THỰC HÀNH ĐIỆN TỬ TỪ A ĐẾN Z PDF

2015
THC HNH IN T
T A -->Z
TRUNG TM IN T NVT
WWW.BACHKHOADIENTU.COM
THC HNH IN T T A -->Z
Contents
I LI MUN NI! ....................................................................................................................................... 3
HNH TRANG BC VO NGH IN T! ............................................................................................ 4
HC NGH IN T BT U T U................................................................................................... 7
CC DNG C CN C CA MT K THUT VIN IN T .......................................................... 9
V SAO HC IN T TRONG TRNG M KHNG SA C THIT B IN T. .............11
KIN THC IN T C BN ...................................................................................................................13
MUN THNH CHUYN VIN IN T CN HIU R LINH KIN BN DN! ..........................22
NHNG CHUYN MCH IN T BN DN THNG DNG...........................................................27
CCH S DNG NG H VN NNG TRONG K THUT IN T. .........................................32
WWW.BACHKHOADIENTU.COM |WWW.BACHKHOADIENTU.COM 2 NVT

I LI MUN NI!
K thut in t l mt lnh vc tru tng v v hnh nn s rt kh khn i

vi ngi mi hc c bit l p dng n vo trong thc t, trong cuc sng
hng ngy hay trong cc nh my x nghip nhm em li cng vic v thu nhp
cho chnh ngi hc. K thut in t, t ng ha c mt trong mi thit b in
t dn dng cho n nh my x nghip nh bn l, ni cm in, bp t, l vi
sng, amply, t lnh, my git, my sy bt, u DVD, b lu in UPS, b iu
khin lp trnh, iu khin thy lc, gia nhit cho my p nha, my hn in t,
cc h thng t ng ha.Chnh v vy nhng ai c kin thc c bn v in t
v kh nng thc hnh chuyn su s l nhng ngi th c tay ngh cao, nhng
k thut vin chuyn nghip hay l nhng k s thc hnh lm qun l b phn k
thut cho mt nh my, x nghip. C rt nhiu ngi yu thch k thut in t,
am m k thut in t nhng ti sao li phi b ngh? Ti sao li phi i lm
khng ng chuyn mn? Mi cu tr li u khng trn vn. Chng ti ch bit
rng nhng g cuc sng cn, x hi cn th chng ta u c th to ra thu nhp
c t n. Chng ti vn ang tip tc phc v x hi, phc v tng gia nh v
chng ti hi lng vi cng vic yu thch ca mnh.
Chng ti bin son ti liu ny vi mong mun chia s kin thc, tha lng
am m cho mi bn tr, cc bn sinh vin k thut in hay nhng ngi ang
la chn ngh in t lp nghip trong tng lai. Ti liu ny tp trung vo
thit b in t trong thc t, k nng thc hnh v ph hp cho mi ngi k c
mi bt u. C qu nhiu trung tm o to ngh, c qu nhiu trng cao ng
, i hc k thut nhng li c qu nhiu sinh vin k thut in rt vt v tm vic
bi v mt cu khng c thc t. Chng ti chia s min ph ti liu ny ch vi
mc ch duy nht l khng nh rng mi ngi u c th lp nghip bng
kin thc ca mnh
H ni ngy 15/8/2015
TRUNG TM IN T THC DNG NVT
WEBSITE:WWW.BACHKHOADIENTU.COM
GMAIL: chuyengiadien01@gmail.com
Facebook: BCH KHOA IN T

HNH TRANG BC VO NGH IN T!
Xin cho tt c cc bn ang c nh hc ngh in t v tt c nhng ai yu thch

k thut in t. Mnh l Nguyn Anh T , lm k thut vin chnh ca trung tm in t
NVT. Mnh c i iu mun ni vi cc bn rng khi bc vo bt c mt ngh no th
cng cn s c gng v nhit huyt hc tp v theo ui. Ngh in t cng vy, i khi
cn s c gng hn nhiu ngh khc v i hi k thut cao cng nh s tm ti khm ph
t nhiu thit b. T qu trnh hc tp cng nh tri nghim ca mnh vi ngh ny, mnh
xin c nhng chia s n cc bn ang c nh hc n vi mong mun cc bn c th tit
kim c thi gian v tin bc khi hc ngh. OK, chng ta s khng mt qu nhiu thi
gian gii thiu na. Di y l nhng hnh trang cn c v chun b trc khi bc
theo con ng tr thnh mt k thut vin in t!
1) S am m v thch th
y l mt yu t quyt nh n s thnh bi ca ngh. Nu khng c nim yu thch th bn

s mau chng b cuc trc nhng kin thc mi , trc nhng pan bnh kh hay ch n gin
l bn khng kin tr theo ui ngh ti cng. Khng ch ring ngh in t, vi bt c
ngh no cng i hi ngi hc ginh ton b tm huyt cho n th mi lm c vic. Trong
qu trnh hc tp gp rt nhiu kh khn v gian nan, nu chng ta khng c nim yu thch
th s rt mau chn nn. Vn n, v luyn l cng thc ngn nm vn ng nu mun gii v
mt lnh vc no .
Vi bt c ngh g cng cn s hng th v yu thch

2) Kin thc in t c bn l "b xng" ca ngh
NHNG LINH KIN IN T C BN

D c am m hay hng th th no th cng khng th thnh c ngh nu thiu i nhng
kin thc c bn v ngh ca mnh. Vi ngh in t th c hai ci c bn cn nm r l "linh
kin in t c bn" v "mch in t c bn". Cc linh kin in t l t bo ca mt c my
cn cc mch in t chnh l s kt ni cc linh kin ny theo mt dng nht nh to ra
nhng chc nng chuyn bit nh to ra ngun in, to xung, khuch i.... Khi nm vng linh
kin in t v nhng mch in t th vic hc ngh tr nn khng qu kh khn. Mt v s
cn hiu v tay, chn, mt, u, u gi ...cn phi bit cch phi hp cc b phn ny to ra
nhng th v chuyn ngip. Tng t nh vy mt k thut vin in t khi hiu r linh kin s
bit phi hp chng thnh nhng mch in khuch i, iu khin , t ng ... sa cha hay
thit k ra my no .
3) Tm cho mnh mt ngi thy, mt s ph c chuyn mn.
Khng thy my lm nn!!!! Chnh xc l nh vy y. Tuy nhin ngi thy ca

chng ta khng c phi l ngi trn mt tht. c th l nhng gio trnh, nhng ti liu v k
thut in t m cc tc gi dy cng bin son cho chng ta. Vic tm c mt ngi thy
trc tip dy bo mnh l rt kh nhng khng phi l khng th. Sch v ch cho ta kin thc
chung, cn ngi thy bn ngoi cn cho ta rt nhiu kinh nghim m l thuyt khng th c.
Sch v chi cho ta hiu v "linh kin c bn", "mch in c bn" nhng chng ta s kh m c
kinh nghim sa cha nu khng trc tip lm vic vi thy v cc thit b in thc t. Tt nht
cc bn nn t tm cho mnh mt s ph cao tay v lnh vc theo hc.
S ph lun l ngi c kinh nghim

