p rrv evtol"rl l(r0o),rrcq PetoBhqtq i @6on pr,rittl'lg
clearAlr[()r,.1r,
otrvdllrrqo4ql11Remove['ovopco"uvdpqorlq],pra nou to Mathematica
eulrrirtrr
drttr:i1'rr: dql"cboer nporlyoupfvcDg Kornr0sv6vo oo,q8qtr'oupyrloernpoB).ri1rrr r, Ar1)"cooqpettrpl'qtrirv ps rqv Block
;tt: qv 6rllrrrnrpyiaenrnl"dovrcav6vr_rrv yro rl.lv i6tu petuBl.qnfouvdpnlo.q.
'livaq
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tontrdv tru;rcrf)l,r1t6v prclqouvdpt4oqg eivar [,' rnv evtol"rl Block rqg orrui,r. ,1 trTp{t 2.30 Nu ypuqet o"uvdptrloq rrxpiIh:ttt
uv t1.nntrtroirltt;vt1
otwa{q tiivr:tar napa,rcd,rcrt f-p, .rlu pieOoaoNewton-Raphson
: triq pi(usto x0'
;;;,';" d;,"6 oqpetonpoo6vvroqq
Trlv cn,v(il)xllol'l lt)q
Bhclcl { pnrophnt l, pewp}"qrfp,. . ., petap}.qu1n},drgpooq] vot oTO nup&8erypu2.25 pnopoi:psvo Ypo\l/or)ltt;
Block[{ petop},qr1I :op1rKTtnprl l, . . ., },6rcppoor1]

lf,_, e_, c_l : =

()n<oqraponlporipe nupunuva11
o6vto(q tqq Block eivo,rq i6ro pe tqv Mr<rtrkr, {aold, aneer} |
llulr' (rl'cr aurd 11 Srcrrpopddyrcerro,r
orqv l,e(rrcr1spBdietu-opct6ulrn rr,v t ,
prtcrpl"rltcirvzrou61outrre [c] =- O, ReuJrnl"Elrcr"] '
otqv Module Kcr,rrnq Duvupr*1qepB6),erog-opcrrotrlttrrl = N;aold- ftaoldl / f [aold] l'
pt;tcrpl'r1t6vnou fxoupe otqv Block. rrc, va 6orrper4u lpl-d= Nlcl ; ars'r
a,o,popatqq Block 1u:
n1v Module Oecopsto.te to nopo,rcd,rro
nopd8erypa: tarEvt-aold1 >e' '
d= arEwi ?tEef = Ntaold- f taoldl / f taoldl I I I ;
Clear[i, a, m]
tlt = i2 z.i -2
i/ g, 10-6,1]
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Il . I t , t . , \ tx r t r r t , t x t \ I I 1 t t t , ' 1t rt t t l t t t t l . , l t . \ 1 " "

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(r)q()l)iopur(r ov 61er nporlyoup6vcrlq
ro 6volr(rrlls or)v(r,)rrl(]rl Oil,,rp,, vtr ortrptrttl.,,,,1,,. tlll' ,itrriitxtroitr oiryrcl'tolq
rtlg on.irr,, rrlv 1ri(u0r:l"orrpr; vu rrruo),oy[oor)lr{;,
rllv arlri[Jutuc rr"r:,,lv o/r()r' nptop6 tpopcbvlropiq vu undp(er
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opXtrcrlnlloor.;yyroq rlg l)rq{r otryrtrroq.
c' ()r ronrrr';qprcroBl"rltfgftou orqv'ouvd,pqo.r1
xpnorpozrotoripe uurq r;i'rrr ,,r
luoldrcr ancw-
tlrrtdllf / e_, c_] :=
lllldrl-ettaold, dDmI, i= 1),
If[f '[c] == 0, Reb.lrn["Error"] ,
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6propopro l.ioca on6 orcepoiouq
opr0pro6g'ror
0u,,rrro"ji,pr, ,,,,, / f ' laold] I ;
;uEw = Ntaold- ftaoldl
8rdpeoo trrlv opr0prilv uutcilv.
tftiteI
Ibslarew- aold] > e'
aold= aneet;
2.7AAAaE rvroAfg
Xpnorpsg ;lnehl = Ntaold- f taoldl / f ' [ao1d] I ;

rq o-uv61eru *+i;
. ovoq6poupeevo,olivol,o svtol"d)vor onoieqpnoporivv(r
krrl'rioouv -rrov npoypoppdrorv rr{r, Ifli > 256, Ibortl] l
f orn ofwulq poq, o),).d Kor ol rl'
nulrurol"oir0nonrnq por.1g
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erstl
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HvToAR
With lxl:=l*3
rf,o"1r, 1o-5,1]
rt,ed
rrprlr...., }.6rcqpaor1l
{;rerupl,nrnl:opfKn
[ r , t o - 6 t, * r ]
0 2 B 1 l rI O 2 at 1 . 1 3 2 0 5 n
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'p6g o,.q ronrrr;,
pctaplrlrrlq rou l"apBdvouvp6poqorov uzrol.oyr"pO ono(og ;u;tlltit:t rttv
,rli <6rqpaoqp. fiflpcr7[0.v0 ouv(Iptnon npoo06oupe wuv petpqtti i tl
Whilc. Av tl trllilltil, ttrlv
lleip66r:rypa. tulv uvurcurl"riroeovnou yivovtut p6ou otrlv
boe<rlv (snepdoet rtq 256 r6re 11 ertfleoq rnq cn)vcrpqoqg
tttthftt= t1, f +1]
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l

r:wol"r1ouvoqrlq tqq evtol"rlgAbort eivar q CheckAbort'

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2.7.2OtrvroAds
AbortxqtCheckAbort

X1lr1orltonou:itcn Av orl.l r\ttilrrr:ttr

crv0ri),oupcuo oro*o
i, ttttlltrnrivtrr r:vtolrl npdrtcr unol,oy[(ctcrt 11 <(;rqpuoql))'
6Lcrronrl )"ti"y<'lttlg r:vtol"qq
ryto;toir rtlg t':rqptrorlq uutrig 611ptoup"yr10r:(
 l(r]
I
t
I l 1 t , r , , 1 t t t 1 t , t t , t t t t u(ti tl to\ , l l t t l l t t , t t t r t t tri t
I 1 . . I t t t , \ t t t u t t rt x i : I |1t t t 1 't1rt1t1 ut t t a p \ I tot

A l l t l r t r r i r r : l ; K r t ; ) ' l : i r ( I l t l , , t x r p l r u < ' l,t,1r . ( - ) r r 2.32

I r n o 1 r o i 1 6 1 1 t vr 1u1 ;X l ) l l o l l l ( ) / r ( ) l t i o ( ) l ) l r r
rllv l:vr()l'li ('lrcckAborl ot() lrl)()lly()ri1tr:r,o nrrlttir\r;lTp(r,yl(r v(r r;fr(puviooull; r;r'l (t= 0; i =1;
Iuiu)lr(r ror) 0u <Sqkilvr:rrov ).(iyo iirrrronrjg rol) nf)oyl)dpl(rroq. ItbeltstartlocPl ; kint[1] ;

rEwttrr[f_/ + + i ; s + =i ;
e_, c_] :=
ltbdrJ.et{ao1d, arew, i= l_y, lf ti < 3, GotoIstartlocP] I)

fflf '[c] == 0, Retrrrnf"En]or"l ,

aold= N1c1;
rrEW= N[aold- f laold] / f t [aold] I ;
lft-ileJ
nopcrn&vcofi0p66s1TPcr6oo to i noipvetnpfq n ioag un6 ro 3,.o
prrcp6tpg
Abslarew- aoJ.dl > e,
label pt ovopooto
petaqfpetur ornv vroll1 nou ppioretur 6e(r& tou
aold= anew,'
oop.
dlrtw = Nlaold- f[aold] / f ' [aold] I ;
++i;
Checkeborttlf ti > 256, ebortl] l, .4 l'loporol\o0Oqoq rqg pongqIJ\qxql rou Xp6voutKTfIsoqSrov
kintt"lih.nblr of recursions rore than 256"1;Abort|l oypquuqrov pt rls svro^fgTraceKqlTiming
il; '"qpliornv porl erctfleonqr9v npoypaptltrirorv
vu e)"6ylouLr
Ilol.l"6qqop6qOel'outrre
arEr{l rtx
arunrotcirooup otu onoint"
ftxJ:=l*3 r r,; ; if.Yfllf:
evtolrl J:::,.0""
Tracc'
vatur 6zrotq0u 6npene.Aui6 to netulcrivoups lre rnv
rrrtcr[f, L0-6,L]
Nttmlx'r .,1 recursions more than 256
$Atxrt t r '.1 6rrppaoql H Trace nup&yerpra ),tota pe 61"sqttq erppdoutg fiou
rov untlloytop6 rtlq
Ipn6lpo7ro1rl0lrcuv Yro
<6tctppuotlg>
Puq.
2.7.3OrsvToAdS
Gotorql Label Ttou dlouv rqv
6r<ppuoq,popq{l fleprflei .lr6vo "', ercgpdor:tq'
- | lopurotul bivoupe 56o ewo)"6gor onotegeivo,rrco1,6vo o,Troqsfyovturytcrri oDTKtKplpsv"4 popqrl'
odqyorivoc Suov6qteql,rio'erq01ofioisg nol"ri Dforcol,u8rop0cbvovtor.
6r<ppo,or,1,s] fleprflei 6l'eg trq ercppdoergot onoteqX'pnotFo?rotouv
pe ro
ro,v6veg psrcroiliporropori nou ouv66ovto't
Goto[6vopcLabel] Metoqdper rov 6),eyyo rou fipoTpdpporog orrlv o6plpo),os.
svrol"( pe to Label nou 61erro ouyKrKprpfvo 6vopo.

Label[6vopa] Aql.rbvetto oqpeio oto onoto pnopei va perotpepOcio ;rlpo 2.33

pc rTlv Ipnon tqg ewo}"(g Goto
{}ueyl/Coq ( 3 +4 ) ' ( 4 - 3 )l
'12,
3+4, 11, 4 9 1, 1 4 - 3 , r j , 4 9r , 4 9 j
 l(r,l
I tt'r
, I t t t t l t h t r r t t r t h r t , . I I I h t , ' l t t tI t l t t t 1l . t l a . \ ]

)ro n r r l t r r n ( i v ( rr)r ( r l ) ( i ( j l ] l y ] l o
f l i r ' . n o r r 1 r rr:r [ , o r : r 1 l r if ] r l l r r i r r r r r lrl l : r l l v ( ) n ( ) l U
t r n o ) " o y i o r r l r r ;1r ' ; r p p u o r l( f r a ) ( . 1 t )
{:rqpuor.1
l Ynohryl(et qv dxpflodq rnt t:ntorp1;<p{rt r()v Xll(tvonotr
(CIPLJ)
liriir:yr: q Kcwptxt'lpov{l6uurr;(r;plcrotcrq Yt(rnlv
llcpridr:rypu 2.34 IluporcarcodrlproupyoirpepLa
ouvd,prqor nor) unol"oyi(r:rr,, r:rrr':Lr:ot1rqq d)x$po<rqq, Av
prcr(ipe ro o,Trori;1't;crp<r.
lt! K^*r r:l"cylouperrlv porl ercr6l,eoqg
tou rupoypdpporoqyro,rov uno),.yro1r,, v(r
0r';l,ougtr: $I9 tntotpngci povo o Xpovoq,pnopoirpr; vtr
r o u3 ! .
ylrdrlroupu: FirstfTirningfdrcqpoon]l Yto vtt pog
fac[n_Irtteger] := l,lcdrlel{p= 1, i}, enrotpftyct crn6 tr1v l"totu pe to 66o ototleltr {Xp6vog'
ff [n< 0, Rebrnl], onotfleopo) p6vo to zrPcitto.
f f l n = - 0 , 1 , D o J p =p * i , 1 i , 1 , n ] l ; p l l l
fact3l 6rlltroupyofpe ouvuptt'1oeig,0a' npfner vo, unoqefYoDpt ooo ro Strvrtrir rtq
(i rvr;r,(lcopig t6l"oq) 8roSrrooteq otrg onoieq priropeiv0. Frtt tr) ntrriYPrtltlttr
'lrvu,,
lba[fac[3] l t;ronoq eivur 6nc':g eiSopreoto nopdSerlpa 2.31 vcr 0t:ootrltt:t:r'tt
{l.rcl3l. uflr (rpro enuvul"rlyerov oto np6lpapp0 poq.'Evuq dl"l,oq tp6nog t:ivttt t'tr
M o r i r l e f { p $ r=, i $ } , r f l 3 < 0 , R e t u r n [ ] ,
rfl3=_0, 1, Dolpg_p$i$, 11.rovrrcd Av 6ql'crEr1n t:rtt':l"r;ot1lttrtq
6pru erct6leoTlgrTlq 8ruSrrccroicrg.
{ig, 1.3}l; i,l
lpi;6.1, 1], {{3< 0, Fatse}, lcrq civur nolu lpovop6po vu otopatd. Aut6 ;-tno1'roir1tl: \'(r to
Il lFalse,Returnfl, rfl3=- 0. 1,
Dolpg6=p$6i$0,{i$6, 1, 3}l;p$611, )up{rps qv ewol,rl TimeConstrained.
I I I3 0 , 1 . D o l p g 6- p $ Gi $ 6 , t i S 6 , 1 , 3 ]
I ; p $ 6 1.
I J 0 , F a l s e ] , r f f F a t s e , 1 , D o t p g 6= p $ 6 i $ 5 ,
{rS6, 1, 3}l;p$51,
l ) , ) l r ) i ; rp6$ 6 i $ 6 , { i $ 6 , 1 , 3 } l ; p $ 6 ,
{ D o l p $ 6 _ p $ 6 i $ G ,{ i $ 6 , 1 , 3 } 1 , TimeConstrained[drrppuon,Xp6voq]Yno]"o1[(cr rqv (dK(ppcfilD.
1 { 1 ! ) i ; j15} ,, { i $ G , L } , r L , 1 1 , p $ 6 = 1 , 1 } ,
{ { { p $ 6 ,1 } , { i $ G , 2 } , 1 2 , 2 } , p $ 6 _ . , , ,
ltupatcrct nlv r:xtdLcorl w
{ { { } r j , j 26 }. , { i $ 6 , 3 } , 2 3 , G ., } p $ 6_ 6 , 6 } ,
N u I t } , { p $ 6 .6 } , 6 } , 6 } napfl.0ct o orryr$xptPlt oe
<p6voq> or: ticutufr6l*rt&
Mn,'o,pe 6prrlg vo e)"6y{oupe p6vo nq rlpfg fiou fio,ipvsr "*
11pstaB},qtr1 p o.l\
lirdlr rr;ra erct6l,eoqg rou npoypdp parog'n.X. t1v <dxgpcotlr |!
Entotpd;tput
l,Xpovoq,6rcqpoo1z]
[6rcqpcor1
o fl)Yr(r;r(prldvo6qe0tf!91
Tl eclfact3l, p= 710P61.0$t.
_l
{ { l r $ u 1 } , { { t p $ B= 1 } , { p $ B= 2 } , t n $ B- 0 1 1 1
1
t1 pnopofpe v0 d"dyoDpe6l"eq trg uvo,06o"erg 2.35
trprbv nou dyrvuv p6ocr otrl ro ncrpd8erypo, TtoDenavqlerp6vcr pel,etqoapt:, trntll"ttli(tltr;tt: rqv
cntvdpqoq p6ocrlrou rel.so.tq(:) n.X.
prcq <nrvdprnoqqf pe tqv p60o6o Newton-Raphsonrctrt 0t':toup: trt5
Tlaetfact3l, _= rnq While tu 2 6eutep67"tnra
6;rr<rytc,trlv avorcfrcIoJoTl
_l
1 { p ' s g1 } , { { { p $ 9 = I } {, p $ 9 = 2 \ {, n $ e - 0 1 1 1 1
l

I lol'l'rig qop6g xpeta(6paots vcr unol.oyiooulr

rov 1p6vo zrou rcs,rovo,l"(r)or:rl
rt:vtptrcr1povadu czre(ep7oo'tcg rou rrnol"oytorrl yio ,ou uzol"oytop(r
r':rgpcoqg rt qs o,vri,ptqcrrlqnorr r';10rrpr; 1rrrr,,
iirlpLt"Pyrl0r;t. Trlv l,irorl ..,r(l
nlltifil"qpu'ur(r r:1'lxr;ro,l vo paq 6rilor:L11 r:vt.l"q Tir'irrg tqv,n.irr
xrrr
or: nptxiyuripr;vunulrtrr\r;iy1ruro.
,(l)r'lorl()rronloopr;
 l(r(r ]
1r,7
I I1rt r -1r y4tttlldtltr\ |

rEwton[f:_, e_, c_] :=

lbdlfet {aold, anew, i = 1} ,
qorrlorls
2.8EnqvqAqnrrxdg
If 1f '[c] == 0, Reb:rn["Error,,],
aold= N1q1;
arEr{ - NJaold_ ftaoJ-dl / f ' :
A o x r l o r l 2 . t l . l l ' - r l y r l o r r :r t r . a v r : t 1r u p o l ( o r o o u v d l p r l - l o n
[aold1 1 ;
TfueConstrairredt
lftrilel
f u c t [ n] : - M o d u l elfi : 0 , r : 1 ] ,
Il'[n:- 0, l,While[i !: n, i+*; r : r*i]l;
Abs[arerr- aold] > e, rl
aold= aneer,'
anlvr= N[aold_ f taold] / f ,
laoId] l f(rt rt oTrortileopu 0u enrotp6yst n svro)"ll :
) , Tablc[factfk],{k, I 0} l
2, Print["Recursion tjne > 2sec."];.Abort[]
eltol.rbv
Acxloq 2.8.2 floro ro rr,7ro6l"sop0rnq rKrfl"ronq r(l)v TropoKd,tor
il;
arErnl o) Do[Print[ }l
{x,y}],{x,2,3},{Y,^,3
a:0;i: I ;While[i<:5,a+:i;++i] ;a
f 1 x _ 1: = l * 3
nerrtcrIr, tO-5, t] ) a: I 0 ; e:Which[a:: 5,2a,a-:70,3a,a:- | 5,4a)
l { r . (l l r i ; i c t n t . i m e > 2 s e c . ) x- | 0; y:5 ; z:3 ; If[x>y, {y,x}, {x,y}] ; Inz<y, {t,J }, ly,z}7
) For[i: 1;Fx,i^2< 10,i++,t+:i;Print[t]l
l.lAlxrrtr'<i or ) a:0;i: 1;Whileli<:5,a+:i;++il ;a
11)Do[Printl{x,y}],{x,2,3},{Y,*,3}l
a:{ }; While[Length[a]< 6, a: Unionfa, {Random[lntcgcr'i l , l 0 i l i l l,;t
Mroporilu; r;ruioqqvo 6o6p rov r [ x _ ]: : S w i t c hI M o d I x , 3 ] , 0 , A , l , 8 , 2 , C I ; T a b l c [r [ x l . i x . l t ) , l 2 i l
Xp6vo TroD K0,rrlv0/,rrlor l.l CpU yra vu
trtrolary{or;rnlv pi(o prog sio.ooqq. m:i"2; {Block[ {i:a},i+m],Module[{i:a},i+rl] }
I)oIPrint[x^2],{x,8,5,-2}]
!lr-l:.*+3 a:0; i - I ;While[i++<:5,3+:i] ;a
Ttdnglnardtcr[t, 10-6,1+ I]] For[i: l, i<5,Print[i];i++l
( 0 . i k . t ' o r r r l , 5 . 0 2 8 1 1 , . 1 _ 0 - 2+4 a={ } ; While[Length[a]< 4, a : Join[a,{ Ranclonrl Intcgcr,{ 50' I (X)i I i I l: I
1.73205 n]
r [ x - ]: : S w i t c h I M o d I x , 4 ] , 0 , A ,l , B , 2 , O ' 3 ,l ' l , ' l ' a b l cr [l x l ,1 x . 2 0 . 2 ' l

2.8.3 Ns ypclrpei<iuvdptqoq nou 0a uzro)"oyi(etrrlv tr1tl1rr1''

x<l
f"-t
/(x):]x+t r<x<2
fzx+t 2<x
np6B]'qpurcdvovtugXpnono) rqq ewo]"r1qIf' 0) ttlq
l'.u0r:[ro ncrpandvro
iqWhich.

2.8.4Nrr ylratpr:iouvd,ptqoq nou 0o cntotpfqrct n uv6truttouqorcputoug

rirg rtnti ro I t,lgrtl 49, (lnotr n trrt';llattlqup0p(rq.
 r6H
l I
I l 1 n t l , 1 r t r . 1 t 1 t r r r t ( r f t. (1,t\, l l u l l n , t t t t t t t r
rr I t t t,i t h rt rt I rt.h r t., I | 1n t,'1tr1111u t t n1r\
I tt"t

Aoxrloq 2.t1.5Ntr yltutpr:iol)v(i,)nloll

ngrr gq unol".yi(r;rto riOpotolrcrr(,r\
oror1{:l(r)v
Furg}"[orugx. Nrrrrno].0yicrr;rr;
r(r)vororlr;i(ovrlq l"lotuq .lI,3,5 ft{; rl.lv olvcrpqorl audl ro dr0porolrrr
}

Aoxqor; 2.8.6 Nu ypoq_s]ouvdpr4oq

ttou gu uruoLoyi(erto yrv6pevo tr,rr,
otorXr:[rrrvprcg ]"ioruq x. Nc,^uzo],oyioere
ps rnv o.uvdpfl1or1ourl to
r(r)voror1{;i(Dv
qg },ioraq{1,3,5}. |rV61rr:r,.

