SE Prod FM CH 3 Flow in Pipes

Flow in Pipes
Outline
Reynolds Number,
Laws of Fluid Friction,
Darcy Weisbach Equation,
Energy Losses in Pipe Flow,
Flow through long pipes, Pipes in Series & Parallel, Siphon,
Power Transmission through Pipe Flow
ME 0221 SEM-III Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Circuits S. Y. B. Tech. Prod. Engg.
Flow in Pipes
Flow through Pipes
Pipe : A Closed Conduit, used for carrying fluids under pressure.
Fluid Flow through Pipe : Resistance due to Shear Forces between Fluid Particles
and Boundary Walls of Pipe.
+ between Fluid Particles themselves due to Viscosity.
Frictional Resistance Resistance to the flow of fluid.
Certain Energy is consumed to overcome this Frictional Resistance.
Losses in the direction of Flow.
Flow in Pipes
Reynolds Number
Inertia Force
Re ynold ' s Number , Re
Viscous Force
Fi Mass Accelerati on
Re
Fv Shear Stress Area
L3 L / t 2 L2 v 2

v / y L 2
v L
v L . L : Characteristic Linear Dimension.

Re
L = D for Pipe.
For any shape, D Dh : Hyd. Dia. = 4 P
A
Flow in Pipes
Reynolds Number
v D v D
Re

Dynamic Kinematic
Viscosity Viscosity
Change of Flow : Laminar to Turbulent Critical Velo.
State of Flow for this change : Laminar to Turbulent Transition Regime.
Flow in Pipes
Reynolds Number
Laminar Flow :
in Pr. Head due to Friction v
Turbulent Flow :
in Pr. Head due to Friction v n. n ranges bet 1.7 to 2.
Transition
Lower Critical Re = 2000
Upper Critical Re = 4000
Transition Region = 2000 4000
Flow in Pipes
Reynolds Number
Critical Re = f (Boundary Geometry)
e.g. Re, critical (Flow bet ||el Plates) = 1000!
Re, critical (Flow in Wide Open Channel) = 500!!
Re, critical (Flow @ a Sphere ) = 1!!!
Flow in Pipes
Laws of Fluid Friction
A) Laminar Flow : The Frictional Resistance is :
1. Proportional to the Velo. of Flow.
2. Independent of the Pr.
3. Proportional to the Area of Surface in contact.
4. Independent of the Nature of the Surface in contact.
5. Greatly affected by the Variation of the Temp. of the flowing fluid.
Flow in Pipes
Laws of Fluid Friction
A) Turbulent Flow :The Frictional Resistance is :
1. Proportional to the (Velo.)n, where index n varies from 1.7 to 2.
2. Independent of the Pr.
3. Proportional to the Area of Surface in contact.
4. Dependent of the Nature of the Surface in contact.
5. Slightly affected by the Variation of the Temp. of the flowing Fluid.
6. Proportional to the Density of the flowing fluid.
Flow in Pipes
Darcy Weisbach Equation
Bernoullis Eq. :
2 2
1 P1 v1 P2 v2
z1 z2 hf
2g 2g
2
For Straight Pipe, with Uniform C/s : v1 v2

z1
z2
AL
hf
P1 P2 z z2
Loss of Head,

1
.(I)
Flow in Pipes
For Steady, Uniform, Turbulent, Incompressible
1 Flow in Conduit of Const. C/s :

2 Wall Shear Stress, 0 v2 .(II)
2
. : Dim.less Coefficient.
z1 Linear Momentum Eq. :

z2
AL
F 0 P P A A L sin
l 1 2 0 LP
.P : Wetted Perimeter of the Conduit.
i.e. the portion of the perimeter of
wall in contact with fluid.
Flow in Pipes

L sin z1 z2
1
F 0 P P A A z
l 1 2 1 z2 0 L P
2
P1 P2 z 0L P
1 z2
.(III)
A
z1
z2 0L P 2 LP
AL hf 0 v
A 2 A
L v2
.R = A / P : Hyd. Radius.
R 2g
Flow in Pipes