4) Cn c mt b ngh chuyn dng
Tay khng bt gic th v s c th lm c nhng tay khng m sa c in t th

khng c mt k thut vin in t no c th lm c. Mt b ngh c bn ca th in t
bao gm mt ti ng , m hn thic, ng h vn nng s, ng h vn nng ch th kim,
km, tuavit, nha thng, thic, ampe km, bt th in, cc loi lc gic....Tin no ca ly, ty
theo kinh t ca cc bn m chn cho mnh nhng dng c thch hp. ng h vn nng cng
t tin th cng bn v chnh xc, m hn cng xn th hn cng tt v lu hng. Ring mnh th
khng dng o lng ca Trung Quc v rt mau hng v km chnh xc. Cc bn ch cn
cm nhm thang o th nhng chic ng h Trung Quc s ra i m khng bao gi tr li . Hy
sm dng c tt nht nu chng ta c th. Mt L B khng th dng mnh nu thiu i nga
Xch Th, mt ca s ht hay khng th khng c mt chic micro tt, mt bc s phu thut gii
khng th thiu i nhng my mc tinh vi v mt th in t chuyn nghip khng th thiu
nhng dng c nhanh v chnh xc.
Hy sm cho mnh mt b ngh tt nht nu c th
l nhng hnh trang c bn trc khi theo hc ngh in t m Nguyn Anh T

mun chia s cng cc bn. Chuyn mc "HC LM" trn website ny s cng cc
bn hc tp v tm hiu ngh in t. Chc cc bn thnh cng v lun bn cnh chng ti
trn con ng khm ph k thut in. Chc cc bn thnh cng! Mi thc mc xin
lin h MR. Anh T theo s in thoi 0983.603.472 hoc truy cp website
www.bachkhoadientu.com ri vo chuyn mc hc lm.

Hc ngh in t bt u t u
Bt u t u? l mt cu hi c rt nhiu bn tr quan tm trc s la chn ngh

nghip cho mnh c mt s chun b tt hn cho qu trnh hc tp. Vi kinh nghim ca chnh
mnh ti xin chia s vi cc bn v ang mong mun tr thnh mt th in t nhng chun
b c bn nht tin n vi ngh ny. Vi mong mun chia s cho mi bn tr nhng kin
thc c bn nht v ngh in t nn ti lp ra chuyn mc ny vi ta "hc lm" nhm
h tr cc bn tr phn no tm c cc thng tin hu ch v in, in t. Chuyn mc "Hc
lm" trong website ny s bao gm nhng kin thc ti rt gn v ch tm vo thc hnh trn
cc in t thng ngy ch khng i su qu nhiu vo l thuyt. No cc bn tr_nhng
ngi yu thch v am m in t chng ta s i tm cu tr li cho cu hi ngay by gi!
1) Tm mt ngi thy
Hy tm ngay cho mnh mt ngi thy ang lm trong lnh vc ny xin vo hc, cng
lao vo thc t, cng thc hnh nhiu chng ta cng sm ra ngh. Cc bn c th n trng
ngh hc tuy nhin hu ht cc trung tm dy ngh khng bao gi c thi gian v kinh
nghim ch bo bn n ni n chn so vi khi bn hc mt s ph ngoi cuc sng. Hy
tm cc hiu sa cha m xin vo ph vic hoc n hc tr ph. lm c iu th bn
phi l ngi trung thc v c mun hc thc s th cc th i trc mi nhn bn vo hc.
Hc ngh mt tim sa cha lun c tnh thc t cao

2) Ti liu k thut in t c bn
Sch v ti liu k thut c mt vai tr quan trng trong vic gip bn c mt kin thc
nn tng bn c c s sa cha v phn tch logic. u tin hy tm nhng cun sch ni v
nhng linh kin in t v hot ng ca chng. Sau l tm n sch v cc mch in c bn
v chc nng cng nh ng dng ca mi kiu mch in. Sau khi c kin thc v linh kin
v mch in th mi c nhng cun vit c th cho mt thit b nh sa TV, sa i casset, sa
amply hifi, ...C mt iu chc chn rng khi bn cha c nn tng v linh kin in t v mch
in th bn c nhng cun sch v sa mt thit b no bn s khng th hiu c u.
Trong ngh in t th vic hiu sai cn nguy him hn l khng bit. V l nn hc l thuyt
phn no th phi nm chc phn khng phi tr gi khi sa cha sau ny.
3) Thc hnh, thc hnh v thc hnh nhiu hn na

Ti c lp li nhiu ln nh vy bn bit rng tr thnh mt ngi th c bn th bn
phi thc hnh tht nhiu. Thc hnh y phi da trn c s l thuyt v phn tch logic cho
mi mt thit b c th hng ngy. Hy lao vo m tt c nhng my mc, thit b in m bn
nhn thy ri v li mch in ca chng sau t mnh phn tch ri t mnh kim nghim n
xem sao, n hot ng th no, linh kin no c vai tr g? Ti khng nh l ti m ra sa bao
nhiu ci ni cm in na, ti m ra v sa cho rt nhiu loi t ni in c n ni in t.
Vi bt c thit b no cng vy, bn cn m ra khm ph v tm hiu n th mi mong mnh
cha bnh cho n c. Ti bt u hc t chic m siu tc, chic n ng, ri n bp t, ni
cm in, l vi sng ... ri ln n cc thit b m thanh cao cp ( trc khi tr thnh th sa
in t th ti chuyn lm v thit k mch in t v lp trnh vi x l ln c i cht li th
l nm vng linh kin in t v thng s ca chng). Ti m tt c nhng vt dng xung
quanh m ti nhn thy, v li mch v tin hnh phn tch nguyn l lm vic ri t hi v t tr
li cho nhng suy ngh ca mnh. Cng khm ph nhiu, cng tm hiu nhiu th bn cng c
thm kinh nghim cho chnh mnh. Bn hy nh rng l mt ngi th sa in t th kin thc
thc hnh, k nng s dng ng h vn nng l rt quan trng. Cn l mt ngi thit k in
t th li khc, ch cn am hiu v linh kin v tnh ton mch in l c.

Cc dng c cn c ca mt ngi th sa in t!
i vi ngi th in t th b dng c hay cn gi l ngh va l cng c hc tp va l

cn cu cm. Mi mt ngh u cn c cng c nht nh lm vic. Mt bc s phu thut rt
coi trng con dao m v mt ca s chuyn nghip th khng i no i dng mt ci micro cht
lng km. Vi ring ti, mt ngi th in t th ti rt coi trng chic ng h vn nng v
ci m hn ca mnh. D nhin nhng dng c cng t cng cho cht lng tt nhng cn phi
ph thuc vo ti chnh hay hiu qu lm vic ca mnh m sm c mt b dng c cho ph
hp. Di y l nhng dng cng khng th thiu cho ngi th in t trong qu trnh hc tp
v lm vic
1) ng h vn nng
y l mt dng c rt quan trng i vi ngi th in t. in, in t l mt k thut v

hnh, chng ta khng th quan st c dng in v in p nu thiu i c chic ng h
vn nng ny. N c th coi l con mt ca chng ta trong chun on h hng ca my mc.
Mt ng h vn nng thng thng c 3 chc nng chnh l o dng in, o in p v o in
tr. Ngoi ra cn tch hp thm o thng mch, kim tra diot, kim tra transistor, o t in, o
cun cm, o tn s v o c nhit . Vi cc bn ang hc ngh th khng cn thit phi sm
mt chic ng h vn nng qu t cn vi nhng ngi th th c th s dng nhng hng cao
cp ca cc thng hiu Fluke, Sanwa, Hioki, Kyoritsu...