Aorcrloq 2.8.7 No ypu<pei Na unof,ofotrt ro nl'qOoq tcrlv oqpeicov(x,y) nou uvt1rouv orov rcr)K,ltKo
ouvdpqoq nou 0u unol"oyi(a rrlv
c l0 ", Bdocrrou ovu8poprrcoft6nou Ji, pu arpifl.rrr
l"6yoq:
Ar:dopfvou 6tt rolpsr o zrupcrrd'tcrl
1( 'r \
x '," - - = lx u, , + ' l . x = 1 1 1 9
8iorco
rr-rrc)"rrc6
- \ )l v
..o ./l'-','
Up0o66vr-ur)"ou - n)"n0ogorlpeirovnou ovrlrouv otov
z 1000
Aoxqorl 2.8.8 Nu ypuqei ouvdpqoq
nou gc,uzuol"oyi(er unoloyioe-te norcr etvcn n rlpn rou 7t (nou roorltut fts ro epBa66 tou
crol"ou0ic,g rov n_oot66po rr1,
rcfrc)"ou).
c(")=s(n-r)- g(n-z)
rog eioo8o ttg
2.8.11 u) Nu yporpei ouvdptloq nou Ocr 8fletur
c(o=
) r , s ( r=) : |
-.".-^ rr I
ov ro onlrto
Nu flpr;0r:[
to g(10). ypeuuqev6q orlpeiou (x,y) rur Ocrunsvtd'er pe True'False
2 -.2
n1q 6)")"erryr1q'
:rcrtuvtiotorlo ltsoo orqv 6l"l.erryn;.4 +9 < I q erct6g
Aorcq.r{ 2.8.9 Na yporpeiouvdptr';oq
nou 0o unol,oyi(ertov n_oot6 6po rr1, (x'y) ruluic'rv npaypartxtirv
axol,ou0iaq Na iirlproupyqoeteptu triorcrprc 1000 (criy4
1 0;rdrvtetoru rbote x el-z,z],1e [-:,:] '
s \ n ) = _ g ( n_ t l + l uvrlrtluv ortlv r':l"Lr:tyt1'
unol.oyioete to nl"r1Ooqtolv oqpetc'lv (x,y) nou
c ( o ) =I p6vou6n ropiet o nuporcdtt'l)"6yoq:
Na ppeOei nou avrirtnrvotl1v1|{t,tyt1
orlpeicov
to g(10). - zrl.rl0og
EpFo66ve)'),eilyng
z+
. A l0(x)
Aorqoq 2'8'10 a) Na yputpeiouvdptqoq rt Trotoeivor 11trpq tou eppuSot trlq r';Ll"r;t1rt15'
nou 0a 661eror crrgeioo.o tr,.
ouwetuyp6veg sv6g oqpeiou (x,y) rcar
6o ozcrvtdsr pe True,Fals" irl"lnu,,r,l
6iro ctOlttrtv' q
ppforetot uvriorotya pfoa
otov rcurcl,rrc6diorco x2 n y) =t- 11 2.8.12 (@eropiuflutyvitov) Xe 6vs notXvt6t ptr:ta(f
ert6q rerr
rurl,rrcof 6iorou. 61errrlqe(t19:
B fncrt(r:qv rivqcq I
[i) Na 'qprcupyrlors p.o ].ioto pe 1000 (e6yr1 (x,y) v ro dtopo A nui(er qv rcivqoq I 6tuv to 6topo
ruloirov npu,ypo,trrc<ir' 1 Pu0P6,
cpdpdrvrdtora rirorex e to dropo A rceP8i(er
[_1,l],1. i_r, r1. tr'1vrcivrioq 2 6ruv to 6topo B 6nut(e qv rir'qoq
to titopo A nai(er
to rltopo A ldver I Pcr0P6,
B 6ncn(etqv rtvqoq z
to dtopo A nai(er t'qv rctvqoq I 6ta,v to dtoPo
to dtopo A reP6i(et2 Ba0Pofq,
to dtopo A ruai(et tqv rtvlotl 2 6ruv to
&toPo B enat(e tqv rcivqoq 2
tu dtolto A Xftvr;t2 Bcr0Proug'
 t/o
] I I. . I t, *\ t x, r,, t, t h ( )., I II I t t :1ttV qrt t ltl,llr;l
I r/l

A t ' 0 r : r ' r l l t l o o t riirtttt: o l r r r v r l o r .rrl.).\ , l r ( l h r ( i ) \ , Ar r r r l J r ; i v r rtrr r X r r i r(:r, i.r l i r l o r q . A t t x t l t r t r l t l ' l o l r \ r r l t t t l l | r r r 4l ' 4 ' t ' t . o h i : t ' t ' 't i t o r r l l l r r ' i r r r r i l t t t t o t '
t : t v t r t/ t l ) t t ) t ( ) q
/Ittiltvtttrv rt)tr(Ii(r ttg rtptr;qI rl 2). r,rrrrno]"oylorr;i ro u:ltiiogrou nrrir-nlA lrr.rrr , { ) , , , " , r r , . , n . r t r : it t l r ' n r t l r t t I t i t ' l t n r r l ' { h i t ' t 1r r A } ' r it i r : r ' { f t t
rrn(rl0(X),100(X), l0(X)(X). l(XXXXX) rrvrlor;r," nrrur';nur(r:. Nu rdvr:l; xprlorlrr1
t ' ; v t r vt r H t ' : l l t r trtrl 1 r t 0 1 ttot
orrvtilrrrlorlgunol,oyropofri;ptiorrgrtlr nuircrqA, nou nr;pryptiyu;.u; ficrlrunrivlr ; q o q 2 . t t . l 7 N r r y l r r r r l r .(i } r r v r l l r r r l o tnl r l t r 0 t r < i r ' : r ; r t r t
" ' ) 0 ' t t ' : t o t t tt i r o t r :
O r tr r n o l , o y i ( t ;l lt l ( t r t . t l r t i . i t tl r r l l r t t i o t v( r ' ' r ' ' r , ' r ' , ) p t
Aoxqorl 2.8.13 Nn ypaqei ouvdptrloq fioD eo,npooopror6varrv ncll)uh(rr{,, Xtq ouvfXctopu.tr1l]ori0r;trr
r.rl r.ri +xj =n (l-agrangcl110,lltl or;],.1t341).
tjurtirrcoia : a) eo 8qproupyei pro ),iotu al pe rouq quorKofq upr01r.r, orrtttq
1,2,3,...,n(to n 0u Sivetcnoq eioo8ogotq 6ru8rro,oiu),B) on1 ouv6p;rulrr rnlvtiprqorlgrrutrlq vu urro},oy(oetetrq tetpd8eq TIouuvTtottltlrrirv
SrlpLroupyr;lpto ]"ioru a2 nou 0a neprfxertc, otorlsia qq al erct6qan6 ro lo. \.. r i l ql 0 , l 1 , 1 2 ., . . , 2 0 -
-5u,...,-50o,y) crrcol.ori0cog
Ocr8qproupyei pra ),iotu a3 nou 0u neprer:r r(,
otorlr;icrlr1qa2 ercr6guzr6'ro lo, 3o, 5o,....5) 116ruSma,otu ncq<rq 2.8.18
ounl Ocrouvelfqr:r'r rnq popqiq {p'p+2} notr trvrlrottv
r)(r)g
6rou pefvcrpru ]"ioru pe 6vu p6vo otorleio, e) q ouvdptrloq 0u rlnorPi.,1,r N,i ltp,teorivtu (euydpranpcbtrovuprOprbv
r
ro ororlelo uut6. drdrorqpo [1,1000].
6i rot)
Nc Bpe0ofv or tprdbeq nprixrrlv cpr0prbvtqq 1 r o p q , n{qP , P t 2 , P t
Aorcqorl2.8.14 oto 8tuorrlpuI l.l 000]'
(r) Ncr ypotpei ouvdptqorl Trou 0u 661ercr og 6propu 6rio fiivrrrr ( c r n o t i ( i i t : r t tnrr o v l . ' r t l c t )
2'8'19 H ouvdptrlo'n 'f(x) =x'-J9r+1601
A t R" ' .B e R" * rcor0a uno)"o1i(cr
rov n[vuru t =lU AB O, ,B). (rl)ttlll()(r Ytrr
n1)tirto'-
"ypuqet ouvdptqorl TroD Ocr 661erur oq 6propu 6tvr:rnprbtouquprOpofgyru x:0,1,2,"' Ncr Bpeeeitl
fl) Ncr 6rio ntvrrr.r., onoio rl ouvdptqoq ,f(t) poq 6ivetorivOetoupt0pt6'
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trrruopofoou{:
rrnoquyoupetu d,yruorpao.n1vouvd,ptqotlLevel Ko,tvo,fXouprs:
- P -i ; P i P i
I-eveJ.lz,2l t. {0, ,-; ,tl,,*}
I 1 ^ , l
- t l
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X I z^ t '
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I X I - r
, I - I " )I {'t
{,r, y x \ y /
pnop3tlll
iirl),uiir'1
lrcrri 11ouvdptqoq cos 61ertqv r6r6tqtu Listablc
Apcot4pdtqro 3.1 flpoo"8mpiote to 6ev6po rnq 6rcgpuo"r1q ' oq, optop0 pto, ^tot(I,.
(r* y)'
Ko06q Korro ororleiu rou efirnf6oD2.
prtr 6txri puq
vu 8qproupyqooulLr:
6pcoquv 061"ope
r:gcpp6ooup ot pto l,iotu ; fluporccrtt'r 0r':totrltt: dvo
ourtlq.
3.2HevroAnMap unotroYtolttltr rol) Q6pou
3.2 0 tp6noq
ytc, ro oxovoPttr(l r';ros 2002 lilvetut

)-irvoi'o

u400
13400
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l' | | \'ty t t,lil t (t^ (r, | |1,',:,yny !1nnaSfri I

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q ot rrr. r . r r r o i i r l l t r r t turv r i o r ( ) l X ( r i 9 ( x x x I. l ( x x x .l 5 ( x ) 0 {
1 tt o 0 r ' r r o i r q r o r r v t r r { r o i rrX
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ltg
q1r9irtrrr;trrrrnrly irrr l': 1l orryriltttlotl ,\t't./lttril)ttt(,su)")"ti(ttrrltt)
lllrrirru 0rr iirltrrtoul-lyliooup{; ' AVri()r:rrr lll; rrlv ('lt'urAtt.rilrulc,s t\tuy1'rtitportltt:
Fro ouvol)rrlol.l fiou 0u uno)"oy((ur
rrv rp,,1,, ;cg tqg ouv(il)rl1(J11,..
rou ot)vliO(t)g
r;ro0,ii11;r(I,to,,
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:
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glx_l := !f,aidrt
x s 8 4 0 0 ,0 ,
Flat H o-uvdpqon lKovofiotsi tqv npooetotplorlKq r8r6tqro'
x < 1 3 4 0 0 , 0 . 1 5 * ( x - 8 4 0 0 ),
x s 2 3 4 0 0 , 7 5 0 + 0 . 3 0 * ( x - 1 3 4 0 0 ),
Aev pnopetvo Tivt al"i"oyr1oro optoporo rqg ouvdprnoTlq'
x > 2 3 4 0 0 , 3 7 5 0 + ( x - 2 3 4 0 0 )* 0 . 4 0
l H oDvdprqoq tKtxvonolsi filv ovtllrsraOem( rbt6tqta rcat
oDvtfiir)E6ev nai(ei p61"o11oflp& rcovoptopdtrov'
K(rtorn ouv6xsrtrv0,qopFoooupsrnv oDvdpfl]oqos l.ioru rou 00, 7rcpli;Xr.rrrl
r;roo(5lip0,rcr
rov 5 rr,r6pcov: Or npq rnE 6'uv&prrlqg 5w propofv va ol'l'd(ouv'
I
!@[9, {9000, 13000,25000, 22000,32000}]
1 , 3 3 0 . ,- / L 9 0 . t ,
( ) 0 . ,6 9 0 . ,4 3 9 0 . 3
'i 3.2 Nu ypoqet orlvdpflloll nou vtl unol"oyl(ct qv fltr6oroctl
g /o {9000. 13000,25000, 22000,32000}
rou Koprto'1o,vo6mfi66o1}{x,y} on6 rqv 0pxr] ro)v a{dvCIv rct
{ , ) 0 . ,6 9 0 . ,4 3 9 0 . 3
, 3 3 0 . ,1 L 9 0 . }
vtr cqcpiroo0ei q ouvdPqorl autr'1os pr(l l.lora l0 tula{ev
noD0vriKouvotO 6166'tnpCI,
[0,1].
Iqpt[tooq. Iq ouyrcercprp6vq ]"om6vfirpifiroloq I ouvdprrloTlpoq 6w ncprr:7r:r
rqv rlir6rlro Listable Ko,rouvrficbq6sv lrnopri vu erpoppooOei uzreuOeiugorrr
otory;(u qq ),totag. lpcnonMaperct6gan6).iotegpnopeivosqopFoo0r;(rutor:l:l(gpddm
ot:
efouUt 8eiter rcur otqv opp'1 rnq w6rnroq pur r';r<plrtroqX(r)l)tq't:rat
g[ {9000, 13000,25000, 22ooo,32000}] pog 6tvet pta liotcr un(l rqq
rtnttt:xtplxlclr:tq,
eni7[rao,6nou rdoe eninedo
'Otuv
w l l i ( , 1 r 1 1 q 010300,0 0 2, 5 0 a 0 , 2 2 a a a , 3 2 0 0 0 . | : 8 4aa, a{,9 0 0 0 ,1 3 0 0 0 2, 5 a 0 a , 2 2 a a 0 , 3 2 0 0 0I }r. . r
tptpdvnq 6rtppuoqq. l.orn6v q svrol'( Map tqupp(r(t:tct ot: pto
0 . 1 5 ( { 9 0 0 0 1/ 3 0 0 0 , 2 5 0 0 0 . 2 2 A A 0 , 3 2 A 8A400J 0 ) ,{ 9 0 0 0 , 1 3 0 0 0 , 2 5 0 0202, A 0 A , 3 2 A A A } . ; : t , , 4 t
ouotcrotmd etpopp6(etcrt ot Kd,fioto enine8o
qq {:Kppoorlq (lrtr4
/ , r 0, 0 . ' l ( { 9 0 0 0 ,1 3 0 0 0 ,2 5 a 0 a ,2 2 a 0 a ,3 2 A A A . 1 3 4 0 0,)
1 ( ) 0 0 01/ 3 0 0 0 2 , 5 0 0 0 ,2 2 a a 0 ,3 2 a a 0 >j 234AA, ri6q uvotpdptl6rovrp6Troorivtcr(qqrnq Map'
r / 5 0 , ( i 9 0 0 0 ,1 3 0 0 0 ,2 5 A A A2, 2 Q 0 A3, 2 A Q A l 2 3 4 0 0 0 ) .41
Itqv nupor&trri 6rcrPPaoq
Av nirl"r 0el"oupevo, fipooefooups rlv r6r6qru outrl otq ouvdpr1on g Ko,r\u
unol"oy[ooupsro i6ro o,not6]"eopa0a zp6net vo Kd,voulrXpqo1 qg ewo].r1q , (a+b)z** (*/y)t'*f
, ' 1
SetAilrihute:;. 1 - f l x l ; l
SetAttrililtes *b)'^l+Cosl\-\ I
19, Listablel ' \ y /
g[ ( 9000, 13000, 25000, 22ooo, 32000]1
( ) 0 . ,( ) ( ) 0 .4, . 1 ( ) 03. ,. 1 3 0 .7, 1 9 0 .
{ }
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trt
ll or)\,(il)illoll Mlrp lj{lxll)ll(}ql.l(rl oI() Itlt(i)t(r r:ttiltl:(i(] ill\ l:K{plrlr()ll ()r':l.oupll:ytrr nrtlrriilr'ty;lrl wr r.rprpprtr(tlflll; (ll or^'ri1ltt1ot1 Mltll .or: irlrt
( ] r t n l r i : n r : r\ ' ( r x l ) l l o l l l ( ) t t ( ) l l l o ( ) l ) l l rt:l l \ '
! r : i i r rr o r r n l ) ( ) t l , / ( ) i r l l r . \ , { nr ltrr f x r 6 t ; { l l l | r t ( ) i ,
( r r I i r ) ' , ( / , 1 r o o / t o i t t { : i X ( r l u(rj l ) ro r : n l ) ( ) r l y o i ) l u ; vn( r( r l ) ( r d r : i y p ( r r (nr .\ , r r r l I
v t'/ rl.i1MlpAll
0r;l.rrrrrrr l;e(rl)fri)o(r)
rI ouv(i[)rtloI ('os oTol)q6por)! [(ivo rol) '* + (x y) 1'']
* b) /
r;rlrr:iiol)rlq iijrogouvoprnongocri;loupre [cos, 1a i , ;I
"'L 1 1 ,

ury[cos, (a + b)'* * (* / y)\'" , {2}f

provooto np6ro ototlcitl Tott ltlrtirttttr
nril"r Ocl.ouprrv0 rlv crpuptrrooouprs
( ' ( ) 1. . rr b ; ( 1 r rxr;:,l c o s l 1 l t * l * l
, y , n1v evtol"q MapAl
t n.y. (a+ 6)" , 0u npdnervo 1pnotpofiorqooupe

11rou nptilrou Kor dsurdpou aftrn66ou t'*, 1]

* b)'* + (x / y)
[cos, 1a
I
\ r.,
ury[cos, (a + b)'* * (* / y)L'", 2] i't ,Coslta+b)'^l
J '
rtr:;lcosL
5a1 ,c o =Il z* c" lo "' l . . "' Ivj ;' - = l * J 1
ouvdptqoq oe pru l.iotu r1 ltttr t;xtpltttotl'
q r;vtoLrl Map etPaPP6(ar <<Prcr>
rtnr'r ltt('
:i avti0eta va, 06l"ouPe vcr erpupp6ooupencptoo(trt;1lr;q
ALLr;gpropqfqn1gMap 8ivovtsr nupurc6rro: ttlt'
oe 6v0, p6vo otorleio. fra tov oron6 o u r o X l ) t l o t l t o n o t o i r l t t :
Through.
MapAllfouvdpt1or1, H Map erpopp6(erqv o'uvdpqo'Tlos 6).rr rrr
6rrppaoql otorleiu 6l"rovrrov enrn66ovqq 6rcrppoot'1g. Through[plf1,f2][x]l * r ott* " .tv p[fr1* I'r :1* 11
11ouvaprqorl ll@
rvtt;tttlocou
6rqpao.q pa 3.4 Na unol"oYrotouvor rtpr6gttr-lvrf) lT(')v()[ It:rll txrilv ot
), cos(x),tan(x) Yttxrnv :nY\xl2'
MapAt[ouvcprlon. H Map eqapp6(errqv ouvdptqoq oro otorp:itr
6rgpooq, 06o11ororletou lre fll auyKrcprpfr,r1
06oq/06o'eqoqv 6rcqpuor1, [{Sin, Cos, Tan} IUr-/21]
otqv frtppooq] Av 06l"oupevo seopl"rooOeioe nopcndvt,r rrn6 0, tlomplexlnfinitY]
pto 06oergOcrnpfner vo nq tonoOerlo'oufrr;dG
MapAt[ouv6pr4oI, dyrrotpo. ilote 6tr q {Sin,Cos,Tan} eivcrt [or1 ptt: ttlv
rct
l.istlSin.('os.Tanl
drcgpaoq,{06oetg ] | I' i/2 | | [()r) p(rg l;'Itoll)d9$t ttlv
u1v Through[List[Sin,Cos,Tan
rl1outrre
otorleirrlv orqv ( l

drqpaorl)l
lPil2),Cos[Pi/2],Tan[Pi/2]1.

MapAtfouvdprloTl,
6rcgpaoq,{{06oeq 3.3 (Krn6monot4oqayyl"ucof crl'rpupt'1tou)
ororXeirovoalv
rirgpaoq),{06oetq pru l,(otu a pe 6l,ouq rouq Xopol(t(peq too ny1l"troil
ororleltov orlv
d r g p a o r l | , . . . )l , H ewol4 CharacterRangepoq poqOderoro vo 8qproupytlooDpslrto
;; yparrrr;t t", .yvl.* llA""'c"''l
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x t tr I I1tr t;1 try 11tt tt tttlte\
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cvriororxorcd,
6rrca; rcu,c xcrr)crKr4r),
or.v
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: :'.,,^":; il
liffi:#'. "*lfiilT^ffii#il" dffi;lffi'#t;' r*p * r rrl 1,,,f
*o' ";;"';
npo,r*vov
x*fA?n#m;:*r5'"n'Ji o1ap
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1,r
rnouirvrcrqfvuv rtrvtivu rrvrrrurtioroolq
ffilA + z /. Plus-+ Tfues
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oe lopurr4po.
qq etvo, rromvvuv
u*la9,,rrccHe
lrdtLr'rpuzrer gercbdtrca
rcd rcci,arrca
zr
, sr fl
ncacterCode[rccilSu<ag
ASCII ].

