Experiment 1

Aim:- To Measure Antenna Radiation With Distance

Apparatus:- Folded Dipole Without Reflector as Transmitter, Folded Dipole With Reflector as
Receiver, RF Generator, Detector, BNC Connector

Theory:-
The object of this experiment is to study the variation in the radiation strength at a
given distance from the antenna. The detector will show a higher strength when it is nearer to
the transmitting antenna and shall reduce gradually with the increasing distance. In simple
words, we can say that strength is inversely proportional to the distance between the
transmitting mast and receiving mast.

1
Strength
distance

RF generator is used to generate frequency in the range of 100 MHz to 810 MHz
that displays on LCD screen. The signal is then fed to transmitter which transit it through the
free space. The signal is received by the receiving antenna. Signal is then given to BNC
converter. We can note the strength of the signal from the BNC converter. The receiver will
produce demodulated signal which can be displayed on CRO or can be heard in the speaker.

Folded Dipole Without Reflector:-

Compared to a simple dipole this antenna has a substantially higher radiation
resistance (nominally, approximately 300 Ohm) for the presence of the folded arm. See figure the
actual impedance is derived from rod diameter and distance from centre shape of the end bends,
the presence of the BNC connector etc. The typical radiation pattern in horizontal plane for this
antenna appears like for the case of simple dipole as in previous experiment.

The polarization is horizontal. The typical radiation pattern of folded dipole is given
in figure for experimentation, proceed as follows.

Mount folded Dipole (/2) antenna on the transmitting mast and follow steps as per
experiment no 2 and plot graph of this antenna.

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 Fig. Folded Dipole Without Reflector

Fig. Radiation Pattern For Folded Dipole Without Reflector

Page 2 of 17
Folded Dipole With Reflector:-
Compared to a simple dipole this antenna has a substantially higher radiation
resistance (nominally, approximately 300 Ohm) for the presence of the folded arm. See figure the
actual impedance is derived from rod diameter and distance from centre shape of the end bends,
the presence of the BNC connector & balun etc. The typical radiation pattern in horizontal plane
for this antenna appears like for the case of simple dipole as in previous experiment.
The polarization is horizontal. The typical radiation pattern of folded dipole is given in figure for
experimentation, proceed as follows.

Mount folded Dipole antenna on the transmitting mast and follow steps as per
experiment no 2 and plot graph of this antenna.

Fig. Folded Dipole With Reflector

Fig. Radiation Pattern For Folded Dipole With Reflector

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Procedure:-
1. Mount the Folded Dipole Without Reflector as Transmitter.

2. Keep the receiving antenna (Folded Dipole With Reflector) mast away from transmitting mast
approximately 30cm, 60cm, 90cm.

3. Align arrow mark on the disk with zero of the goniometer scale.

4. Select frequency on both for highest level.

5. Start taking readings at the interval of 20 and note the level at receiver display.

6. Plot the polar graph on degrees of rotation of antenna against level in the Receiver in dbs.

Observation Table:- Distance Between Two Antenna ____cm

Angle Current in Amp. Current in db.
(mA)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360

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Observation Table:- Distance Between Two Antenna ____cm
Angle Current in Amp. (mA) Current in db.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
Observation Table :- Distance Between Two Antenna ____cm
Angle Current in Amp. (mA) Current in db.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360

Page 5 of 17
Conclusion:-

Teachers sign.

Page 6 of 17
 Experiment 2
Aim:- Measurement of Signal Strength of Circular Microstrip Antenna & Draw the
Radiation Pattern of Circular Patch Antenna

Apparatus:- Circular Patch Antenna As Transmitter, Half Wave Dipole As Receiver,

RF Generator, Detector, BNC Connector

Theory:-

Circular Patch Antenna As Transmitter:-

Theoretically the microstrip antenna are of any continuous shape like rectangular,
triangular, circular etc. these are useful for low cross polarization radiation. The radiation pattern
can be analyzed easily. The microstrip is more important and useful shape as it has inherent
property of large bandwidth and can be easily fabricated with less space.
They are constructed on a very this dielectric substrate using different etching techniques.
In general, dual copper coated Teflon fiber glass is most commonly used so that the microstrip
antenna can be easily curved to the shape of mounting surface. For the patch mostly conducting
materials such as copper or gold is used.

Fig. Circular Microstrip Antenna

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Half Wave Dipole:-
A simple dipole is the simplest form of the antenna having 2 poles each of length (/2).
The nominal impedance of this antenna is 73 ohm. The actual value departs from this due to
construction constraints, such as non-zero diameter rods, presence of BNC connector body and
the antenna mast. The effect of all this are partially corrected by a Y match arrangement
connection. See figure.

The radiation pattern of simple dipole (/2) is uniform in forward & reverse direction.
The polarization is horizontal.