2) M hn thic
ng h vn nng c coi l con mt ca ngi th th chic m hn c coi l cnh tay.

Chng ta khng th thao tc hay sa cha mt thit b in t m thiu chng. Nhim v ca n
l lm nng chy mi hn cc linh kin trn bng mch in t ta c th tho linh kin hng
ra v thay th linh kin mi vo. Trn th trng c hai loi m hn chnh l m hn xung v
m hn nung. M hn xung ( hnh bn trn) hot ng trn nguyn l dng ngn mch lm m
hn nng ln vi dng in rt cao ( t 200A n 300A), cn vi m hn dng nung th hot
ng nh vo mt dy in tr t nng . Mi loi m hn c mt u im ca n. M hn xung
th gia nhit nhanh , d mang i nhng n rt d lm cht nhng linh kin nhy cm vi t
trng. M hn nung th hn p, iu chnh nhit n nh v hn c nhng linh kin dn
rt nh nhng kh mang di ng v m hn phi mt mt thi gian kh lu lm nng. Trong
vic hc ngh th ch cn mt m hn xung l nhng khi lm vic th nn sm cho mnh c hai
loi m hn trn.
3) Cc dng c tho lp
Khng mt thit b in t no m khng c kt cu vi nhiu c vt bn ngoi v. nhn

thy nhng mch in t bn trong chng ta cn tho lp v ngoi ca cc thit b bng nhng
cng c tho lp.N bao gm km bp, km m nhn, tuc n vit, km cht, sng ht thic, dao
tr , dao gt dy in, nhp gp linh kin....Hy chun b cho mnh mt b y khi sa
cha chng ta khng qu mt nhiu thi gian tm ngh. Trong cng vic sa cha chng ta
khng c cho php qu lu trc mi thao tc tho lp v o c. Mi hnh ng u cn
c rn luyn sao cho chuyn nghip nht, lc s tit kim c thi gian sa cha ca bn
rt nhiu.

V sao hc in t trong trng m khng th sa c thit b in t.
Cho tt c cc bn sinh vin ang hc trong cc trng trung cp, cao ng, i hc hay
ang hc mt trung tm dy ngh no . C bao gi bn t hi l mnh i hc nh vy th c
th lm c g cha? kin thc mnh c liu c gip mnh kim ra thu nhp? Cuc sng ngoi
i cn nhng kin thc g c th lm ra tin? Khi c n y th ti bit rng c rt nhiu
bn tr vn cn t tin v ngh rng mnh gii lm nhng iu y v l thuyt mnh nm rt
chc, v mnh c th thit k ra mch in ny, mch in kia...Vng, nu ai t tin nh th th xin
chc mng bn v bn ch t cng l ngi t tin.
S thc th li qu ph phng v cuc sng n khng ging vi cuc i (ci t). to ra
thu nhp cuc sng thc ti (ch ni Vit Nam thi) th khng cn qu nhiu cc kin thc
cao siu nh thit k mch in, lp trnh vi x l hay lm ra nhng c my l tng trn giy
t.... Nhng kin thc ch p dng cho nhng sinh vin thc s xut sc ( phi l chuyn
nghip, l thuyt tnh ton chun, khng phi chuyn i copy mch in, t tiu chun quc t,
c tnh thc t cao....m vit nam ny th t ai t c lm). Nhng ci g x hi cn chnh l
nhng g mnh cn hc. n gin vy thi, v khi chng ta phc v c cuc sng , phc v
c x hi th ta cng s phc v c chnh mnh. V sau y l nhng l do gii thch v
sao phn nhiu sinh vin, thc s hc k thut in t m khng th sa cha hay bo tr cc
thit b in t. ( y cng l l do v sao sinh vin ra trng hay lm tri ngnh)
1) Qu ng nhn v bn thn, tng mnh gii
y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ph bin ca cc sinh vin, nht l nhng sinh vin
hc lc kh. Hu ht cc kin thc c hc trong trng ch mang nng tnh l thuyt, khng
gii quyt c vn hc ra lm g. Cc bn sinh vin li c cn c vo im s ri nh
ng vo nng lc ca mnh dn n t ph ( m c ngh mnh t tin). Chnh nhng s t tin thi
qu ny th s lm bn cng sc khi ra trng vi mt ng l thuyt tru tng m tnh thc t
li khng ng l m bao.
Chng ta cng ging nh ch ch ny

2) Khng bit mc ch ca mnh hc lm g.

Khi bn xc nh c mc ch hc ca mnh lm g th bn s bit tm kim nhng thng
tin c ch nht cho k hoch hp tp ca mnh. Gia bin tri thng tin nh hin nay th vic cht
lc c nhng g mnh quan tm, mnh dn tm huyt , mnh am m l mt iu rt quan
trng. Chng hn i vi ngi xc nh chuyn v lm thit k mch in th cn quan tm
nhiu n tnh ton, qu trnh din bin ca dng in, in p, cc c tuyn ca linh kin... cn
i vi ngi k thut sa cha th li cn quan tm nhiu n hnh dng thc t ca linh kin,
cc thng s cn quan tm khi thay th, cc dng mch tng qut, nguyn l ca mt thit b. D
sao chng ta hc cng chnh l hc mt ci ngh. Hy chn cho mnh l tr thnh gio s hay l
mt ngi k thut vin c tnh thc t cao nh.
HY CHN CHO MNH MT LNH VC
3) Hc qu nhiu l thuyt nhng tnh thc t li t

Trong trng cc bn c th c hc rt nhiu v linh kin, v c tuyn ca ca cc linh kin,
v k thut dao ng, k thut xung s, cc loi logic... Rt tic l nhng kin thc phn
nhiu dnh cho ngi thit k ch khng phi dnh cho ngi k thut bo tr hay sa cha. Bn
c bao gi t hi l ngoi i con diode hay con transistor n c bao nhiu loi? hnh dng
ca chng ra sao? Cc thng s g cn quan tm trong datasheet ? Kim tra cc linh kin bng
ng h vn nng th no? ...Nu khng tr li c nhng cu hi th chc chn bn khng
th sa c thit b , my mc in t ri.
CNG THC HNH NHIU, TM HIU NHIU TH CNG GII NGH