3.6 Nu Sqproupyrloete ouvdptqon TroD0u unol"oyi(erto n!

. llpcirto,0o npdnervu 8rlproupyrlooupepru l,ioto lrr rouq opr0proirq
3.3HevroAn
Apply d('rsn. Aur6 0a to nenirloupsps rrlv ewol,rl Range[l,n]. Itrl cnrvr';Xr;rrr
0rr
Eivut yvrr-lot6un6 rpo4yoripwa : rqv ernKqa),i6uqq l,iorcrq ps rrlv snrrcsqcrl"i8u Tinrcs yl(r v(r
napa'c(r'ara orr uv_d1or.,pr upr ro crnotfl"eoputou yrvopfvou rcDVcrprOprcbv
Fro ,ropr.,r{/.rl uurritv.
lt:J;,I J'"',"#,^J.i:#iln j I'uun,
*u,p
or.
i6air qoJpoo,o
o,1,n,,,','
ffi :ffi rrqetnl l
Ilsad[x+ y + z]
Dt,,^

pto,fioDq nopdorooTl llF.(I truro p7[opoDor v0 l"u0si ror pe 8ru6rrcnorurrinlroyllrrlrlurrurpd

x+y+z uvuototyeiotq
ouvdpnlorl plus[x,y,z]
np6.
ElrllFo:rn[x+y+z] I := ltbdrle[{i, p= 1 ) ,
P-lus1x,y, zJ =p*i, {L,L,n}l;pl

u1s o.uvdpqo.nsApply eivcr vr

l::1u,
ovnrctuor4'.ups
out,*otoorrjooups?nuuor*r,oo.n{En 6ciloer triv 6uvor6rnr(r
tqvenrreqar"iao,7qnola#:d;n,Jli^nollff"Jliin,,
-n--^^L-loE \,(r
c efrcol"avo, Trrr,po,rnprlooupe
flq onpo,vrtl(iq <\urtpO1lrig
orrluq 1t6v(}r4
pof petu(rl oovcrprnoto,rcofrcur 6ru6rruourrori npolprrltlrcrtopori
Applylfl nupriotao.rlJ
Av-rtrsorotd qv Kot rnq svoopo,r(DpsvTlq ouvdpnlol1q rol) Mathcntatica yr(r r()
eauce<pal"i6o
((fi0prrorrrorl? pr rc6,oro ouyrcercprtrrdvonopd8erypu.
rnv f.
r @@nupaora]
100000!lI tll l

Ilapd6erypc 3.5 Mnoporipe ft100000l t t1l l

srirco.tr"c
vo al.l.ri(oups rnv ezrrcerpa,2,idc
napanavoto"uvdprrlo4gps nls rd
r1v Times T.X.
gt100000lltt1ll
I k ' r ' o ru l
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)-t t t',,I' t tl,t t, tx, t'- I I1t r t,'1t,t1t1ttr rla;tr\
l

o r t r 0 r ; 1 1ot t1; o A t l t t r
r t r V t t l r r t l o r ; t tqi n t ' t qt t t r i l ; ( n ( ) l r( ) l ) f . , { { l l r : d l 1 r r , r , . 0r r; irr : r , r t ( t , t o l l ' i ' l , o l l l rl 1t r l r r l t t 1 ' 'l t ' t t n r r l r r t l t r ; v t : t
o t ( ) / r l ) o l l y o l l l l l r \ //(r)( r l ) ( i ( i { ; r y l ttri./ r . r r y *,,, t',, I'trvrrlrr:trir-r;r(ll o ()l)tC'ltti'' tqg npoxt;tpfvt-ruvc
u n r i l l x . r r vu v . , 0 r ; o r ; rrgr l r r i r r ,r. l r i r l ) , r i r o r ; r , . ,,r rlr() t() n1l(ry1rrl1t1trl,
o r r v u l r r r l 0 r ; r , r) l\{/ ; o r ) } h { ; 1 1 r r t r r r0: r\ , o r rr{.1 xrrtvtltilttt;,.ttlti:g ytrl ttr M l.Ml.lt' Atrrti irlLtr-rg ;'tnope[vu fenepuortt ov
r r v r r l t t i ( t r v r t(t)lt t ( ' - l i t t \' '' t l l t o o r r y r r : r l r t r r r : v r r
o r ( ) < i r ; r t rtir t r ; 1 r ,o,-, , u o l ) v ( t r r r r ( r ,r r v ronottloorrtrtrt h.(lvt)\'riq trvrtottliltlollg l[ou 0u touq 6oupe nro cvuLutrrcd
ttttc-lirrcr r\r;v r:pquv[(ovrur ri],],r;r,
purup]"r1tfq nupd c,rr,;g no. iirl]"rir't,i,rrrr
rrllrou;1rritou [oov. 0ttoLt{:vo Kt;Q0A(rt() 1I.x

prr[f/ Ml, t'2, R]

ll r:vto).rj Apply prnopeivo
Xprlorponotq0eiKor or patJlpatrrcfq r;rtplrriorrr,, Ml* D2
r:vr;1'rytilvrug
oag uvtiotorleg urr,*rqoii6rq 9.81 -
rc,lv UttOOUV0,pTllO{t(,)\, /rotf R2
iirllrroupyorivro,r
or 8rdrpopueziins8anp6. 8l Ml M2
R2
apply[elus. (a * b) ,* * (* / y)1,", ( M! -+ 1 , tlZ' -+ L0 , R -+ 100)
{I}f
, rr b r ,2x* i.l
(MI + 1, N2'-+L0 , R-r 10)
1
Apaotqpr6tqtu 3'4 Na Srlproupyrloere oe ruupnndvr'l
alrr0pto6q'xrq ouv6leu rcdvovtaE ;'a ).ioro p ro,g r0 zprirrr qporitrrenupcrndvol6tr 6tcrv 06l"oupevo ovrtorotfiooupe
xprian trlg Appry vo unol"oyior:tr: vu yiver yrcr rdee pto
d0potopatclv oprOprirv prcr petaB),r1t6guvdototXeq trpfg, 0u npfner
a,urcbv.
Kot 6Xtopa8rrcaun6 popqri )'iotog n'1'

. {8, E, R} -+ 11, 10, 1001

3.4OrrvroAds 8l MrM2
ThreadxutMapThread
R.l
46 uno0r':ooupu;611dXoupe 8qpuoupyr.loer
niv nupd,o.tuol1 t\r;v tolirr;t yttr Aiott:g'
6ev pnopei vcr yiver yrutt o rcuv6vcrquvtrotoiltlotlq
Ml* l'12 petaBl'qt6q' t:pn(riito <ttrtit ltnolrui v(l
f . 9.81 ltovo Yto ptpovopsvtg .To
R2 t"qv Thread'
rei pe pru rcurvoriproevtol"",1
9 . B l M tM 2

Threadff[args]l Aruoneipertqv f oe rc&0cl,(ota fiou slrgov[(stol

"args"'
rct 0/:l"oupe va unol.oyioouprs rlq
ap6q qE nu,pd,oraoqg yro ouyKsrcprtr':r,r:g
o'ta oPioPot0
rtlrrig rorv peruBl'qtrirv rne n.x.
Ml:l, M2:10, R:r00.'Evuq rp6noq e[v'r
'rl pe
11rr1crrproruo
u1oorrp ewol"6q avdOeoqg n. Thread[f[args],hl Aruoneipei rqv f oe rd0e a'wuetpevo
1. oto
enmerpol.i8o h ro onoio l"tqovi(utot
! d ' = L i t t Z .= l Q ; R = 1 0 0 ; 'oargs".
opiopota
f
ps
0.00981 f[args],h,nl Arooneipei rnv f oe rdOe crvttreipwo
n
Ml = 1; I'Q,= LO; R= 10; unr*r,poii6o h to onoio epquvi(etot oto npdlta
"args".
f opiopatc
0 . ( ) ul
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I I I tt )ll tt !.ttl tt | | t'tlttrl i

l'hrcltlIllargsf,h.-rr t \ l \ , l ' i l ( ) l ' \ ' t l l V l ( ) l ( l r;ttt rr;tptri.i.irI

I Arrronr;i1rr:rnlv l' or; rri()r: ( r \ ! t t h t . t l l t ; t t l I r , r O t l i t l t t , t q , 1 ( ) l )t . , / t l l r l l l t l f r t ' r l t l l t f r n ( l t '
l{)(}lll'\ (x)(l K(11rll ottttlt;tti notr
r:nrxr:<pul.itic
h ro onoio r : l t ( p ( l \ ' i r tr (t |, l xtttt,l) rt'ltr. (ll)t(, (rVt1/lltltlloVt'rl t(l(ll'\

n ol)iopur(r..args".
Tr:fu;l)T(ri(r t ( ! t o r ( r t t P i o l t r rt ( , l l l . t l l ! l t \ l l l l , n l h l ' ( { ) ( ' I i ( ) ( t '

'l'hrcadl
1largsl,h,
{ n,nr} | Aruonr:i1lr;rrllv l or; rti0r; r t t , r t l r : i 1 r r . l i l ft{x1, fl, x3J, YL, 12L,72, z3}ll
I i , ' y ' | ,/ ' \
t;nrrr:gol"i<5uh ro orroio { ; } r ( p { l V f q r ; y l , . r l , l l x . . , \ , I
rtrl
olrfciputu"args" rrnirn r,;<rlq
m. rllv
{hr nlrr';nr;tvu npood(oupe 6n nui(xr onl-tovr1K6p6}'o q oetptr lt{l
oto anotftrcopLu tl'1c
divotrlu:ru optopoto,, pto ro'r uutrl Drutqpettor
I

llopri6r;rypc 3.7

3.9 Nu unol.oyrotei n rllli rnq ouvcrprnorlq

threadt {1{J,, Ite., R ] ;
{L, 10, 100}l
l M l 1 , M ? t a ,r i 1 0 0 1 f (',Y)='lr'+Y'
f /. TtueadtiMl, [ 2 , R ] + triq evto)'qgThread'
(1,l) . Nu ytver1pr1or1
{1, 10, L00}l
0 . 0 ( ) ( )l u
I . t
va_. l : = 1 > f + \ f
llulrtrruriv<rl (rrr .l.hrcad
[]].r';norrlu; 1rr;rrlv <rvrrotorrlritru;or: r,.riOr;
otorr:rrl {h o g /. rhreadl{x, Yi -+ {1, 1}]
^:l:r rc rrvrior.rX. or.rxr:i. i rrlg-,Sr;rirr:'r1,,
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1rr tpooncrO(oervo unol.oyioertqv pi(o tqq oovdprnonq
pqrrrirg aprepoirg. Trlv ondvtrloq oro fio,po,7rdvo epcbrqptu otiyrcl-rollr ilrr
0u o6lyq0ofpe oe atfppovoug
grntlltor'roc,pe vo, 8cbooupe ps ouv6uuop6 evtol-cbv 6ro,6rrc0oruKrir rrtl n6i 6proq q o16oq g'[x]>l yro' x:1,
(Alt+' q Kernel-
orrvuprqorcrrcou Trporpopp0rtopori. Ag uno0600ups yr0 nu.pd,8erytrrrrrrr roug onoioug rccrt0a npfnetvu otopotqooups
unrrrroirpe rov unol"oyrop6 qq pi(ug tou 2 pe arpiBeru E=lO r'. 1,,1; [:valuation).
prnol'roirpcvo XplolpoTroqooupe trq nupu,rd,tot wtol"6q : :=>?*2
:=x-f[x]/f'[x]
k=2; tg, 1.01
YUife[aUstnest[f , 3, k] - rsttf , 3, k- 1l I > f,P, k= k* 1] ;
t{sstlf , 3, kl
trg
|.414).1 3.8 Nu DnoloYios,{spt tqv p60o6o tou Newton-Raphson
T r l qr ' - 5 x + 6 = 0 .
'l'u
iir:rirr:por;pdrtrlpo,qq rinup(qg o-6yrcl"ror1g,
rivol rcu0apd po,Oqpurrxrl* nou 8ivetor
gt'rrrrlq,
'lrlouv
6er10eirravdq ouvOr1rceg Nu lpqorpofiottlosts rov dtno tou Newton-Raphson
yux rrlv oriyrl"roq qg -r: / (\ lor,
OOpsv;'nopd8eiypo ytu f (x)= x2*5x+6 Kol vu opioete c'lqopxtl(d
rdtorov rrlrr0ptia, 6nroqq rng :
ruv rcovtdonq pi(eg.fru tov orconoatrt6 pnopt:itt:
ite tqv yparprrcqnupdotaoq olq ouvoptl1tllq'
ttAv q r:(tor'rrr1":.f (*) 6xertr1v (dyvr;rotqoe praq)pi(a a,6noufeivtrr
l.rrr
fiorxrT(')liorlul
ouvdpqoq oto 6rdor4po lo-h,a+h], ylo,rrlv oroia roxrx;rirrl
./'(.r). M <l,x efa*h,a+/z] rcur xo eivu,revo uuOoipsrueni'tylttvo or1|r:io 3.9 flpoonu0{oteva unof,oyioetetov 20o opo rnq oKoloo0[oq
tou tiruor4pc,roqfa-h,a+hf , r6rt, q uvuyoymq cmol"ouOiax,: /'(r,, ,l
rnryrl.iver pov6rovu Trpoqrnv pi(u a:> Fn = 0'4 =l'Fn = Fu-'+ F'''
popqq nw6rtov oq
H napcr&vcl orol.ou0io pnopei va ypatpei oe
To Mathematicaoe neprzrtcboeqpr1oriyrcl,roqg(eite ytod (ercrvr1oo,ps lm crplrxrf
orlpcio pq rordl'1,r1),o,eite yruti 6w :rrr,upyetnpcrypotrrc6gapt0p6g otov onotrr
<nryrcl.(verq arol"ouOiu ,, : .f (*,, ,)) o8qyeite eite or ut6ppov.rrg ( q , ) ( 1r ) r 4 ,r)f i ) _ r r )
unol"oyroporiq,rouq onoioug rcq,rOcrnpfner va otapc,n]ooupr pe (Alt+.) ri orl
oJ[n .]'l,r.J-l.ol
[4-,.,l=['
pqlopara overflow. Ag 8onpdooup Tro,napd8erypuvo unol"oliooDu.{)nlv
lrixcdPointyro rqv ouvdprqorl x2+2 pe apprcr1ouvOr]rcq1.0. H crva,8potrrrxil
urol"ou0icr x,,=x1,,+2 anorcl,iverrcur ouvezrrbq0a 61ere og o,zrd,vrqorlrrr
prlvupcC)vcrflow.
 -' I l 1 t , ' , 1 t , r , 111 111 t t tt t t . , t r t r t l
l , t t l t , r t t ,t t , , , t I II tt't'lil rI t!utt t.tfri1

3.8EnqvqAnr#erg Turv
Udou, vroAdv
FoldxqrFoldList.
l, {a, b, c, d}l
ll r:vr./.rlrr.rcr1r.rri(r:l rrv r:r,r.)"11 - r i ' l
l'; Ncstprr;rrlrrrirr*p.1rri
rirr r;rprrlr',,.,
or:ouvulrtrlo{;tg noI)<\r;Xovrtrrt\rioo1-liopLuro yl(I {;v(r.
cr.vrl
to
cuv&pflloq q otoio Ocrunol'oyi(er
lotrlpr6olto 3.10 Nu brlpnoupyqoete
Fold$ x,l,io,tol Fold Ko'trqq Range'
H ouvdpqoq f erpoppo(crapXrrcd
oro or()ryr,l{r No *6vrte Xpnontqq ouvdptqolq
nputo orotXe[o14q).iorug.Ir4 orrvr:;r
rrr
r:i:popl-roEsl
:*
oro i[ponyoritrrevo cnor6],eopr(lrrrr
deilrepo otorleio tqg l.ioruq rc.o.rc. 3.1I
pdyroto peta[t 6fo
Foldlist[f, x, ]"iotul flap6poro ps rTlv ouvdpqo.q Fold pe o'uvdptqoq notr va uruo)"oyt(ettov
No 8rlprroup"yqoste
tqv <\rrrtpr
6tr epquvi(er tlr popqq l"iotag <i].rr n.1. maximumfa,b].
.poE ttlg
tvot0,F.t60,unotel"so.|.ruro. lro: va unol'o1i(er to pfyroto otorleio
Na 8rlproupyqoeteouvdpnloTl
maximum rtrt Fold'
x r&vovtog X,pnonrov ouvoprqo'ecov
lluprlOaypa 3.19

Flold[f, a, {b, c, d}]

t{tltl,rb , l , c l, d l
lbldl.isttf , d, {b, c, d}l
llapo6aiYPoro
nou unol'oyi(er tu lpuppcrtcr notr
i , r , t l , r l ,r l , f l f [ a , b ,] c l
, f f f l f I a , b ], c l , d l ] iDerypa 3.21 No ypuqei ouvdptqorl
nou ep<povi(ovrot'
;q;;;t oe 6vtxstring ruocbgKot rrlv oulv6trltu
Alryrxri rrnol"oyi(eror r1trprl qE 'Eotor 6n 61ouPero stnng
ouvdpqorg flx,y] pe apprrl uprl yro
t:vtir uplrrrj 'pr1 tou y eiva*o ro x r. jrl
b ,ro, anote'ei io npaio oro,luro
qg ).forrr6
fb,c,d|. Iq ouvdlsra I rltiq nou tyet ,_1,"y_eri"JU,. r',tilikos l(aran;=t:kis"
ro llrr.hl,
{cv'glqorponoreirur alg 6protrro,o, ", evrir 11rcarvo{rp.o kos KaramPetakis
6t:titr;pr crrrrleio qg.l.iotog npri rou y eivrrr rrl
{b,c,d}, dni. ro c Kor ouvrncirquror"oyi({;r(. ro
ff ff a'bl'cl' Me tov t6rc rp6rl otl"lvlt(rl)(lK/rtol]"tctc
*;'"d;rg en6pevo Brlpo unol"oyi(et'r rtr yp&pputcrun6 tu onoicrcnotsl'eitur Bpiorcovtcn
flfJf[a,b],c1, dl.
Ll
r Ctraracters;a1
Ilapri6aypu 3.20 K, a, r, a, m, P7 r t, a,
k, i' s|

Ebld[plus, O, {a, b, c, d;1 ncripvoupe tu 8tcrqopettrir lpdtpptttr(l ?Iol!

tponorrilwuq tqv wto)"r1 Union
a r b r c + d
((ovtot ornv ,t"1or0,

rro naprrndvoncpdSetystu,^npatctunol,oyi(etor plus[O,a]

ro to
-ri*t.
onoto r;iv'r io' tldot1a1
Iu: a. ItI ouvdlctcr uno).oyt(etur ro plus[a,b] .0rr,,,.,, k, K, m, N, o' Pr Yr sr
t.l
dlil;li ,,, t dt e, i,
l'lusfaI b,c] 6r1]"crdn fCl"og rrrrol",,yiqi;trr,,u' plusfaib+c,ctl
1+b+c.
fl I b I c td' Ol'a ru r:vtiuipr:o,r tirl]"rrriri
an,rt,:l,r'r.r1,,rrn
,r1,,pour(ovtur p{; r'v r,..14r,istn.y.
 rfr, /
Litr'tytrtloruxtt, I lltt ti,Tttytlunnyll I

M r : r r l l ' ( ' . r r r r t 1 r n . 1 r . i r 1 r r ., r r u n . l o y i o r r r l r r ;
n r i o r : q g l o l l r i qr : I l ( p ( r v i ( l : r ' r[ ' r h
y l ) ( r l l l l ( ro r l l \ 1/ r u l ) ( r l r r i v rI ,iro r r r
n .X .

