BIOMOLEKUL

BIOCHEMISTRY
Definition:

the study of the chemistry of life

The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to

determine how the collections of inanimate
molecules that constitute living organisms interact
with each other to maintain and perpetuate life.

Lenhinger, Principles of Biochemistry

 BIOCHEMISTRY
Focus:

1. Biological Structures

Interaction, organization and coordination of biomolecules

Chemical and 3D structures of biomolecules

Synthesis and degradation of biomolecules

2. Metabolism

Energy production, utilization and conservation

anabolism vs catabolism

3. Genetic Information

Transmission, expression and storage of genetic information

 Biology and Chemistry
Background

Biology
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Organelle Functions

Chemistry
Bonds
 Biomolekul :
Senyawa2 kimia yg secara alami hanya dite-
mukan dlm tubuh organisme atau sisa orga-
nisme setelah mati

Atom penyusun biomolekul : C,H,O,N,S,P

 Pembagian Biomolekul :
1. Biomolekul sederhana
* Monosakarida
* Asam amino
* Asam lemak
* Asam Nukleat
2. Makromolekul :
* Polisakarida
* Polipeptida
* Lemak/ Lipid
* Polinukleotida
 ORGANISME : tersusun dr senyawa organik &
inorganik
ORGANIK : - protein
- karbohidrat
- lipid
- asam nukleat : DNA, RNA
INORGANIK : * asam
* basa
* garam
* H2O
 MAKROMOLEKUL KEBANYAKAN MERUPAKAN
POLIMER
Contoh : Protein rangkaian asam amino
Polisakarida rangkaian monosakarida

monomer

hidrolisis sintesis

H2O
H2O
polimer
 SINTESIS :
ikatan yg menghubungkan 2 unit molekul
terbentuk dgn. lepasnya H+ dr 1 molekul
penyusun dan OH- dr molekul berikutnya
terbentuk H2O

HIDROLISIS :
putusnya ikatan antar unit molekul masuknya
molekul H2O
 BIOMOLEKUL dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu :
1. STRUKTURAL : penyusun jaringan/tubuh
organisme
Contoh : kolagen, keratin

2. FUNGSIONAL : untuk melaksanakan fungsi

fungsi kehidupan
Contoh : enzim, hormon, DNA, RNA, ATP
 KARBOHIDRAT
1. Monosakarida = gula sederhana
CnH2nOn
ALDOSA KETOSA
C3 Triosa Gliserosa Dihidroksiaseton
C4 Tetrosa Eritrosa Eritrolusa
C5 Pentosa Ribosa Ribulosa
C6 Heksosa Glukosa Fruktosa
Monosakarida Disakarida
 2. Disakarida ( Cn(H2O)n-1
* Sukrosa : Glukosa + Fruktosa
* Laktosa : Glukosa + Galaktosa
* Maltosa : Glukosa + Glukosa
3. Oligosakarida : 2-6 monosakarida
4. Polisakarida : >> monosakarida
Contoh : tepung
dekstrin polimer glukosa
glikogen
selulosa
 Tepung ( Amilum )
* rantai lurus : ikatan (1-4) glikosidik
* sedikit rantai cabang : ikatan (1-6) gliko
sidik
Glikogen : - strukturnya sama dgn amilum
- rantai cabang lebih banyak
Sellulosa :
* tidak dapat dicerna (pd mamalia, manusia)
* tidak bercabang
* ikatan (1-4) glikosidik
Amilosa Amilopektin

Struktur Amilum
 Ikatan 1,6 Glikosidik

Struktur Glikogen
Sellulosa
Perbedaan Ik. 1,4 dgn Ik. 1,4 Glikosidik
 PROTEIN
* tersusun dari asam amino asam amino dasar
untuk menyusun protein : 20
* dari 20 asam amino dasar, separuhnya tidak
dapat disintesis di dalam tubuh hewan & manusia
shg. hrs diperoleh dr makanan asam amino
essensial
H
R-C-COO-

NH3+
 ASAM AMINO PENYUSUN PROTEIN
Essensial Non essensial
Arginin Alanin
Histidin Aspartat
Isoleusin Asparagin
Leusin Sistein
Metionin Glutamat
Fenilalanin Glutamin
Threonin Serin
Triptofan Tirosin
Valin Prolin
 LIPID
* sekelompok senyawa heterogen yg berhu-
bungan dgn asam lemak, sifatnya :
1. relatif tidak larut dlm air
2. larut dlm pelarut non polar : eter, kloroform,
benzen
Macam2 lipid :
1. Lemak netral : TG = Triasilgliserol
Contoh : mentega/margarin, minyak goreng
Jaringan lemak terutama t.d. : T.G.
2. Fosfolipid
3. Kolesterol & steroid
 Lipid individual tidak termasuk makromolekul
1. Triasilgliserol (TG)
2. Kolesterol
3. Fosfolipid
Kandungan energi : tinggi

