24 Inverse Trigonometry Part 1 of 3

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STUDY PACKAGE
Subject : Mathematics
Topic : INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY
Available Online : www.MathsBySuhag.com
Index
1. Theory
2. Short Revision
3. Exercise (Ex. 1 + 5 = 6)
4. Assertion & Reason
5. Que. from Compt. Exams
6. 39 Yrs. Que. from IIT-JEE(Advanced)
7. 15 Yrs. Que. from AIEEE (JEE Main)
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Class :______________________
Roll No. :______________________
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1. Principal Values & Domains of Inverse Trigonometric/Circular Functions:
page 2 of 40
Function Domain Range

(i) y = sin1 x where 1x1 y
2 2
(ii) y = cos1 x where 1x1 0y

(iii) y = tan1 x where xR y
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
2 2

(iv) y = cosec1 x where x 1 or x 1 y ,y0
2 2

(v) y = sec1 x where x 1 or x 1 0 y ; y
2
(vi) y = cot 1 x where xR 0<y<
NOTE:
(a) 1st quadrant is common to the range of all the inverse functions.
(b) 3rd quadrant is not used in inverse functions.

(c) 4th quadrant is used in the clockwise direction i.e.
y 0.
2
(d) No inverse function is periodic. (See the graphs on page 17)
Solved Example # 1
1 1 1 1
Find the value of tan cos tan .
2 3
Solution
1 1 1 1
Let y = tan cos tan .
2 3

= tan 3 6

= tan
6

1
y= Ans.
3
Self practice problems:
Find the value of the followings :
1 1
(1) sin 3 sin 2 Ans. 1

(2) cosec [sec1 ( 2 ) + cot1 ( 1)] Ans. 1
Solved Example # 2
Find domain of sin1 (2x2 1)
Solution.
Let y = sin1 (2x2 1)
For y to be defined
1 (2x2 1) 1
0 2x2 2
0 x2 1
x [1, 1]

Find the domain of followings :
(3) y = sec1 (x2 + 3x + 1)
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
x2
1
(4) y = cos 1 x2

(5) y = tan1 ( x 2 1)
Answers (3) ( , 3] [ 2, 1] [0, )
(4) R
(5) ( , 1] [1, )
page 3 of 40
2. Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
Property - 2(A)
(i) sin (sin1 x) = x, 1 x 1 (ii) cos (cos1 x) = x, 1 x 1
(iii) tan (tan1 x) = x, xR (iv) cot (cot 1 x) = x, xR
(v) sec (sec1 x) = x, x 1, x 1 (vi) cosec (cosec1 x) = x, x 1, x 1
These functions are equal to identity function in their whole domain which may or may not be R.(See the
graphs on page 18)
Solved Example # 3
3
Find the value of cosec cot cot 1 .
4
Solution.
3
Let y = cosec cot cot 1 .......(i)
4
1
cot (cot x) = x, x R
3 3
cot cot 1 =
4 4
from equation (i), we get
3
y = cosec
4
y= 2 Ans.
Find the value of each of the following :
1 1 3
(6) cos sin sin (7) sin cos cos
6 4
3
Answers (6) (7) not defined
2
Property - 2(B)

(i) sin1 (sin x) = x, x (ii) cos1 (cos x) = x; 0 x
2 2

(iii) tan1 (tan x) = x; x (iv) cot 1 (cot x) = x; 0<x<
2 2

(v) sec1 (sec x) = x; 0 x , x (vi) cosec1 (cosec x) = x; x 0, x
2 2 2
These are equal to identity function for a short interval of x only.

(See the graphs on page 19-20)
Solved Example # 4
3
Find the value of tan1 tan
4
Solution.
3
Let y = tan1 tan
4

Note tan1 (tan x) = x if x ,
2 2
3
,
page 4 of 40
4 2 2
3 3
tan1 tan
4 4
3 3
,
4 2 2
graph of y = tan1 (tan x) is as :
3
from the graph we can see that if < x< ,
2 2
1
then y = tan (tan x) can be written as
y=x
3 3
y = tan1 tan = y= 123
4 4 4
solved Example # 5
Find the value of sin1 (sin7)
Solution.
Let y = sin1 (sin 7)

Note : sin1 (sin 7) 7 as 7 ,
2 2
5
2 < 7 <
2
graph of y = sin1 (sin x) is as :
5
From the graph we can see that if 2 x then
2
y = sin1(sin x ) can be written as :
y = x 2
sin1 (sin 7) = 7 2
Similarly if we have to find sin1 (sin(5)) then
3
Successful
2 <People
5 < Replace
the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
2
from the graph of sin1 (sin x), we can say that
sin1 (sin(5)) = 2 + (5)
= 2 5

