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May 2011 Webinar PDF
May 2011 Webinar PDF
Quick Agenda
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INTRODUCTION
Modal Extraction / Eigen Solution
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Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
Mode n
The pipe also has modes of vibration associated with shell distortion:
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Add a new
line below Delete
current selected
line(s)
Save,
Error Check
Check,
Run
Comment
(do not process)
Modifying Mass
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Modifying Mass
X, Y, Z or ALL
The affected
Or a range
TheA signed
zero or Node number
of Nodes
magnitude
eliminates
li i t the is
th RX, RY, RZ or RALL
summedmass. the
with
calculated mass.
Calculated Mass:
Node Node Node
Adding Snubbers
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Control Parameters
Def=Default;
this is a button
Entry cell
(use F1 for help)
Nonlinear Considerations
Our equation of motion insists on a linear system that is, the stiffness, K, is
constant. ( K M 2 ) x = 0
In many cases, the operating state of nonlinear boundary conditions can serve
as the linear state for the dynamic evaluation.
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: Cold Position
A +Y
(resting)
restraint
Liftoff
Dynamic Model
(no restraint)
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No liftoff
Dynamic Model
(double-acting Y)
Friction defined;
Normal Load = N
Dynamic Model
X K
K
Z
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Larger
g normal loads ((N)) will p
produce g
greater restraint
This is NOT a 0 or 1! I use 1000 but values as low as 200 produce similar
results for the models I run.
This value will knock out frequencies associated with frictionless surfaces.
ASCE 7-10 para. 15.5.2.1: "Friction resulting from gravity loads shall not be
considered to provide resistance to seismic forces
(But were
we re not running a seismic analysis here
here.))
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No,
N nott for
f our purposes.
The lower (frequency) modes contribute the greatest structural response of the
system.
CAESAR II extracts modes starting with the lowest mode (lowest frequency).
Piping modes of higher frequency (100+ Hz) may play a role in fast-acting
events such as fluid hammer.
A maximum frequency.
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For many years CAESAR II (like most analysis tools) ignored rotational inertia
and off-diagonal mass terms.
Todays bigger and faster PCs can handle the fully-developed, complete mass
matrix.
BUT more mass points may still be required to establish a proper mode
shape in the frequency/mode shape pair.
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View the eigensolver as a search routine that finds system natural frequencies
from lowest to highest.
g
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RESULTS REVIEW
What Does It All Mean?
No Load
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f t
cycles perradians
secondper second
seconds per cycle
Modes Mass Normalized the tendency of that modes contribution to the overall
response to a quickly-applied load, all other things being equal (i.e. DLF and point
of load application)
application).
Model Unity Normalized the typical mode shape. This is the same shape but
normalized to one.
Same shape;
different magnitude
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: Lumped Mass
Consistent Mass :
Input
Operating Position (Liftoff 30, Resting 40)
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Results Animation
MODEL ADJUSTMENTS
Is the Static Model Sufficient?
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More mass points may be required to approximate the continuous mass beam
Reality:
CAESAR II:
10 20
Adding
g more nodes improves
p the calculation
hand
2node 2node 10node 10node 100node
Mode calculation
lumped consistent lumped consistent lumped
(continuous)
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Add nodes (break pipe) so that the maximum node spacing is no more
than one foot ((300mm)) p
per nominal inch of p
pipe
p
L = 4 9.2( D 3 t W )
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The lowest natural frequency can be used to assess the risk of failure
associated with dynamic response
CLOSE
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Closing Points
Many systems are built for static loads (deadweight and thermal strain) by
providing Y supports alone, leaving great flexibility in the horizontal plane
modal analysis will uncover such oversights.
Modal evaluation is a quick and easy tool to learn more about your piping
system response.
PDH Certificate
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www.hexagonconference.com/ppm
www.cau2011.com
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