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Greek ancient theatre: theater design and acoustical functions

The present PhD thesis contributes to the methodology of an interscientiflc research c o n -

cerning the ancient Greek theatre, to the interpretation of stage-designing conventions of
ancient drama (through the original texts) and to the adaptation of the fundamental drawing
lines concerning ancient and modern open-air theatres. The main aim of the research is the
pursuit of the authentic theatrical form, the interpretation of the functional requirements, the
tracing of interventions that took place during the years and the restoration of ancient
theatres.

It refers to the interpretation of parameters in theater design and the interscientiflc dimension
of these developments that designated the theatre-building form. It deals with the e x c a v a -
tions' conclusions (Athenian theatre of Dionysus, Minoan theatres in Knossos and Festos, thea-
tre of Thorikos, Argos, Icaria [Athens], Chaeronia, Corinth, Oropos, Pergamos, Hellenistic
theatres of Epidaurus, Delphi, Eretria, Megalopolis, Greek-roman theatre of Delos), with
interventions that were made during years in theatrical areas ( theatres of Dodoni, Philippii,
Thasos) and with presumptions about the functions in ancient theatres. Methodological
acceptances,.boundaries of acoustical researches in ancient theatres (Fr. Canac, G. Izenour),
problems of acoustical evaluation and efforts in applying acoustical models are presented.

The author's views on scenic conventions, on acoustical criteria for performances' evalua-
tion in the theatre of Philippii and applying suggestions for restoration of ancient theatres are
set out.
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1. 9

1.1. 9
1.2. 10
1.3. 11
1.3.1. 12
1.3.2. 3 . 13
1.3.3. , 14
1.3.4. 15

1.4. 17
1.4.1. 18
1.4.2. 20
. 21
. 21
. 22
. 22
. 23

2. 25

2.1. 25
2.1.1. 26
2.1.2. 26
2.1.3. 26
2.1.4. 26
2.1.5. - 27

2.2. 27
2.2.1. 29
2.2.2. 29

2.3. 31
2.3.1. 31
. 31
. 32

2.3.2. 32
2.3.3. 33
2.3.4. 36
2.3.5. 39
2.3.6. . 39

2.4. 40
2.4.1. 40
2.4.2. . 43
2.4.3. 45
. 47
. 47
y. 48

2.5. 51
2.5.1. 51
2.5.2. 52
. 53
. 55
. 57
2.5.3. 59
2.5.4. 63
2.5.5. 69

2.6. - 74
2.6.1. 74
2.6.2. 75
2.6.3. 78

2
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3. 81

3.1. 81
3.2. 82
3.3. 85
3.3.1. 85
3.3.2. 87
3.3.3. 87

3.4. 88
3.4.1. 90
3.4.2. 92
3.4.3. 93
3.4.4. . 93
3.4.5. 94
3.4.6. 97

3.5. 98
3.5.1. 100
3.5.2. 102
3.5.3. 103
3.5.4. 103
3.5.5. 104
3.5.6. Liepp 105

3.6. 108
3.6.1. - 108
3.6.2. 109
3.6.3. 111
3.6.4. 125

4. 119

4.1. 119
4.2. 121
4.3. 126
4.4. 136
4.4.1. 136
4.4.2. 138
4.4.3. 139
4.4.4. 141
4.4.5. 145
4.4.6. 147
4.4.7. 149
4.4.8. 152
4.4.9. 154

4.5. 156
4.5.1. 156
4.5.2. 157
4.5.3. 158

4.6. 160
4.6.1. 162
4.6.2. 166
4.6.3. 170

5. 177

5.1. 177
5.1.1. 178
5.1.2. 178
5.1.3. 179
5.1.4. 180

4
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5.2. 181
5.3. 184
5.4. 190