(8) Find the value of cos1 (cos 13)
5
(9) Find sin1 (sin ), cos1(cos), tan1 (tan ), cot1(cot) for , 3
2
page 5 of 40
Ans. (8) 13 4
(9) sin-1 (sin) = 3 ; cos1 (cos ) = 2 ;
tan1 (tan ) = 3 ; cot1 (cot ) = 2
Property - 2(C)
(i) sin1 (x) = sin1 x, 1 x 1 (ii) tan1 (x) = tan1 x, xR
(iii) cos1 (x) = cos1 x, 1 x 1 (iv) cot 1 (x) = cot 1 x, xR
The functions sin1 x, tan1 x and cosec1 x are odd functions and rest are neither even nor odd.
Solved Example # 6
Find the value of cos1 {sin( 5)}
Solution.
Let y = cos1 {sin(5)}
= cos1 ( sin 5) cos1 ( x) = cos1x, |x| 1
= cos1 (sin 5)

= cos1 cos 5 ..........(i)
2

2 < 5 <
2
graph of cos1 (cos x ) is as :
from the graph we can see that if 2 x

then y = cos1 (cosx) can be written as y = x + 2
5
from the graph cos1 cos 5 = 5 + 2 = 5
2 2 2
5
y= 5
2
3
y=5 Ans.
2

Find the value of the following
7
(10) cos1 ( cos 4) (11) tan1 tan
8

(12) tan1 cot 1
4
"wish", "try" & "should"
Successful People Replace the words like; 1 with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Answers. (10) 4 (11) (12)
8 4 2
Property - 2(D)
1 1
(i) cosec1 x = sin1 ;x 1, x 1 (ii) sec1 x = cos1 ;x 1, x 1
x x
1 1
1 tan x ; x 0
(iii) cot x
1
tan 1 ; x 0
page 6 of 40
x
Solved Example # 7
1 2
Find the value of tan cot
3
Solution
2
Let y = tan cot 1 ........(i)
3
cot1 (x) = cot1x, x R
equation (i) can be written as
2
y = tan cot 1
3
2
y = tan cot 1
3
1
cot1 x = tan1 if x>0
x
3 3
y = tan tan 1 y=
2 2

Find the value of the followings
2 1
(13) sec cos 1 (14) cosec sin 1
3
3
3
Answers. (13) (14) 3
2
Property - 2(E)

(i) sin1 x + cos1 x = , 1 x 1 (ii) tan1 x + cot 1 x = , xR
2 2

(iii) cosec1 x + sec1 x = , x 1
2
Solved Example # 8
1
Find the value of sin (2cos1x + sin1x) when x =
5
Solution.
Let y = sin [2cos1x + sin1x]

sin1x + cos1x = , |x| 1
2

y = sin 2 cos 1 x cos 1 x
2
1
= sin cos x
2
1
= cos (cos1x) x=
5
1
y = cos cos 1 ........(i)
5
cos (cos1x) = x if x [1, 1]
1
[1, 1]
5
1 1
cos cos 1 = from equation (i), we get
5 5
1
y= .
page 7 of 40
5
Solve the following equations
(15) 5 tan1x + 3 cot1x = 2

(16) 4 sin1x = cos1x
1
Answers. (15) x=1 (16) x=
2
Property - 2(F)
2
(i) sin (cos1 x) = cos (sin1 x) = 1 x , 1 x 1
1
(ii) tan (cot 1 x) = cot (tan1 x) = , x R, x 0
x
x
(iii) cosec (sec1 x) = sec (cosec 1 x) = , x > 1
x2 1
Solved Example # 9
3
Find the value of sin tan 1 .
4
Solution.
3
Let y = sin tan 1 ..........(i)
4
Note : To find y we use sin(sin1 x) = x, 1 x 1
For this we convert tan1 x in sin1 x
3 3
Let = tan1 tan = and 0,
4 4 2
3
sin =
5
3
sin1 (sin ) = sin1 ..........(ii)
5

0, sin1 (sin ) =
2
equation (ii) can be written as :

3 3 3 3
= sin1 = tan1 tan1 = sin1
5 4 4 5
3
from equation (i), we get y = sin sin 1
5
3
y=
5
Solved Example # 10
1 5
Find the value of tan cos 1
2 3
Solution.
1 1 5

Let y = tan cos ..............(i)
2 3
5 5
Let cos1 = 0, and cos =
3 2 3
equation (i) becomes

y = tan ............(ii)
2
page 8 of 40
1
1 cos 3 3 5 (3 5 )2
tan2 = = = =
2 1 cos 5 3 5 4
1
3
3 5
tan = .........(iii)
2 2