Cor:ntIc, "a"]
1 trnol"oyi(otr1u. I() rttrv0)r,0 r(1r\r x(11)(tKIlllx')v ofi() Tol)q 0n0irttr,,
;)'t;irtrt :
t1rcal'frepozaipvoupeto (eriyog(xoparcu1pu,
al"r100g
tpopcbv
nou epgarrio()r1r.r
I Cluracterslal
t'a", Count[c, "att] I, K, O, S)
{ ]
{a, 1}
tnrvr';g:urpeta,tpdnoupt rouq lcrporctrlpeqoutoriq oe rcot6rrcoug
upr0ptni,,
q u)"),rritgrcd,vovtag
Xpnot1 uvritr.up4g ouvdptrlorlg

{#, Countlc, #l } &["a"] nrttenlt{ry lTocharactercocb, b] l

'75,
1a,1i l\, 19, B3j

trov nc'puzdvr, svtol'6v pag odqyetot4v i q petatponr1 trov uprOprbvuutrbv o-fprprovups rt1v o,vrtotttiltlotl notr
ouvd,prqoq(oe poperr ;t q dorrlorl :
li";;t*n

freq.urcl/tlist_l := h t u c a t S # L +4 , 2 6 1 + 6 5 e , c l
ItlaPtt#, @mttcharacterstlistl 70, 80, 14, 68)
, #l ) c, ttrrionJCtraracterstlistl Il
frlqLErcytal yivetor rl prorpoTrr'1
rcrrvrcol8trcbvASCII oe 1a1r(rru1l)r\ K(il t1 i:Vrrnq
((( I, \1, {{a},3}, IOp(Il(rrlpoJv.
{ { e } ,L } , { { i } , 2 } , { { k } , 2 } ,
( ( m ) ,l ) , { { N } , 7 } , { { K } , L },
{ { o } ,1 } , { { p } , I } , { { r } , 1 } , i i s } , 2 } , I ElcnCharacterCocb, d]
{{t}, lr
F, P, J, Di

l^:,11}:lul_l:11_)'.lpdryeleouvdpaloq
(one_liner)
nou0s ul.onou;(
r lel
'i#
;:1,::,:':.,:i19.::":'::,:"irnono"5i;;";;;";;;;#;;"r::,,;
;drr*;-;il],#;:;
**:,::"T":.,':.
u' u ::lls^:*'s d #;6*;'i*' ;;: ffil.
j:
;1,:',,T;1'" ll:i11-"gu"r",.,' f ;ftrr" #;"
";;',{:" #:i
;; ; rrbpa arcol,ouOrirvtoqovttotpo<pq 8rcr8trcaoiavtr 6qtrttttttlrytiootrltt:
+:'J.r"llj::.^:: *'6,*o,if
-?l:."totxooq illli IIls uvI nou (qtdetq dorc4or1 :
,{"x??:1":::j:'i:}:: :yu""i \u:,:?\\oer oercdoe
rcrr,6rrc6
apr0p6
u,PLvFO A
,/\
perutpenel rousv6ouq
apr01 l. Xuvrivoro4rrov laparctrlpov fioD Bpiorovtur otrl l.totu e.
ipfi :l :::t:"Jlliil
f;1lll",::",t:r:rff
:,11.,'-"Te'"'cr'"*;;;;"6";;;;';;::r"'I
rcrpouotd(srevcopevouq
ry ! ?uvuiEu ji r_Strirgl : = StrirgJoinlel
(StringJoin).
Aarivtqorl' 'Eotro
6tr ro string nou Ofl"oupe vo rco8rrcozorr.1o.oupe 2. Avttrut&oroon rou e.
rcrpcrrcd,tot
: civ'r
r_Strirql : = StrilgJointtvS>tElcnCharacterCocb, dl l
 ttt't
! t , t ' rt l t r t l , tt r t r r ,\ I I 1t , t , ' 1t rt1t1t ' | | t t \ t . \ I
l l r i l r u 3 . A v r r r r r r t r irr{i r ( ) t rl ( ) r ,( l
o&ta Strirgl :=
StrirgJoinlt@tEtwcbaracterCode, Ktgqoxllotfg.
EnuvaAqnrt
I,bpttbdts #L + 4, 261+ 65&,
cJ I l
Brlpu 4. Avrrrcurd,ottrorl rou t \ c x r ; r t r (t r ) qt ; ( 6 o 6 oF u t
c. 6 q 3 . 9 . 1 N t r t i r l l r r o r r l . , y r l r r ro: r r :v r r l r n l o t l l o 7 I O i 0 , 0 u
codeta Strirgl :=
.\r;6op6;vcov X. Hril 0rr trno).oyi(r;rtov pti;ooopo r(DVorotxl;i(r)vrnq )"ioTug.
String,Join rtftl-l
t l'bp t EbcnChraracter0ode. ,Tuplfir0]o.rl n0rr r1],ioru r;iv<rrxcvt1,v0 sltqoviottt tog uruorr';].r;opurllv
l,bptttcdts #!+ 4, 261 + 65&, ElattentfrlrytfoCtraracterCode,
bl I I I l to
Nu rcd,vetaXpnon rnq evro)"tlq Apply Yto vcl unoloyioete
Lcngth ytu vtl
B{pa 5. Avrrrcstd,otcon rou
b. rov orotxitov tqq )'iotuq Kot rq ouvdprrlorl
codeta_Strirgl := tc,lv otorleiov rng l"totag'
loete to zrl"riOoq
StrirgJoiltlr@t ftcnftn::acterCoOe,
lept!'rcdis#1 +4,261 +55&, cogeloo8o fvu 8rdvuopto
Elatte'tl'gptrocharactercocb,characterstar rr16q 3.9.2 Nu ypuqet oDvcrprrlonnou OcrS6Xetor

Eqappoyli
codeIr'Nu@s"]
,,

ot onoieq6tu0ctouvnr pctuBL4rfqn'X' '

n cnrvuptqocrq
fl.l;:";ll :
EFPJD I i
\ /-,(\'x,'"''x'"))

Ocrunol,oyi(tl rov 7livo'Kcr

AJ, AJ', at)

Ax1 Ar, or,"l
.
I
af, af, af"
- l I
G ' 0",. 0*r. *,*I
' l
% % aJ. I
^ l
ox.
dt, o', )
ol' xr nlq
pt to orlpBol"o 8rll.rbvoups tqv napdycoTo crlq fipoq
a-.
l'.
. Ncryivet X,pnontqq ouvdptqoTlqOuter'

ptu ouvdpttlotl
or13.9.3 Nu lpcrqei ouvdptrloq nou 0u 661etarroqetooSo
ptu ap1trcqnpoo6yytoq qq pi(ug tqg f vo
rccrt unol"oyi(::,-t:tl
liq']t]t
notr
irlq'pe tqv p60o6o rou Newton-Raphscln n'1' root[f-'{x'x0}l
tqq pi(trg r:ivat t1
Orin f'e(aptcrtat an6 trlv x rut upluq npoofl"ytoqq

upr0p(r
3.9.4Nrr unoloyior;u;tov 1'rqt(r
 4f 0 : lllxqyxtl4utrrtli)\or.t M.tth.,ntttttt
tt
| Lin'ty t rrlotrtx iy I Ip ttyy ryqtr ?tL_ | 4 i l

Nc llrrlotlronorq0cl q ouvnppq Fold or: rnrvdtxrolt(rll|: rll\r

I q adclitionnorr6r1pror4ry{outc,
l '
t+ I
l + 1 3.9.8 Na ylrurpr;iotrvdrlrnynlrrttt (kl K(r)dtKottot{:i
cva string ouf(p(r)v
r*l ruro f(x):[[5x+ 4 lnrotl26lI 65 (tir:qrtrpd6r:typo3.22).
J Xprlorponclilor; rllv r:vrtll"t1(lharacters Trousfilorpect ro yptiltpttrto
p Xprlol qq evtol"rlqNest. ptuq l"iorcq
Kor rnv StringJoinnou ouv66etrouq XopoKrr'1peq
atringrcuOrirq
oou 0s 661etcrtorg6ptopa to string.
Aoxqorl 3.9.5 Egopp6o'retqv FixedPointor4v ouvdpclorl cos (Sin) yrc r:r,rrv
rulaio apr0p6. Tr napatqpeitar ; 3.9.9 Nu ypoqei ouvdpqoq (one-liner)f[n_Integer] nou ea rccrvctto

(/'('n'"''.-11 6rlproupyeipra l"iotcra1pe roD! <puomoriq uprOpofg1,2,3,...,n

pru l,ioto &2ltol) 0o nepr6ler tu otorleia rTlg ar tKroq un6 ttr
Aoxqoq 3.9.6'Eotro6tr 61oupetrlv e(ioroon/:l fr\x,'x,.,", )l-,,
O6qprcupyet
tl 5o,...,2*lnl2].
,,,7)
lr.{",,,,, Dqproupyeipra l,iotu o3fioo 0o neprflei to otorleia r\g az erctoqanti t<
5o,....
napun&va e(iorrlorl pnopei vu enrl"u0ei pe trlv p60o6o Newton-Raphsr
ouvefoete n1v 8rubrrcuoiocrutrl ecoq6tou nfipxre pio l.iota pe 6va p6vr
rcdvovra6Xprtontou ncrpa,rd,rouva6poprrcorlnizou :

afi aft afl

A*, Ax2 Ar,
0f, 0f, Af,
( x r , x r , . . .x, ^ ) . = ( x , x r , . . . ,x - ) , _ ,- Axl 0*, A*-

af, af, af"

0*, 0", A**
H ouvdptqorl 0a 61er'p popqq rootff,{x,x0}] 6nou pe f OcroupBo},i(ou|r;
6l&wopu f to onoio eivor opropwo rrrqfipoq x rar opprc1 :n1s;flnpooiyyronq
pi(ug eivor 11x0.
xqpeitoorl. Na rdvere xpnoq tqq evtol,rlq outer yro va olrlpadoxrt. rov ni
ps r1g peprrc6gncrpoy6youqKor rnv wtol"rl Thread
T1o,vo, ovtrotorl4or;tr;
8rdvuopu x oto x0.

Aoxqoq 3.9.7 a) Na 8qproupyr.loeteouvd,ptnon Trou va unol,oyi(r:t

dOporo'pu 66o apr0priwa,b n.74. additionfa,b].
0) tq ouvfleto vo 8qproupyrloete ouvdprnon noD vo, unol"oyt(erto d0pr
tcrrvotorleirov l.uoql,iotug x.
y) Erpupp6ors rnv ouvdptqoq nou 8qproupyr.loote
Tro vo unol"oyior:rr:
dOporopotrrtv crpr0prilvun6 to I 6rrlqto n.
 . lr . r
I ) I | 1 t r t ' 1 t r t , tt 1t r t t t t , I t t , \ t t | | t , l I r t t l t t , t t t r t I t r r
t
I I I, ! t' vrtl t rtI n rrt x',, | |I u,,l'lx{{r,#_*_. | 'rrr

[f,a]
3.11AnqvTrlonol5 dpoor4plornrEs |)t\,,, r . r r rl i l ' 1 , , I , l ' , ' l ' " 1 ,

l6\)/]l2./l
, , tt. l t , 1{ / , i t . { , l l r , ' l l r ' t(,) . 1 . ' ( ) ' ) t ; . )l ,. l ll)14,,

Apaoqpr6tqta 3.1
(lprrrrq
drlrtpLcrooupu; ttrrrtl or: l"[ott;gnotr ncplt';ltlrrv].tyritr;1rutl
rtlr' ot^'ti1rrt1ot1
To 56v6pon1q (qrorlpevqgpoOqpotrrcrlg
6rcrppoorlq citt rJt:vlertouplrci ir.1.
ororr;iu rrnti r'ifroOtr6rrir;.Lr;
Siverurun6 r4v
ouvdpqorl:
f , { { 0 , O ,t } , { L , 2 , 3 } } l
TneeFoun[(x* y) "-1 - "'l 69,69,14j, {14, 19, B4}}
rrusI l t l
-
Hower
t tp6pl"rlpu Ocrr'1tuvvc lsvrreriooultt rov o1-rtoltriI t o l )
Lirorl oto nopo,nd,vro
I ) , r I rrmesfl,I
Plus fx, yl plus [- I, ' roripe yro tov uzrol,oyrop6 tqg un6otcroqq, tbote vn tolirt:t rtrt oT()\'
zl powerl z . 2t
Xibpo. Av 6pcog 06l"oupt vtx yevrrauoouprsrllv l"irorl TOt)

evcitto ororXeiu,rou eznzr66ou rlporoq cirote vo roplet Tttr rcd,Oe )'iots t6rc 0u nlrt';nt:t \ , ( l
2 sivur tu nc,porcd,tro
:
c'rgouvdpqon rnv .f (r,y) = '/-x r x 6nou ;"tcto orilt[]o]'o ( o )
rArell(x+ y) =-7- z2, {2}f ro totDrsplK6 yrv6pevo Sravuopdtcov fiou unoorrllti(r;ttrt trnir rt1
{x*y, - L+2, I, z2J r4or1Dot oto Mathematica.'Etot0u fXoupe:

Listl := SqrtlDotlx, xll

Apaotrlpdrqta 3.2 { { } , { 1 , 2 l , { L , 2 , 3 }, { L , 2, 3, 4jj
l , { 1 , 2 } , { r , 2 , 3 }, { r , 2 , 3 , 4 j j
Ariprcupyoripsrnv ouvdpqoq f, al
f (*,v)="1;17 noD proq6ivertrlv o,nootrrorl
tou o4peiou (x,y) un6 n1v upXrlrrov a(ovcov: {s , ,li, r,t- 1

fl{{_,y_}l :=sgtlf .l] evtol"titv ot: ltt(r ol,vfipttl<nl'

e vo 61oups rcur orivtptlon rolv Tlclporrdvr.rt
Sruqopd6tr crvti trlg ouvdpclonq fTx] Ocrnpt';nr:tv(I X.l)qatlt()ttotflooup
xn1 ouvflero alproupyo6pe pru l"ioto pe 10 (eriyn ov<bwpqo-uvdpt"4oq,n.1.
ruloirov apropritvo,n6to t
6ro9to 10
:= l{4>[Elmctionl{x}, Sq'3tlDot[x, x] I l , al
a= Table[{RardcmtReaI] , RarrJcrrrIReaI]], t10]l
{ { 0 . 3 1 0 8 4 40, . 0 3 0 4 6 5 7 }{, 0 . 8 6 1 3 8 50, . 3 0 9 1 9 7 } , Listl := !t+tsst,tDot[#, #] I c, al
( ) , { 1 ,2 } , { L , 2 , 3 } , { L , 2 , 3 , 4 } } l
{ 4 . 9 0 2 6 4 10, . 0 4 7 1 3 0 1 }{, 0 . 8 6 1 9 3 50, . 1 6 8 2 7 4 } ,
^[8, ^m, lt-1
{ 0 . 6 3 3 3 10, . 4 3 6 9 5 6 } {, 0 . 5 0 5 9 0 20, . 0 0 4 9 0 6 3 6 } ,
{ o . 1 6 2 1 6 5 0, . 1 4 4 5 3 ) ,
{ 0 . 5 3 0 8 6 90, . 4 3 5 2 0 6 } {, 0 . 1 1 4 1 2 10, . 0 9 1 4 3 5 4 } ,
{ 0 . 7 0 0 7 8 80, . 9 3 1 8 2 6tt lJptner l,orn6v vcr 61oupe otg orcon6 poq navra vu Lfvoupre to npir[]],qpa
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;;;,*.,*o,,;ui;i;:" ],,".1,'i
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oql"ae,roou. il";;il.j1"1,,,",,1',,,11,,il l"our6v afio ra zrupundvconupcrdcfypLarcr, (rrr nupri],o Tror) ro
6ivorrlrr;
\,rrr;i\ruloape{qrcardXlO,iopotrpo.,,r,.
pou 8ou},eiistrcu),dyta quoutofq, bev 8oufu;irr;rrul"d yur crL)"tlr
opioputu.'Evu Buorrc6spdltrlpu l,ornovnou yevvarurt;ivnr crvpnop<ilvcr
Apaotr;pr6rqru 4.3 Na ypoqo6\r o[ 7lo,puKd.tor rqv o"uvdptnoqpou Tro pro, er8rrctlpopqn roD n. Iu1 ouyrccrprprrvrl
rnrvriprqciqi. Dricl ricr\,(ivr:i ./ur
0u 06l"upeo ncrpundvcooprop6g va 6XerroXu yra n eetrrc6arc6puro
tt) llx j:,,,,x^2-l . Xc no)"L6qneprnrcboerg)"orn6v,06),oupero 6propu qq ouvdptqoqqpog
[]) lJx Iy l::x^2+y^2+l Iuo ouyKsKprpevq popqq tl u)")"rd)gvu pord(sr pe 6va ouyrercprpfvo
Ilorrr 11trpLri (pattem).flapurcdtot 0u avuqep0o6peotouq 8roqopetrrcoriq rp6nouq
trrrv
ll I I, ll I r2l, fJa+bl rou npotfnou (pattern)ev6qopiopotoq :
'l'r
ntrlrtrr4ltllrcr; )?ru,pr n xCIlptqovopcl',
)no pr; ouyrcsrcprpfvrlenmetpu),i6a,
nou rKo,voTrorofv rcd,noruloymn ouvOqrcr1,
Kr;g'toD cr,v0,qgpovT(rr
or Trsproootepuuno 6vu np6tuno.
 t.t\ nltt illtrllk,trttrlt. e ttxi5 11x ry1xqtgfu*
K utl t vrtxt:v11 | -"
4.2.1 llpfitrvur lu: ri
larpfi 6vopu.
Irov nrtlruxrirtrr ntvuN(I 6ivoulu; pr: (rrr lrnolroit;u; vr f{otr}$ ,lofxlttdv(r) (r[6 i;v(rv opropouq yLa tqv iStu
nlrrirrrnc ltol)
lt[()l]ol)lrr:
llottrrpr
xPtlolF()7r()l r: yr(r rllv ovfl Kor(iotuorl uvri<,11
nr;lrtootirr;1.lrr)v . O rri()r: ()l)tolt(')q(rv(lQ/:l)l:r(rlot; 6t0qopertKn popqq nou pzropo0v
ol)rolt(rT(r)\,
61ouv tu o1tloltrrrrr.( )tttv ]"rttnilv to Mathematica np6rcetr0,tvtl uno]"oytoer
Mra onora6rlnoredrc<ppaorl Trpq qq orrvd1lil1oq,,l'0vu(r1rr;[ trlv popgr] tou opiopatoq KOt orll ouv6I1cr
lryet ptcr crno tq tol'1"6g popqdq rnq ouv&pflloqq Trou ovrlorotltt oro

Arol"ou0ia on6 pra 11neprco6tepqsKqpdoq np6tuno (pattern)tou optopatog.

'Eotro
Aro),ou0is an6 ropio, pra aepmo6tepeq 4.11 6tr 06),oupevo yp&\youpe pru ouvcrprnon nou 0u
4 ertpp6o.e4.
r tov p6oo 6po ev6qouv6l.ou otorleirov. Av to o6volo tcov otorleiov
Onora6rlnotedrrppoor.lorlv onoia,8tvoupe 2 0a pnopo6o0psvcryPdrYouPe :
to 6vopc,x.
AKo),ou0ic{oa6 pra ri neproo6repegergpdoerg, fl
otqv onofa x+Y
to 6vopu x. YJ 2
Axo).ou0[uu,n6ra,pta, 3l
trnarj neproo.6repeg
erc<ppdoeq,
oqv
6ivoupero 6vopax.

ov ro orotleia r'1tov3 0u eilape enrn)"6ovKo'trov optopo

Ilcpd6erypa 4.10
x+y+z
Y-, z) 5
Cl.earlf, al
f [x_Y-] :- x*y 3, 4l
f[x_+yJ:=xY
ftx_yJ i= x+y
I rc, ororlei0 r0lv onoir.ovro Mathematica 06l"st va unoloyiot rov
l[*-, yJ :- x-y eivat2 0a enrl,6(errov fipdro oprotrr6,sv6 yl(x 3 ororleio rov 8slirpo
ct_, _, J :=a Epeiq 6poq 06)"oupeto np6Bllpo vu lu0ei yro 6vo q nepto'ootepo
r. Iuvencbq otq ouvd,ptqoq TroD0u lprlorpononlooupe, pnopofpe vct
f 12, 3l ooupe ra 6va r'1neproo6tepcropiopotu pe to np6rufio x- (pe 66o
-1
).'Etor 0o 61oupe:
f [l]
2x ._ eFplylPlus, {x}l
f [a* b] Ingtht tx)l
a+b , {r 5]
f[a+ b]
h

f[a, b, c]
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I I 111
l:, rt.t' t t v t t x t. t t1t 1x t t.; n1n r itlxlJ{QS--:

A t ; v l t n t l l l o t i l t l \: ' ( r x l ) l l o l J t o n t t t r l o 0 r r l r r :
ft{l rov tlltintl 0trtti nr;1lt).tttrr[]rivol)lu;
rnv ono[n to pLqrcog
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Mnopeiq va al")"d{ergrIV Tropond.vro
unop(r1gopiopurogvu enrotp6qern1v nprl
pr166v;
r l r r n ) . t ir r r r t l c r . s c oor .rct l \ , v(r tKovoTtotouv 1(r
l r r : r r r [ ] ] . r 1 r r l. , r r r i :c r:irrttt olr(,)q ()t ,tlo Y\'llotdE l:ntxrrptrliiir:5 nrlu Ot;)"otrltl;
K(' rrlrr rulrinr.rorl /rol) iir:v r;1arr1*:()r)l{rllrr, T()ll\ Itl() orrXvtlirgrfnouq ertreqcr)"i8rovnoli
. llrtlrrrt titr,r rritrotr;tr:
p,,rr,,1.,,ra
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ouvuptrlorl tirorr; orqv tr;ltinrr,rorp
I utcgcr 4.16putot

Real llpoyputmoi
Apuoqpr6tqta 4.4 Na yporpeio.uvdpqo.q
noo 0a,661erortrg oDvTtT0.yltr;\'l.i
ev6qorlpeioutou n-6rdororou
Xrirpou(r>t) Kor 0c uzuol.oyi(er
c1v un(rorrroll Complex Mrya6rrcoi
rou c,n6tt1v upXrlrcovu(6vctv.
Rational Prlroi
4.2.2 flp6n ro ps oDyKexprpfvq ezrrxequl.iDa.
List Aioteq
@ecopeioreto rapdSeryporou uttol"oyropo' rou napayovrrrcou
evoqupr0trr.r,
nou eiSapeoe npoqyoripevqev6ultu : Symbol 16ppo)"o

f Jn_1 : = epplylTirres, Range[n] String Al,uoi6a 1uportr.1Prov

l

Eivar orc6nrpovu opioo,l* rnv nupunuva

ouvdpqorl yro,rnv neptruttrrorln,rr 0u pnopouoeor5pqcovupe ttq
4.12 O oprop6qroD Tropoyovtrrcot
ro n eivur dvuqarcfparogupr0p6q.To Mathematica
pag Diver,,1v buvot6ulrrr r,rr coqe(qg :
vu 8rupoprpoOsi
vrllTroportlpr1oerg
npoo'6i60upe otu np6rufi0 F'q oprop.va
x0prrKrnpro'Kd,,rc',r.ogoDv'rl;r,.r
rcuv6vegnou 8ivoupevu crrpoporiv,,q ouy*u*prpfveq'popq6goproprdtrov. l Integerl := epply1Ttues, Rangelnll
E.2j
Mrq, onorc,6rlnotedrcqpuonps smKgd,i6u 3.2)
Head.
Head Arcol.ou0iu un6 pra 11nepro.o6tepegercrppdoflq
p ffrrKqa).irirr
Head.