6. 197

6.1. 197
6.2. 200
6.2.1. 201
6.2.2. 204
6.2.3. 206
6.2.4. 209

6.3. 210
6.3.1. 211
6.3.2. 213
6.3.3. 214
6.3.4. 215
6.3.5. 219
6.3.6. 220

6.4. 221
6.4.1 221
6.4.2. 225
6.4.3. 228
6.4.4. 231
6.4.5. , 233

7. 237

7.1. 237
7.1.1. 238
7.1.2. , 238

7.1.3. 239
7.1.4. 241
7.1.5. 242
7.1.6. 242
7.1.7. 243
7.1.8. 244

7.2. 245
7.2.1. 249
7.2.2. 249
7.2.3. 250
7.2.4. (1 ) 252
7.2.5. (2 ) 253

7.3. 254
7.3.1. 254
7.3.2. 255
7.3.3. 256

7.4. 257
7.5. 278
7.5.1. 279
7.5.2. (, ) 279
7.5.3. ' ( ) 280
7.5.4. 280

283

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of Illinois Press, 1940, Illinois. R. Jakobson "Closing statements: linguistics and poetics", The MIT
Press, 1960, Cambridge Mass. R. Jakobson
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2.5.2.

4 ..
.

"" (19,30,33/1403 10,12/1413) ""

(9/1451 , 35-36-37 26/1461 ,5-30-36) ,
4 .
RR

H.C.BALDRY (1981), . 91 176, H.D.BLUME (1986), . 103.

6 7
H.C.BALDRY (1981), . 179.

6 8
. (1976), . 38-41.

52
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8

A.W. PICKARD - CAMBRIDGE

(1946), . 149 ..

-
.

71
W. DRPFELD & E. REISCH (1896), . 28. 19,61 . 64
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53
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54
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7 3
W. DORPFELD & . REISCH (1896), . 58. 0,96 ., 1,06 .
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55
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7
,
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57
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W. DORPFELD & . REISCH (1896), . 65, R.FLICKINGER (1936) . 67 . GARDNER (1902), .

435.

79
. FECHTER (1914), . 34, 66
109. J.T. ALLEN (1918), . 11.
8 0
W. DORFELD & . REISCH (1896), . 92, R. FLICKINGER (1936), . 59-63 E. FIECHTER (1935),
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59
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81
W. DORPFELD & E. REISCH (1896), . 123. G. IZENOUR (1977), . 110 330 ..
R. FLICKINGER (1936), . 104, .
, . , "", No 7, 1973, . 22.

8 2
W. DORPFELD & . REISCH (1896), . 120.

3
W. DORPFELD & . REISCH (1896), . 120-133.

. " " 1983, . 145 32.

8 4
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61
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G. IZENOUR (1977), . 11, F.CANAC (1967), . 161, . & C. CAILLER (1966), . 68.

W. DORPFELD & E. REISCH (1896), . 122 VIII.

63
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8 9
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DORPFELD & E. REISCH (1896), . 54, 102 E. FIECHTER (1936), 6.

3
R. FLICKINGER (1936), . 106, 357 . FIECHTER (1937), . 26-30.
M. BIEBER (1961), . 77.

9 3
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9 5
W. DORPFELD & . REISCH (1896), . 123, . & D. CAILLER (1966), . 110 . FIECHTER (1931),
. 20.

96
1,5 . . W. DORPFELD
& . REISCH (1896), . 133 15,08 . . FIECHTER (1931) .
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74
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75
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104
W. DORPFELD & E. REISCH (1896), . 144-154.

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R. FLICKINGER (1936), . 107.

1 0 6
R. FLICKINGER (1936), . 109-111 . & D. CAILLER (1966) . 42.

77
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),

R. FLICKINGER (1936), . 111.

R. FUCKINGER (1936), . 110, 117 M. BIEBER (1961), . 218.

78
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79
A.2 Ol

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80
 :

3.

3.1.

, ,
.
,
:
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,
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,
,
111. ,

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( M.Mersenne, 16 ),
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.

(18-19 ), I.Newton, LEuler,

J.LLagrange, J.d'Alembert ,

, , ,
, .
,
.

81
 A.3

. Helmholtz, F.Savart, J.F.Fourier (

20 ) ,
J.W.Strudt Ragleigh112. 20 , W.CI.Sabine
,
,
.

()
( 1925)
. ( 1940),
(
),
. 1950,
, (
),
. ,
,
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-
-
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3.2.