Fig. half Wave Dipole

Page 8 of 17
 Fig. Radiation Pattern Of Half Wave Dipole

Procedure:
1. Mount the circular microstrip antenna on the transmitting mast.

2. keep Distance between Transmitter and Receiver is approximately 45cm.

3. Align arrow mark on the disk with zero of the goniometer scale.

4. Select frequency (Cutoff Frequency) on both for highest level.

5. Start taking readings at the interval of 20 and note the level at receiver display.

6. Plot the polar graph on degrees of rotation of antenna against level in the Receiver in dbs.

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Observation Table:-
Angle Current in Amp. Current in db.
(mA)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360

Conclusion:-

Teachers sign.

Page 10 of 17
 Experiment 3
Aim:- To Measurement of Antenna Parameter & Understanding

Apparatus:- Folded Dipole Without Reflector As Transmitter, Yagi-Uda As Receiver,

RF Generator, Detector, BNC Connector

Theory:-
Antenna Parameters:- 1). Polarization

2). Beamwidth

3). Bandwidth

4). Directive gain

1. Polarization:- The physical orientation of a wireless antenna corresponds to the

polarization of the radio waves received or transmitted by that antenna. Thus, a vertical
antenna receives and emits vertically polarized waves, and a horizontal antenna receives
or emits horizontally polarized waves.

Fig. Vertical, Circular and Elliptical Polarization

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 2. Beamwidht:- Half power beam width is the angle between the half-power (-3 dB) points
of the main lobe, when referenced to the peak effective radiated power of the main lobe.

Fig. Beamwidht

3. Bandwidht:-Bandwidth The bandwidth of an antenna refers to the range of frequencies

over which the antenna can operate correctly. The antenna's bandwidth is the number of
Hz for which the antenna will exhibit an SWR less than 2:1.

4. Directive Gain:- directive gain is the radiation intensity of an antenna at a particular

coordinate combination divided by what the radiation intensity would have been had the
antenna been an isotropic antenna radiating the same amount of total power into space.

Folded Dipole Without Reflector As Transmitter:-

Compared to a simple dipole this antenna has a substantially higher radiation
resistance (nominally, approximately 300 Ohm) for the presence of the folded arm. See figure the
actual impedance is derived from rod diameter and distance from centre shape of the end bends,
the presence of the BNC connector etc. The typical radiation pattern in horizontal plane for this
antenna appears like for the case of simple dipole as in previous experiment.

The polarization is horizontal. The typical radiation pattern of folded dipole is given
in figure for experimentation, proceed as follows.

Mount folded Dipole (/2) antenna on the transmitting mast and follow steps as per
experiment no 2 and plot graph of this antenna.

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 Fig. Folded Dipole Without Reflector

Fig. Radiation Pattern For Folded Dipole Without Reflector

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Yagi-Uda Antenna As receiver:-
Yagi UDA antenna with folded or non folded dipoles are widely used antennas.
Behind the dipole they have a reflectors and in front they have director 1-3-5, etc.

The theoretical impedance of this antenna is 75 Ohm. This is a very important

antenna for unidirectional transmission and widely used in TV reception. See Figure. A yagi-
UDA antenna has a folded dipole re rounded by director and reflector. The no of directors can be
1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 etc. the polarization is horizontal.

Fig. Yagi-Uda Antenna

Fig. Radiation Pattern of Yagi-Uda Antenna(Vertical and Horizontal Polarization)

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Observation Table:-
Angle Current in Amp. Current in db.
(mA)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360

Bandwidth :- ________ - _________ = _______

Directivity:- ____________

Conclusion:-

Teachers sign.

Page 15 of 17
 Experiment 4

Objective: To Measure Resonance Frequency of An Antenna.

Apparatus:
RF generator, Detector, Transmitting mast, Receiving mast, BNC converter.

Theory:

An RF antenna is a form of tuned circuit consisting of inductance and capacitance,

and as a result it has a resonant frequency. This is the frequency where the
capacitive and inductive reactances cancel
each other out. At this point the RF antenna
appears purely resistive, the resistance being a
combination of the loss resistance and the
radiation. The capacitance and inductance of
an RF antenna are determined by its physical
properties and the environment where it is
located. The major feature of the RF antenna
design is its dimensions. It is found that the
larger the antenna or more strictly the antenna
elements, the lower the resonant frequency.
For example antennas for UHF terrestrial television have relatively small elements,
while those for VHF broadcast sound FM have larger elements indicating a lower
frequency. Antennas for short wave applications are larger still.

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply to RF source generator & connect the RF signal to the transmitter
antenna.

2. Keep the receiving antenna mast away from transmitting mast approximately 0.5 m.

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3. Vary the frequency of transmitter antenna & tune the receiver

4. At the receiver level measure the power level for different frequency.

Observation Table:

Conclusion:-

Teachers sign.

Page 17 of 17