KIN THC IN T C BN
1) Ngun in
y l mt khi nim, mt b phn quan trng nht i vi ngi th in t. Chng ta c

th hnh dung ra th ny, chng ta mun lm vic c th cn phi n, xe my mun chy th
cn xng v mi thit b in mun hot ng c th cn phi cung cp ngun in cho n.
Ngun in l gi? N l mt b phn cung cp nng lng in cho cc thit b in t hot
ng. C hai loi ngun in theo c tnh ngun in xoay chiu v ngun in mt chiu.
Ngun in xoay chiu thng thy nht l ngun in li chng ta ang dng v nhng
my pht in xoay chiu c bn trn ngoi th trng. Ngun in mt chiu thng thy
nht l c quy v pin. Ngoi ra bn trong cc my mc in t cn c nhng ngun in c
chc nng bin i in p t in p li ra in p mt chiu ging nh in p ca pin v c
quy. Cc bn c th thy nhng b ngun ph bin y nh l b sc c quy, b ngun ca laptop,
cc sc in thoi... Trong cc thit b in t th b ngun c nhim v bin i in p xoay
chiu (in li in) thnh nhiu cp in p mt chiu cho cc mch in hot ng. Mt
cch chc chn rng khi mt b ngun ca mt my mc no b hng th chic my cng
s khng hot ng c. V th khi cc bn nm chc v cc loi ngun in, mch ngun, ic
ngun th coi nh l cc bn sp tr thnh th in t ri. Ti s ni r hn v chi tit hn v cc
loi ngun in , cc mch in bin i ngun cng nh hng dn cc bn thit k, sa cha
mt b ngun nhng bi vit sau. Ti sa rt nhiu thit b in t chic m siu tc, bp t,
l vi sng, ni cm in t n h thng amply hin i ln bit rng c hng trm kiu ngun
mi thit b v th bi vit ny khng th ni r ht c.
MT BO NUN XUNG

Bin p ngun
Khi ni n ngun in vi bt c b ngun no th cc bn cn phi nm c cc
thng s k thut quan trng ca n l:
- Kiu ngun ( ngun tuyn tnh, ngun xung, ngun ghim bng t v iode..)
- in p u vo (AC input hoc DC input) v in p u ra ( AC output hoc DC
output)
- Dng ti ti a m b ngun c th cung cp c cho cc thit b tiu th.
2) in tr
in tr l mt linh kin ph bin nht trong cc thit b in t. Trn cc bn mch in t

v cc s th in tr c k hiu l R v n c mt gi tr c trng cho mc cn tr dng
in ca n c gi l Ohm (m). cc lp hc vt l ph thng th chng ta ch bit rng n
c tc dng hn ch dng in trong mt mch in. Tuy nhin khng ch c th in tr n cn
lm c nhiu hn na khi kt hp vi ic, t in , cun cm v linh kin bn dn. Nhng kin
thc v thit k ti s vit trong nhng bi vit sau, y ti ch mun ni nhng th cn
quan tm c th sa c thit b in t m khng cn qu nhiu l thuyt mch.
a) Hnh dng thc t
Trc khi i vo tm hiu n th hy xem in tr c hnh dng th no :
HNH DNG IN TR TRONG THC T

CC BIN TH CA IN TR
y, khi cc bn m bt c thit b in no ra m thy linh kin no c hnh dng nh trn th

chnh n l nhng linh kin thuc h in tr y. Ch l thng thng th cc in tr trn
bng mch u c sn cc vng mu xanh, , tm, vng.... trng rt sc s.
b) Cch c tr s in tr
C hai cch c gi tr in tr l c tr s trc tip ghi trn thn in tr v c theo

vng mu trn thn in tr. Cch c trc tip th khng cn phi ni na v n ghi r trn thn
in tr ri, cn cch c theo vng mu th nh hnh di y.
Thng thng cc in tr c sn 4 vng mu ngang thn vi 3 vng u c tr s v

vng th t th l sai s ln khng cn lm trong sa cha. Vi 3 vng mu u tin v cn
c vo bng trn l ta c c tr s ca in tr. V d mt in tr c cc vng mu nu, en,
th i chiu vi bng trn nu=1, en=0, =2 th in tr c gi tr l 10x10^2 =1000 m =
1ki l m.

c) Cch mc v s dng in tr
Trong sa cha nhiu khi khng tm c nhng in tr c gi tr nh mong mun, chng ta

phi bit cch kt hp cc in tr c vi nhau t c gi tr in tr ph hp. C hai
cch kt hp cc in tr l mc song song v mc ni tip, cng thc tnh gi tr in tr
c cho hnh di y
d) Cc ch quan trng cn lu trong sa cha
trng hc v cc sch l thuyt ch quan tm n gi tr ca in tr tnh ton

trn mch in. Trong sa cha th ngoi gi tr in tr ra cn phi lu n sc chu
nng ca in tr na hay cn gi l cng sut chu ng . Chng ta bit rng khi hot
ng trong mch in th trong in tr s c dng in chy qua. Dng in ny s lm
in tr nng ln vi cng sut tiu th ca in tr l P=Rx I^2. Vi mi in tr c
sn xut ra th s cho php hot ng mt dng in nht nh nu qu gii hn ny th
in tr s nng rc ln v chy thnh than. in tr c kch thc cng ln th n cho
php dng in qua n cng ln. Vy ln trc kh thay th mt in tr th hy xem dng
in qua in tr l bao nhiu tm c in tr c cng sut ph hp.
Vy l chng ta bit hai th quan trng i vi ngh in t l ngun in v in

tr . Cn vi linh kin quan trng na nhng ti s vit phn 2 v bi vit ny di.
Trn website ny ti ch vit nhng ci gip cc bn mi bt u hc c th t sa c
mt thit b no phc v cuc sng i thng, cn nhng bn mun thit k mch
v tnh ton mch in th hy lin h trc tip vi ti hoc li nhn xt di bi vit
ny.Nu bn cm thy c ch th hy li nhn xt hoc chia s cho cng ng chng
ti c gng vit nhng ni dung tt hn na. Chc cc bn lm ch c k thut in t.

3) T in
L mt linh kin c bn trong k thut in t, t in v cun cm c nguyn l hot ng
rt tru tng v mt l thuyt, v cch truyn dn dng in bn trong n. Nhng bn khng lo,
iu cng khng qu quan trng trng i vi mt ngi sa in t. Chng ta ch quan tm
n nhng ci gip chng ta sa c thit b m thi. Trn website ti ch vit nhng ci lm
c vic ch khng ni nhng l thuyt mch cao siu nhng cui cng li khng th hiu v
mt thit b in t no. Trong mch in th t n c 3 chc nng chnh l lc ngun, to lch
pha v to dao ng. Vi nhng siu t th n cn c v nh mt kho d tr nng lng in
nh pin v c quy vy. Trn mch in th t in c k hiu l C.
a) Hnh dng thc t

y c l l mt linh kin c nhiu hnh dng nht trong mch in. T in ph bin l c
hnh tr, hnh ng, hnh hp, hnh cu, hnh l ....rt nhiu hnh th bn . Hy quan st mt s
hnh nh v t in hnh di y
CC KIU T IN LOI CHN DN
CC KIU T IN LOI CHN CM
Hoa mt ri phi khng cc bn, cc bn hy m bt c mt thit b no nh bp t, amply,

u CD... ra v xem t in nm u nha. Trc mt ch cn bit n nm u trong cc thit
b in t l c ri.

b) Cc thng s k thut cn quan tm.