, ,
,
. ,

Ragleigh ,
, Chateau de Chantilly,
Orangerie Versailles ( ),
.

82
 :

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(.. ,
, , ),
,
113.
,
( ) (
). , .
( ),
.114 , ,
(
*
), (). (e), ()
() :
e = .
( ) (
), .115

,
.
, ,
, .116

. , (e)
: c=1500m/s,
c=3500m/s, .
Laplace Mariote-Gay Lussac.
: c~ [331.4 + 0,6079]m/s
c~334,8m/s ( =220) = 1,2 Kgr/m3
c=330-340m/s ( ).

114
( f) Hz = 1/sec.
, (t) .
= 1000, = 0,34 .
, , (0,70-0,30m) , ,
.
116
, D. Chardin, "Les Surdites", (1982).

83
 A.3

(oct) (1/3 oct). 117

dB (decibel) (
Weber - Fletcher) , ()
() .
, :

LdB = 10log(l/lr) LdB = 20Iog (p/pr)

.118

()
( pt = 0), (
) :

p(t) = + p 2 (t) 1 1 9

, () (
), (W)
,
.120 , ()
( ).

: / = V2 : Vavco// = 2* [1/3]

118
() (2.10*(-5) pa 1000Hz),
120-140 dB ( 20-200pa).
( ), , R. LEHMANN (1969),
. 88.
119
,
(Peff>: < P r m s > = [Pt 2 l*V2.
120
: Pr = 2.10*(-5) Pa 10*(-5) Pa
. , Ir = 10*(-12) w/m 2 .

(dB):
L = 10log[l/lr] = 20log[P/Pr]
10%.
" " (Wa) watt Lw
= 10log W/Wr ( dB, Wr = 10*(-12).
84
 :

3.3.

(
) :
- ()
- ()
- (V)

( ).

1 ()
( 1
*
) : = c2p = 0 +'.

2 (Euler)
( 1 ) F
( ):

+=- + 0

3
q (
), ( 1 ' ):

/+ divv=Poq

3.3.1.

( ) [ 23]

. , ,

85
A.3

dB
c_
t

L i L t. se&

23] : t Q -t 1 , t 1 -t 2 , t 2 -t 3
.

86


3.3.2.

, (
)
121
( ):
<p* r m s > = 1/2 (27) []2

:
- , ( )
:
= p r m s 2 /pc Wo = 4r2l ( r -)
- ,
:
= p rms 2 /4pc Wo = p 2 r m s /p 2 c 2 ~ W/a
( a
).122

3.3.3.

( ),
.

(60 dB, 106 ), (

121
[ > 2000 (T/V)*1/2], > (2C3/YV)*1/2 (,
), 160m3, 1 sec, > 160.
Q ( = 8 , =4
, =2 ).
122

r = (a/50)*[1/2].

87
A.3

t 2 ). ( )
:
-
- -
- .

,
( ):
= l 0 e"2Yt L = _0 + loge(-act/4V)
( 0 , L = "lOiogl).

L - Lo = - 60dB, Sabine:

= 0,16 V/a

( )
.123

3.4.

, ,

, :
- (TR)
- (Ir)
- (S.I.).

1)
.
,

M. BRUNEAU, (1983) ., " ", . 448-519.

88
 :

.
, ,
.124

2)
(, - ) .
,
, .
, ,
.

.
( ),

125 [ 24].

3)
.
.

, .
.
,
.

4) , ,
,
.

R. LEHMANN (1969) . 108-118.

Wilska, Riesz, Mills, Boer. 1
10 . 16-17
28-30 . 90 ( 3-
5 ) 45 ( 1 dB ).

125
F. CANAC (1967), . 20-22. , 1m , :
20log(2d/d) = 20log2 - 6dB 10log (2/) = 10log2 - 3dB.

89
 A.3

, .
,
,
, .
.

3.4.1.

:
- 5ms ( ),
, ,
.126
- 5 35ms, ,
,
- 35 50ms, ,

- 50ms,
.127
35ms, ( 12m), ,
6m
. ,
( ),

Haas
Meyer (H.Haas, Acustica, V 1.2, 1951).
, Haas studios.