Sumber asam lemak essensial

Sumber vitamin yg larut dlm lemak : A,D,E,K

 ASAM LEMAK : asam monokarboksilat
* rantai pendek ( atom C < 6 )
* rantai medium ( atom C 8 14 )
* rantai panjang ( atom C > 14 )
Secara biologis yg banyak biasanya : asam lemak
rantai lurus, jumlah atom C genap ( 16-20)

Pemberian nama :
* gugus COOH diberi nomor 1 atau
* gugus COOH tanpa simbol, atom C disebelahnya :
C , dstnya
 Berdasarkan ikatan rangkap, asam lemak :
1. Asam lemak jenuh ( saturated )
- tidak ada ikatan rangkap
- mis. Asam palmitat C16
Asam stearat C18
- akhiran : + anoat (-anoic)
- jika rantainya panjang, p.u. bersifat padat pd suhu
kamar
- Asam palmitat C16 (C15H31COOH) /
CH3(CH2)14COOH = asam heksadekanoat =
hexadecanoic acid
 ASAM LEMAK TAK JENUH ( UNSATURATED )
* 1 ikatan rangkap
* akhiran : -enoat ( enoic )
* yg alami : umumnya berbentuk Cis (sis)
cair pd suhu kamar
* asam lemak tak jenuh banyak terdapat pd
minyak tumbuhan ( kec. Minyak kelapa yg
banyak mengandung asam lemak jenuh )
 TG ( TRIASILGLISEROL )
* t.d Gliserol dan asam lemak dalam sel
p.u. jumlah atom C : 16/18 per molekul
asam lemak
O
O CH2-O-C-R1
R2-C-O-C O
CH2-O-C-R3
* Sifat T.G. t.u. ditentukan oleh asam lemak yg
dikandungnya
 PURIN & PIRIMIDIN
* Senyawa heterosiklik yg mengandung N atau
disebut BASA N : Basa purin : Adenin (A)
Guanin (G)
Basa pirimidin : Timin (T)
Sitosin (C)
Urasil (U)
* Nukleosida = Basa N + gula
* Nukleotida = Basa N + gula + fosfat
= nukleosida + fosfat
 Basa Ribonukleosida RiboNukleotida
A=Adenin Adenosin Adenilat = AMP
G=Guanin Guanosin Guanilat = GMP
U=Urasil Uridin Uridilat = UMP
C=Sitosin Sitidin Sitidilat = CMP
Basa Deoksiribonukleosida Deoksiribonukleotida
A Deoksiadenosin Deoksiadenilat
G Deoksiguanosin Deoksiguanilat
T=timin Deoksitimidin Deoksitimidilat
C Deoksisitidin Deoksisitidilat
A----T G-----C
 PERANAN NUKLEOTIDA :

1. Bahan baku DNA & RNA (polinukleotida)

2. ATP bentuk energi yg utama
3. Nukleotida adenin merupakan komponen 3
koenzim utama : NAD , FAD , KoA
4. Nukleotida sbg regulator metabolik
Mis. cAMP ( mediator kerja bbrp hormon )
ATP ( mengubah aktivitas sejumlah enzim dgn
modifikasi kovalen )
 Coenzymes (vitamines)

Amino acids
carbohydrate
hormones

nucleotides

Amino acids

lipids

22nd edition designed by Dr. Donald E. Nicholson

metabolism is categorized into
two types
Catabolism (biodegradation): larger
molecules (nutrients and cell
constituents) are broken down (often via
exergonic reactions) to salvage (reuse)
their components or/and to generate
energy.
Anabolism (biosynthesis): The generation
of biomolecules from simpler components
(often via endergonic reactions).
 (Fuels)

Exergonic Oxidation

Biodegradation

Output of energy

Complex Simpler
Metabolites Metabolites

Input of energy
Endergonic Reduction

Biosynthesis
 Major Roles of Metabolism

Extract energy and reducing power from the

environment (photosynthesis and oxidative
degradation of nutrients).
Generation (interconversion) of all the
biomolecules for a living organism.