C hai thng s cn quan tm ca t in l gi tr in p chu ng v gi tr in dung.
Trong gi tr in p chu ng l in p cao nht m t c th chu ng khi lp vo mch
in. Qu in p ny th t in s khng chu c v n nh pho. Gi tr in dung c trng
cho kh nng tch in ca t in c v c gi l l Fara , gi tr in dung cng ln th t
tch in cng nhiu. Chng hn mt t in trn thn c ghi l 16V, !000uF th c ngha l t
ny c in p chu ng l 16V, in dung ca t l 1000 micro Fara. Ngoi ra cn mt thng
s cng kh quan trng l nhit lm vic ca t. Vi cc thit b in t lm vic nhit
cao nh ni cm in t , l nng th thng s ny cn c lu .
c) Phn loi
c chia lm hai loi l t in phn cc v t in khng phn cc. Vi t in phn cc
th khi mc vo mch in phi ch hai cc dng (+) v cc m (-) ca n. Cn vi t in
khng phn cc th mc theo chiu no cng c
d) Cch c tr s in dung ca t
Trn thn t in c ghi gi tr in dung theo hai kiu.
- Kiu mt: Ghi trc tip gi tr c th nh v d phn trn, kiu ny nhn thy th c c
ngay.
- Kiu hai: nh s trn thn t bng ba con s v d 104, 103, 105, 684.....Cch c nh sau:
ly hai con s u gi nguyn v thm s s 0 vo sau hai ch s u bng s th 3 ri c vi
n v pico Fara. V d mt t in ghi l 684 th ta ly s 68 gi nguyn ri thm 4 con s 0 vo
sau n th c 680000 pico Fara = 680 nano Fara = 0.68 micro Fara. Ch l vi t c nh
s kiu ny th n v ca n l pico Fara nha.
e) Cch ghp t in
Vic ghp ni t in cng ging nh cch ghp ni in tr bi vit trc trong phn 1.
Tuy nhin cch tnh gi tr th ngc li vi in tr

Cch ghp ni t in
Ch l khi ghp song song th gi tr in p chu ng ca t in gi nguyn cn gi tr
in dung tng ln. khi ghp ni tip th gi tr in p chu ng tng ln cn gi tr in dung
gim xung.
f) Cc ch khi sa cha trong thc t
- Khi thay th mt t in mi th phi thay t c in p chu ng cao hn hoc bng

t in c. Gi tr in dung ca t cng phi tng ng.
- Tuyt i khng cm t in vo mch nu nh khng bit in p trn mch l bao
nhiu vn ( cm nhm t vo in p cao l n nh pho y).
- Trc khi kim tra thay th t th cn phi x in trong t bng cch cho 2 u bng
n si t vo hai chn t ( nu khng x c th lm bn b git hoc lm hng mch in
ln cn).
- Khi thay t th phi ch l n l dng t phn cc hay l dng t khng phn cc
- C th ghp ni nhng t c sn to c ra nhng t c gi tr nh mnh mong
mun.
- Cc mch in thng c t in nh: Mch ngun, mch to tr, mch to xung, trong
qut in, my bm, cc mch iu khin t xa v cc radio...
- Cc t thng b thay th do t gim tr s in dung, t b n, t b g chn, t b phng

4) Cun cm
Nhc n in tr v t in th khng th bo qua cun cm c ri. Trong vt l ph
thng th 3 linh kin ny c nhc n thng xuyn trong phn mch in xoay chiu. Chc
nng ca cun cm trong mch in gm cc chc nng chnh l lc ngun, kt hp vi t to
dao ng, to lch pha, lm kho nng lng in trong mch ngun xung. Trn cc board mch
in v s mch in th cun cm c k hiu l L.
a) Hnh dng thc t
Cun cm c cu to rt n gin ch l mt cun dy c qun quanh mt li no .

Di y l hnh nh mt s cun cm ph bin
HNH DNG THC T CA CUN CM V K HIU CA N
b) Cc thng s k thut cn quan tm
Khi s dng cun cm cn lu n hai thng s sau:

- Gi tr t cm c n v l Henry, n c trng cho kh nng sinh ra dng in cm ng bn
trong n khi c dng in xoay chiu chy qua n.
- Gi tr dng in hiu dng cho php chy qua n. Nu dng in chy qua n m ln hn gi
tr ny th cun cm s t v nng ln.

c) Cch c tr s ca cun cm
Tng t nh l c t in nhng vi n v l micro Henry (uH) hoc mili Henry (mH)
d) Cch ghp ni v cng thc tnh
- Hon ton ging vi in tr. Mc ni tip th in cm tng v mc song song th in cm

gim. Cng thc tnh ging nh mc in tr ti ni trong bi vit trc. (phn 1)
e) Cc lu khi sa cha trong thc t
- Cun cm rt t khi cht trong cc thit b in

- Khi thay cun cm cn ng tr s in cm v gi tr dng in nh mc phi cao hn
hoc bng cun cm c
- Cc mch in thng c cun cm: Mch ngun xung, nam chm in, van in t, cc
mch to dao ng cao tn, cc thit b v tuyn, cc b iu khin t xa RF, bp t , ni
cm in cao tn...
Bi hc ny ti gii thiu cho cc bn hai linh kin c bn l t in v cun cm.

Cn mt phn na trong kin thc c bn ca ngh in t l linh kin bn dn nhng
ti s vit phn 3 v n kh di ln vit bi ny cc bn s khng tin theo di. tng
kt li ti s a ra nhng cu hi di y cho cc bn t tng hp kin thc nha
- K hiu v phn loi t in v cc thng s k thut cn lu trong sa cha l g?
- Hnh dng thc t ca t in v cch c thng s ca chng?
- Cch ghp ni t in nh th no
- Trong sa cha thc hnh cn ch iu g v t in, n thng thy mch in no
v thit b no?
Vi cun cm th cc bn cng t tng hp kin thc nh trn nha. Chc cc bn mau
chng tr thnh mt k thut vin in t chuyn nghip.
Mi thc mc lin quan n k thut in t, t ng ha xin cc bn c li bnh
lun di bi vit hoc lin h vi ti theo s in thoi 0983.603.472 c t vn.