127
:
ms <5 5-35 35-50 >50

m <1,7 1,7-12 12-17 >17

90
 :

Air froid

Air chaud

100
/^
80
1 < ,
/
60
/r
-3 l b /

HO +10db /odb

20
-^i.db
10 ih
1 , 1

0 60 80 100 120 1U0 160 180 200

dB
l,*l2
/
89- /
88-, /
87^
86- V
85. 8

81. ^ /
S
83-
82.
//
81- A^< /
BO C ! / >1 =80dB

>
~I
d B
70 71 72 73 7U 75 76 77 7 8 7 9 8 0 8 1 8 2 83 81 85 86 07 88 89 90

24] , Canac:
() ,
() (msec) ,
() .

91
 A.3

. ,

,
129 [ 24].

3.4.2.

,
. - ,
6dB, .
,
3. ,
( )
.
, 70-90 ( 1m),
:
- 3dB
- 7dB
,
- ,
130 [ 24].

6m (12m )
12 + 5
5m: ^ = 20log( ) = 20log(3.4) - 10,6dB
12
12+30
30m: 2 = 20log ( ) = 20log(1.4) ~ 3dB
30
10,5dB , 3dB
50%.

129
3dB ( 60ms), 20,5m
. 6dB (75ms ) 22,5m .
, F. CANAC (1967), . 25.
130
F. CANAC (1967), .26.

92
 :

3.4.3.

,
( ),
, (, , )
.
,
() (
1m).131

,

*
.
( ) (
) ( )
.

3.4.4.

.
,
() ,
. (
) ,
. , ,
(
), .
50ms ( )
,
. (flutter echo),

M. BRUNEAU (1983), . 357-364.

93
 A.3

,
( )
15m.
, ,
132
[ 25 26].

3.4.5.

( )
.
(, ,
) ( )
. ,
( ).
, ( ) (,
).

, ,
, .


.133 ,
.
, (
, ),

, ,
( ), .
. , ,
, . J. VIAN (1983),
1,3.

133
R. LEHMANN (1969) 41, 42.
,
( , ),
,
.

94
 :

25] :
1) , 2) , 3) , 4)
( Vian, ).

95
A.3

26] :
1) , 2) , 3)
, 4) , 5)
Sabine, 6) , 7) ( Vian,
).

96
 :

.134

3.4.6.

.
+18 ( ) -12dB
( ), ,
.135 10
(20 - 20.000 Hz),
1000 - 2000 Hz, 2500 Hz.136
(300-4000 Hz) 750 - 2700 Hz
*
.137 ,
( )
,
.138

.

.139 ,

134
R. LEHMANN (1969) 44.
, .
135
( 1m) : >75 , 75-65
, 65-55 , 55-45 , <45 , .
R. LEHMANN (1969) . 86 .
1 3 6
F. CANAC (1967), . 29.

R. LEHMANN (1969), 58 . 87. P.Chardin (1982), . 7.

40% .
(10 - 45cm), (14 - 34cm).
, , , - , .

138
, . ,
45 90 . ( 30)
5%/, 1%/dB. R. LEHMANN (1969), 53.
139
R. LEHMANN (1969), 59-60.
(700-1000).
.

97
 A.3

( + 10, -20)
.
(, )
.140

3.5.

(
) , , , ,
, , , , ,
, . L.L. Beranek (1962)


. , ,
141 [
27].
,

.
( ) ,
.
, ,
.
, .142
, ,
(, )

R. LEHMANN (1969), 131-133.

141
L.L. Beranek, Nobel .
"Music, Acoustics and Architecture", J. Wiley & S. Ine, New-York, 1982.
142
, RIF
M. Schroeder.

98
 :1

-^~~~^

TR60

EDT

/
/

C50 /

10m

27 ]
( J. Vian).

99
 A.3

( , , ).
,
(,
, , , , )
.

3.5.1.

(Articulation
Index, ..), (S/N,
)
.
N.R. French J.C. Steinberg (, 1954),

, K.D. Kryter (1963)
.143 ,
S/N ( : S/N = 0,
S m a x = maxS/N = 30dB)
.