Arol"ou0is u,n6 rcopio, plo l.l neproo6tepeq

ercrppdo.erq
trte
entrceqal"i6oHead. ntttr t:ivttt
:qporipre6tr n)'6ov o optopoq 8outrcuct provo ytu opiolttttrr
ul'l"d rcut allvqttroirq
ro. Ot urcrlporor 6proq nepr6xoDv Kot 0snrcotq
Onora6rlnote frcqpcoq otqv onoio,6ivoupe
ro 6vopu x rco.rr,;Xr:r ,6q. Iuvencitq ov 06l,outrrevo eipcrote nro ouqe(q 0u npi;nr;t 1tt;xdrnotttv
earcegol,i8uHead. nou pnope[vo t:lvtrttllliopntcr
vo neproptooDpe ro ofvol.o trov c,repcriolv
6ofpe ncoqyivetur uut6 ott1 ouv6lero).
Arcol"ou0ioan6 ptu r1-neproo6tepeqercrppdoerg, t.l
orrlv onoio
Sivoupeto 6vopa x rar 61eretwrcepal,i8a
Head.
po 4.13 @6l,oupe vu ypdyoupe trncrouvdptqoq nou Ocrunol"oyi(uttov
Arol,ou_Oioon6 ro,trrio, pta 11neproo6tepeg
ercgpdoeq, orrlv
onoia 8ivoupero 6vopa x rcordler cnrrce<poiidc 6po rcovototlsitrtv ptuq ),iotcrgx, T6te Ocr61oupe:
Head.
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I I IluIilutltll(..t|(,Itrt. ntrt .ltrtlht mttIr,,t
Il . Krtt,tt ttxtt I/,rA(,\ n1nt,'1ttt1t1uttn1n\ ]

nPPrYtPrua'xl
flx Ligtl '= tilrr'lq yrnolrr;i \'(, t:lvttl ol loytxdq otrr'()tixr:q 11(tl) trtnolroit;.tt;v(r
rerqthtxJ lngrrjooupr;; ( )t ).oytlr'.1nrrr4)tixr:\oto MlttltcttraticitorrvqOolqi;Xouvtt'1V
fl{2,3,4, 5}l (")u lrnolroirnrrltr.l.otritv v(t rtq []lltlripr; piool rou help oruolg
6rt Q
0l:

*a
gumentCountQ Lr rver sellllipticNomeQ MemberQ SameQ
Apcotqpr6tqrfl 4.5 No 8rlproupyllosrepra ouvdptrloq f nou ()cruvttor ql-ri nnM^i.hO
LegendreQ Na,neQ
oTrlv NumberQ StringQ
i trQ LetterQ
f x xey'y' I i pticNomeQ LinkConnectedQ NumericQ
f(xl:4 LinkReady'Q oddQ test-Q
lLnl xeR TrueQ
.NumberQ ListQ
Lowercase0 OrderedQ UnsameQ
MachineNumberQ PartitionsQ uPPer!@-cv
4.2.3 llpilrtTro fi oo rKovonoro6vxdnorcr l,oyrxr1oove{K{. Dnl,znnmi:IO VafueQ
ctNun-berQ MatchT,ocalNameQ
Xtqv npoqyoripevq ev6tqtu eiSupe 6tr trruoporipevo opiooupe tu np(rtrrnrr 1 MatchQ PositiveQ VectorQ
rvafMemberQ MatrixQ PrimeQ
va uvqrcouv oe 6vu o-uyrcercprp6vot6no 5e6op6vcov. Mnopoirpr; irlrr'r,
ol (),r(
ncprcpiooupe ru np6tuTro poq p6oco rcd,norrovl,oyrrccirvouv0r1rcrbv,
ovo;.rd,(ovtatrcarr1y
oprytara (predicates). pa 4.14 Aq 6ofpe tcr nopu8e{yporor"{q npoqyofpevrlqunoev6tltoq
0a pnopofoo,vvo Slopopqo0otv p6ocrttcovrcut6l"l"ql,rrlvPredicates:

_?Predicate Mru orcora8iparc 6c9poorl fiou rKo,voT[oret

rqv : = Alp1y[Tinesf Rargetn] l
t?fntegerQl
ouv0{rq Predicate. 4?lylPlus, xl
i ?Lis@1 :=
Iengthlxl
?Predicate Arol"ou0ia sn6 pro n neproo6tepeq errppaor:rq
trovorcororivrnv l,oTrKnouv0qrq Predicate. rrpd)rn nspinrooq 6nl"o6n 11 o-uv&po1onDno)"oyi(rol trv IntegerQ[n]
True 118rcrqopetrrcdov o n etvar orcdparog.flup6poto orn 8efteprl
-?Predicate Arol,ou0iu an6 rcupiu, pra 11neproo6tepegerpprior:r6 11 ouvdptrloq unol,oyiqsrot ov ListQ[x] tntorpdptt True n
trcrvonorofv rqv }"oymr1ouv0rirrl Predicate. d uv ro x uftoreli l"toto. n

x ?Predicate Onoro6qnots dKepooq otrlv onoto 6ivoupe ro 6pe 6prog Kcrl spsiq vo opiooDire 5rrc69praql"oyrrcfqouvaptrloerq (nou
rar q onoiurKovozrorri
qv l,oyrrcri
ouvOr1rcq
Predicatc, True ri False) Kot vo, rtq Xpnolponoqooupe orov op16po
ouvuptqoecov r'1 ur6pa fito tfKol,o vo opiooDpe onl,d Predicates
x ?Predicate Arcol,ou0io an6 pra 11 neproo6tepeq erqpdoer6,
Xpnon trrrv yvrrlotrbv rsl,sord)v orlyrcptoqq (),(,):,{:,::,1:) n Kol
onotu 8tvoulmro 6vopo x Kor rrcrvonoreir4v tel,eot6v (&&, ll , !).
Trpotdotov p6orotrov )"oyrrcrbv
l"oyrrccilv
o'uv0rirqPredicate.
4.15 Aq 6ofpe noq eo pnopofoape va Belttcbooupe rrlv
?Predicate Arol"ou0ia c,n6 rcapio, pra 11neproo6tepeq
unol.oyropof tou n! Me trlv Xpqon efitfi1"6ovPredicates.
orqv onotu,8tvoupero 6vopo x Ko,lrKovoTrowtrqv
ouvOrjrq Predicate.
[nJ := In@erQtn] &&n > 1
?testQl : = A1ply1Tires, Rarelnl l
 .{.1.1 l
l I l 1n t ; ' 1t t r 1t , t rr t t n f t ( t \ ( , t ( , , l l r t l l r t . r r tt,r t . , t
Il l+r

fL-21 0rr trvttottltlt;( otllr' nttlltrrtittrr

f l a l
lr(r .1.17Nrr y;rrtgt:lotru{r;rn1ot1
l notr
rl:
ft2l
2
I r .)r+y*0
/ (r, r'):
llpdrru 6r1l"o5qDrlproupyorip ouvdptrlorl ]til
Fro nou c)"r';y1er
uv ro oprotrrrrr rr l r .x+l:0
rrue n
3::1"::::^'::"T1,"10:govtu,s
rou fd:: Korort ouvexero
ov6paroq rnq ouvdpqorlg coq pretlicate
rcdvoutru:
y1,rr
orIV ";; o.uvaptqorl rl 0a 61oupe6rio SruqopenKoDg
ouv0rlKqKor ouvtTlcbq
Efo 8rcrqopetrrc6q
tto,pc,yovnrcof
.
riqtqq ouvdptqorlq f.

Apaor4pr6tqra 4.6 No optoete q ouvdpqol

difiIxl q onoia 0a ItloTI\l Y - 1/ ; x + ] r : : O t = t ,
pq66v dv ro x eivur onorooSrlrcore
opr0pr6g.
Y - 1/ ; x + Y l O , = * ; t

4.2,4 2lv0igKs5 fioD avaqfpovtar <rTrrprooritapa

an6 tvu nphtonu
xtrg nporlyotpeveg ev6rrlreq uvcrrpep'rlrcups
os ouv'r1rcegnou npi;nr.r
tro,vonorei rcdOe zp6tuno (elroprotd. Tr
yivetar 6prrlg'ov 06)..ui.,
8ro'tunrbooupeouv0rlrcsqyra,neproo6repaaru66va np6tuno rl *
6,o.rrr,;,.-,,,,
napandvo a'zu6pto, ouv0rlreq yro ro i6ro
np6runo. x'1v rrepizrrroorlrrrr
ypdrpoupeqv ouv0rirrl pug (predicate) pretd
un6 to orlppo),o (/;) .

f["']/;Predicates::expr H o"uvdpqoq f opi(eror pe rTrvrcpouru6eeorl ra 4.7 No ypaqei o"uvdptqoqTroDvo unol"oyt(ertov Srutrreoo;ltcrg

f[..,]::expr/;Predicates ouv0rlrceg
(Predicates)vo lKovolrolor5vrsr.
Ns 66oste 6totpopetm6optop6 triq ouvdpqorlq Tro nq ncptnrtiroutg
ufio/,oTlopoO tou n! l,,iota 6Xer6ptro q naprtt6 apr0p6 otorleirov'
fln:] / ; IntegerQinl &&n > L := AlplylTirEs, Rangetnl l
f tsl
120
ft-21 Il pootpettxri opicpara xar n poentl'cypfvsqtrpf q opropftttrlv'
ft.2t
vcr fXtluv
fg ouvupnloetq anuttoupe Ko.Ttoto oTto r0, opioptuta
yru nupuiir;tYPru
p6veq trp6q crv 6cv nd,pouv un6 epdq npdq' Aq Sofpe
6n rnq evtol"qqPlot.

f t n_Integer ? Fositi\rel : = AltrplyJTines, Rangelnl

l
 .r.16
I ) I llntyltrqtltrrud/ttt\
I 117
t,tt) Allllt<,ttt,ttt, ,t
K ttvrt rt txr;r't1trr rrs r4r)1X1ffi_*

?? Plot
Plotlf,
4. I ll (.)r;o;l:lmr:qv fiUxrxdrt(rrrnrvrilrtrlorl:
{ x , x m l n , x r n . r x J l r 1 , , 1 Ir ', r l , r r , r 1 , 1 ' r l, r l I , U ; , r l l l | ( , 1i , ) l t r r l : : J r r l r L : . .
to xmax. plot [ { f1, f2, . . . l{r|rn,
l/ 1)l/ xnraxJI l)lr)l rr r;(,v(rl.rl I[rrr.t i,,r
tt_, Y_: 21 := x+y
Attrlbutes lplotl = {HoldAll, protected}

OptionsIPlot] =
Ddlooupe rrp.{:g Kul oru iiix) ()l)[crLrcrrolt.X. x:1, y:1, rtire q fl)vcrt)rllotl
{AspectRatio- Axes) Automatic,
c.i#, I r1v npoenL]"r;1pu':vr1
rrfn1yr.oro y
Axesla_bel + None, AxesOrigin + Automatic, AxesStyle ; Automatic,
Backqround > Automatic, Coloroutput + Automatlc, Compiled ; True, 1, 1l
DefaultColor + Automatic, Epilog+ { J, Frame : False, FramelabeL J None/
Framestyle + Automatic,
FrameTicks + Automatic, Gridlines + None,
rmageSize > Automatic, MaxBend + 10. , plotDivision + 30. , plotlabe L .: N.., ..
PlotPoints + 25, plotRange ) Automatic,
,[potfiil,typsvn trpn rnq psroB],nrqgy ivcrr2.Luvmiuoc,o,v66ooups p6vo r';vu
plotRegion + Automatic,
Plotstyle> Automatic, prolog+
fi.X.f[l] t6re 0eropei6tr to y eivur,2Ko,lKdvsrrqv fip6oesoqrou I p{rro
{}, Rotatelabel> True, Ticks +Automat_i(.,
Defauf tFont :> $DefaultFont, fipoKsrfisvou v0, ufio],oyioel ro 0,fior6]6p0.
DisplayF.unction :+ $DisplayFunction,
FonnatT)pe :; gFormatType, Text.Styf e :+ ]|
$TextStyle

floputrlporipr 6fl q Plot 661eta1Trol,lo opioporo. zrlv

neptnr(DorlTror)r)t.v
xpnorpofiororips rd,nora un6 ra opi6p0,r.,, t6re u,utd,7r0p0rqpo6pe6rr r.;x.rv
I 8erirepoqrp6ftog ivo,rvo,06ooupernv fiopcrKdralsftil"oT( :
o"o"ttRatio ->
ouyKsKprpfvq rlp6q ,r.r. GofdenRatio . IIoq yivrro,r 6|tr,1,.r,rr
'rirooupe trq npoenrl"eyp'veqoDr6qrrp6q (default rrp6q) [f] = {y-r 2};
6ro opiopura t'q firrrr(,
p'q oDvdprnorq; o oplo'p6q fioD 0u
lprlorponoqooDps eo,ivsrrr,ror(,v
fto,poKdr(D nivu,ro. otq ouv6xs1o,
vo,opiooDpsrlv ouvdprnon poq oq snq :

tfl
Av 11trreraBl,4cr1
x nopal.lqOei, t6re 0c ndper r4v trprl v. t_, opts_l := with[{yl= y/. icpts} /. Qtions[f] ], x+ yll

Av r'1.prercBl"rltrlx pe emrcerpol.i6a
head ruapal,qtp0ei. ov rf"rsig6ev 8rbooupe6\rpu opiolirr,ronipu ano ro x n.X. llll, r(rtr:0o
0a ndpertqv ttp4 v.
vu,uTrol.oTlo'rti
n rlpn rqq ronlKnqprropl"qrnqyl=yl.{}/.{y-:-21, 11
rou Kov6vo,yivrrol o716oprorspa npoc,ta 6e(rd, 5r1l"a6rirpdro 0a
Av 11 p"etapl"rltri
I o rcov6vug{} nou Trpoqovd)q6ev 0o efirqfpsr t(ollcr u},},ayr1oqv
npoem"l,eypevn
npn rou yl, Kol orn oDvfxslo0u eqappooOeto ruv6vuqy->2 rou 0o titinr:t orq
rq yl uiv rrtrrT12. Apo to o.fior6l"soprofioD eo s?norpo,qo(0c r;ivct
Or npoenrl.eypdvegrtlrtg fioD l=l+2:3.
Xpnoll.roTrottiro Mathematica Divovtur o.nti
TCDfilVO,KO, :

x-+y- Ilpoenrl"eypsvn
np{ yra ro y eivor0.
x_ y_. Ilpoeml"eypsttlnprl Troro y eivorl.
6proq8cbooupe
6(tpa opioproron.y. fll,y->3], t6te 0u np6nervo uftol,oTrorci
x- ^y-. npn qg ronrK(qprropl,nrrlqyl:yl.{y->3)1.{y->2}.H XpnonroD Kov6vo,
llpoezrr^],eytrrfvq
npri yro ro y eivorl.
un6 u,prorepdnpog ta 6e(r&, 6ql,o5n nprolita0u e<papprootet
o ruv6vuq
 ,At:l'tl,IAtrifrlr.ru | "'
l ! ' I I n o r r{ l r rr i r i r n ro, rt r p , v I n l v r r l u l l . t l r r n o i u
K u t r i r : t , n l r t l x r : r r r \t ,t t t s t t
( l / t ( ) t ( ) \ ' , i r : t ' r r r . ;lrU0t t r V r t ( ) ir , r l l1 1 , I l ' ,r : : rt l v F I i l r T f r f f l r I f a , ' l 0 t i . rI I , J l l ,
I V I | , A l r u r o r r 4 , , a tn , . , t l l u / t ( ) l ) 0 r t r : l l o t l r r r r l r r
r ; i v t r r x l _ vl lr . l . 1 . I
I r ' , ) \ , l ' r , t , , r r . r l l . ' lrl ( l \ ) n l l l v f ' l ; 1l , ' l ' t t t t , 1 ,2 f , r c : t o r i a l l 2 Ll ,

l , , r r , r l f I l , ( 1 , , r : r ii vt i , 1I 1 , ' l ' r u c 1 ,I f a c t o r i a l [ 1 1],

f11-,y-+ 3l
{ 1 1 , 0 } , l , r | l . 1 i . r l 1 t t 1 {, l \ r : ; i t i v e l O l ,F a f s e } , f a c t o r i a l [ 0 ] ] ,
4
f a c t o r i a l l t ) 1 , 1 , 1 1, o r i , r l I 0 l ) , 2 f a c L o r i a l [ 0 ] ] ,
"fr1v factorialL0l , { , 2l r r ' f o r - L a l l A , 2 3 f a c t o r i a l ; 0 1 , 5factorial_01 1
napundvctlpe0o6o)'oy[apLropoul-rc
vu
npoo'cto,ps opiopura pe npoenil"eypirurqxl)llorpo/roroirprr; tir'v 0r:i,,,1rr
trluir, otr' o,v'prrrjor;r' pe lom6v 6tr pu rov unol.oyrop6 tou 3 ! 11ouvdptrlorl factorial
onoicov11ovuyparprloq ouvdpnlorl rl(r( hrr 11
dcv,;iuari,rro1;,ur,rtrrcq. tov unol,oyrop6tou 21, ytu tov uno),oyrop6tou 2t wtawei to 1!, rcor
;
yto rov unoloyrop6 tou I ! ananreito 0!. Iuvencilq 0u np6nervu bcbooupe
Apaoqprritqra 4.8 Nu ypatpeiouvriptrioq i trpr'1yruto 0!, q onoio u,n6tov oprop6eivar l.
diff nou 0a 661storoq ii1rro1111
ouvdpqo'r1f rcor6fo npourpenrcd, opiopioro variabrercarorder. r(,v ./r.irrr
trpoenrl"eypfveq
np6q eivur x rc,r I rc.y. t0l
diff{x^31-> 3x^2
diff[x^3, variable->x,order_>2]_ > 6x t5l

Eqpeirrloq. No rcd,vete
Xp{oq tr1q ouvdptlonq D[L,{x*,n-}] nou uno/,r
qv n-oorrtqtdq nspdyoryorrq ouvdpqoqq poor*n ),om6v apXq oug uva6poprr6q ouvapnloerq eivcrrvu 8cbooupe,
f ;g ";;g,n;,,1;ilBil"i r
tou optopo6 cqq uvu8poprrcrlqpopqlq tqg ouvdptqoqg, Ko1erbrrcfgnpfq
or onoieq 0u o6rly4ooDvorov teppcraop6 trlq uvo8popLng. Ot
Aq 8oripe6prrrqtr 0o yiver
eivur ouvopnrcfq ouv0r'1rceq.
outfq o"uvr'1Oroq
4.3AvubpoptKdg
ouvqprr1or5 ouvdptqoq nou 8qptoupyr'1oupeov anurttlooupe 6vov peyalritepo
At'at\poptrcry
)"tyt:rut ittu ouvdp'1oq onoio pnopei avc6popxrilv rca).eopdtolv.
4 vcr xsl"6or;rtr' r
trovavospoprrcbv
ouvuprrloerov
sivur11
r:rrr
llll"ll Y:,.::T:.:rylpTo
ypoetlq rcs,trcstu,v6lolq. f)g petovdrcrtllropnopoupe t3001
. vu Oer.rrprloorrtru: sionlimit::recfim : Recursion depth of 255 exceeded.