0, 0,
2 2 4

tan >0
2
from equation (iii), we get
3 5

tan = 2
2
from equation (ii), we get
3 5
y =
Ans.
2
Solved Example # 11
1
Find the value of cos (2cos1x + sin1x) when x =
5
Solution.
Let y = cos [2cos1x + sin1x]

sin1x + cos1x = , |x| 1
2

y = cos 2 cos 1 x cos 1 x
2
1
= cos cos x
2
1
= sin (cos1x) x=
5
1
y= sin cos 1 ........(i)
5
sin (cos1x) = 1 x 2 , | x | 1
1 1 1 24
sin cos = 1 =
5 25 5
24
y=
5
1 1
Aliter : Let cos 1 = cos = and 0,
5 5 2
24
sin =
5
24

sin1 (sin ) = sin1 5 ..........(ii)

Successful People
Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
0, 2 sin1 (sin ) =

equation (ii) can be written as
24 1
= sin1
= cos1
5 5
1 24
cos1 = sin1

5 5
Now equation (i) can be written as
page 9 of 40
24
y = sin sin 1 ........(iii)
5

24 1 24 24
[1, 1] sin sin =

5 5 5
from equation (iii), we get
24
y=
5
Find the value of the followings :

1 41 1 16
(17) tan cos ec (18) sec cot
4 63
1 1 3 1
(19) sin cot (20) tan 2 tan 1
2 4 5 4
4 65 2 5 7
Answers : (17) (18) (19) (20)
5 16 5 17
3. Identities of Addition and Substraction:

A.
sin1 x + sin1 y = sin1 x 1 y y 1 x , x 0, y 0 & (x 2 + y2) 1

2 2
(i)
= sin1 x 1 y y 1 x , x 0, y 0 & x 2 + y2 > 1

2 2

Note that: x 2 + y2 1 0 sin1 x + sin1 y
2

x 2 + y2 1 sin1 x + sin1 y
2
cos1 x + cos1 y = cos1 x y 1 x 1 y 2 , x 0, y 0
2
(ii)

xy
(iii) tan1 x + tan1 y = tan1 , x > 0, y > 0 & xy < 1
1 xy
xy
= + tan1 , x > 0, y > 0 & xy > 1
1 xy

=
, x > 0, y > 0 & xy = 1
2

Note that : xy < 1 0 < tan1 x + tan1 y < ;xy > 1 < tan1 x + tan1 y <
2 2
B.
2 2
(i) sin1 x sin1 y = sin1 x 1 y y 1 x , x 0, y 0

2
1 y 2 , x 0, y 0, x y
(ii) cos1 x cos1 y = cos1 x y 1 x

xy
(iii) tan1 x tan1y = tan1 , x 0, y 0
page 10 of 40
1 xy
Note: For x < 0 and y < 0 these identities can be used with the help of properties 2(C)
i.e. change x and y to x and y which are positive .
Solved Example # 12
3 15 84
Show that sin1 + sin1 = sin1
5 17 85
Solution.
2 2
3 15 3 15 8226
> 0, > 0 and + = >1
5 17 5 17 7225
3 15 3 225 15 9
1 1
sin1 + sin1 = sin1 5 289 17 25
5 17
3 8 15 4
= sin1 . .
5 17 17 5
84
= sin1
85
Solved Example # 13
Evaluate:
12 4 63
cos1 + sin1 tan1
13 5 16
Solution.
12 4 63
Let z = cos1 + sin1 tan1
13 5 16
4 4
sin1 = cos1
5 2 5
12 1 4 63
z = cos1 + cos tan1 .
13 2 5 16
1 4 12 63
z= cos cos 1 tan1 .........(i)
2 5 13 16
4 12 4 12
> 0, > 0 and <
5 13 5 13
4 12 4 12 16 144 63
cos1 cos1 = cos1 5 13 1 25 1 1
169 = cos 65

5 13
equation (i) can be written as
63 63
z= cos1 tan1
2 65 16
63 63
z = sin1 tan1 .........(ii)
65 16
63 63
sin1 = tan1
65 16
from equation (ii), we get
63 63
z = tan1 tan1 z=0 Ans.
16 16
Solved Example # 14
5
Evaluate tan1 9 + tan1
4
Solution.
5 5
9 > 0, > 0 and 9 > 1
4 4
5
page 11 of 40

5 9
4
tan1 9 + tan1 = + tan1
4 5
1 9.
4
= + tan1 ( 1)

= .
4
5 3
tan1 9 + tan1 = .
4 4
4 5 16
(21) Evaluate sin1 + sin1 + sin1
5 13 65
(22) If tan14 + tan1 5 = cot1 then find
3 16 1 7
(23) Prove that 2 cos1 + cot1 + cos1 =
13 63 2 25
Solve the following equations
2
(24) tan1 (2x) + tan1 (3x) = (25) sin1x + sin1 2x =
4 3
19 1 1
Answers. (21) (22) = (24) x= (25) x=
2 9 6 2
C.