A / 4 D
2
D
For Pipe : R
P D 4
1
f
For Pipe :
4
2
L v2
hf f .Darcy Weisbach Eq.
D 2g
z1
z2
AL . f : Friction Factor...!! Dim.less Quantity.
v2
hf Velo. Head.
2g
f = f (Surface Roughness Condition, Re)
Flow in Pipes
Other Energy Losses in Pipe Flow
Energy Losses in Pipe Flow :
1. Major Losses : Caused due to Friction.
Computed by using Darcy Weisbach Equation.
2. Minor Losses : Caused in account of the Change in Velo. of Fluid Flow.
(Either in Magnitude / Direction.).
Flow in Pipes
Minor Losses in Pipe Flow
A) Loss due to Sudden Enlargement : hL

v1 v2 2
2g
2
v1
B) Loss due to Sudden Contraction : h L 0.5
2g
2
v1
C) Loss at the Entrance to the Pipe : h L 0.5
2g
2
v1
D) Loss at the Exit of the Pipe : hL
2g
Flow in Pipes
Minor Losses in Pipe Flow
E) Loss due to Gradual Contraction / Enlargement : hL k

v1 v2
2
2g
2
v1
F) Loss in Bends : hL k
2g
2
v1
G) Loss in various Pipe Fittings : hL k
2g
Flow in Pipes
Flow through Long Pipes
Head Loss due to Friction :

A
L v2
hf f
H D 2g
HA B
Loss at the Entrance to the Pipe :
v HB
v2
h L 0.5
2g
zA
zB
Loss at the Exit of the Pipe :
v2
hL
2g
Flow in Pipes
A Applying Bernoullis Eq. :
H H A zA
HA B
v2 L v2 v2
H B z B 0.5 f
v HB 2g D 2g 2g
zA
zB
H A z A H B z B
v2 L
1.5 f
2g D
Flow in Pipes
A
H A z A H B zB H
H
. H : Diff. in Liq. Surfaces.
HA B
v2 L
v HB H 1.5 f
2g D
zA
zB Diff. in Liq. Surfaces in the 2 Reservoirs
@ 2 ends of the Pipe
= SUM of various Head Losses.
Flow in Pipes
Flow through Pipes in Series

H = SUM of various Head Losses.
H 0.5
v1
2
f Lv v
2
f L v
1 1 1 0.5 2 2 2 2
2 2
v v
2 3
2
f 3 L3 v3
2
v
3
2
2 g 2 g D1 2g 2 g D2 2g 2 g D3 2g
Also;
A

Q D1 v1 D2 v2
2 2 2
D3 v3
H 4 4 4
B Neglecting Minor Losses;
v1 f1 L1 v1
2
f 2 L2 v2 f 3 L3 v3
2 2
v2 v3 H
2 g D1 2 g D2 2 g D3
For given Q, Find H.
For given H, Find Q.
Flow in Pipes
Equivalent Pipe
Equivalent Pipe : A pipe of uniform diameter, equivalent to a compound pipe,

consisting of several pipes of varying diameters and lengths.
Equivalent Dia. : The uniform diameter of the Equivalent Pipe.
Let L1, L2, L3, and D1, D2, D3,. be the Lengths and Diameters of diff. pipes.
2 2 2
f1 L1 v1 f L v f L v
Neglecting Minor Losses; hL 2 2 2 3 3 3
2 g D1 2 g D2 2 g D3

Q D1 v1 D2 v2
2 2 2
Also, Continuity Eq.; D3 v3
4 4 4
Flow in Pipes
Equivalent Pipe
2
f1 L1
2
f1 L1 v1 Q f1 L1 Q 2
2

2 g D1 2 g D1 / 4D1 2 g D15 / 42
Assuming f1 = f2 = f3 =..= f
f Q2 L1 L2 L3
hL 5 5 5 .... .(I)
2 g / 42 D1 D2 D3
Let L and D be the Length and Diameter of Equivalent Pipe.
f L v2 f Q2 L
hL .(II)
2 g D 2 g / 42 D 5
Flow in Pipes
Equivalent Pipe
As the Head Loss due to Friction in Equivalent Pipe is SAME :
L L1 L2 L3
5
5 5 5 .... . Dupuits Equation!!!
D D1 D2 D3
For given L, Find D.
For given D, Find L.
Flow in Pipes
Flow through Pipes in Parallel
Discharge in Main Pipe
= SUM of Discharges in Individual Pipes.
Q Q1 Q2
hf
As the Head Loss due to Friction is SAME :
2 2
f1 L1 v1 f L v
hL 2 2 2
2 g D1 2 g D2
Flow in Pipes
Flow through a Bye Pass
Diff. in Head :
L
f LV 2 f l v 2 v2
H1 H 2 k'
D
Q
2g D 2gd 2g
A V B
Let f be SAME for both pipes
(i.e. Main & Bye-Pass)
q
LV 2 l v2
v k v 2.where, k = ( k / f )
d
D d
V2 D l
k
v 2
L d
Flow in Pipes
Flow through a Bye Pass

