UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA Y ELÉCTRICA

Subject: Chemistry Laboratory

Period August - December 2021
Practice 3: “Team and Laboratory´s material”
Teacher: MLCS Blanca Idalia Pérez Pérez
Team: 1
Brigade: 222
Day: Tuesday
Hour: M3-M4

Registration
Name Carreer Sign
number

Piña Cruz Diego Alejandro 1951494 IMF Piña Cruz

Cordero Leija Sebastian 1915025 IMTC

Guerrero Castro Carlos Andrés 1994582 IEA Carlos Guerrero

García Martínez Adayah Melissa 1949656 IMTC

IMTC
Martínez Páez Yael Alberto 1994063

San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo León 31st of August 2021

Objectives
• To obtain and compare the actual and theoretical densities of a liquid and a
solid.

• To understand and carry out the formula and concept of density.

Hypothesis
• By increasing the mass of the object, the density will be increased in direct
relation. In the case of the volume, this will be inversely proportional.

• The calculated and theoretical densities will vary in their values.

• Environmental factors modify the values of the calculated densities, these

are not ideal.
Theorical frame
Density concept:

The density of a substance is the relationship between the mass of the substance
and how much space it takes up (volume).

The mass of atoms, their size, and how they are arranged determine the density of
a substance. The formula for density is:

d = M/V Where d is density, M is mass, and V is volume.

Fig 1. Images that represent the density Fig 2. Formula of the density and clearings of its
concept. variables.

The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower-case Greek letter rho),
although the Latin letter D can also be used.

Density Units:

Density is commonly expressed in units of grams per cubic

centimeter. For example, the density of water is 1 gram per cubic
centimeter, and Earth’s density is 5.51 grams per cubic centimeter.
For solids is commonly used cm3 and for liquids mL.

Density can also be expressed as kilograms per cubic meter (in meter-kilogram-
second or SI units). For example, the density of air is 1.2 kilograms per cubic meter.

Density Variations:

The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. This variation is
typically small for solids and liquids but much greater for gases.

• Increasing the pressure on an object decreases the volume of the object and
thus increases its density.
• Increasing the temperature of a substance (with a few exceptions) decreases
its density by increasing its volume.
Standard Atmosphere (ISA):

The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is a static atmospheric model of how

the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change
over a wide range of altitudes or elevations.

The theoretical density of liquids and solids has this specification, taking as the
climatic conditions ISA factors such as:

Temperature: 15°C at mar level.

Pression: 1013.25 hPa at mar level.

Types of density:

Relative density: is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to
the density of a given reference material. Both densities are expressed in the same
units and under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

Absolut density: It is the magnitude that expresses the amount of mass in a certain
volume, it is commonly known as density and, it is the one used for all kinds of
calculations.

Ways of measuring densities.

• Balance and test tube.

• Hydrostatic balance.

• Pycnometer.
Experimental procedure
Materials used:
• Precision balance.
• Aluminum crucibles
• Burette.
• Graduated test tube.
• Ribbed spatula.
• Calculator.
• Access to internet.
• Digital document.
• Paper funnel.
For solids
1.- We measured 3g of solid on the balance using the aluminum crucible (remind
reset the balance for depreciate the weight of the crucible).
2.- Then, we deposited 3 gram of the solid in the test tube with the help of the
grooved spatula.
3.- Measured the volume in the test tube that occupies 3g of solid (the volume was
measured on a flat surface).
4.- Determine density with the experimentally obtained data.

For uneven solids

1.- First we weigh the solid and note its weight.
2.- Then we placed it inside a test tube that contained 5ml of water.
3.- After that, we measure the displaced volume (taking the concave part of the water
as a reference).
4.- Using this volume we calculate the density of the solid and record it.

For liquids
1.- We measured the weight in the test tube in the balance and record it
2.- Over the table, we added 3ml of the liquid (make sure it takes the meniscus over
the line of 1ml and remember to measure the concave part)
3.- Weigh again the test tube with the liquid and record the value.
4.- Extract the weight in the full test tube minus the empty test tube to determine the
mass that exists in 1ml of liquid.
5.- Determine density with the experimental obtained data.
Observations and data.
We need to complete the following table.

The data are set out in the table. We know the types of solids and liquids for which
we will calculate their density. In addition, we are given the values of the magnitude
of mass and volume of each object and substance to be measured.

Observations:

• The units of measurement given to calculate density are grams per milliliter,
which is equal to the unit of measurement of grams per cubic centimeter, and
this belongs to the International System.

Information for liquids:

Liquid Mass Volume

(Formula) (Grams) (Milliliters)
Acetone (C3H6O) 1.56 g 2 ml
Alcohol (C2H5OH) 1.57 g 2 ml
Vinegar (C2H4O2) 0.93 g 1 ml
Chlorine (HCIO2) 1.95 g 2ml

Information for solids:

Solid Mass Volume

(Formula) (Grams) (Cm3)
Iron (Fe) 3g 1.9 cm3
Aluminum (Al) 1.3 g 0.9 cm3
Copper (Cu) 1.01 g 0.2 cm3
Coffee (C8H10N4O2) 2g 1.15 cm3
Calculations and results
Liquids:

Liquid Mass Volume Real density Theorical

(Grams) (Milliliters) 𝒈/𝒎𝒍 density
𝒈/𝒎𝒍

Acetone 1.56 g 2 ml .78 .784

Alcohol 1.57 g 2 ml .785 .789
Vinegar 0.93 g 1 ml .93 1.0056
Chlorine 1.95 g 2 ml .975 0.567

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
m 1.56𝑔
Acetone = 𝑝 = = = .78𝑔/𝑚𝑙
v 2𝑚𝑙

m 1.57
Alcohol =𝑝 = = = .785𝑔/𝑚𝑙
v 2

𝑚 .93
Vinegar =𝑝 = = = .93𝑔/𝑚𝑙
𝑣 1

𝑚 1.95 .975𝑔
Chlorine =p= = =
𝑣 2 𝑚𝑙
Solids:

Solid Mass Solid Real density Theorical

(Grams) 𝒈/cm3 density
𝒈/cm3
Iron 3g Iron 1.578 7.874
Aluminum 1.3 g Aluminum 1.444 2.7
Copper 1.01 g Copper 5.05 8.96
Coffee 2g 1.15Coffee 1.739 0.7

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑚 3𝑔
1. Iron: 𝜌 = = 1.9𝑚𝑙 = 1.578 𝑔/cm3.
𝑣
𝑚 1.3𝑔
2. Aluminum: 𝜌 = = 0.9𝑚𝑙 = 1.444 𝑔/cm3
𝑣
𝑚 1.01𝑔
3. Copper: 𝜌 = = 0.2𝑚𝑙 = 5.05 𝑔/cm3
𝑣
𝑚 2𝑔
4. Coffee: 𝜌 = = 1.15𝑚𝑙 = 1.739 𝑔/cm3
𝑣
Discussion
The main goal of this experiment was to understand the concepts explained in the
theoretical framework such as density, mass and volume and to understand the
existing relationship among them.

The experiment was divided in two parts, the first one was worked with compounds
and elements in a liquid state and the second one with elements and compounds in
solid state. After the experiment some calculations were performed where we
established the relationship between mass and volume in order to obtain density.

Density can be described as a physical property of compounds and elements that

shows how much spaces does an object takes according to its mass that is why the
𝑚
formula states that 𝜌 = 𝑣 .

The first analyzed case was the one of acetone, with a real density of 0.78 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
according to the team’s calculation and a theorical density of 0.784 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 . The
second one was alcohol with a real density of 0.785𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 and a theorical density of
0.789 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 . The third one was vinegar with a real density of 0.93 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 and a
theorical density of 1.0056 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 . The fourth was the element Chlorine where the
real density was 0.975 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 and a theorical value for its density of 0.567 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 .

Thus, it can be said that there is a small variation in theorical densities and the real
density in liquids. However, these is not the case for the differences obtained in the
density calculation for solids. The elements and the solute showed the following
results.

Iron in solid state has a theorical density of 7.874 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 but the results showed a
calculation of 1.578 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 . On the other hand, the theorical density of aluminum is
said to be 2.7 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 and its real density is 1.444 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 . The third analyzed element
was copper with a density of 5.05 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 according to the calculations and of 8.96
𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 according to the theoretical value. The last one of this group was not a
compound neither an element, it was a solute called coffee whose results showed a
real density of 1.739 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 and a theorical density of 0.7 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 .
The differences in density when talking about solids have a greater variance
between their values for both real and theorical densities.

According to doctor P. Jansen and doctor E. González that can be explained

because in every measuring process there are certain limits because of the used
instruments, the measurement method and the person in charge of the
measurement process. Those conditions lead to a difference in the theorical value
and the obtained value. This is also known as uncertainty. (2012).

But in the case of the solids the differences are greater thus not only uncertainty is
affecting the results, but another factor does. This factor is temperature, because
many materials are expanded when heated which causes a greater volumen
therefore there is observed an increase or decrease in the density (Day, M.M., Carpi
Anthony). Due to all the mentioned above the hypothesis was accepted

Conclusion.

Thanks to this experiment the team could conclude that density is an important
property of materials, and it is also exposed to several changes according to the
environment of where the experiment is performed, and the tools used in the
measuring process. The objectives proposed in the beginning were also satisfied.

Nevertheless, practice 3 did not have a high degree of complexity, because we had
already seen the concepts addressed in previous high school courses, however, the
variation of values in the density of the objects we measured took us by surprise,
until we understood that the laboratory conditions caused these variations, as well
as the measuring instruments could be poorly calibrated and give incorrect results,
that is, an error of uncertainty.

Finally, we believe that these errors of variations in the measurements can be

corrected with a duplicate procedure, that is, to confirm the result by doing the same
experiment twice times, as long as it is done under the same conditions.
References
• Anonymous. (w/d). Density. August 28th, 2021, de USGS Sitio web:
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-
density?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

• Augustyn, A. (w. d.). density | Definition, Symbol, Units, Formula, & Facts.
Encyclopedia Britannica. Recovered August 28th of 2020, from:
https://www.britannica.com/science/density

• Day, M.M., Carpi Anthony. Densidad” Visionlearning Vol. SCI-1 (4), 2002.

• González, P. J. D. E. Introducción a la Teoría de Errores de Medición.

• What is Density? | Chapter 3: Density | Middle School Chemistry. (s. f.). ©

2021 American Chemical Society. Recovered August 28 th of 2021, from:
https://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/lessonplans/chapter3/lesson1