Thus comes the term

Dynamic Biochemistry
(Fuels) The role of Metabolism

Extract energy and reducing power

ATP: Energy currency

Also for mobility,

transport of nutrients
and so on.

Generate all biomolecules

Classification of organisms based
on trophic (feed) strategies

Autotrophssynthesize all cellular

components from simple inorganic
molecules (e.g, H2O, CO2, NH3, H2S).
HeterotrophsDerive energy from
oxidation of organic compounds (made by
autotrophs).
Metabolism in various living
organisms allow carbon, oxygen
and nitrogen to be cycled in the
biosphere.

The cycling of matter is driven by

the flow of energy in one direction
through the biosphere!
 Metabolism allows the cycling of C/O
and the flow of energy in the biosphere

glucose

Producers Consumers

H2O
 Metabolism also
allows the cycling
of N in the biosphere

(NH4+)

NO3-
NO2-
General Features of Metabolism
Occurs in specific cellular (tissue and organ) locations as a
series of enzyme-catalyzed linear, branched or circular
reactions, or pathways.
Highly coupled and interconnected (Every road leads to
Rome).
Highly regulated (often reciprocally) to achieve the best
economy (Balanced supply and demand).
The number of reactions is large (over 1000), however, the
number of types of reactions is relatively small (what
happens in animal respiration happens in plant
photosynthesis).
Well conserved during evolution: reflecting the unity of the
life phenomena (what happens in bacteria happens in
General approaches for
studying metabolism

Purification and Chemical characterization of

metabolites;
Tracing the fates of certain biomolecules in
living subjects (via such chemical labels as
isotopes).
Isolation of genetic mutants having genetic
defects.
Identification and characterization of enzymes.
 Issues for current and future
investigation on metabolism
Continue to unveil new pathways and new regulation strategies of
metabolism.
Studies on enzymes.
Observation of metabolic processes in intact living organisms (e.g., in
the brains under various states)
Metabolism differences among various organisms or various states of
the same organism (for diagnosing and treating such diseases as
cancer, infections of bacteria or viruses, obesity, etc; to understand
aging).
Appropriate and inappropriate nutrition.
Biotechnological application of knowledge learned from metabolic
studies in medicine, agriculture and industry.

 Nobel Prizes in revealing the

Metabolism of living matter (1)
1907, Eduard Buchner: cell-free fermentation.
1922, Archibald B. Hill: production of heat in the muscle?; Otto
Meyerhof: fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen
and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle.
1923, Frederick Grant Banting, John James Richard Macleod:
discovery of insulin.
1929, Arthur Harden, Hand von Euler-Chelpin: fermentation of
sugar and fermentative enzymes.
1929, Christiaan Eijkman: antineuritic vitamin; Sir Frederick
Gowland Hopkins: growth-stimulating vitamins.
1931, Otto Heinrich Warburg: nature and mode of action of the
respiratory enzyme.
 Nobel Prizes in revealing the
Metabolism of living matter (2)
1934, George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry
Murphy: liver therapy in cases of anaemia.
1937, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi: biological combustion, vitamin C and
the catalysis of fumaric acid.
1943, Henrik Carl Peter Dam: discovery of vitamin K; Edward
Adelbert Doisy: chemical nature of vitamin K.
1947, Carl Cori and Gerty Cori: catalytic conversion of glycogen;
Bernardo Houssay: hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the
metabolism of sugar.
1950, Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein,Philip Showalter
Hench: hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and
biological effects.
1953, Hans Krebs: citric acid cycle; Fritz Lipmann: role of co-
enzyme A in metabolism.
1955, Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell: nature and mode of action of
oxidation enzymes.
 Nobel Prizes in revealing the
Metabolism of living matter (3)
1961, Melvin Calvin: carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.
1964, Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen: cholesterol and fatty acid
metabolism.
1971, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.: mechanisms of the action of
hormones.
1978, Peter Mitchell: chemiosmotic theory of biological energy
transfer.
1982, Sune K. Bergstrm, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane:
prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.
1985. Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein: regulation of
cholesterol metabolism.
Nobel Prizes in revealing the
Metabolism of living matter (4)
1988, Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H.
Hitchings: principles for drug treatment.
1988, Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut
Michel: photosynthetic reaction centre.
1992, Edmond H. FischerEdwin G. Krebs: reversible
protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory
mechanism.
1994, Alfred G. GilmanMartin Rodbell: G-proteins and
the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.
1997, Paul D. Boyer, John E .Walker: synthesis of ATP.
1998, Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid
Murad: nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the
cardiovascular system.