CHAPTER -4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 GENERAL
The present chapter contains the results of various tests conducted on Self Compacting
Concrete (SCC). Cubical specimens were tested for compressive strength, cylindrical specimens
were tested for split tensile strength and beam specimens were tested for flexural strength.
Cubes, cylinders and beams were cast of SCC for compressive strength, flexural strength and
split tensile strength test by using 30% percentage of fly ash. Compressive strength tested at age
of 7 days and 28 days, where as flexural strength test, split tensile strength test and Rapid
Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) were tested at age of 28 days. The various tests on fresh SCC
mixes were also conducted to determine the flow ability properties of concrete. Slump flow test
for filling ability, U-Flow test for filling segregation resistance and L-Box test to determine
passing ability were conducted on each mix.

4.2 Fresh Properties

4.2.1 Slump Test Result (For Filling Ability)
Slump test is more widely used test for SCC due to the simplicity of apparatus and the test
procedure. Slump indicates the behavior of a compacted concrete under the action of
gravitational force. Slump is the measure of consistency of the SCC mix. The slump test was
carried out at the various mixes and the value obtained has been shown in Table 4.1 and Figure
4.1:
 Table 4.1 - Slump Test Results
SCC using NCA * SCC using RCA**
EFNARC 2002
Sr. No. Property Observed Observed
Value (mm)
Value (mm) Value (mm)
1. Slump 710 670 650-800
NCA* - Natural Coarse Aggregates
RCA** - Recycle Coarse Aggregates

720

710

700

690
SLUMP FLOW (mm)
680

670

660

650
NCA RCA

Figure 4.1 - Graph of Slump Test Results

From the study of the graph as shown in Figure 4.1, the slump values of 710mm for NCA and
670mm for RCA are within the limits specified values of EFNARC 2002 for SCC.
4.2.2. U-Box Test Results
The results of U-box test for various SCC are shown in Table 4.2 and Figure 4.2.

Table - 4.2 U-Box Test Results

U-Box Blocking Ratio
EFNARC 2002
NCA RCA
Value
Non Non
Sr. No. Bar Bar
Bar Difference Bar Difference
Side Side
Side (cm) Side (cm)
(cm) (cm)
(cm) (cm)
1. 5.5 7.0 1.5 5.5 7.0 1.5

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
BLOCKING HEIGHT
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
NCA RCA

Aggregate Types

Figure 4.2 Graph of U-Box Test Results

4.2.3 L-Box Test Results
The results of L-box test for various SCC mixes with various proportions of silica fume are
shown in Table 4.3 and Figure 4.3.

Table 4.3 - L-Box Test Results

L-Box Blocking Ratio
EFNARC 2002
Sr. No. NCA RCA
Value
H2 H1 H2/H1 H2 H1 H2/H1
1. 7.7 9.6 0.802 7.5 9.3 0.806 >0.8

0.81
0.81
0.81
0.8
BLOCKING RATIO 0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
NCA RCA
Aggregate Types

Figure 4.3 - Graph of L-Box Test Results

4.3 STRENGTH PROPERTIES

4.3.1 Compressive Strength
Compressive strength is an important property for any concrete because it is primarily meant to
give strength against compressive stresses. Cube of S.C.C. mix of 150 mm side were cast, cured
and tested at 7 days and 28 days of curing.
4.3.1.1 07 Days Compressive Strength
The results of 7 days compressive strength for SCC with 30% Fly Ash have been reported in
Table 4.4 and Figure 4.4.
Table 4.4 - 7 Days Compressive Strength (NCA) Results
Cube Surface Cube Breaking Compressive
Sr.
Area Weight Load Strength
No.
(mm2) (Kg.) (Tonne) (N/mm2)
1. 22500 8.149 85 37.06
2. 22500 7.999 80 34.88
3. 22500 8.150 85 37.05
Average Compressive Strength = 36.33 MPa

37.5
37
36.5
36
35.5
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH N/mm2
35
34.5
34
33.5
Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3
Cube ID

Figure 4.4 - Graph of 7 Days Compressive Strength (NCA) Test Results

 Table 4.5 - 7 Days Compressive Strength (RCA) Results
Cube Surface Cube Breaking Compressive
Sr.
Area weight load Strength
No.
(mm2) (Kg.) (Tonne) (N/mm2)
1. 22500 7.493 65 28.34
2. 22500 7.434 60 26.16
3. 22500 7.480 65 28.34
Average Compressive Strength = 27.61 MPa

29
28.5
28
27.5
27
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH N/mm2
26.5
26
25.5
25
Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3

