SCIENCE LAB REPORT

Percent Yield of Chalk

Lea Kassir
March 26, 2021
TH
10 International Chemistry
INTRODUCTION

In this lab we will form chalk from two ionic compounds in aqueous solution: calcium chloride and
sodium carbonate. Write the balanced equation for this reaction including state symbols. The chalk
(calcium carbonate) is the only solid product.

Na2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + NaCl (aq)

Na2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq)

HYPOTHESIS

Calculate the amount of chalk that can be produced in this reaction given 2.00 grams of each reactant.
Show your work.
Grams to moles:

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 100.08 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

2.00 grams of Na2CO3 x 105.99
x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
= 1.890 grams CaCO3

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑜3 100.086

2.00 grams of CaCl2 x 110.98
x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2
x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
= 1.803 grams of CaCO3

CHOSEN HYPOTHESIS: If an individual has 2 grams of CaCl2, then I believe that one would be able to
create 1.80 grams of chalk. This is my predicted mass.

If an individual has 2 grams of Na2CO3 then I believe that I would be able to create approximately 1.88
grams of chalk.

MATERIALS
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● Distilled Water
● 2.00 grams CaCl2
● 2.00 grams Na2CO3
● Graduated cylinder
● Balance (in grams with two decimal places)
● Beaker
● Erlenmeyer flask
● Funnel
● Stirring rod
● Souffle cups

1
PROCEDURE

1. Turn on scale
2. Place empty beaker on the scale, proceed to press the button “T” to eliminate its weight
3. Place Sodium Carbonate within the beaker until reaching 2 grams of that substance
4. Place Calcium Chloride within the beaker until reaching 2 grams of that substance
5. Measure 20ml of distilled water using the graduated cylinder
6. Pour 20ml of distilled water into each beaker
7. Mix/agitate both substances separately using a stirring rod
8. Allow both mixtures to rest until the chemicals have fully dissolved within the water
9. Mix both mixtures with one another until forming a milk like consistency
10. Use a chemistry textbook for instruction for the following filtration process found within chapter
2.2 pages 16 and 17 of Complete Chemistry for Cambridge IGSCE textbook
11. Fold filter paper into the funnel
12. Place funnel with filter paper into the top opening of the empty erlenmeyer flask
13. Pour mixture into the funnel that contains that filter paper
14. Let mixture sit in filter until all of the water has parted from the mixture
15. Remove filter from the earlier funnel, and let the substance on it dry overnight
16. Place filter with dry participate on a balance, note down the results
17. Place erlenmeyer flask with liquid on the heating dish
18. Turn on the hot plate once the flask has been placed
19. Place the setting on high
20. Allow the water to evaporate
21. Once white speckles surround the whole of your erlenmeyer, turn the hot plate on low
22. Let the water boil off, and cool down
23. Place erlenmeyer flask with the salt that has appeared on balance, jot down the results

2
 DATA

My result Neighbor’s result

Mass of dry filter paper with

1.23 grams 1.23 grams
name written on it in pencil

Mass of filter paper plus dry

3.0 grams 2.97 grams
precipitate

Mass of dry precipitate 1.77 grams 1.74 grams

Mass of empty Erlenmeyer 152.70 grams

134.71 grams
flask

Mass of flask plus dry salt 154.84 grams

131.62 grams
product

2.14 grams
Mass of salt produced 3.09 grams

RESULTS
1. What is the percent yield for the chalk that you made in this lab? Show your work
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
Percent yield = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
x 100 (Gallagher, page 84)
1.77
= 1.80
x 100

= 98.3%

2. If your percent yield was 95%-100% then great job! If you percent yield was less than 95% or
more than 100%, explain what you think could have happened to cause the discrepancy
After extensive experimentation, my partner and I have produced a percent yield of 98.3%

3. How did your data compare to your neighbor?

After comparing our results with our neighbors, we were able to conclude that we had severely similar
results with everything ranging between a 1 grams or less difference except the empty erlenmeyer flask
and the erlenmeyer with salt due to the fact that our neighbors had a different type/design of flask.

3
CONCLUSION

1. To what extent was your hypothesis supported by your data? You can use data from the salt
product as well.
I am able to conclude that our hypothesis was strongly supported by our data due to the fact that I had
predicted a mass of 1.803 grams of CaCO3, and so our data had provided us with a mass of 1.77 grams of
my dry precipitate. So, as we are able to see, my numbers were significantly close to one another.

2. What are two potential sources of error in the method that could have been caused by a percent
yield that was less than 100%?What is a possible source error that could cause a percent yield
greater than 100%?
In my opinion, two potential sources of error in the method that could have been caused by a percent yield
that was less than 100% could be provoked by not spilling a significant amount of the mixture. On the
other hand, if one has produced a result that was more than 100%, this could be caused by contamination.

3. If you were to repeat the experiment, what could you do to improve the method to get more
reliable data? Describe the changes.
To start the experiment, I would use a fully sanitized and a pure erlenmeyer flask in order to prevent cross
contamination. Moving on, I would use a more efficient filter paper in order to further collect all of my
mixture and only leaving behind a severely small amount of chalk on the paper. Those were my two main
concerns when evaluating what I could do to improve the method in order to get a more reliable and
accurate result. Finally, another thing I would modify is to use a metal sterling rod instead of a wooden
rod. This is because the wooden rod has a tendency to absorb some of the substance, this could eventually
mess up one's results.

REFERENCES

Gallagher, R., et al. Complete Chemistry for Cambridge IGSCE. Oxford University Press, 2014.
Accessed April 2 2021