2 sin x
1
if | x | 1

2
(i) sin 2 x 1 x 2
1 1
= 2 sin x if x 1
2

2 sin 1 x

if x 1
2
2 cos 1 x if 0 x 1
(ii) cos1 (2 x 2 1) = 1
2 2 cos x if 1 x0
2 tan 1x if | x | 1
2x 1
(iii) tan1
= 2 tan x if x 1
1 x2

2 tan 1x if x 1
2 tan 1x if | x | 1
2x
(iv) sin1 = 2 tan 1x if x 1
1 x2

2 tan 1x if x 1
1 x2 2 tan 1x if x 0
(v) cos1 = 1
1x2 2 tan x if x 0
(See the graphs on page 20)
Solved Example # 15
Define y = cos1 (4x3 3x) in terms of cos1 x and also draw its graph.
Solution.
Let y = cos1 (4x3 3x)
Note Domain : [1, 1] and range : [0, ]
Let cos1 x = [0, ] and x = cos

y = cos1 (4 cos3 3 cos )
y = cos1 (cos 3) ...........(i)
page 12 of 40
Fig.: Graph of cos1 (cos x)
[0, ]
3 [0, 3]
to define y = cos1 (cos 3), we consider the graph of cos1 (cos x)
in the interval [0, 3]. Now, from the above graph we can see that
(i) if 0 3 cos1 (cos 3) = 3
y = 3 if 3

y = 3 if 0
3
1
y = 3 cos1x if x1
2
(ii) if 3 2 cos1 (cos 3) = 2 3
y = 2 3 if 3 2
2
y = 2 3 if <
3 3
1 1
y = 2 3cos1 x if x<
2 2
(iii) 3 3 cos1 (cos 3) = 2 + 3
y = 2 + 3 if 3 3
2
y = 2 + 3 if
3
1
y = 2 + 3 cos1 x if 1 x
2
from (i), (ii) & (iii), we get
1 1
3 cos x ;
2
x 1
1 1
y = cos1 (4x3 3x) = 2 3 cos 1 x ; x
2 2
2 3 cos 1 x ; 1 x 1
2
Graph :
For y = cos1 (4x3 3x)
domain : [1, 1]
range : [0, ]
1
(i) if x 1 , y = 3 cos1x.
2
dy 3
= = 3(1 x2)1/2 ...........(i)
dx 1 x2
dy 1
<0 if x , 1
dx 2
1
decreasing if x , 1
Successful People Replace 2 the
words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
again if we differentiate equation (i) w.r.t. x, we get
d2 y 3x
=
2
(1 x 2 )3 / 2
dx
d2 y 1 1
2 <0 if x , 1 concavity downwards if x , 1
dx 2 2
1 1
page 13 of 40
(ii) if x < , y = 2 3cos1 x.
2 2
dy 3 dy 1 1
= >0 if x ,
dx 1 x 2 dx 2 2
1 1 d2 y 3x
increasing if x , and =
2 2 dx 2 (1 x 2 )3 / 2
1 d2 y
(a) if x , 0 then <0
2 dx 2
1
concavity downwards if x , 0
2
1 d2 y
(b) if x 0, then >0
2 dx 2
concavity upwards if x 0, 1
2
1 dy d2 y
(iii) Similarly if 1 x < then < 0 and > 0.
2 dx dx 2
the graph of y = cos1 (4x3 3x) is as

(26) Define y = sin1 (3x 4x3) in terms of sin1x and also draw its graph.
3x x 3
(27) Define y = tan1 in terms of tan1 x and also draw its graph.
1 3x 2

Answers
1 1 1
3 sin x ;
2
x
2
1
1
(26) y = sin1 (3x 4x3) = 3 sin x ; x 1
2
3 sin 1 x ; 1
1 x
2
graph of y = sin1 (3x 4x3)
1 1 1
3 tan x ; x
3 3 3
3x x 1
1 1
(27) y = tan 1 3 x 2 = 3 tan x ; x
3
1 1
3 tan x ; x
page 14 of 40
3
3x x 3

1
Fig.: Graph of y = tan 2
1 3x
D.
x y z xyz
If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = tan1 1 xy yz zx if, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 & (xy + yz + zx) < 1

