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Impedance Matching PDF
Impedance Matching PDF
Impedance Matching
A number of techniques can be used to eliminate reflections when
the characteristic impedance of the line and the load impedance are
mismatched.
Impedance
Z0 ZR
Transformer
/4 ||
Z0 Z/4 Z0 ZR
f0
/4 /4 /4 /4 ||
Z0 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z0 ZR
||max
f0
Z0(x) ||
||max
x fmin
ZR ZR ZR
/4 dmax or dmin
ZR Z01
ZR = RR + jX R ; R = = R exp ( j )
ZR + Z01
1 + (d) 1 + R
ZA = Z01 = Z01
1 (d) 1 R
1 + (d) 1 R
ZA = Z01 = Z01
1 (d) 1 + R
Zin
Z0 ZA
L = /4
Since:
1 + (d) 1 R
ZA = Z01 = Z01
1 (d) 1 + R
we have
ZA + jZ0 tan( L) Z02
Zin = lim Z0
tan( L ) jZA tan( L) + Z0 ZA
Note that if the load is real, the voltage standing wave pattern at the
load is maximum when ZR > Z01 or minimum when ZR < Z01 . The
transformer can be connected directly at the load location or at a
distance from the load corresponding to a multiple of 4 .
ZB ZA=Real
d1
/4
n /4 ; n=0,1,2
ZA = ZR ; d1 = 2 n = n
4 2
2
Z01
ZA = ; d1 = (2 n + 1) = n +
ZR 4 2 4
2
Z02
ZB =
ZA
For impedance matching we need
2
Z02
Z01 = Z02 = Z01 ZA
ZA
The characteristic impedance of the transformer is simply the
geometric average between the characteristic impedance of the
original line and the load seen by the transformer.
ZB ZA
/4
2
Z02
ZB = = Z01 Z02 = Z01 RR = 50 100 70.71
RR
ZB ZA
/4
2
Z02
ZB = = Z01 Z02 = Z01 RR = 100 50 70.71
RR
ZB ZA
/4
2
Z02
ZB = = Z01 Z02 = Z01 RR = 75 300 = 150
RR
/4 /4
2
Z01 752
ZA = = = 18.75
RR 300
2
Z02
ZB = = Z01 Z02 = Z01 ZA = 75 18.75 = 37.5
ZA
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 155
Transmission Lines
/4 dmax
100 + j100 50
R = 0.62
100 + j100 + 50
1 + R
ZA = Z0 213.28
1 R
Z02 = Z01 ZA = 50 213.28 = 103.27
/4 dmin
100 + j100 50
R = 0.62
100 + j100 + 50
1 R
ZA = Z0 11.72
1 + R
Z02 = Z01 ZA = 50 11.72 = 24.21
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 157
Transmission Lines
Generalized Transformer
L
RR + jX R + jZ02 tan( L)
Z01 = ZA = Z02
Z02 + j ( RR + jX R ) tan( L)
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 158
Transmission Lines
Z 01RR RR2 X R2
Z 02 =
1 RR / Z 01
tan ( L ) =
(1 RR / Z (
01 ) Z R
01 R RR
2
X 2
R )
XR
The transformer can be realized as long as the result for Z02 is real.
Note that this is also a narrow band approach.
Z0 jX ZR Y0 = 1/Z0 jB YR = 1/ZR
ds ds
The shunt may be inserted at locations ds where the real part of the
line admittance is equal to the characteristic admittance Y0
Y1' = Y0 + jB
Matching is obtained by using a shunt susceptance jB so that
Y1 = [ Z (d s )]1 jB = Y1' jB = Y0
ds ds
Y1' 1 (d s )
= y1 = 1 + jb =
' = normalized admittance
Y0 1 + (d s )
b = normalized susceptance
Then, the line reflection coefficient can be expressed in terms of b
1 (d s ) 1 y1' 1 (1 + jb) jb
y1 =
' (d s ) = = =
1 + (d s ) 1+ y1 1 + 1 jb 2 + jb
'
B = b Y0 = b / Z 0
R = = 2 + 2 d s tan 1 ( b 2 ) + 2 n
4
2 ds = d s = 2 tan 1 ( b 2 ) 2 n
ds = ( 2 + tan 1 ( b 2 ) 2 n )
4
+ for b > 0; for b < 0
The last term accounting for periodic behavior of the solution gives
2n = n
4 2
indicating that the solutions repeat every 2 along the line.