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WaterSoftening Mod PDF
WaterSoftening Mod PDF
1. Introduction
Hardness
- Multivalent metal ions which will form precipitates with soaps.
e.g.
Ca2+ + (soap) Ca(soap)2 (s)
Complexation reaction
b. Other hardness constituents: Iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), strontium (Sr), aluminum
(Al).
- Iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), strontium (Sr), aluminum (Al) also produce hardness.
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/// /// Top organic soil - microbial activity /// ///
60C
15C
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Types of Hardness
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- -
2) With respect to anions (nonmetallic ion; HCO3 , SO42-, Cl )
* Alkalinity - measured as the amount of acid required to titrate to PH 4.3. (e.g., HO-, CO 3 2- , HCO 3 -)
eq. wt of CaCO3
2+
Hardness (mg/L as CaCO3) = (mg/L of M ) ------------------------
eq. wt of M2+
meq mg mg
------ -------- = ------
L meq L
2+ 2- 2- +
CaCO3 Ca + CO3 CO3 + 2H H2CO3 (z = 2)
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(Solutions)
EW of Ca2+ = 20 mg/meq
EW of Mg2+ =12.2 mg/meq
EW of CaCO3 = 50 mg/meq
50 mg/meq CaCO3
2+
Calcium hardness = (70 mg/L Ca ) ---------------------------
20 mg/meq Ca2+
50 mg/meq CaCO3
Magnesium hardness = (9.7 mg/L Mg2+) ---------------------------
12.2 mg/meq Mg2+
(Solution)
Hard Water Classification Table 3-13 (DC 179); Table 4-14 (4th DC 236)
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Hardness >300 mg/L as CaCO3 is considered excessive for public water supply
- results in
a. high soap consumption
b. scale in heating vessels and pipes
Mg2+ in excess of ~40 mg/L as CaCO3 forms scale on heat exchange elements in hot water
heaters
Goal of water treatment (softening) is 75120 mg/L as CaCO3 (3rd DC, 179)
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b. Chemical reactions:
a. CO2
- is not hardness but it consumes lime and must therefore be considered in calculating the amount required.
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b. Carbonate hardness
- is precipitated by lime.
Note:
- 1 mole of lime is needed for each mole of calcium bicarbonate (Rxn 2)
- 2 moles of lime are required for each mole of magnesium bicarbonate (Rxns 3 and 4).
c. Noncarbonate hardness
Note:
- 1 mole of lime Ca(OH)2 and 1 mole of soda ash Na2CO3 are needed to each mole of
MgSO4 or MgCl 2
- 1 mole of soda ash Na2CO3 is needed to each mole of CaSO4 or CaCl 2
- Precipitation softening cannot produce water completely free of hardness because of:
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Deviations from the theoretical hardness removal by the lime-soda ash treatment.
d. Disinfection
- Excess lime treatment provides disinfection
e. Aids in coagulation
- Excess lime treatment provides aids in coagulation for removal of turbidity
- three different basic schemes may be used to provide a finished water with the desired
hardness.
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1) Carbonate hardness associated with Ca2+ can be effectively removed to the practical
limit of CaCO3 solubility (30 mg/L) by stoichiometric additions of lime.
2) Precipitation of Mg2+ calls for a surplus of approximately 1.25 meq/L (30 mg/L) of
CaO above stoichiometric requirements.
3) The practice of excess-lime treatment reduces the total hardness to about 40 mg/L
as CaCO3
4) After excess-lime treatment, the water is scale forming and must be neutralized to
remove caustic alkalinity (OH-).
- Recarbonation and soda ash are regularly used to stabilize the water
6) Further recarbonation of the clarified water converts a portion (say 1/2) of the
remaining carbonate ions to bicarbonate by the reaction.
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a) Top row of the bar graph consists of major cations arranged in the order of Ca 2+, Mg2+,
Na+, K+.
b) Bottom row of the aligned in the sequence of OH, CO32, HCO3 , SO42, Cl-, NO3-.
c) The sum of the positive meq/L must equal the sum of the negative meq/L for a given
water sample in equilibrium.
< 5% OK
The water defined by the analysis given below is to be softened by excess lime treatment
in a two-stage system.
Given chemical Analysis Data: CO2 = 8.8 mg/L; Ca 2+ =70.0 mg/L; Mg2+ = 9.7 mg/L; Na+ =
6.9 mg/L; HCO3 =115.0 mg/L as CaCO3; SO42- = 96.0 mg/L; Cl = 10.6 mg/L
4. Calculate the theoretical quantity of CO2 needed to provide finished water with of
the alkalinity converted to bicarbonate ion.
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(SOLUTIONS)
I 4.595 - 4.6 l
= ----------------------- x 100 = 0.05 % < 5% Ion Balance is OK
4.595 + 4.6
2. Sketch a bar graph for the raw water. - See the bar graph below: 1) Raw water
1) List the combination and concentration (meq/L) of chemical compounds from the
bar graph (Raw water)
Compound (meq/L)
CO2 0.4
Ca(HCO3)2 2.3
CaSO4 1.2
MgSO 4 0.8
NaCl 0.3
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Lime Required
MW z eq.wt (mg/meq)
Quick Lime CaO 56.1 2 28.0
Soda Ash Na2CO3 106 2 53.0
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(c) Sketch an meq/L bar graph for the water after lime and soda ash additions and settling,
but before recarbonation
CATIONS (meq/L)
2+
Ca Excess lime, Ca(OH)2 1.25
2+
Ca Solubility of Ca CO3 0.6
Mg2+ Solubility of Mg(OH) 2 0.2
Na+ Present in raw water 0.3
+
Na From Na2CO3 added 2.0
M+, not including excess lime 3.1
ANIONS (meq/L)
-
OH Excess lime, Ca(OH)2 1.25
OH- Solubility of Mg(OH) 2 0.2
CO32- Solubility of Ca CO3 0.6
SO4 2- Present in raw water 2.0
Cl- Present in raw water 0.3
M , not including excess lime
-
3.1
Recarbonation
1.45 meq 22 mg
= --------------- (---------- CO2 ) = 31.9 mg/L of CO2
L meq
- Draw a bar graph for the softened water after recarbonation and filtration assuming that
one-half of the alkalinity is in the bicarbonate form. See the bar graph (3)
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22 mg
()(0.8 meq/L)(--------- CO2 ) = 8.8 mg/L of CO2
meq
= 340 lb CO2 / MG
(d) Draw a bar graph for the softened water after recarbonation and filtration.
CATIONS
(meq/L)
Ca 2+ Solubility of Ca CO3 0.6
Mg2+ Solubility of Mg(OH) 2 0.2
Na+ Present in raw water + From Na2CO3 2.3
added
+
M , not including excess lime 3.1
ANIONS
(meq/L)
CO32- Solubility of Ca CO3 0.4
HCO3- From Ca(HCO3) 2 and Mg(HCO3) 2 0.4
SO4 2- Present in raw water 2.0
Cl- Present in raw water 0.3
M-, not including excess lime 3.1
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CO2
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