Mun thnh chuyn vin in t cn hiu r linh kin bn dn!
Nhng g ni v v linh kin bn dn n kh rng v a dng ln ti ginh ring bi ny

ginh cho mng bn dn. Qua hai bi vit trc chng ta hiu c th no l ngun
in, bit c r cc linh kin in tr , t in v cun cm. Chng ta bit rng ch vi
nhng linh kin c bn nh trn th khng th ch to ra c nhng my mc t ng,
nhng thit b in t thng minh, hay ch n gin l khuch i tn hiu nh thnh tn
hiu ln hn nh trong amply. lm c nhng iu chng ta cn nhng linh kin
bn dn, t khi nhng linh kin bn dn c pht minh th k nguyn my tnh ra i,
cc c my thng minh v nn cng nghip t ng ha cng pht trin. OK, khng di
dng na, chng ta bt u bi hc no: (Ch l trn website ny ti khng vit nhng
ci khng c tnh thc t, khng phc v vo i sng, nhng l thuyt tru tng trn
sch v, tt c ch nhm sao cho bn tr thnh mt chuyn vin in t vi k nng thc
hnh cao c th phc v x hi v mang li nhun v cho mnh, chc cc bn thnh
cng)
1) Linh kin bn dn l g?
Trong k thut in t thc cht l gii quyt c cu hi lm th no iu khin c
in t ( electron) theo mt quy lut no . Khi iu khin c in t (electron) th ta c th
iu khin c dng in, in p , nhit , tc .... v chnh iu lm ln cc thit b
in t thng minh nh bp t, my tnh, in thoi di ng, robot....Cc linh kin bn dn c
pht minh v sn xut ra lm c nhim v ny. Nu bn ang hc lp ph thng th ch
cn hiu l linh kin bn dn l nhng linh kin c lm t nhng vt liu bn dn nh Silic
(Si) v Ge (Giecmani).

2) Cc linh kin bn dn c bn v chc nng ca n

a) Diode (i t) :
y l mt linh kin khng th thiu trong cc mch in t. N ch n gin l l mt linh
kin c hai chn c gi l Anot v Katot. Trn bng mch in t v s mch th diode
c k hiu l D hoc DZ. Mt diode c chc nng chnh l ch cho php dng in i theo
mt chiu t Anot n Katot. Di y l hnh nh thc t ca n
Hnh dng thc t ca diode

Nhn vo hnh trn ta thy rng chn Anot nm pha mu en ca thn diode cn chn
Katot nm pha c vng mu trng.
K HIU V HNH DNG CA DIODE

Nguyn tc hot ng ca diode: Vi diode thng thng th nguyn l hot ng ca
diode ch cho php dng in i theo mt chiu tc l ch c dng in i qua n khi in th
chn Anot cao hn chn Katot.
NGUYN TC HOT NG CA DIODE
Phn cc thun l cch mc diode vi ngun in sao cho in th trn chn Anot
cao hn chn Katot. Phn cc nghch l cch mc diode vi ngun in sao cho in th
chn Anot thp hn chn Katot. Cc bn ch nhn vo cch mc pin bn trn.

ng dng ca diode: Dng lm mch chnh lu (bin i in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt
chiu, dng ghim mt in p , dng lm van in 1 chiu ( ch cho php dng in i theo
mt chiu), dng lm cng logic...
Cc b phn mch in thng c diode: B ngun (bao gm c ngun tuyn tnh v

ngun xung), cc mch khuch i cng sut, cc b to xung, cc mch in logic, mch bo v
r le...
Cc thng s k thut cn quan tm :
-Dng in nh mc: L dng in hot ng gii hn ca diode, khi bt diode lm vic dng
in cao hn th diode s hng.
-in p ri trn diode khi phn cc thun VF: Khi c dng in chy qua diode th gia hai
chn Anot v Katot c mt in th , in th ny gi l in p ri trn diode gi l VF hay
Vak. Thng thng in p ny c gi tr t 0.3 n 0.8 V. Ci ny rt quan trng kim tra
diode cn sng hay cht bng ng h vn nng.
- Tn s hot ng: L tn s i a diode c th lm vic c. Qu tn s ny th diode s
hng
- in p ngc ti a m diode c th chu c: Trong mch in th diode thng phi lm
vic c ch phn cc thun v ch phn cc nghch. Trong ch phn cc nghch th
diode khng dn nhng nu in p VKA(in p ngc ) qu ln s lm iode b t hoc n
thnh than.
Cc lu khi sa cha trong thc t: Nhng g ti sp ni di y s khng c trn cc

sch v l thuyt, l kinh nghim ca ti
- Cc diode thng dng: 1N4007, 1N4148, 1N4734, 1N4742, 1N4004, FR107,FR207, FR307
- Cc diode thng cht trng thi b t (h mch), b chp (ngn mch), b d (dn in c 2
chiu nhng khng hon ton ngn mch)
- Khi thay th diode phi tm nhng diode c thng s k thut tng ng vi diode c
- C th ghp song song nhiu diode vi nhau tng dng in chu ng
b) Transistor , Mosfet (transistor trng):
y l mt linh kin c 3 chn v c nhiu hnh dng. T khi transistor ra i to ra k

nguyn ca in t, my tnh. Transistor l linh kin bn dn c vai tr cc k quan trng trong
k thut in t vi vai tr l linh kin khuch i, ng ct, thit k mch logic hay lm b nh.
Trn bng mch in t v s mch th transistor c k hiu l Q.
Hnh dng thc t: Thng thng transistor s c ba chn chnh l E (Emitor), B (Base), C
(Colector). Vi mosfet (cng l mt loi transistor) th ba chn ca n l G (Gate) , D (Drain), S
(Source) . Ty tng thng s ca transistor m n s c hnh dng to nh khc nhau

HNH DNG THC T CA TRANSISTOR
K hiu Transistor
Nguyn l hot ng:
n gin th ti s minh ha cho cc bn bit l transistor hot ng ging nh mt chic

cng tc . Trong th hai cc C v E nh l hai cc ca cng tc cn cc B chnh l nt nhn
ca cng tc ny. Hai cc C v E s thng sang nhau khi cho mt dng in kch thch i qua
chn B. Mc thng gia hai chn C v E nhiu hay t s t l vi dng in kch thch trn
chn B.
Nguyn l hot ng ca transistor
Theo nh hnh trn th hai chn ca transitor l C v E s thng vi nhau khi cho mt
dng in IB i qua transistor t lm xut hin mt dng in chy qua bng n l IC. IC
cng ln khi IB cng ln. Vy l transistor ng mt vai tr nh mt cng tc c iu khin

ng dng ca transistor:
Transistor l linh kin ph bin nht trong cc thit b in t. N c dng nh mt linh

kin ng ct, mt linh kin khuch i, ch to cc mch dao ng, cc b ngun tuyn tnh,
cc mch khuch i cng sut, ch to b nh Ram...
Cc thng s k thut cn quan tm trong thit k v sa cha:
- Dng ti Ic: L dng in nh mc m transistor cho php i qua chn C m transistor vn

m bo hot ng n inh
- in p UCB: l hiu in th nh mc gia chn C vi chn B . Qu in p ny s lm
transistor hng
- in p UCE: l hiu in th nh mc gia chn C vi chn E. Qu in p ny cng lm
transistor b ph hy
-Tn s hot ng: L tn s cho php transistor hot ng bnh thng. Khi lm vic qu tn s
ny th cng lm transistor b hng
- Cng sut ta nhit: L cng sut chu ng ln nht ca transistor . Cng sut ny bng tch
ca in p UCEx IC.
Cc lu khi sa cha trong thc t vi kinh nghim ca chng ti:
- Cc transitor thng dng (bao gm c mosfet): A1015, C1815, C8050, A8550, BC547,
bc557, C828, 2N2222, 2N9013, 2N9014, 2SK30, H1061, A671, 2N3055, B688, D718, TIP41,
TIP42, TIP121, TIP122, IRF540...
- Cc transistor b cht c th l chp CE, chp BE, chp CB v chp c ba chn ECB, cht
t cng c nhng t hn cht chp, cht d gia cc chn thng xy ra cc mch tin
khuch i.
- Khi thay th transistor phi tm transistor mi tng ng. Tc l p ng c tt c
cc thng s k thut ti ni trn. Ngoi ra khi gn transistor mi vo mch th phi
m bo cm ng chn E, C, B
- C th ghp nhiu transistor hay mosfet song song vi nhau tng dng lm vic
- Cc transistor ch lm vic vi in p mt chiu