(S.I.L.)
( ) , 3 :

SIL=1/3(N 1 0 0 0 + N 2 0 0 0 + N 4 0 0 0 ) 1 4 4
L ,
:
= (L-SIL)/30
,

Kryter .
. J.P.
VIAN (1983), 4.

144
2000 - 8000 Hz
AFNOR (NFS 31-047).

100
 :

(P.S.I.L.).
, ,
,
.

Alcons (Articulation Loss of Consonants) V.W.A. Peutz

(1971), ,
,
.146

, J.P. Lochner J.F. Burger (1964)

( ) ,

.
, ,
35ms,
95ms 95ms.147
, H.G. Latham (1979) ,
P.N.C.148 , S/N
, ,

.

,
(S.T.I) . Houtgast, H.J.. Steenecken R. Plomb (1980),

250,
. P. LIENARD (1978), . 21.

146
Alcons ,
. Ph. Guignouard, "Intelligibilit de la Parole", Univ. du Maine,
1986, . 10.
147
J.P.A. Lochner & J.F. Burger "The Influence of Reflections on Auditorium Acoustics", J.S. & V. (V.4). 1964.

.
148
H.G. Latham, "The S/N Ratio for Speech Intelligibility", A.A. (V.12), 1979.
(Prefered Noice Criteria) Beranek,
.

101
 A.3

,
.149 ,
STI ,
RASTI (Rapici STI),
2 (500, 2000Hz) .
RASTI 500 (STI: 125-1000 Hz) RASTI 2000 (STI:
2000-8000 Hz) : 150
RASTI = 1/2[RASTI 500 + RASTI 2000]

3.5.2.

,
, .151
, (
), (
) (
). (
10 20 dB), () Sabine
( 60dB),
:
-TR60, -5 -35 dB
-TR15, -15 dB
-TR20 ( .. Schroeder) -20 dB
-EDT, 10 dB,
( ).

. Houtgast, H.J.M. Steeneken & R. Plomb, "Predicting Speech Intelligibility from M.T.F.", Acustica (V.46),
1980. MTF (Modulation Trasfer Function) Fourier
, .
, J. VIAN (1983), 5.

150
T. Houtgast & H.J.. Steeneken, "A Multi - language Evaluation of the RASTI Method for Estimating
Speech Intelligibility", J.A.S.A (V.77), N.3, 1985. ,
10.000 .
R. LEHMANN . 11.
, V. Knudsen 500 1000Hz.

102
 :

3.5.3.

,
35, 50 80 ms,

:
- ( ) 50ms, R. Thiele

=
^ ^0-50ms/ ^-
.
- 80ms (early-to-late-sound-index), W. Reichard

*
=
C ^0-80ms / ^80-

C .
- (Halo-sonore LL. Beranek, . Schultz)

= 10log (D"1 -1)

- Maxfield - Alberstein.

L =
"-/"-

, S Reichard - Schmidt [S= lOlogL"
1
] Niece ( 33ms):

=/[+]

3.5.4.

- Bell Labaratory,

J. VIAN (1983), . 15.

103
 A.3

.
- (tr) V. Jordan,
( 3 dB).
- (tg) L. Cramer,
, ,
.
- (ITD Gap) LBeranek,
.
- (), . Kuttruff, (
)
.
- II, V Jordan,
, EDT .

3.5.5.

- (), M. Schroeder,
( )
2
(IACC), 80 ms.
- (LE), . Barron,
,
, . 153
(L) RR (
25ms, 25-80ms
80-180ms)
= 10log [ 2 5 . 1 6 0 / 0.80]
- 10m, Bell Labaratory,
10m
.

,
. () (S,):(1-
K)/S L .

104
 :1

3.5.6. Liepp

,

. E. Liepp,

. 154

1) , ,
( , ,
), ( ,
, , ). ,

( 90-95 dBC 1 m).
( , )
, . , ,

.

2) ,
( ,
). (
, ), (
62,5 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000Hz )
( ).

3) ( ,
)
, 4 :
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191
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,
II W.DORPFELD-E.REISCH (1896).
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197
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131
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133
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DORPFELD-E.REISCH, , 89,58
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204
M.BIEBER (193(), . 59,
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205
A.W.PICKARD - CAMBRIDGE (1946),. 234 ..
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134
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4 ..