NOTE:
(i) If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = then x + y + z = xyz

(ii) If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = then xy + yz + zx = 1
2
1 1
(iii) tan1 1 + tan1 2 + tan1 3 = (iv) tan1 1 + tan1 + tan1 =
2 3 2
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
page 15 of 40
Some Useful Graphs
1.
(i) y = sin 1 x, x 1, y , (ii) y = cos 1 x, x 1, y [0, ]
2 2
y y


2 2
O

1 1 x 1 O 1 x

(iii) y = tan 1 x, x R, y 2, 2 , (iv) y = cot 1 x, x R, y (0, )

y
y

2

2

O x
O x

(v) y = sec 1 x, x 1, y 0, U , (vi) y = cosec 1 x, x 1, y 2 , 0 U 0 , 2
2 2
y y

2

2

1 O 1 x 1 O 1 x
Part - 2(A)
page 16 of 40
(i) y = sin (sin 1 x) = cos (cos 1 x) = x, x [ 1, 1], y [ 1, 1]; y is aperiodic
y
1
x
=
y
)45
1 O +1 x
(ii) y = tan (tan -1 x) = cot (cot -1 x) = x, x R, y R; y is aperiodic
y

x
=
y

) 45

O x

(iii) y = cosec (cosec 1 x) = sec (sec 1 x) = x, x 1, y 1 ; y is aperiodic
y

=x

y

1 O 1 x
1

x
=
y
Part -2(B)

y = sin 1 (sin x), x R, y , , is periodic with period 2
(i)
page 17 of 40
2 2
y

y y
2
x
= 2 =

(
2
x
+
x
=
=
3
x)
y

y
2 )45 2

2
3 O 2 x
2 2
(ii) y = cos 1 (cos x), x R, y [0, ], is periodic with period 2

y

y=
y=
x
y=
2
2
+
2
x

y=
x
x
2 O 2

2 2

(iii) y = tan 1 (tan x), x R (2 n 1) , n y , is periodic with period
2 2 2
y

2

x
x+
x
x+
y=
y=
y=
y=
2

2
3
O 3 x
2 2 2 2

x
y=

2

(iv) y = sec 1 (sec x), y is periodic with period 2; x R (2n 1) , n , y 0, 2 U 2 ,
2
y

y=
y=
x
y=
2
2
+
2
x

y=
x
2 3 O 3 2

2 2 2 2

(cot x), y is periodic with period ; x R {n, n }, y 0, ,
page 18 of 40
1
(v) y = c o t
2 2

(vi) y = cosec1 (cosec x), y is periodic with period 2; x R {n, n }, y , {0}
2 2
Part - 3(C)
page 19 of 40
(i) graph of y = sin1 2 x 1 x 2

(ii) graph of y = cos1 (2 x 2 1)
Note : In this graph it is advisable not to check its derivability just by the inspection of the graph
because it is difficult to judge from the graph that at x = 0 there is a shapr corner or not.
2x
(iii) graph of y = tan1
1 x2
2x
(iv) graph of y = sin1
1 x2
1 x2
(v) graph of y = cos1
1x2

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fo/u fopkjr Hkh# tu] ugha vkjEHks dke] foifr ns[k NksM+s rqjar e/;e eu dj ';keA

Address : Plot No. 27, III- Floor, Near Patidar Studio,

1. Principal Values & Domains of Inverse Trigonometric/Circular Functions:

Self practice problems:

(iii) tan (tan1 x) = x, xR (iv) cot (cot 1 x) = x, xR

(v) sec (sec1 x) = x, x 1, x 1 (vi) cosec (cosec1 x) = x, x 1, x 1

These are equal to identity function for a short interval of x only.

Self practice problems:

graph of cos1 (cos x ) is as :

from the graph we can see that if 2 x

Self practice problems:

Self practice problems:

(15) 5 tan1x + 3 cot1x = 2

equation (ii) can be written as :

Find the value of the followings :

3. Identities of Addition and Substraction:

sin1 x + sin1 y = sin1 x 1 y y 1 x , x 0, y 0 & (x 2 + y2) 1

= sin1 x 1 y y 1 x , x 0, y 0 & x 2 + y2 > 1

Let cos1 x = [0, ] and x = cos

Self practice problems:

graph of y = sin1 (3x 4x3)

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(ii) y = tan (tan -1 x) = cot (cot -1 x) = x, x R, y R; y is aperiodic

(iii) y = cosec (cosec 1 x) = sec (sec 1 x) = x, x 1, y 1 ; y is aperiodic

(ii) y = cos 1 (cos x), x R, y [0, ], is periodic with period 2

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