NHNG CHUYN MCH IN T BN DN THNG DNG
Trong i sng hng ngy chng ta bit rng mun iu khin c ci bng n
sng hay ti th phi dng n cng tc. Nhng cc bn c bao gi hi ti sao ci n nhp
nhy ca Trung Quc n tt m in bng cch no khng? Vng, ngay by gi ti s tr
li cc bn l bn trong n s dng nhng linh kin ng vai tr nh mt cng tc c iu
khin. bi vit trc ti ni qua v transistor v mosfet, cng l hai linh kin bn
dn c th hot ng nh mt cng tc in t (cn gi l kha chuyn mch). Di y ti
xin b xung thm v Mosfet v mt s linh kin c s dng ph bin trn cc thit b
in, in t.
1) Mosfet
Bi vit trc ti ni qua v mosfet nu bn no cha c c th c ti y. Nh vy ta
bit rng mosfet c 3 chn ln lt l G (gate), D (drain), S ( Source). Trong chn G l chn
iu khin cn chn D v chn S c coi l 2 tip im ca mt cng tc. Chn D v chn S s
tip xc nhiu hay t t l vi in p t ln chn G (Ti minh ha nh vy cho cc bn d hiu,
n gin ha mi vn nhng vn m bo l thuyt hot ng l mc tiu chng ti hng
n). Mosfet c hai loi thng dng l mosfet knh N v mosfet knh P.
K HIU CA MOSFET KNH P V MOSFET KNH N

Cch thc iu khin :
i vi mosfet knh N th mun D v S dn thng nhau cn cp mt in p ln chn G

cao hn in p chn S v in p chn D cng cao hn chn in p chn S tc l VG>VS v
VD>VS. i vi Mosfet knh P th mun D v S dn thng nhau cn cp mt in p ln chn G
nh hn chn S tc l VG<VS
IU KHIN MOSFET
Nh hnh trn th ta thy mt cc ca bng n c ni vi ngun +12V mt cc cn li
c mc vi chn D ca mosfet, chn S ca mosfet c ni vi mass (gnd). Mun n sng th
hai chn D v S phi thng nhau khp thnh mch kn. Mun chn D v chn S thng vi
nhau th ch cn a mt in p ngoi vo kch ln chn G, in p ny khong 5V-15V(ty
tng loi mosfet). Khi khng kch thich mt in p no ln chn G na th mosfet cng ngt,
hai chn D v S c in tr rt ln lm cho khng c dng in chy qua bng n
Cc thit b c mosfet trong thc t:
My hn in t, b lu in ups, b iu khin tc c c, b iu tc trong xe p

in, cc bo ngun xung, cc b ngun sc, amplifier.....
Mosfet trn board mch iu khin ng c

2) Thyristor
Thyristor l mt linh kin bn dn chnh lu c iu khin. N hot ng ging nh diode

nhng c thm chn iu khin. Mt diode thng thng c hai chn l Anot (A) v Katot (K)
th vi thyristor c thm chn th 3 l chn G lm chn iu khin. Trn cc bng mch in t
v trn s mch th thyristor c k hiu l SCR.
Hnh dng thc t v k hiu
HNH DNG V K HIU CA THYRISTOR
Nguyn tc hot ng:
Ch cho php dng in i t chn A sang chn K khi chn G c kch mt in p iu

khin hoc mt dng iu khin. Nh vy l mt thyristor n ch c th hat ng in p
mt chiu. Vi in p xoay chiu th ch dn in mt na chu k. Mun ng ct c in
xoay chiu c hai na chu k th cn lp hai thyristor ngc chiu nhau. Ch l khi Thyristor
b kch dn mt ln th s t duy tr s dn d chn G ngt xung iu khin. Mun
Thyristor ngt th phi ngt in vo chn A hoc chn K hoc cp in p VAK <0 (in p
VAK c hiu l in p c o gia chn A v chn K)
NGUYN L HOT NG CA THYRISTOR
m t hot ng ca thyristor ta hy nhn k vo hnh trn. Khi ng kha S1 th n

vn khng sng tc l chn A cha thng vi chn K. Vn gi nguyn kha S1 nhng nhn thm
nt S2 th lc ny c A v K thng nhau lm n sng. Mc d sau khi nhn S2 ri nh S2 ra
nhng A v K vn thng vi nhau. Mun A v K ngt khng thng vi nhau na th ta phi ngt
S1 ra. Ch l nu mc ngc pin th d c ng S1 v nhn S2 kiu g th cng khng c dng
in i qua n v Thyristor ch cho php dng in i t A sang K m thi.

Cc thit b thng c thyristor trong thc t:
Thyristor l linh kin in t c dng ph bin t gia dng n thit b in t cng

nghip. Chng c dng lm nhng b chnh lu mt pha, chnh lu in p ba pha, cc b
ngun sc c quy, cc mch bo v qu dng, bo v qu p, cc b ngun xung cng sut ln,
cc b bin tn v b n nh nhit trong cng nghip....
MT MCH IU P S DNG THYRISTOR

3) Triac
phn trn ta bit rng thyristor ch ng ct c cho ngun in mt chiu vy mun
ng ct c in xoay chiu nh in li 220V ta thng dng th lm th no? V c nhiu
b phn tiu th in xoay chiu ln ngi ta ch to ra triac lm nhim v ny. Mt triac
trong thc t thng c 3 chn l G (gate) , T1 v T2. Trong T1 v T2 c coi nh 2 tip
im ca mt cng tc cn chn G l chn iu khin ca cng tc ny. Trn cc bng mch v
s th triac c k hiu l TR.
Hnh dng thc t v k hiu:
K HIU V HNH DNG THC T CA TRIAC

Nguyn l hot ng:
Ging vi thyristor nhng hot ng vi in xoay chiu
NGUYN L HOT NG CA TRIAC

Khi mun bng n sng tc l hai chn T1 v chn T2 ca triac phi thng vi nhau th
phi ng kha SW1 a in p iu khin vo chn G. Khi nh kha SW1 ra th in p
kch thch trn chn G mt i dn n triac ngt v bng n khng sng.
Cc thit b thng c triac trong thc t ti sa;