:il*:::l:i:t:"":::
ul,oro(qorltoug,rca'rbq
Kor J'' r'y1't
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n,u ,,,, 11336s1288370039515243292495283.
30'71452811'79821s751307555651Ar88421
I.;l,i,,,il:l 030937
xcl)(rKfllpronrcd,no,pu6siy ptutuavoSpoprrcrbv
ouvupfl10ecov. 30080591523705141232826230823 6630338r97 09182963440r443L4598r61
3 9550B4
3219244189867508184s43s0 A424469331678241L484A6583202783019314
'apd'erypa 4'19 Nu uzol"oyrorci 525L9329094929r902L3
6s4094389s470135090418969564854251
502452$1333A61s37
ro rro,prxyovtrr6
evoqorcepuiou''r0;r*ri
Ir{)rqv BorlOeru
uvu8potrnrcqq
ouvd,pn1or1g,
yvorpi(ovrcrq 361r7110s0489216'7429555359583455102240001140130251116501113178
6tr :
57687120808
3211942A4381356308311 652992381
9578994316328650583908143538
*,=J' N=o 60000000000000000000
317236116982A051
60367B70ss84295511'7
3428242646001
i N * ( N _ r ) lN > 0 0 r0i a l | 4 6 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0f0a0c0t o
Azrrivr4oq. Av opiooupe tqv ouvd,prlon
rol) zr(lpcyovtrrcorj
pr; ro (
factorial()crfloutrre: Iorn6v 6tr o opt0p6q uvo8poprbv (rol"eopdtov tr1q i6tuq qq
) 6ev pnopei va (enepdoei 6vcrvo'uyrcercptpfvoopr0p6, nou eivor
factorial [n_Integer ?Fositivel : = n * factoria]_ tn _ 1l F nlv ota0epd $Recursionlimit:256. Mro ol.),uyt'1 l.orn6v orIV
I?aeJfactorialt3l l crunl 0a poq Boq0rlott oro vo ndpoupe to onot6l.eopo zou
 450 I ) I llxtlyrtlrlunrtlk,\ it(, Muth(r,t,(tttt tl | 451
I K t^r t v txt:t'11
t,^ r,; npr ryl@

ig ortvrltr1otls
$necr:rsionlirnit = 350 .. a_Integer?b.itltf,, b-ry?btttrrl / ; r> b := nilcdta-b, bl
factoria1[300] t_Integer?Elcaltltt, b_DrrbgE?Fri.tll,rl / ; a<b:= mkdla,b- al
346A515L22r644063603537O4512912685293885888O4173516999416116'tu.2594t6't\,,
61168614655r529L422411
51334993914788
B10r126368864263g}t15gaa3r54226t34,,,
t. rnv0rTn:g
9469145598472254169302119546040A80r22r51162521168s425s965355903505788
i. / ; a == b
a-Intger?Fositi'rn, b-Inteqer?Fositivel
643218962642993652045164488303889097539434896251:6A::a22598A-7-t652T21A8.,.
i
163944912072867867536830511229368194364995646}498166450221tr6sooI8s1
l(,,,.I,
469340112226A34129124066333258583506fiA1501691g4168850353752137s54910;,|,1
26441r5115483028228493195263658A145235233156936482233436'7
gg254594A952-t
t
06A30622328123BT3B3SSOBlTO4g60OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0I
0 00 0 0 00 0 00 0 0 00 0 00 0 0 000 oo o 0 o o 0 o
4.21 Ncr ypatpeiovu8poprrcrlouvdpolotl unonpoypdppctroq fi01)v(l
, I
L(et rnv M-oot4 6rivup4 svoq nivuru A 8rcrotooeotg NxN,
flapd8elypu 4.20 No uzrol.oyrorsio p6yrorogKo1v6g6rurp6tqq615ocrrep'i.rv rov (I,v0dpoplKo ruTro :
apr0pcbvcr,Blprlorponorritvtuqtov uvu6poprrc6t6no : - [t- n:o
a'={n',.An-r
n+o
furu(o*B,p)o v o > p notr Otr
MKA(o,B)= ] rr,lr<l(o,p - cr) o v o < B l. @o brlproupyt1ooupttl1v ouvoprnon matrixPower[a,n]
r rqv n-oott1 6rivutrr1tou nivurc, a.
[ , c wo = F
H zapondvol 8ru8rrccroiu
0o np6nervo eruovul"qrp0ei 6vo n),r1Oog matrixPower
oprcp6EqE oovapn1or1E
- rpop6v fiol) (ir:v
yvatpi(ouperK rcovnpotfpcrtv,fcog6tou or c,, vu yivouv ioor. a List, n-Integer?Fositivel : = a. rnatri:{Fci'r[a' n-U
B

Azrfiwqoq. Mnoporipe eite vo brlproupyrlooups

l_t1oouvdptqo4 p6or_or
evtol"rlq If pra nou 61oupe nol"l"un),r1szrr-}"oyr1
: 1a List, Ol := IdentiqntabixtDirlEnsionstal t tl]l I

nkd t a_Integer ? Fositive, b_Integer ? Fositivel :=

Itt(l ouvoprnon
rf[a> b,
mkd[a- b, b] , [a List, n_Integer?Positivel :=
Ifla< b, '= 0, Identit!il4atrixtDllEnsi@slal t t1l I L a'rnatri:(FcitErtt, n - 11 I

m k d 1 a ,b - " 1 ,
all
n l ( 2 , 3 \ , 1 3 ,2l}I
mkdta_Integer?Fositive, 3 \ , 1 3 ,2 j \
b_Integer ?Fositivel :=
Vftridr[a> b, mkdla-b, ttl
b], 3\
a< b, mkdJa,b- al , 2t
a== b. EII la,37//lrhtri:<Forrn

n
etre p6oo tprrbv 6ra<popetrrcbvrcov6volv Tro rnv i6ra ouvdptqo4 :
 .15l '
I llrtLltttltltrtttttft(t\ ()ttt,l!rtlht n,ttr, A K rt v r t v r t x t : r' r1t t x t) : n1u t 1'1t t t1y n napclS I r:r
r,rrulotrrry{oou;tt;ttt (rI I'rirr:0u r:1lu1u;
irtr ()r:trorr1rr:
uroOr':oorrlrr:
i:'l [6]

rl"qpo<popir;q7r()l)or)yKl)utui ro Mathematica Tto rl'lv ouvdptqoq factorial 6ev

fr.snpl. Av ouvencbq(r1c'looupe(uvd tov uzrol.oyrop6
oc oXr':or1
cr)"}"d'(er
6!, or i6ror unol"oyropoi 0o npfnei vo encrvolqqOoriv,ooldtcog ov ro
4.4AuvuptxoE
npoypqppuTtopog pcr our6 ro 6yat unol"oytoet oto nupel.06v to Mathematica. Aut6
Itov 6ru6rrcuorarc6 ftpoypopporrop6 8rulopi(oupe to np6p)"r1p(r ro,r Kor uno nq rul"rlporpopieq Trou 6ta06ter to Mathematica yru tqv
lrrr\ factorial.
r;nrpr';pouq
ave(dpfl1ru npoBl,rltrratoru onoia snr),riouprc (cloprotri xrrr
cnrvfxero,ouv8ud(oupenq enrp6pouq)"rio'erqcirorsvcr ruapoupr,; tr1 ),rror1 'factorial
cplrrcori npoBl"rlpatog. AvttOeto o 6uvuprr6q fipoTpcrpporrolroqr; I

ctpoppriorpoq 6rclvto np6Bl,qpopo,qsfirpspi(eroroe enrtrr6pouq unoru1r.ll/11 <>rlalIO]:= 1

rcr ozroto 6prcrtq61ouv o16o4 peru(ri toug, 511).o611 to 6vu unonp(rf3).r11r' := n factorialln 1l
o16o11 ps ro crp6oog nporlyoripevo rou. 'Evoq al,y6pr0poq iirrvrrlrr orialIn Integer?Positive]

rpoypopFo'opof lfver to rcdOeuronp6Bl,qpu

trua rpoparcor c,n.0r1xr:rrr'r 6prrrqopiooDpsrnv o"uvdptqoqfactorial ofpgrova pt rov 6uvuprrc6optop6
l"rloerg6ror ciro'revo lrnv lperuorei vo 'q (uvuuzrol,oyioer6to,v 0u trr,
xirr
oro en6pevo, unozupoBl"rlputo.flporerpfvou vo, l,rio.orrpe nP.[]l
tnlnteger?Positi\rel := factorial[n] = n* factorialln- 11
titlvaptrcof r[poTpopl"lo'opof npfner vc opiooupe ouvuprqoerg ot 'n.ir;q
r';.
rqv r6r6tqra vo 0opo6wat rlq np6E 'q ozroieg 6Xouv- unol".yior,r
nlxrqyorlpeveg ercre)"60erg uno06ooups6nuno)"oyi(oupeto 6!.
o1g ouvdprnoTlgan6 tov xplorTl. Tqv r8uirlrrr r
pntllrorlpevo,rnv netfloutrrs lpqorponorbvro,grnv nuparcd,rro t5l
o6wcr(r1.

f[x_]:=f[x]:rhs Oprop6q qg ouvdpqorlg f q onoio 0updtm 7[ODtxet n o'uv0prllol-l factorial i;1orrv uu(r1Or:itir<rlc,<pctvt;tnt
npdg aou unol"oyi(er

'factoriaf
A6 0e'pr'looDpr ro nopd8erypuunol,oyro.pro6
rou n! nou pel,etrlo*1u:
rpoqyoripcvqcv6qta. riall0l ;- I

rialLll = 1
factorialJ0l := 1
factorial [n_Integer?Fositive] : = n rr factorial tn - 1l r:_a] l2l

iaL[3] = 6
Or rul,rlpogopiegnou ouyrcpo,teito Mathematica yro trlv ouvdpqorl I
civcrrot nopcrd,tct : iall4) - 24
?factorial
(ilobaL'.Factor_ial L2A

f;rc'trrriall0l: I
t20

l , r r ' l o r i . r l l n I n l e q e l r ? p o : l i tv , 1: n l , r < . l o ir. r l 1 n II '1.'j:il:vel - r foclorialrn

: faetorial lnl 1l
 'l\.{ l
ll'Lrtyttyrtt,t n1nty1xlffi I 'rsr
A r ' ' \ " t r t n i r l ' q l l t l i o ( ) l , l l rr.o v r r / r o l . o y l o l r trit l r r
7 1 , t < ' t t . tl r. . M l r r l r c : n t i r t r c{ )l rt r / l I r 1 1 , , I I (! | )(,,/ri r'/t.l1 ttnr ril);xtloftctrt\ ot r\/u1)
tilr'rr:(|)\,.
v t r t r n t l l " . y i o r ; tr . 7 * ( r ! . l . ( r ! t i l t r r l qr ; i v . ' l y v ( r ) o t r i r r r t i r o l l q K r \ , ( i ' r . -
lrlr [a + h , xl : dlftlr, rl rdltffb, x]
o t t v t i l t r t l o r l gn { r r r : r o r r o M i r l l r c l r r i r t i c il i r ; v0 r r
r t r g [ ] r ; i. , , , , n , n ) , , * r yl r / r . 1 / . . y t r r 1 r ' t , . .
yto vcrro uTto)"oy[o{;1. It)vt:/r(;)sltt: rov tiuvcprr(l r[l)oyl)ulrlr(rrrolrrigrn.1r.r),r
\rl 5 . I I trlrrryri ryro r1 r r1,,i'irrrqlolrri,.
ol)v(rl)rlior;(r)v
K.Ir''Kf;ucxooufr. '[p.ypupLpr'ru r0. o7[.,i0.
etvur rcqtri ruo],ir ylrrlyollorr:1rrrrrnrl la_ b_ , xl :-- diff 1a, xl - diff [b, x]
dl')'eq pq 5uvoptrc6qe<poppoyfgtou i6rou u),yopt0pou. 'lrvu
f]trorrri 'r:r(]\,r.,.r r'rrl
r.ov Trpoypoppoft0v uurrirv eivcrr or anar.,loerg
oe pLvrjprj ,.lu ll/y frr, ;11111 6. tlopcry6yrol.lrou yrvopdvououvupnlosrov.
ype'w(r'ct va o,noO4rceuroriv6l,o ru
evdrdpeoa orrur,r),*:,rp,rrr.
rccv6vrov. r.: rr.r,(i,rl la_b_, x_l : = diff 1a, xl * b + a* diff [b, x]

7. flupuycbylonrou r4lirou ouvuprrlocruv.

Apuotqpl6tqtu No Tpurpeiovo6poprrcrlouvdprlorl pdoor tirrvrrlr L diff [a, x] * b - a* diff [b, x]
.4.10 r
Trpoyp'pti'rro"porinou 0u uzrol,oyi{erto N-oot6 6po qg orcoiou0iuqF
iborlrt,cl
E = 4 * r + 4 _ z4 = F , = l
No ouyrpr'oriv or 1p6vor ps roDq o,vriotorlouq
lp6vouq rn6 6po,o.rlll)r().lr
4.9.

( 2+6x 3x2*xr)
4.5Egappoyfg (-I + x212

frupri8elypa4.22Na 8rlproupyq0ei
ouvdpnro'rr-rsovopootudifrf,var.lr1.n.r4 I t l * * L ) 2, * ]
(1r 3x)
0a 661etarcog6propopru ouvdptqol f rcar6vaoripBoio
var Ko,r[i'
' . ^ ,n.i.yru'l -5x+6),*]
Itl"* L)' (*
.',.'','.'I
tqv nopdyoyo rnq ouvdptqo'r1gf arg zrpoqqv
petuBl"4nl var. (4r:/..rr1rr 2*61ir+3x)
5+2x; 11+3x; (6 5xtx21
vo Xpnolpo?Torn0ei
yra rov unol.oytop6 rcov nu,l)(ry(,,1
:ff:::L -out
I[OADCT)VDlrlKcov rur p4tcitv ouvapflloeotv.
ov 06l,oupe vo, npoo06ooupt Kot nrrlrrtyriryttugyrr@otdy
Anrivtqorl. cirote vo, enerteivoups r1q Suvar(rrqu;q qq vdoq mttle
lluparcdro 6qproupyorlpe rouq yvcootorlq oe psyal"ftepo ef pog ouvoptqoecrrv.
rcav6veq nopuyrirytorl,.
ouvupcloerg nou epzrl"ircovrcr,r
o pru nolurovuprKnn pqr{ ouvdprqnq.
Bq)lx_1 , x_l := Ebplxl
1. flopoyciryroriotuOepdqouvdptq or1g. bptxl*(#*1) ,"]
{l]gno, xx * "*
diff[a_?lftrlcere, x_j := 0 (,t diffla 1 1* x 2 ;
,x_] r=0/;Ebeee[a,x] *)

Kuv6vuq 2. rrupuyayon rnq ouvdpulorlq ,r,,. Av pnopofoupe eniorlg vu npoo06ooupr Kcr.rrov rcrvrivc n1,, oriv()r:ot1r
ro n o.fiouo.t1(cr
0r;rrr'r;itrrr
eivurioo ue l. erov,cbotr vo pzroporipe :
vu nd,poupsnro ofvecrc o.ruorr:l"r;oprutu
dife[x_d-rtt"o"", 1, :=n*xn*1
d
@rpositicrlf_, u_1 , x_l := ( d i f f l f , xl /.x-ru) *diff[u, x]
Ocnpositiorluq>t*l , x2 * L] , xl
Kavrivag3. ltopoyriryrolrqq ouvdptqorlg
c-?r'teoerc,
[r(")], ,r.e N . al,x2 *
diff ,= c* ac-1 * diff
[a { Ja, x1
 | .,"
1. t ^' u n tltr,t.. r(rt.t t\ rt.t t
I I! X trv t v tx t:t'r1lr ri,, tr1tt ty1uy t1ttrttd1J.4i"

)-rriloq r()r) rirrvrrlrrh<lir n1r'ylxrlrlrrrrrolulir r:ivcr crrrvrl0rrr5 ll

r:n )lflu:(r)i rrrli,jI rov r:Artlrntoapr{}pdlollanlucrtunpuilvnou Xpr;ttr((tl(rort;
nlrofll'11;uitrrlv[]r:],rrororoirlorlq. )-ru 11l<l[l]"r1puttr rrrrrri ouvrj0rrrq rrntig T o v t r n o l " o y t o l t i tro t r y t v o l d v t n r / , A , , , " ' 1 , , 1 ' i ' i ' r r . I t r v t : n r i l go c r p t 0 p r o g
n0l"),r';,,nr00vr';5l,iror;rr,. Kd0r: ),iror1 unoti(6r;r
fu.c cn)yKr;K1lr1u.:vr1rrlrrl 6r. yirlvorr;.rr; r)i\,<no rrrll,nl () ulrr()pttiqrnIi,il rrno],o1l(etcrtBdoet rou
r';|t(pprrorl,
r(rr 0r':l"oupr;v<r[]1xr'(rFr:
q ]"iror1nou unotiir\r:rrq [ir':],rrotr1rr1ri1n,1
(r;l'dltotq ) trprj. Trlv )"rior1uutl tqv rc(rl"oirpr; T ( r ) ( I , v ( I d t ) ( ) l lt K ( ) t ) t l ) t t ( l l l :
1rr';1rotr1 (r)q'l[(r(rnti rr,. ftr:rr
0I i:.i
l"rror:q (pttr nou pTrolrspyva unapl.uv ncrlrcrncrvo an(r prur rr';rrrr;,,Ar.x 'I r
I Icpuxcrrulnupouotd,(oupe t , n l i . k lm
+ l k + l . i l +p , , p , p i <i
6vu rup6Bl"q po Be),rrotono ir1crqr,. lrrrirr,, ]
'r' To nl"rlOoqtrov npdferov fioD 0u rcdvoupe
o nlvorca,q A, ellt" .
Ilapriderypa4.23 (ThomasH. Cormenet.al.,l9ti9) To yrvopr;vorr1,.
nrvo.rccov A, e R3""t5,A, R3sxrs rov nopcrndvotol.y6pt0poetvoravdloyog tou n' (n.X. O(n'))
, 4 a R ' t " , A o e R 5 " 1, 1" , R , , , ' , , ,A, , ,e I l ' , ' .
vrl ul"oruon1Osips nol,l,orig evul"l"arctrrofq ouvbuooporiq (rnrrlr, 61r er0enrc6g(crvdl"oyogro:u 4'f n''' ) 6trrlq rltov ov naipvape 6l"ouq toug
rCr6lOrUtCrl :

((.t,t,) (,t,z, ))(a,t,)

rrlv ul.oruoirlon roD nupundvc'r ul'yopi0pou, nprulru Ocr 8ql.rbooups rov
(o,(.t,,s,)) (t ^(,t,,t,))
p o onoioq 0u nepr1ertrg 8raotdoelqrcovmvdrcorv\ e ftn' '"t' '
(u,(u,(4t^)t,,e,))
Ev6errcnrcdTro r'rv no,po,ndvcrr nprbq ul,onoiqorl rou nol"l,unl,'orrcrlrrrs (30, 35, 5,10,20,25j
cnrvol"orrov no)"l"u,nl"aoroopcirv
nou 0u,Trpoyp.oroTronleor5v
fxet cogr;(rlq :
2 q 1 q L A ,2 0 , 2 5 j
44 ->30x35x15
4 A o+ 1 5 x 5 x l 0 tov ovo6poprr6 oprop6 yru tov unol,oyrop6 tou
e<popp6ooupe
Ar4 )10x20x25
-+ 30x I 5x l0
(.4,A,)(,4.A^) jl = rfti== j,
1 1t ; i < t
(@,E)(a.E^))@+l-+
3ox I ox 25
ti 6ragoperrr6. 33320 nol.l.snl"ooroo.poi pero(rl ota0epcbv upOp<irv,
crol,ou0ia nrvd,rcotvnou 61ot urorel"eirat an6 n nivarcec T O T { : O t l l b b l e l m l i ,k ] + m [ k + 1 ,j ] * p t t i l l p t t k + 1 l l P t t j + 1 1l , { k ' i , j - 1 } 1 1 1 1
ouv6uoopoi nou pnoprbvo 61coeivor
-.t1'1 6a u)")"d[ap rouq ouvtel.eotfg ota p[i] 5t6n q opiOpqoq
P ( n=)c ( n- { t )1=fz { ' lerlder un6 1, wrb otov uvcr8popx6 oprop6 to npcirto ototleio tou
nl n-t )
Oecopeitotto p[0]. Iq ouv6lercr0a unoloyiooupe tov e]"d,poto apr0p6
6nou pe ro o-ripBol,oC(n) oupBo),i(oupetouq opr0poriqCatalan. In1 Dv fioD xplclqop(xor :
nepintcoorl6ql,a6r10o floupe :
t:l
P ( 6=) 1 f = 7 x 8 x elxo= 5 o 4 o
6t5 l
6uvctor5qouv8ucropofg enireu(r1gtou nol,l.azrl,uoruopo6tctlv nrvd,xrrlv
napandvcrropr0p6qauldverar ercOetrrd, oe o16oq lrs ro n. H neptnramq npdq 6l,ou tou nivcrrcrm eivur or nupcrrcdtro:
6l"olv rrrrv 8uvo,trbvouv8uuopcitv,0a np6ruerva aruoppt<pOeiorql,ircry. l k
tiivoupe 6vov aly6pr0po 6uvaptrco6zpoypappattcrpori tmti, jl , {), L, 6}l , {L, 1, 6}l // TableEtonrr
Tro rrlv
rapand,vclnpoBl,rlpatog.
 I
I I ll\tilrlt/t(rualkrt\ tutt,llulht,utttttl
K t tt'rt t't t x t : v r1t t x it ; tt1t t t 17t t t1r1t (r t I dI u, \ ] lsu
tl l'r /'r0 ItlI't \)\ lt)
I lil i,)
n t l 2 t) l o ,'.(t," t 4l l 't ,51
ll."t
r n l3 , 1 l \ 1 1l , 2 ) 0 l lt0 '1'r00
m [ 4 ,1 ] ml4,2) r n l4 , . J l l/ (n)v{:7I(Dq rr:l"rrri 0rr r:1rr ( .1,( ,,1,,4,
m[5,1] ml5, 2l
I 000
) .,1,
) X( /.,,,1. ) ll ul"onoiqoq rol)
m l5 , 3 l m l l ) ,4 l 0
m [6 , 1 ] ml6t 2) m l 6 ,3 l rn6l / 4l ou ( . 1 , ( . , r ,). ). (t ,( . , 1 ,), ,. .t ,.), , cnuru:i orrvol"rrcd, l5 125
m l( r , i r l

Me T'apanavoJ rp6fio 8ranrot6ospr 7[oro,rivo,r r.r

^rov B6]"ttotr1rrr'i (rl/.rl 1./, >35xl-5x-5
ufiol"oyi'op zrorosivor l.l
Ber,notrl l"rioq tou Trpopl"nporoq. frp.rcr;rp*:r,.rr A . ( A . A , )+ 3 0 x 3 5 x 5
Dfiol'oyioour-r
rnv B6l"tro'1 r,rioq 0o ,.p{Trervcutro}"oyioouf^rKo,rrrg 'rlr\
k yro trg ofioisg 0a ond,er to yw6psvo AiAi A r A ,- + 5 x 1 0 x 2 0
,t...At or AiAi,1. .1,
Ak*1Ak*2"'Ai'Aut6 ro 7[srDxo,ivsr ol]vdprnorl (.t^.1,)4 -+ 5x2ox25
n stii] rnv or()l'
tono0et4oouprorov nupandvc,t6uvoprrc6ul"y6pr0po
:
(A,(.q,.q.))(@+) 4) - 3ox 5x 25
((.tt,) (a.q^))(4a,) -+ 3ox I 0x 25
o i=j onot6leopuout6 silcrtrre
rcuru)"q(er
sLl 'i r. Ji l = l Kcnprctqv ouvdpqorl m[ I ,6].
d),l,cDote
:min,-,.,
ffr l m [ i , t c l +m [ n + t , . 1 ] +p i r p r p l ] + ; _ r i< i s 8ivetur nopu,rcdrcrr
:

Mdl.ro'ts 6noq ypdrpoDpso.r0 no,po,rcd,trr: s l i , i l , { j , 1, 6)l , {L, L, 6lJ t t TableFo:nr

np6ypappo unol,oyi(oupc rrr
un6 ra k oto onoia,oqperritvstarro e),6poto. 1 1 3 3 3
, 1] 0 2 3 3 3
s l i - , j J / ; i s i : = s l i , j 1 = t r b d f l e l { 1 } , I f l i = =j , , 1] < f ? 2l 0 3 3 3
, 1l e l A 2l s[4,3] 0 4 5
0, 1] ^rtr
2) s[5,3]
, s[5,4] 0 5
If[i< j, I= Tablelmli, k] +m[k+ L, j] , l l c l A 2) s[6,3] sl6,4l s[5,5] 0
*pltill pttk+1ll pttj*11
{k,i,j_1ll;
Fositiontl, MiJxluI I I tl, 1l + i_ j.l 7l0)onrng oerpdq ps rnq onoiog Ocryiver o nol,)"snl,aoroop6qnrvcrrrrlv
I l
eniolq vo yiver lrs ro Tropcr,Kdtro
avo8poprrc6np6ypoppu :
rar dpo ro o'qpeiooro onoio 0a,ondoerto yw6pevo 1[a_, s l-iisL, i_, j_] :=nrcrn[a, s, i, j] = l"tcdrle[{x, y},
A,Ar...4 0o,eivar :
rflj>i,
s[1, 6] x = t r g n [ a ,s , i , s [ t i , j ] I I ;
3 y= rEnla, s, s[[i, j]l +1, jl ;
(x, yl ,
@cr61oupsAntn6v (44.qr)(.lo,l,lo). trn ouv6leto "A" <>Tostrirgtil I l
0u np6nervo.boupu:to
yw6pevo lroprotd 6ql"c64 : 11ouvdptqoq mcm[a,s,ij] uruo],oyi(ertqv oerpd 1rsr1v onoicr0a npdnetvu
ot nol"l,onl,cro'rcropoi
tcovnwd,rov AiAin...A j av eivo,ryvcoot6qo nivorcc,q
st1, 3l
6qproupyrlocrpnponToutrrfvroq
rcc,ra eivo,rro 6vopo tou nivcrrcc,.
Apu 0o
1 qv B6l.rroq l.rioq :
IbbLetTablelsli,jl , {1, L,6}l, {i, L, 6ll;
rcardpo (,t,(,1,,t.))(,t,,t,t,,)rur t6l.oq [l, s1, 1, 6l
I , { M , A 3 }} , { { A 4 , A 5 } , A 6 }}
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| I I I n t , ' tt t t I t l t t t | | ( t l u t \ t t I t ' . 1 | t t I h . m t , I t t a
tt'rtxtr'll,,Ar\ *q1|q- I
*l l'. Krtt't

lllloontr0tlott: vtt trrro].oyior:u;rtp, []r';]"tror11 ],rior1rrr,0r':].orrpr;

vrr trno].oyiourry
4.6Aorrloetg
r() ytV(ilu;v()T(r)vrrl)(i)T(r)v 5 nrrrr'rtrrrv. I lr:1rroo(rfl;1lr;gn)"r11r0pO1rir:(yr(r I
nllti[l]"11pu(n)r(i p"7t()l)r;i vc Il1rr:ro r:vtir(xpt:l)(r)v (rv(rTv(;)ort]goro f]rl]iitr rs1
'l'lrornas
I I . ( ' o r r n c nc l . a l .( l 9 l t 9 ) . ru rol)q ncrpurdro rcrvoveg:
4.6. I Ntr iirl;ttttrr;rlrjor;t{;
sin(x)*cos(y) sirr(x t y)12+sin(x-y)12
Apactqpr6t\ra 4.ll [Baor].eiou1985, os]..117]Atvetor ro ncrpoh'(iro, ) sin(x)*sin(y)-cos(x-y)/2-cos(x+y)12
* I2
nrrl"trc6 6rrrurrlt6 (6w neprfler rcurl,oug). ) cos(x) cos(y):cos(x+y) I 2+cos(x-y)
I2)* sin(x)"(n-2) (p" tt 0eurc6orf poro)
sinl*j"n:1 t72 -cos(Zx)
I2)* cos(x)"(n-2)(pen 0atm6 urc6puro)
cosix)"n:i t I2+c os(2x)
ruvtrroug erpapp6oeteenuverlqppwo Ytu'rov uzrol'oyrop6tr1gncrp&otuoqq
'+
asin[x] - 10cos[x]rsinIx] -
cos[x] sin[x]

yrv6psvo
qoq 4.6.2 Nc 8qproupyrloetercuv6veg Yto ro dOpotopa'Sroqopd'
nou 8rlproupyrloute
nrll.iro pryu6rrcrilvoprepdru.Equpp6ote touq rccrv6veq
tov unol"oytop6tr.overqPd,oeov:
( : + s i ) ( : - s i ) B )( 3 + 5 t ) / ( 3 - 5 t )
pei<rroq. llpcbto0a 8qproupyrloste 66oouvoptrloeiqrealrcarimageot onoieq
enrotp6Qouv ro
561ovtor roq 6piopu 6vcrv upt0p6 (NumberQ) rcat 0u
ylrctrr6 Kot Qovroorrrc6tou p6pogovtiorol1o' Xtq ouv6lera 0u e<papp6oete
to
rcav6veqTtu rtg v6eg aut6q ouvoptqoerg, rbote vu unol'oyi(ouv
6ruqopd, yrv6pevoru,t nql.irco6rio optOpcilv'

4.6.3 Nu 8qproupyrloetsrov6veqyru to 60potopa,6ruqoP6,Yw6Pavo

No ppeOei to pr]rcoq
tqq efi,&Xrocrlq
6ru6popriqan6 rov r6ppo 1 p61prrov nou SqProuPYqoateYru
nq),ircoprltrbv upr0prbv.Eqapp6ote touq rccrv6veq
6. :
unol,oytop6 tov errPP6oer-'rv
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r6ppo | trttyptrovr6pBo i, 0a 61or.rpe
tqv enaval.qnur{ o16o11: 5 3 4
lfil = min,.t
(
j = 2,3.....6 66o ouvoptt'1oeig numerutor Kol
I ftil+ o,,1,
..
rr.a ", .
flprirta 0u 6",1proupyr1oete
rcur 0a
r or onoieq 0u 561ovtur r,rq6propo 6vav opr0p6 (NumberQ)
fLtt=0 0o
tov oprOprltq ror nopovopaotrl tou uvttotorlu' Xtq ouvfleiu
Ko,t d, 6r1),rilvouvrqv on6ofiroq prro66 trrlv orlpetov i ru,r j. Yno06roupf vo'
v6oug rav6veq Tto rtq vdeq uut6q ouvupcloerq' drote
e,i = a ov 6w undpler tftoro 16(o. @a 61oope6r1l,c8r1: ro &0poropu,6ro<pop&, ^yw6pwo ror nqlirco 6rio rcl'aopdtrov'

c o 4 3 5 o o @ (rule-based
4.6.4 Nu ^ypdryete6vu rcvovo-revtpm6 np6ypappo
o o m 6 x 0u enrotp6tperx uv o opt0p6q
) ro onoio yru 6vw npuypatm6 clpr0p6
m @ @

@ c o @ 1 5 7 0em6q Ko,t -x crv o opr01i6qeivur apvqnr6g' Iq ouv6lercr npoo06ote

A_
c o @ @ m 2 a ernX6ovrov6vcr Tto vo enrotp6<pertrlv trprl 0 uv opr0p66etvar 0'
o
@ @ m o o o o 3
rn oD-
@ 0 0 @ o o o o @ 4.6.5 No yparpetuvo6poprrq ouvdpclo"q nou 0o' unol'oyi(et
Ackermannnou oPi(etur trrqe(t1q:
 - -,
,r.'-t.f'.^ttt'1..,\ .rtl, frtttIila,til,tllt .t --
l q n
f rrrl rr (t
A ( r r r r.) II A t r n - t . t ) r u z o ,r r 0
i A ( r n _ l , A ( r r r ,)r)r _nlr r 0 . t t t 0

Acxqoq 4'6'6 Ta Legendre

ruo),urbvrupa pnopouv va uzro),oyrorrrlv
Boq0erorou napurcdratava,dpoprrcofr6nou ;

P " = 2 n - l *" 'p, - n - l o

I' ,..n
' n
t l
l
l
n
P o= 1 , P r= x
onou n:2,3,4,..... Na ypaqei
avoSpoprrcrlouvdptqorl pe eiooSo
utro),oyi(ertov 6po p, .

Aawqoq 4.6.7
o) No ypoqei ouvdptrloq unorupoypdpporoq
unol"oyi(erto N-oot6 6po n1q ""tl,i,rei,i. 4 avo8popucrlouvapulorl /ror,\o
,' @eropeiotetov ruupo,rcd,rcrt
nivurcu A, tou onoiou ro ororleio a,, <5r11,<irvr;
a " . , - -n b + { rrlv
F s a r= 5 oz6otuoq peto(ri rcovn6l"eov i rcari.
0) xq ouv6xsru'vo ypaqst np6ypuppa nou
0o uaol.oyi(er
' ro-- 6pro
-i ouyri.rn
f o 03 5r s
tqq orcol.ou0ioq ptearpiBeruE = 10 8 np6. jan*,_u"J<
n.
Eqpeirrrorl. To np6ypoppu,va rdvei 4
Xpqo.rlrnqfiuprrrwvrrrouvdpqoqq. l r
n=lt 4 0 2
Aoxqor14.6.8
1 3 I 3 0
c) No ypo<psiuvodpopr*1 ouvdptriorl
crcol'ouoioq:
fiou vo unol"oyi(er to N-oor6 ti'' f s2 4 r

u"., =
ps ar = 0.5
** N, ={25?.,4,...,
j -1, j+1,...,u} rcur f[ij,sfi]l ro
rcirorogtrlq r:ld1rcrr46
0) xtn ouvflero' vo ypatpei np6ypultltuno, go
unol,oyi(er to
-- 6pro
-r-- oriyrcl"torlq *:e,Bg.jor_uv
nptnuvu pu;raftr:r
rrrroroqoc i
orol"ouOiag pe urcpiBeraE = t0-6 np6. :::,:::j:tlo, an6lo'ol
ro orivol.o
la,*,
_u"l = u..
l::,,ql"3y*t sptj.fr rnouol,qr,rx,i-il;;i;ilil;"
Xqpsicrlorl. To zp6ypoppo vo,rcd,ver f[ij,s[i]] Divetcrrnapc,rcdtrrr
:
Xpno.nqg ovo8poprnlg ouvdprrloqq.
I a'i i=0
Aoxqcq 4.6.9 (n. Bsor.l.eioul9g5) fti,j,sLill=l (.
_t,k,s[il_
'Evaq l-tnr., \f[i {k}]+ar,l i* 0
nrol"rlnlg(ercrv6^y6.
:nu n6),r11 o.ro nupu,rcd,tco
oXrlpc rcor,rifu:r I to s[i] nep#ytt 6].o ru unoo6vo].utou
{1,2,..,n} pre6va ororleio otav i: l,
::\:q;.rcar
y" pg1oet
ilff','u;::?,:*E^?::::qoerpd
petduovufi",,?,iiluon
;'il;;; d#ff
,"''',H:Jil;,1
,,,,,n ta, unoorlvol"u.rou {1,2,..,n}pe 66o otorXeio6tav i:2,*.o.*..'No
!2L -tcrlorr
,rolrq :.Tyyu ro r<6otoqrou vo,eivar el"dpoto.
rq tqg e)'dlroqg 8roSpoprlgoto otyrcerprp6vo Bpe0eito
lJPc\/cr
nopdderyporca'cbgKo,lnorcr,
LU

q 6ro6popr1outr1.
 ' . I n' t.t n y,rt.t r tolt. t\ ot. I Mtt I tl., til,, I l. rtt.t
a ,'. A/n'r, rtrlr t' 11
n *65 C-_*_. I

* oos [xJ r @.lyJ I a_. dalrJ r rln[yJ :=a*@8[x-y]

4.7 Anovrrlosts
olg Apoor4pr6Tqrsg

Apuorrlp16rrpa4.1 *logl3J +3*logltl]

Is 7 6 l
llp<brcrrccrrapyoupe
trlv r6r6rqta protectedqg r:vto),r1g ros[2 x] * cos[3y] + 2 * sin[2 x] * sin[3y]
plus,
c o s [ 2x 3 vl
thprotecttplusl
{Plus} rov rp6no crut6 pnopor5trrevu 8rlproupyrlooupe rav6vsg yto 8tdtpopeq
rq or onoior 0o paq Borl0ofv vu rdvoupe unlonoqoerq oe erc<ppdoerg.
Ko,r orn ouvdlera opi(oupe 6vav [q vu npoo06oerq enrnl.fov rcov6vegun6 tqv rptyo]voltsrpiu t1 touq
rcu,rvofpro rpono
uOpo[oparogyro rrq ouvuptrloerqlog l0pouqcboteva snerteivergtrq nupundvcor8r6qteg ;
rcurcos fi.X.

logtx_l + logty_l := log[x*y]

@slx_l *cosly_l +sinlx_l *sin[y_]
:= ooslx_yl

T6l"oqencvugfpoulr rrlv rdt6r4ru protect rov6voq

riq ewo),r1gplus.
hotecttplusl cos[n_x_] :r aos[x] cos[ (n- 1) x] - sinlxl sin[ (n - ]-) xl
{ Plusl x I :) cos[x] cos[(n 1) xl - sinlxl sin[ (n 1) x]

rat pfuinoupExoy fiapaTldvoruv6vq, vu K0vov(Iq

srpapp6(etor:

fogt3l + togt4l = sinln_x_l :+ cos [ (n- 1) x] sinlxl + coslxl silx[ (n - 1) xl

lo9t12l [n_x_] :: cos[(n 1) x] srn[x] * coslxl sin[(n 1) x]
of[2x] *os[3y] +sin[2x1 *sin[3]l
c o s [ 2x - 3 y ] rou cos[3x] pe encrver].qppdvn
Xpnon tcovruv6vrrrv 1 ran2.

Av npoozaOrlooupe6proqvo unol,oyiooup cos[3*x] //. {Rrlel, tu1e2}l

rnv napd,ota,orl . . 2
- 1C O SI X San tX
2*os12xl *oos[3y] +2*sin[2x]
*s5nt3yl
2 c o s [ 2 x ] c o s [ 3 y ]* 2 s i n l 2 x l s i n [ 3 y l rou sin[5x] pe enuver\ppdvn 1prlon tcov ruv6vrov 7 rat2.

nopor4pofpe 6tr 6ev yiveratn fio,poyovronoiqorl sin[5*x] //. {R:le1, tu1e2}l

nou neptpdvope.Aur6 p a 3 5
vo l'u'ei pe rov nc,pu'rcdrar
nro yevir6'rcovovaKo,ryro,trq 66o *uoprr1o,,,q I x ] s i n I x ] - 1 0 c o s I x ] 2s i n I x ] * s i n ; x 1
I
hprotecttplusl vo 8rlptoupyrloerqrcav6vsqTur rr.lv ovttotpotprl 8ra8rrccroiu;
Av 6ql"o6t1
{ Plus} 6o0ei plrx nupdotoorl f[sin[x],cos[x]] vo rnv petcnpfyetq ot pro
a-*logJx__; +b *rogJy_,1 := logft'*1p] f[cos[nx],sin[mx]l ;
 - | 467
Allc<rrrlprdn;rc.l.J
(lprrt',,r:l'rrp,: r1 r'pudrm eruvipnldn
I Iltrirtor:pcltpti(orr1u: vo titnrl,rr'rr;r
yr.(rrr)r:rq1':r'frL4rriq
T()r)q
xrrvrira;,, ,r, r6rt 0c r:n1rr;nr. vrr r4tlooulu:(nvrt qv rnrv/r1lrqo4rrlq
flx_l:=i- L
t_,y_, z_l t= sgt[f ,f , ]l
f J x _ + y _ l : =i * f _t 3, 4, 51
Kor o'r1 ouv61eru,
unol"oyi(ouperrg trp6g ftou po,q
(rlrrier 11donlorl
I ytverar 6pcogo'1v neplnraol zrou0u 06l.apeq f vo 8oul,eiieryra
ft11 6va <iptoltu
ywnupanavot an6 rpio opiopura ; @u pnoporioopevo ypdyoupe
0 :
IJ := S$ttDott{x}, {x}l l
H nupanuva trprl unol,oyi(etar
Brioertoo aprirtou rcv6va. l
flL+ 2l
B ,3,4,6J
62

aror.ou0rloer
11f tov 6e6repo
Kovovrx q wtolr1 Dot unol"oyi(erro eocrrreprr6yrv6pwo 6rio l"rotrilv.
ff:#j:l"J:",,:,":rl*:!:va rrrr
T,:X:':::#,,1iH,1:^:T:9"{:;"d;;:,'#'#:Tilff
:if ffi :il'
J'ffiiJi"!;#',i"'1':l
ff Hff#';*;:*::Hv;i:liffi
ITJ'T[JJii:l'::;:-{*"+:ffi
l6qru 4.5

311,,:il
ffi*.j
voonl'oT
o,1"0'r
ourspourccv6vo,.
:;;;'-'i;;Jfi3:'il,"11,,,;';,,
"o'""""0;'"#*ffiffii;',i'effilt'i,[ 6tio 8roqopetrrorig optoporSg(rccrv6veg) filv i6rc o-uvriprr1or1.
Tro ()
0a ertel"eitar 6ro'v ro 6propo sivor arc6parogapr0p6q,evcbo 6r;rr';1xr9
ro opropo elvol zrpoyponrc6gopr0p6q.
fla+ bl
L a 2* b 2
: Integerl := x
t ReaU := Rourd[x]

Apcotrlpdtqta 4.4 3.5I

Aq uro0dooupe6u Oelou{_rl_6qproupyriooDps
pro, ouvd,ptqoq norr
unoLoyi(errqv nopdo.raoq
^174 y,o *yoroprtrrfvu,x,y. T6te
napcrdtcooprop6; 0a eiXo,pr;roV 3.oI

flx_, yJ := sgt[#*l]
f[3, 4] rqv 8rorpopetrrq on6rproq qq ouvdprnong
Tro rlq nplg 3 K0,t
5 H np<ilrr1eivar urfpatoq upr0p6g sv6
n 5e6tepr1rupoyputrr6g l.6yol TTIg
!
 -
Apcor4pr6r4tc {.6 ] +ou
difflf_, cptr_l :r
j.l )'.yrrrl ol)v(ir)rrorrNurrhcef xl r:nror,r':tpr;r
'r'ruc f|itht
lritlsciirrrrprlrr:rrxri tirrrv . x r;ivrrrr t l r r { l g r o ,
rrrvr;nrirg u,, ,r1uxr)rrorrrofio11cr.,,r;
1,nu1r.,rip,: rrlg l)t'ctlle {v= rrariablc / , (apbl /. etlanstdiffl
Yrorov olttoptirtlr,orrvri1rrr1or1,,
dill.:
diff tx_?lturberdl := 0 o= order/. (opts) /. eticrstdiffl ),
difftxl Dlf, {v, o}l l
drff Ix]
voDpr trpg ong tonrrc6qpetaBl"qtfq v Ko,ro rrq npoent)'eyptvsq r[!r.iiq
1j_ff r3l r(r)v v
r o r1trg np6q nou fler 8ritoero 1pr1on1q,Ko,rorn ouv61ero, unol"oyi(ou;-Lr;q
v
nou ('qtder o 1pr'1ot4g.
Apcorqprr6r1pu4.7
diff[x1
?,
@arup6ner x
va (elcrrpioorl-u,rrse{r1_q
6rio nepmtciroerg: o) 11},iora -+ x, orfu
upt0p6 otorleicrrv(Evene[r,eistrrirl1;, x v' r:,:r
*riBl 11l"(ora x va 61etnc'rrr(r
[t', variable -l 2]
oto rXeicov
(Evene [Lengthtx]l r11 6x
). t', order -+ 2]
f [x_List] /; oddetrensthlxll
:= Sorrtxl 11I@!! 1111
_ z
f[x-Lisr]/; E\ierQrrengr]rrxrr .:*r]1[[ *T''' pnoporioav or zrpoernl,eyp6vegttpfg vc tono0etl0otv rur 1rr':ououl
:=ala!- -TlI onotgrpoivetc,rnupu,rcutco
2
fl{2,3,5, L,7}l
Lf_, q>ts_l :=
3 Ititht
f 5 [ { 2 , 3 , 1 ,5 } J
(v= rrariable/. tcpts) /. i\rariable-rx/ orrder_, l_),
^ o = or&r.
/ tcpts) / . irrariable -,
z x, oader _, l_) ) ,
Dlf, {v, o}l l

Apuorrlpr6qtu 4.g

tt' npoeni'tvsrtveq tftrpu 4.9

trtrl,,,T.toJft-t np6svLaranpoo,rpettrcd
opiop'rc 6qtrnoupyrloorrl-rs
rnv ova6poprrcrlouvdptrloq f[n] q onoia 0c
6po qg orco)"ou0iuq Fibonacci.
Qtiqrstdiffl = {rrariable_r x, order_+ 1},.
oov0r1rceE
Eq ouv6lera opi(oupe u1v L
ouvdpuioTl prrg :
1
 . ..t\,ll,tryrlt(t(,olt()\
I et
Ot., Milllr.,nhrtt. i
-l l' Ktnr nttx,t,rlrrxdfG_
Iitpappoyq
f t10l opt0lroi liibonleci rnd fw ll'l!| pd. llopotq;roripr: l.otntiv tltt or X1r<'r
55 unol"ttytolroir1rru.,mr\dtttnotg tfov lhrvuprrd rpolpultp<rrtolt(lr;ivurltrrpoi ur
unrtp1r;rr:nrrvri).r1
ry11crtorrgurokryroporiqrqq mrvnllqor1g. L I

oupqr,tvsi
ps ro onotcl"eopa
n1gcn,vrinrr1orl1
;iJ:fi1?Jr:ir"J*::J:
r5JcclaccilJ.Ol
55 Apcoqpl6rqra 4.1I

Apcor4pr6rrpu 4.ll Ilp6to 8rlproupyofp rov nivcrru A.