L
Discharge : Q 2
D V &, q d2 v
4 4
D
Q Total Discharge = ( Q + q )
A V B
Q D 2V D 2 D l
q
2 2 k
q d v d L d
v
d
D l kd
5
Q

q d L
Flow in Pipes
Syphon
Siphon : A long bent pipe, used to carry water from a reservoir @ higher elevation,
to another @ lower elevation, when both reservoirs are separated by a hill
or any high level surface.
S
hL Rising Portion Inlet Leg (or Inlet Limb)
A
Lowering Portion Outlet Leg (or Outlet Limb)
H
Highest Point Summit
B
Length of Siphon
Length of its Horiz. Projection
Flow in Pipes
Syphon
@ A : Open to Atm. Atm. Pr.!
@ B : Open to Atm. Atm. Pr. but @ lower location : + H PB > PA .!!
@ S : @ higher location : H PS < PA .!!! Risk of Cavitation!!!!

S
hL
A V 2 V 2 f LV 2
H 0.5
H 2g 2g 2g D
B
V2 f L
H 1.5
2 g D
Flow in Pipes
Syphon
Applying Bernoullis Eq. between A and S :
PA PSV2 V 2 f lV 2
S 00 hL 0.5
2g 2g 2 g D
hL
A . l = Length of Inlet Leg of Siphon.
H
PAV2
PS f l
B hL 1.5
2 g D
Flow in Pipes
Flow through Tapering Pipes

D1 L l L D2 L
From Similar Test : 1 l
D2 l l D1 D2
D1

l l x
Similarly, d D2
d lx l
2
f dx v 2
f dx Q
Loss of Head through dx : d hf
2gd 2 g d / 4 d 2
D1 d D2 O
16 f Q 2 dx
d hf
2 g 2 d5
dx x
16 f Q 2 l 5 dx
d hf
L l
2 g 2 D2 5 1 x 5
Flow in Pipes
Flow through Tapering Pipes
Integrating, we get,
L
16 f Q 2 l 5 dx
hf
2 g D2
2 5 0 1 x 5
L
16 f Q l 2 5
1 1
hf 4
D1 d D2 O 2 g 2 D2
5
4 l x 0
L
4fQ l 2 5
1 1
hf 4 4

dx x
2 g 2 D2
5
l L l 0
L l
Flow in Pipes
Time for Emptying a Reservoir through Pipe

CASE A) : Discharge Open to Atmosphere.
AIM : To calculate the time required to lower the fluid level from H1 to H2.
Let : h be the fluid level at any time dt,

dH
: V be velo.,
H2 H1
D
: dh be the fall in fluid level in time dt.

V
Fall in fluid level through reservoir
Area A L B
= Flow through Pipe

Adh D 2 V dt .(I)
4
Flow in Pipes

V 2 V 2 f LV 2
Total Head Loss : h f 0.5
2g 2g 2g D
2gh
A V
fL
dH
1.5
D
H2 H1 Substituting in (I) :

D
2gh
V Adh D2 dt
4 fL
1.5
B D
Area A L
fL
4 A 1.5
dt D dh
D2 2g h
Flow in Pipes
Integrating, we get :
A fL
4 A 1.5 H2
dh
H h
t D
dH
D2 2 g 1
H2 H1
D
V
fL
8 A 1.5
Area A L B
t
D2 2 g
1
D H 1/ 2 H 1/ 2
2
Flow in Pipes

CASE A) : Discharge connected to Other Reservoir.
AIM : To calculate the time required to lower the fluid level from H1 to H2.
Let : h be the fluid level at any time dt,

dH hf H
A1 B : V be velo.,
dH : dH be the fall in fluid level in time dt.
A2
v
Area A1
Fall in fluid level through reservoir A, dH
Area A2 A1
= Rise in fluid level through reservoir B, dH
A2
Flow in Pipes

Let dH : Change in diff. in Head.
A1
dh dH dH
A A2
dh
dH hf H dH
B A1
dH
A1
1
A2
A2
v
Fall in fluid level through reservoir
Area A1
= Flow through Pipe
Area A2

A1 d H D 2 V dt .(I)
4
Flow in Pipes
V 2 V 2 f LV 2
Total Head Loss : h f 0.5
2g 2g 2g D
A
2gh
dH hf H V
fL
A1 B 1.5
dH
A2 D
v Substituting in (I) :
Area A1 dh 2 2gh
A1 D dt
Area A2 A1 4 1.5
f L
1
A2 D
Flow in Pipes

fL
4 A1 A2 1.5
dt D dh
D 2 A1 A2 2 g h
A
Integrating, we get :
dH hf H
fL
dH
A1 B
4 A1 A2 1.5 H2
dh
H h
A2
t D
v D 2 A1 A2 2 g 1
Area A1
fL
8 A1 A2 1.5