208
, [. 395], 411 .. . ,
.

209
H.C.BARLDRY (1981), . 50.
, M. Bieber .
(405 ..) [. 297]. R.FLICKINGER (1936) . 83
. (1970), . 108.

135
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P.ARNOTT (1962), .10.

215
W.Dorpfeld 0,57 ., (
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138
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139
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.
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H.D.BLUME (1986), .67 .128 H.Froning

H.J.Newiger.

221

, 6 ..
4 .. .

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. A.D.Trendall: "Phlyax Vases BICS" (Sup. 19, (2), 1967).
A.OLIVIERI (1946), .7 .. M.BIEBER (1939), .146.
222

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140
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.. .

4.4.4

,
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,
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,
225. (
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G.SIFAKIS (1967), .135 . (1976) .45.

223


.
. A.W.PICKARD - CAMBRIDGE (1946), . 82 .., T.B.L.
WEBSTER (1970),. 97 ..

^W.DORPFELD & E.REISCH (1896), .194.

2 2 5
J.T.ALLEN 0918), . 28.

141
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E.Fraenkel: "Aesculus New Texts and Old
Problems", P.B.A. XXVIII, . 245. .
(1984), . 51-6.
227
., "", IV, 130.
22S
, , (350-

340 ..) A.D.TRENDALL-T.B.LWESTER (1971) III, 1,8.

229
A.E.HAIGH (1907), .68.

142
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, 230.
,
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,
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,
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5 ..,
W.Drpfeld . C.Broner,

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(
)

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234.
,
, , 235.

. ,

230
A.E.GARDNER (1902), .257 ..
[. 786-9]. H.C.BALDRY (1981), .46.
231
. ", IV, 88.
, [.11].
232
W.DORPFLED-E.REISCH (1896), .102 138.

233
C.Broner: "The Tent of Xerxes and the greek Theater", Univ. of California, pubi. cl. arch.l, No12
(1944), .305.
W.JOBST (1970), .10.
234
.: " IV, 123-132. P.VITRUVIUS (1914), V, 6,8-9 .148-150.
. (IV.131),
.

235
H.C.BALDRY (1981), .69.

143
B.4 Ol

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236.
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236
A.S.TRENDALL-T.B.LWEBSTER (1971), III IV.
: ", "
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" (340 . Wurzburg).
237
. : " ".
Noh. To
, 1. . . W.Wells, "The Readers Encyclopedia of World Drama".

A.W.PICKARD-CAMBGRIDGE (1946), .43 W.JOBST (1970), .19 ..

144
 :

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239.

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,
240.
,

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241.
,
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)242. E.Bethe

239
W.DORPFELD & E.REISCH (1896), .371, O.TAPLIN (1988) .17.

240
K.JOERDEN (1971) .410. W.Jens: "Die Bauformen
der Griechischen Tragdie", , 1971, .369-412.
, ,
.
241
( [.395])
( [. 95 265])
. P.RAU (1967), .19 .. K.J.DOVER (1981),
.119 228. 7.
242
H.C.BALDRY (1981), .78-79. . (1984), .62 (
, .61-70). .. (1976), . 43-44.

145
B.4 Ol

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Mahr M.Bieber,
,
[ 35].
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,
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245. R.Flickinger ,
3
( 430
.. ) ,
246.

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. (1896), .10.

244
W.DORPFELD-E.REISCH (1896) .213.

245
M.BIEBER (1939), .67 . 280 -. A.W.PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE (1946), .100 ...
S.MELCHINGER (1974), .191-194. O.TAPLIN (1988) .18.
246
^"R.FLICKINGER (1936), .243 P.ARNOTT (1962), .81.

146
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19 ,
P.Vitruvius,
1 .., De Architecture,
,
247.
(
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.

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V VII.
M.H.Morgan. "The Ten Books of Architecture", Cambridge, Harvard Univ. Press, 1914.

248
P.VITRUVIUS (1914), VII, 1, .151.
LMummius ( 145 ..) .

147
B.4 Ol

,
3-4 . (10-12 ).