Figure 4.5 - Graph of 7 Days Compressive Strength (RCA) Test Results

Table 4.6 - 28 Days Compressive Strength (NCA) Results

Cube Surface Cube Breaking Compressive
Sr.
Area weight load Strength
No.
(mm2) (Kg.) (Tonne) (N/mm2)
1. 22500 8.05 108 47.07
2. 22500 8.20 109 47.51
3. 22500 8.25 110 47.95
Average Compressive Strength = 47.51 MPa
 48.2
48
47.8
47.6
47.4
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH N/mm2
47.2
47
46.8
46.6
Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3

Figure 4.6 - Graph of 28 Days Compressive Strength (NCA) Test Results

Table 4.7: 28 Days Compressive Strength (RCA) Results

Sr. Cube Surface Cube weight Breaking load Compressive
No. Area (mm2) (Kg.) (Tonne) Strength (N/mm2)
1. 22500 7.55 84.00 36.61
2. 22500 7.45 82.50 35.96
3. 22500 7.55 89.00 38.79
Average Compressive Strength = 37.12 MPa

39.5
39
38.5
38
37.5
37
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH N/mm2
36.5
36
35.5
35
34.5
Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3

Figure 4.7 - Graph of 28 Days Compressive Strength (RCA) Test Results

The test results of 7 days compressive strength for SCC with 30% fly ash were obtained using
C.T.M. and yielded a value of 36.33N/mm 2 in case of 100% NCA & a value of 27.61N/mm 2 in
case of 100% RCA. RCA have shown a practical decrease in strength of 8.72 N/ mm 2. It gave a
percentage decrease in compressive strength of 24% by replacement of 100% NCA with 100%
RCA.

Table 4.8 Gain in Compressive Strength with age between 7 days and 28 days (NCA)
7 Days 28 days
Sr. No. Mix ID Compressive Strength Compressive Strength
N/mm2 N/mm2
1. CUBE-1 37.06 47.07
2. CUBE-2 34.88 47.51
3. CUBE-3 37.05 47.95
4. Average Compressive Strength 36.33 47.51

60

50

40

30
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH N/mm2
20

10

0
Cube1 Cube2 Cube3

Figure 4.8 - Graph of Gain in Compressive Strength with age between 7 days and 28 days
(NCA)
 Table 4.9 - Gain in Compressive Strength with age between 7 days and 28 days (RCA)
7 Days 28 Days
Sr. No. Mix ID Compressive Strength Compressive Strength
N/mm2 N/mm2
1. CUBE-1 28.34 36.61
2. CUBE-2 26.16 35.96
3. CUBE-3 28.34 38.79
4. Average Compressive Strength 27.61 37.12

45
40
35
30
25
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH N/mm2 20
15
10
5
0
Cube1 Cube2 Cube3

Figure 4.9 - Graph of Gain in Compressive Strength with age between 7 days and 28 days
(RCA)

4.3.2 Split Tensile Strength Test

The test results of 28 days split tensile strength for SCC with 30% fly ash and NCA have been
shown in Table 4.10 and Figure 4.10.
 Table 4.10 - 28 days Split Tensile Strength test Results (NCA)
Sr. No. Cylinder ID Split Tensile Strength in N/mm2
1. Cylinder 1 3.60
2. Cylinder 2 3.48
3. Cylinder 3 3.56
Average Split Tensile Strength = 3.55 MPa

3.62
3.6
3.58
3.56
3.54
3.52
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH N/mm2
3.5
3.48
3.46
3.44
3.42
Cylinder 1 Cylinder 2 Cylinder 3

Figure 4.10 - Graph of 28 days Split Tensile Strength Test Results (NCA)

The test results of 28 days split tensile strength for SCC with 30% fly ash and RCA have been
shown in Table 4.11 and Figure 4.11.

Table 4.11 - 28 days Split Tensile Strength test Results (RCA)

Sr. No. Cylinder ID Split Tensile Strength in N/mm2
1. Cylinder 1 2.36
2. Cylinder 2 2.30
3. Cylinder 3 2.32
Average Split Tensile Strength = 2.33 MPa
 2.37
2.36
2.35
2.34
2.33
2.32
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH N/mm2 2.31
2.3
2.29
2.28
2.27
2.26
Cylinder 1 Cylinder 2 Cylinder 3

Figure 4.11 - Graph of 28 days Split Tensile Strength Test Results (RCA)

The results show that Split Tensile strength is decreasing with replacement of 100% NCA with
100% RCA. This trend of results of split tensile strength is coherent with the results available in
the literature.
The 28 days split tensile strength test have shown a practical decrease in strength by 34.37% for
replacement of 100% NCA with 100% RCA.

4.3.3 Flexural Strength

Flexural strength for SCC mixes with 30% Fly Ash at 28 days have been observed and reported
in Subsequent sections.