Apprcd 6rlproupyo6pl,ro npoypcppa r= {{InfiniQ, 4, 3, 5, Infirity, Infinity},

p6oropuq avo8poprrrlqouvoprrlorl\
uzol"oyi(oupsroug irtl {Infiniq/, Infinity, Infirrity, Infinity. Infinitlr, 6},
lp6voug.yra'r# ro;, zoi rcm30" Fibonacci6po.
(Infirdty, Infinity, Infiraity, L, 5, 7L
Aydn ou rcoElrpoypa/41clttotrto (Infirrity, Infinitlr, Infinity, Infiraity, 2, Infinityi,
" E
f[1.]:=L
{Infirrity, Infinitlr, Infiniq/, Infinity, Infinity, 3},
fl2l :=t
{Infirrity, Infinity, Infinity, Infiraity, Infjnitt/, Infinity} }
ftn_Integer?Fositivel := fln _
Ll + ftn_ 2l ((-, 4, 3, 5, -, -], {-, @r @, @t *, 6}, {-, -, -, 7, 5, 7},

{-, -, -, a, 2, -}, {-, @, @t @t -, 3}, {*, -, o, o, o, o}J

Xp|vot ozro)"oytopo6
TablelTimirgtflijI
It1lL {i, 10, 30, L0}j 8rlproupyofps rqv ouvd,ptqoqyro to f[i
rou eirovul.qntmof c,l"yoptOpou
10 . Second, 0 . 33 Second , 42 .9 Secondi

ouvflera ps
Itn _lllKpn tpoironoiqorl ron nupunav(UJ npoypaprprl116
drlproupyor5pep6oo Aruop,*oj [i_, a_List] :=
np"ypolrrrorr"lro,i
'' avdororXrl ouv(Iprnor'lyrc t[i, a] = Ifli.= L, O, MinlTablelflj. al *a[[j, 1]7, {J, L, i- 1}lll
rov unol.oyrotrro
to-rvuprOpdlvFibonacci.

Z o_vaptrc6E np oyp appauop6 n trpT tqq el.&potrlg on6otoorlq nou ydlvoupe eivur :
ouvezrcilq
E
fib[l] := 1
fi.bJ21 := 1 6, al
filrtn_Integer?Fositi\rel := fjJrlnl = fi-bln_ 1l + fitrtn_ 2l

Xp6vot uno)oyrcpoo tcirpu Oe),r'looupsvo ppofpe Ko,1rov 6p6po nou urco}.ou0r'1oope yro v0
TableJTimingtfibtil ps ro el"dporo our6 r<6oro9, opi(oupe qv ouvdpolorl s[i,a] not
I I I1l L {!, LO,30, 10}j t , 5e5op6voutou nivu,rco,
a, fl1v nporlyoripevq06o'qnpw tqv i nou 0o
{0. Second, 0. Second, O. Second}
vo eilcrpe rbotevo,ndpoupero eldlroro r6oroq.
Ezer6'1 orov nprirto uzror,oyro'p6
rou fib[10]_ uzo].oyiotnKov or l,_, a_Listl := s[i. a] = t"lcd:let{s1, j},Ifli ==L, O,
opr'poi Fibonacci, npdlror r0
urroioyrop6^tou fibt2'l 0a s1= Table[fljf a] +a[ [j, i] 7, {J, L, i- L}l ;
l-y :3Op*o
unol"oyrotofv or upr'poi lperaotcl vq
Fibonacci ono-rlou ilo rcor petd.
utrol'oyrop6 rou 300' opr0po6 piuonaccr, rlap6poro yrcr r(rv Fositiorlsl, MilrlsLl I t t1l I l
0o' xpe.o,otei vo unol"oyrotoriv
.l
 ..,. t ^, n,.v.lt.r(rolur\.m,, Mil l h.,nr.ll,. r,
w
K(rt ol)vt),I(i)q

Tabletli, sli, al , fli, al ), {i, 1, 5}l // TableElorrn Ke<ptAqroV

1 0 0
2 1 4 A4ptoupylc llqxCrrrrv
3 1 3
4 3 4
5 4 6
6 5 9

flapotqpo'pe e6rcol,o_ an6 rov nupanuv., zrivcro, 6tr yro,vu ndpe

0a 61oupeel"d'xrotorc6orog'roSpoprlg9, ou1 0r;or1(r,
evrirorq 06oq 6 er ^;; un6 qv 0r;rrr;
5' flop6poro yro,vo naye un6ta-03ori'r
o'1 06oq 5 0o fxoupe el.dlroro r<ior'g
6, evrirTrprvrnv 06o4 5 ga .npezs vu,r'1po,orov
oq 'doq 4 ytavuto nctrx.rrlrr:
sut6' Bdoer uutrlq q6 l,oyucrlgnpoxarpdprs E[vur yvcrrot66rr rcutd tqv eioo8o poq or 6vu session
npoqra nioco orcol,ougrbvtaqrrlv oto neprBd],],.vror
B6l,notr16ra6popr1,11onoia rel,ircA'ei;r
{ i _r: _r+_rs_rO} . thematica 61oupe or4 6rd0eor1pag 6vo peydl"o nl,rlOoq
ouvuprrlor;trrvvr
oqo_oupe.Erct6q 6proq an6 ro orjvol"o rov oDvo,prrloecov
s1 = Table[sli, a] , {i, L, 6}l uurdlv, rt
tica 6ru06tsr6vo o'fvol,o no,r6tcov,ta onoio,6ev eivar .cinor,udl,l,o
{ 0 , { 1 }, { I } , { 3 } , { 4 } , { 5 } } ani
t ztou 6ru06r'ouv xntnluiov oproporiq Ko,roDvop''1oerg
nou crtpopoirvr';v
rcptpfvone6ioe<puppoy4g. fvatpi(outrreyro zupdDerypu,ona,v 0e1"u.,,u,;
Erp6oov unol,oyioape-tov ni1orcu,s, pLzoporilrr vn
yo opiooupe niv o.uvcr'rr'or1 pr^lnv yporprnl na,pd,otuoq praq ouvdpqoqg
mcm[s'i] nou uno]'oyi(etrrov5p6po nou f[x] ori rivo
ar<o]"ou040ape yrc,v0,rptd,ooupsr,r,-rrf ne6io optopo6,to Mathematica6ru06rerqv ouvdptqo.rlplor.
o,peio i' 610vtug trlv r"iotu Al
'q 060ergs[i,a] nou 6r1],c,rvouJ
rqv 06.,rr /r.u u uurd 6l,oupe vo, o1e6rd,ooDl,re rnv ypogrrcrlnupd,orcroqu1q r:[ior,lcrq
qpaotuv Trprvrnv 06o11 -[rs
i, urcol"ouOcbvtoq,r1uBCl,r,orrla,oOpolrn, , r6xt 0o np6zrervc' rcul"6ooupeto narcfro ouvaptqoecov Giaphics
ro
epnep#yetq o'uvdpaloq Implicitprot TroDpuq
lrEnls List, i ] :_ IIEn[s/ i1 = ttcd:le[{x, Boq0&eion1v,rnil",,oq *ru
y, ss}/ cptp6vou npoBl,r1porog. floq 6pclq 0s rco,),6ooupe
r.:va nardto
ffli== L, {}, ; Me norov rpono 0o dqproupyrlooupe ro Drrc6
x = rErr[sz s[ [i, 1] I I ; ;lcrq nordto
; flog pnopofpe vo Xpnorpozorr.looupeoro 6rrc6 pai ncrrdro
ss = ftppgndt{st ti, 1l I } , xl ,. ouvaptrloerq an6 a)t)"u nurtra ; IIoq 0u 6ru1op(ooupc
rc
Elattentssl l o rcDv 8rrclrv pog ouvapaloerrrv un6 tu ov6ptto
ouuoprrlor.uv rov
unapl6vtrov zrurcftcov; Aur6 rcurdl,l"s eprotrlpra 0o npoonaor]ooupc
l vc
ornv vorrlrcruun1.
nun[s1, 5]
{7, 3, 4, 5}
flurgxoAo0p
6vqTTqKdTo
ouvqpTforov;
b,rcdLeopaw6g nor6rou pnopeivcryiver pe 66o tp6nou6.
Aq uno06ooupc
oTroDl'l ouvdpaloq mcm[s,i] uno].oyi(er 0dl,oupe va rcal,6ooups ro nsrc6to ouvop'loerrrv Graphics,.
tov 6p6po zrou c,rco]"ou04ocpe yur r T6re ea
tptdooups cogro orlireio i, dlovro. ,qu
),ioro pe trq 06oergs[i,a] ,rou aq],tilvol
tqv 06oq nou rlpaotuv fiplv rrrv 06oq i,
a,rcol.ouOrirvroq
orv B6l,trot4 ;rc6popf I
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rqer;vt<,l.r1s
lur'rprj ;;;il:;_#;, contcxt tirrr(lir.uv xnr 6rr:q or rnrvnprrior;rqTrou elrtnepft^trovto,r
t:r;r titcfloo':i rrrr,rlv orry!r.1
r;nr:ivr1
Hll,.f][ll, , i;lji Mathcntaticir <irrrvto xa.l"orilu:.
oro kemel tou
7[ol)ro rcal,oil.u;.

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dvonqxroouvoprfloeov Ccrter<ttPlusl
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litSope oqv npoqyori
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];:T::,:.:"T.:i::,u rurno
po'pJju,r",,i'
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iil#li,T;HI: ;ooulrr:lrriru To vs ofpBol"u to, onoic Dqproupyofpe rutd tqv 8rlproupyiu ev6q session
anoro ;o*;; o,",ot;.:
frli,:TiJi:?n'T"if,n:l
lmplicitPlot, rcur ox, 6l,o \rralrfrrcs n'x rll otrvtilr dlouv oq contextro Global'.
ro *uoio-"""rt0v ouvoptloctrtv.
yon6f I f ..rn rr;rt,+N^ i^^r. -^. -
lprl0rponorrbvr0qrnv zapu,rcdtroorlvton. Arrrri ,l
Atrrri vir
f[0] := 1
<< Grq*rics' Inplicitplot.
ftn_Integer?Fositivel := n* f [n- 1]
?f
Ilcpoqporipe l.orzr6v 6n obal'f
ro 6vopro ouyrcercprpivrlgor)v(rl)rrl
Xoporcrqpi(erutan6 ro nqrcfro o.o orroio :nq f [0] :=1
ol lNcr ru uTroto
onoio ypo'Qoultt:
ypdqoupt:nlrrirt
nlrrirrrr
6voua tqE
to 6vopa ,na ouvdpqolq
.r.r-,1^".n^h.7[oD
r^r\ urco],ougei
^.--^1 ^ ,utl.tttlo

ffffn3l*:;j:fu
dv'parroE
yronapd'ery iT[d'lE'",i,i.Xl't;l',
::::l;,-;;;;;;Jff
p!^{,x:d,o6u;;;.ilTT,J"J[Tffi:i:;:ll,,i
f1n_Integer?Positivel := n fIn 1]

8oripe 6trrargnora v6o oripBol.o XoDvog context ro Global' perd

#l#?l';1?J#;;:H:T::
err'dtou
TroD
zrpony,]", ::gtir: "T"*::
X;
it,"6vopu,
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n1g ouvdptrloqq, rar eq6oov 11nopandvot rltov 11zrprbtq
1"" :"d;;
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pdoer rov enrrwrrparv
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ffiff:?l"H: f^.:."-,.*:io
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6rtoup^1aiuia61ouv
on6teotrlvzrspinr,rorl'auri';;e;i;:cir,,;.";i;,:"""i,*il";:,|l:,il
orr6reorrv n,^r-_^,^lll-t_2uye,nwiy11l,o4 ro i6urdrw
"i, t1pofpe 6n piyx onyprlg 61ouv 6r1proupy40ei6rio v6a ov6pato
orovonoiof?:."i:_t;i"*.,,* orov16ro
il::,:ffi"uj#::::
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rcutdl.oyo,
;.;. r,"#1,:ffi:TH#icn6 oto
t Global', a) ro 6vopo t4g ouvdpqo4g f, rcar. ro 6vopu t4q petoB),r1tr1q
B)
pfieptXsrorotrl ouvdptrlorl.
f: T? y.:,T_:tica.;or ouvcpnloers
out6sbraorlrouJ
ffiffi:i:l:,
'l;
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ffi fi"il3tLlli::::::i;e';;';"r4#*l::fi
ovopa trlq eivat Plus, ol.l.dr
to'oriv0ero
xdl,eopu trirpo tqq ouv&ptqoqq f pruopeivo, yiver eite pe ro nl,rlpeg 6vopo
Global'f, eite pe to ofwopo 6vopu qg f.
utuor'Syri"-.;t;r;:r:'*opo t'rvulrC
'f
t3l
Systenr'pfust2, 3l
5

To 6vopu nou npo4yeiro,rrou

otvtopou ov6porog rqq ouvripnlorlg,
context, rcu,reivcr crut6 nou ovopd
leyrirpi(a trg ouvcpulocrg pcrcr(ri rouq, trirpa etDopeto 56o contexts: System'rcur Global'.'orav 6porgto
,atica nptnei va yd,(er Ko,lvo,Bperq o"uvdpfl1or1
f, oe zroroan6 to 6fo
xt 0a yd{cr vu to Bpet Ko,rtt 0a rcdvetoe nepinrroon fiou 6ev
Bper t4
 I l 1 t , r , ' 1t r t 1111 ,r 11 1 r , ti lt , . t , I t r
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''"^ *"' trl\/ ()/t()t(I tt(l
M a t h e m a t i c a , T o .c o l r t c x r r r , r , , u . r l , , , i . . , , , , , 1 , " , , " \'(t!-r'l ttl 6 r ; v [ i l r r i u ; l l ( ] l r v r l l r n l o r lo i r t r . o r o c t l r r t c x l o t o o n o i o [ ] l r t o r t i l r c o l : " ( i l o [ t t r l " '
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:ff::ffiH,::,ff1
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l) @o ryd{erva Bperq o'uvdp'1or1 ?Glda]-'*

f oro conlcxt or. .n.i. Globaf
niv otryprl ercsiv4ru.1. Il,tl.t ,tlt,,,tu
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f, 0a yd(er vu rrlv flpcr Irl; r1l ntO
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ofte os rcav.vcr c,n6 T c r c o n t c \ |
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TO oUyKt:hlrtlr,
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ppertr1 ouvdpqo.q n1v
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TmplicitPlotlx2 n y2 =- 1, {x, I, I}, {y, 1, 1} I
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l
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EAlrlvrxrlBrBAroypugia
[1] A A0uvuord6r1,B. @pdyrcou:Aorcr'1osrg Arorpopmof rcrr o].or]"qparrrr..
Aoyropof llllIuvaptrloerrtv neprooor6provpeto,B)"qtrbv, Erc66oerg2ipr1, 1995.
Le{yverrlv oDvXl1sfisvd},nvn [2] II. Boor],eiou,I 985, E<poppootrrdvoq Mcr0qpunrc6q flpoypotrrputrop6q.
r)v(iq
ouv6).ousvrol.ci)v6tcv pro t3l lI. Bl"6pog, E. Pd,nnogrcarII. Yoppdrog, 2000, @ecrtpia AprOprirv,El"),qvrr
*uff,i*,1
tK0,vo7[orsir0r.
Avrrororlei otqv Ma0rlpotrnl Eturpeiu.
e'wol,r1While. l4l f. M. feropyuv6zroul"ou: rtorleiu Ma0qponrqg Aval"6oeroq, Actrr;1-r
6rc6ooq,Er6otrrc6qO(rcoqAbel.<pcbv Kuprurci6r1,
1992
[5] N. f]"uvori, Erouycoyrl oroug oupBo]"rrcoriq
uno].oyropo6q pre Mathernatica
Icodwrvo2002.
16] A. Kup6oq, 2000, Erouycoyrloq fll"rlporpoptrcrl: Telvrrdq flpoypupputroproir
T6pog B', El"l,qvrrc6Avorrct6 llavenrorrlpro.
Atiptt.t rqv sTrovdlnyrl sv6g Ul fl.Kol"rodrcq, A.lluzruSonofl.ou, x.xtupurdrcl: Aorcloerg uvul"utrrcr
orrvtil.orr
vro^crrv yro Kdesnprl tou M n.y. yeopstpicrq,Erc56oerg Zt1n1,2003.
A,
A+T, A+2*T, ..., A+N*T [8] @. KuBevtiSrl: Araqoprrcfqe(rorboerq,
AerlrsprlfrSooq, Erc66oerq
1ero,,i,,r.,, 2,t'p1,199g.
l*f*f.=g r c oA
r tlNrl)T>B gt'rl [9] K. flunabdrcqq,2002,Ercayoyqoro Mathematica,Erd6oerqT(r6],u.
I >0, cvo A+N*J>:g *o, [l0] A.M. llou]"drqq, 1996, @eopia Apr0pcirv: Mro ofylpovq 0erbprlorltrlc
A+(N+I)T<B 6tov T<0). rc)"ooorrcrlq Oeotpioqupr0prilv,Erc66osrqZr.1tq.
AwrotorXei orrlv evtol,r] Do, [11] t. Tpalovdg, 2001, Mathematica Kcr,1eqoppoydq : fru poOrlpunrcor
Fclr.
quorrcorigKo,1pq1ovlKofq, fluvenroq pturcfgErc56oergKpnqq.
ll2l E. Yop6noul"o9, 2002, Mathematicavs Mu0qputrrcd,,Erc66oerqZqtr1.
rqv ercrdl.eo1
Frcgopd6ag
flry:r (tita6rrcoofa)
svro/'ov nou lfvq BrBAroyptrgio
nqqpagawc,r u,voluttrri oe
ril.l.o
oqpeio. [1] Nancy Blachman, 1992, Mathematica: A practical approach,prentice Harl
InternationalLimited, London.
[Tapunopnrloe dl.],o oqpeio
torr [2] J. Browne, 2001, Programming for Engineers with Mathematica (coursc
l"oyrrcori8raypdppotog. Notes),SwinburneUniversity of Technology,Melbourne,Australia.
[3] Thomas H. cormen, charles E. Leiserson and Ronald L. Rivest. 19g9
flcpanoprq os drrl^Iqosl.i60. Introductionto algorithms,MIT Press.
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;t*:ll;';*';,i.T1;,*i n",',ee2,
Arsori,
hn,s
*,r(,r,,rpurf,
iti,if il''l'n"
[6] AJlied Gray: Modcrn t_litll.r.inlj,,,
Marhematica, ,,* ol'('urvcsanctSurtirccs
Second
Edition,
.Ri,;il:ffi:" wr6

" rut *tr ar}c'naticswithM.

r,rc'u,,,
er
trt;:-?l.,
[8].John il:it ,qri,
w. ciuy, :;u:
{ff irrri#;ril;:,- tematica
vork, reer.
ap_plications,
Acajemic press. : Programmrngmcth.ds

Functionar
programming
: Appricari.rr
iilt'i:f|'**i':i".H,?"f,ii'
lruJ uraham Huilon. 2000.
--"' rFunctional pr
uuvrrurrdrrrogramming
Nottingham (Auil,e(I), Univcrsily
Mathematica asa roor: aninroduction
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w,,r pr.cric{
[12] StephanKaufmann:-A crash
coursein Mathematica,
Birkhauser r gr)r).
iid',truay*'"lh#;#ffiil inrvru,,
"mltiluIi aai.un-w.
!,1iid=t-"T#5*?S'"",1.'.H:T3*,Hiofnl, ",.and how rousc ,
[ | 5l F'";t- D ^: -r- -

ffi:iill.;"T*:ff
i',iT*fi ;3',';.
Mathematik,DrittcA,,
i!+tli.
[16] William T. Sha
Appried
Mathematica,
Addi -w
son
i:*:$ej".o#K.*
SranWagon:
J::f ,;;?:,
[17] M"l":r!:, ;; ;;".
Springerreefi. Second
Edition.
il:1,i.#;1,11T,j|,1.fu
;nJ;il"';i..s".,.,
i;,ni",'.,,,on.
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