"De Theatro Antico Seaculi" Hopken,
1884249. A.E.Haigh "Attic
Theatre", 1889,
, .
, ,
W.Drpfeld
.
"Das Griechische Theater" E.Reisch
( 1896),
,
,
.

:
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"hinterbuhne"
( "background" )250.
- ,

W.Drpfeld251.
-

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()
2 5 2 .

^P.ARNOTT, (1962), .3.

250. >
, , .4.

"'H.J.NEWIGER (1975), .226. W. BEARE (1976), .13 ..

252
. . J.Bachofen, "Das Mutterecht", (1861).

148
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A.E.Haigh,
,
,

253 [ 37].

, W.Drpfeld
, A.E.Haigh A.W. Pickard-Cambridge,
254. R.Flickinger
"The Greek Theater and its Drama" 1918,
, W.Drpfeld: (1 2
*
) 430 ..

255.

4.4.7

()
,

. (1974), .213 .

253
. W.DRPFELD & E.REISCH
(1896), .170-171.
,
, G.IZENOUR 1977),
.598-599.
254
A.E.Haigh: "The Attic Theatre", Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1907, .
A.W.Pickard-Gambridge :
- "Dithyramb Tragedy and Comedy": Oxford, 1927, 2
T.B.L.Webster, Oxford 1962.
- "The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens", Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1946.
- "The Dramatic Festivals of Athens", London & New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 2
J.Could & M.Lewis, Oxford, 1968.
255
K.J.DOVER 91981), . 38-39 H.C.BALDRY(1981 ),.68.

149
B.4 01

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150
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W.Drpfeld & E.Reisch (1896)

(.142) (. 149).
. (1984), .53, , 20. ,
,
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H.C.BALDRY (1981), .64, 30 . 3,5 . 3.
( 6 . )
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O.TAPLIN (1988), .17. , 12 . 4 (
). H.D.BLUME (1986), .219 .,3,
E.Fiechter ( ).

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A.V.GERKAN (1961), 18.

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151
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, T.B.L.WEBSTER (1970), .13,
.

260
S.MELCHINGER, (1974), .191, C.W.DEARDEN (1976), .13.

deus ex machina. (330-320 ..

, ) ( , 450-440
.., ) A.D.TRENDALL-T.B.LWEBSTER (1971) III.
( ) M.BIEBER
(1939) .283. S.MELCHINGER (1974), .194-200 P.ARNOTT (1962), .78-88.

152
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A.SPIRA (1960) W.SCHMIDT (1963). O.TAPLIN

(1988), . 80 294, 20,
, . W.S.BARRETT (1964)
, [.1283], , M.BIEBER (1939), .76-
78 .281-2. P.VELLACOT
(1975), .20 W.SCHMIDT (1963), .36.
, K.J.DOVER (1981), .46, 156, 191-192
199.
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[. 218], . ", IV, 131.

H.C.BALDRY (1981), .66. ,
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C.Robert: "Gttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen" CLIX, Hermes, 1897, .36, XXXII, .438 KaiXLVII
Hermes, 1912, .536 .. ,
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277
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(Laboratoire d'Application des Sciences Acoustiques, )
TNO (Ivstitute for Perception, Soesterberg, -). .F. Van
Rieitschote, T.Houtgast & . J.M. Steeneken, "Predicting Speech Intelligibility from M.T.F. IV: A Ray Tracing
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R.Lehmann "L'Acoustique des Thtres Antiques Cres et Romains" d. Un. de Maine.
G.lzenour: "Theater Design" Me Graw Hill, N.Y. 1977.

190
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208
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211
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213
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215
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216
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219
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221
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222
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223
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224
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225
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P.ARNOTT (1962), .123 .. J.KOTT (1976), .297, .1.
343
: A.LESKY (1972), .134 .. O.TAPLIN 91977),
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(1949), .77 .. H.D.BLUME (1986), .88-89.
344
3
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226
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227
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349

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228
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229
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354
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355
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230
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357
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358
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231
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R.FLICKINGER (1936), .249.

232
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233
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234
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253
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258
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