4.3.3.1 28 Days Flexural Strength

The results of 28 days flexural strength test for SCC mixes with 30% Fly Ash and NCA have
been reported in Table 4.12 and Figure 4.12
 Table 4.12 - 28 days Flexural Strength Results (NCA)
Sr. No. Beam ID Flexural Strength N/mm2
1. Beam 1 5.907
2. Beam 2 7.084
3. Beam 3 7.159
Average Flexure Strength = 6.45 MPa

8
7
6
5
4
FLEXURAL STRENGTH N/mm2
3
2
1
0
Beam 1 Beam 2 Beam 3

Figure 4.12 - Graphs of 28 days Flexural Strength Results (NCA)

Table 4.13 - 28 days Flexural Strength Results (RCA)

Sr. No. Beam ID Flexural Strength N/mm2
1. Beam 1 4.98
2. Beam 2 5.83
3. Beam 3 5.96
Average Flexure Strength = 5.59 MPa
 6.2
6
5.8
5.6
5.4
FLEXURAL STRENGTH N/mm2 5.2
5
4.8
4.6
4.4
Beam 1 Beam 2 Beam 3

Figure 4.13 - Graphs of 28 days Flexural Strength Results (RCA)

The test results shows that flexure strength at 28 days age decreases at 13.33% from 100% NCA
mix to 100% RCA mix SCC.

4.4. DURABILITY TEST

4.4.1. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test
28 Days Test Results of Rapid Chloride Permeability Test have been shown in Table 4.14 and
Figure 4.14
Table 4.14 - The test results are within the limit specified in EFNARC, 2002.
SCC Mix Specimen I Specimen II Average
SCC (NCA) 758 657 707.5
SCC (RCA) 2308 2609 2458

3000
2606
2500 2308

2000
1500
1000 758 657
500
0
SCC (NCA) SCC (RCA

Figure 4.14 Comparative Results of 28 days RCPT

4.5 RELATION BETWEEN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND FLEXURAL
STRENGTH
Based on the test results of the compressive strength and flexural strength of various SCC mixes
with 30% Fly ash at 28 days of curing a relation can be developed between their compressive
strength and flexural strength. The value of flexural strength / compressive strength ratio as
observed by Mehta and Monterio, 1997 was 0.09 to 0.18. The ratio of flexural strength to
compressive strength in the present study is 0.136 and 0.151 for 100% NCA & RCA for 28 days
which is similar to that for normal concrete (Domone, 2007). A suitable linear relation was
developed between flexural strength and compressive strength for SCC mixes.

The relation so obtained is

fb (flexural Strength ) = 0.160 fc + 9.937 (Compressive Strength ) at 28 days
The vicinity of points for all the observed values of flexural strength and compressive strength to
the line of Best-fit shows the validity of results.

The Table 4.13 shows the computation of ratio of flexural strength (f b) to the compressive
strength of experimental value of present study and the ratio of theoretical value based on
proposed by (Mehta and Monterio, 1997). Further, comparisons have been made as shown in
table 4.13. The ratio results are close to the result of Mehta and Monterio, (1997).

Table 4.15 Comparison of experimental value of flexural strength for SCC with 100% NCA
with theoretical value predicted by other researchers
Compressive 28 Days Theoretical values
Concrete Experimental
Strength Flexural Strength as per references
Cube ID Ratio fb/ fc
fc (MPa) fb (MPa) Mehta and Monterio,
28 days 28 days 28 days 1997
CUBE1 47.07 5.907 0.125 0.09 0.18
CUBE2 47.51 7.084 0.149 0.09 0.18
CUBE3 47.95 7.159 0.149 0.09 0.18
Average fb/fc = 0.141
Table 4.16 Comparison of experimental value of flexural strength for SCC with 100% RCA
with theoretical value predicted by other researchers
Compressive 28 Days Theoretical values
Concrete Experimental
Strength Flexural Strength as per references
Cube ID Ratio fb/ fc
fc (MPa) fb (MPa) Mehta and Monterio,
28 days 28 days 28 days 1997
CUBE1 36.61 4.98 0.136 0.09 0.18
CUBE2 35.96 5.83 0.162 0.09 0.18
CUBE3 38.79 5.96 0.154 0.09 0.18
A Average fb/fc = 0.151

Theoretical ratio
fb/ fc = 0.09 to 0.18 (Proposed by Mehta and Monterio, 1997)
fb/ fc = 0.136 at 28 days (Proposed in present study) for 100% NAC.
fb/ fc = 0.151 at 28 days (Proposed in present study) for 100% RCA.

The ratio of 28 days flexure strength to 28 days compressive strength comes within the
proporsed range for norman concrete abailable in the litreature. Hence the relations available for
normal concrete between compressive strength and flexure strength can be suitabli used for SCC
also.