Area A2
t D H 1/ 2 H 1/ 2
D A1 A2
2 1 2
2g
Flow in Pipes
Transmission of Power through Pipes
Fluid Flow through Pipes Used to transmit Hyd. Power.
e.g. Hyd. Turbine!!
Hyd. Power Transmission 1. Discharge, Q
2. Total Head, H
3. Frictional Loss, hf.
Available Head : H h f
Flow in Pipes
Power, P = Weight of Fluid per second X Head available.
P Q H h f
2 f LV 2
P D V H
4 2g D
dP d 2 2 f L V 3
For Max. Power, 0 D V H D 0
dV dV 4 4 2 g D
2 2 3 f LV 2
D H D 0
4 4 2g D
Flow in Pipes
2 2 3 f LV 2 2 3 f LV 2
D H D 0 D H 0
4 4 2g D 4 2g D
3 f LV 2
H 0
2g D
H 3 h 0
f
H 3 hf
Power Transmitted through a Pipe is MAX. when Loss of Head

due to Friction is 1/3 of the Total Head.
Flow in Pipes
H hf
Efficiency of Power Transmission :
H
For Max. Power Transmission :
H hf 3 hf hf 2 hf
0.667 66.67 %
H 3 hf 3 hf
Efficiency corresponding to Max. Power is NOT Max.!!!
Max. Efficiency corresponds to hf = 0.Impractical..!!!

SE Prod FM CH 3 Flow in Pipes

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SE Prod FM CH 3 Flow in Pipes

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Flow in Pipes

Laws of Fluid Friction,

Darcy Weisbach Equation,

Energy Losses in Pipe Flow,

Flow through long pipes, Pipes in Series & Parallel, Siphon,

Power Transmission through Pipe Flow

Flow through Pipes

Pipe : A Closed Conduit, used for carrying fluids under pressure.

Frictional Resistance Resistance to the flow of fluid.

Certain Energy is consumed to overcome this Frictional Resistance.

Losses in the direction of Flow.

v L . L : Characteristic Linear Dimension.

Change of Flow : Laminar to Turbulent Critical Velo.

State of Flow for this change : Laminar to Turbulent Transition Regime.

in Pr. Head due to Friction v

in Pr. Head due to Friction v n. n ranges bet 1.7 to 2.

Lower Critical Re = 2000

Upper Critical Re = 4000

Transition Region = 2000 4000

Critical Re = f (Boundary Geometry)

e.g. Re, critical (Flow bet ||el Plates) = 1000!

Re, critical (Flow in Wide Open Channel) = 500!!

Re, critical (Flow @ a Sphere ) = 1!!!

Laws of Fluid Friction

A) Laminar Flow : The Frictional Resistance is :

1. Proportional to the Velo. of Flow.

2. Independent of the Pr.

3. Proportional to the Area of Surface in contact.

4. Independent of the Nature of the Surface in contact.

5. Greatly affected by the Variation of the Temp. of the flowing fluid.

Laws of Fluid Friction

A) Turbulent Flow :The Frictional Resistance is :

1. Proportional to the (Velo.)n, where index n varies from 1.7 to 2.

2. Independent of the Pr.

3. Proportional to the Area of Surface in contact.

4. Dependent of the Nature of the Surface in contact.

5. Slightly affected by the Variation of the Temp. of the flowing Fluid.

6. Proportional to the Density of the flowing fluid.

Darcy Weisbach Equation

For Straight Pipe, with Uniform C/s : v1 v2

Darcy Weisbach Equation

For Steady, Uniform, Turbulent, Incompressible

1 Flow in Conduit of Const. C/s :

z1 Linear Momentum Eq. :

Darcy Weisbach Equation

Darcy Weisbach Equation

Other Energy Losses in Pipe Flow

Energy Losses in Pipe Flow :

1. Major Losses : Caused due to Friction.

Computed by using Darcy Weisbach Equation.

2. Minor Losses : Caused in account of the Change in Velo. of Fluid Flow.

(Either in Magnitude / Direction.).

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

A) Loss due to Sudden Enlargement : hL

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

E) Loss due to Gradual Contraction / Enlargement : hL k

Flow through Long Pipes

Head Loss due to Friction :

Flow through Long Pipes

A Applying Bernoullis Eq. :

Flow through Long Pipes

Flow through Pipes in Series

For given Q, Find H.