Triac c dng nhiu trong cc thit b dng in li xoay chiu c nhim v ng ct
in ti cc bng n, in tr t nng, ng c xoay chiu...V th chng thng thy trong
cc bn l in t, my p tc, ni cm in t, bnh nng lnh, t lnh, my git, bnh gi nc
m, cc my sy bt, my sy tay, my ht bi...
IU KHIN QUT S DNG TRIAC
in t tht l th v, khi chng ta hiu r tng linh kin, bit cch iu khin chng
th vic thit k ra nhng chic my thng minh iu khin thit b in theo yu cu
ca chng ta cng khng qu kh khn. Trc khi ti tr thnh th in t ti tng l
mt k thut vin chuyn thit k mch in t v lp trnh t ng ha ln vic ti phi
hiu r linh kin l iu bt buc. V ti ngh bn cng ln nh vy.
Bn c mun tr thnh mt k thut vin in t vi kh nng thc hnh cao c
nhiu cng ty, ca hng in my sn sng n vo lm vic? Bn c mun tr thnh
ngi th c th sa cha c nhiu thit b in, in t mang li thu nhp cho chnh
mnh m khng phi i lm cho cng ty no c? Bn c mun tr thnh ngi thit k ra
nhng chic my thng minh nh iu khin t xa, iu khin t ng cc thit b? V hn
th na l tha mn lng hiu bit ca mnh i vi bt k thit b in t no. OK, ti s
gip bn cng nh gip chnh ti trn website WWW.BACHKHOADIENTU.COM
chuyn mc "HC LM".

CCH S DNG NG H VN NNG TRONG K THUT IN T.

Bit cch s dng ng h vn nng l mt trong nhng k nng quan trng nht i
vi mt k thut vin in t. Mt nh th php cn s dng cy bt ca mnh thnh tho
v chnh xc tng nt. Mt bc s cn bit s dng my o huyt p chuyn nghip, mt v
s cn bit khng ch cy kim ca mnh a n n ch... cn i vi ngi th in
t th sao? Mt chuyn vin k thut in t phn cng cn phi nm chc cch dng
nhiu dng c chuyn nghip ha hn k nng lm vic ca mnh. K thut in t l
mt lnh vc i hi t duy cao v n kh l v hnh. Bi th m trc kia hi ti cn nh
cng mun tm hiu nhiu thit b , my mc lm nhng m m n ra cng ch lm hng
n ri nn lt ng li v s n n. n gin l lc l ti cha kin thc cng nh
cng c tm hiu v gii phu in t. Vng, v ngay by gi y ti s trnh by v
hng dn s dng ng h vn nng cho cc bn. Xin bn nh rng y l mt cng c
tuyt vi khm ph th gii in t rng ln ny.
MT KIU NG H VN NNG

Vi mt chic ng h vn nng thng thng th n s c ba chc nng chnh l o in p,

o in tr v o dng in. Ba thng s trn i din cho ba i lng chnh ca nh lut Ohm
(m) v cng l ba thng s quan trng cu thnh ln mt mch in kn. V in c tnh cht v
hnh ln chng ta khng th quan st bng mt thng m phi nh n chic ng h vn nng
ny thng qua chic kim quay v mt ch th ca n. Ngy nay ngi ta tch hp vo ng h
vn nng nhiu chc nng khc nh o logic, kim tra pin, o thng mch, o h s khuch i
ca transistor .. Di y ti s cho cc bn xem mt chic ng h vn nng nh th. Bn hy
nhn k bit cch s dng ng h vn nng nh.
CCH S DNG NG H VN NNG
Cc bn nhn k vo hnh trn ti nh s theo th t t di ln trn, t tri sang

phi cc bn tin theo di ri i chiu vi ch thch di y.
(1) COM, N: y l l cm dy o en, l dy dng chung cho mi chc nng o

(2) DCma: Thang o dng in mt chiu vi gi tr dng in nh c mA
(3) 10A : L cm dy o mu trong ch o dng in mt chiu c gi tr ln
(4) DCV: y l thang o in p mt chiu, dng o in p mt chiu nh pin, c quy,
cc b ngun chnh lu..
(5) OUTPUT: L cm dy o mu o cng m thanh (trong sa cha amply)
(6) Kim ch th: Cho ngi dng bit gi tr cn o
(7) Hai n bo mc logic: Hai n ny s sng trong ch o logic
(8) ACV: Thang o in p xoay chiu , c dng o nhiu in p ngun cp cha chnh
lu
(9 ) Nm tinh chnh zero: trong ch o Ohm th khi chp que en v que li th kim
phi a v gi tr 0 (Zero). Nu cha v khng th vn nm ny cho c th thi.
(10) Thang o transistor: Cm cc chn ca transistor vo y bit khuch i dng
ca transistor
(11) P, +: L cm dy o mu c dng o cc thang o in p, o in tr , o
logic, o thng mch , kim tra pin v o dng in nh.
(12) Thang o Ohm: Khi mun o gi tr in tr th vn nm xoay v thang o ny
(13) Buzz: Thang o thng mch. Khi thng mch th s c ting ku pht ra
(14) Logic: Thang o logic, c dng o tn hiu xung s
(15) BATT: Thang o kim tra pin cn tt hay yu. Kim tra c hai loi pin l 1,5 V v
pin 9V.
Hng dn o
Mc d ti ch thch nh hnh nh trn vi cc thang o c lit k r rng

nhng vn cn rt nhiu bn vn cha hiu cch s dng ng h vn nng o in p ,
dng in hay in tr th no. Di y ti s trnh by chi tit tng bc mt trong mi
chc nng o.

1) o in p mt chiu:
Cm que en vo l Com (-), Que vo l P(+) . Vn nm xoay v thang o DCV v chn
mt gi tr ln nht o nu cha bit in p cn o nm trong khong no. Cm hai que o
vo hai im cn o in p v nhn kim ch th vch DCV
2) o in p xoay chiu:
Cm que en vo l Com (-), Que vo l P(+) . Vn nm xoay v thang o ACV v chn
mt gi tr ln nht o nu cha bit in p cn o nm trong khong no. Cm hai que o
vo hai im cn o in p v nhn kim ch th vch ACV
3) o in tr:
Cm que en vo l Com (-), Que vo l P(+) . Vn nm xoay v thang o Ohm v
chn mt gi tr gn vi gi tr in tr o nu cha bit gi tr in tr cn o nm trong
khong no th chn t thang nh nht l x1. Chp hai que o li vi nhau v tinh chnh nm
xoay (9) a kim v gi tr 0. Sau a hai que o vo hai u in tr ri quan st kim ch
th c kt qu o.
4) o dng in mt chiu gi tr nh (mA)
Cm que en vo l Com (-), Que vo l P(+) . Vn nm xoay v thang o DCma v
chn mt gi tr ln nht o nu cha bit gi tr dng in cn o nm trong khong no.
Cho hai que o vo 2 im m trc bn tch ra khi mch in kn ri quan st kim hin
th v c kt qu trn vch DCma
5) o dng in mt chiu gi tr ln (A)

Cm que en vo l Com (-), Que vo l 10A (3) . Vn nm xoay v thang o DCma v
chn mt gi tr ln nht (c ghi 10A mu ) Cho hai que o vo 2 im m trc bn
tch ra khi mch in kn, ri quan st kim hin th v c kt qu trn vch DCA
6) o thng mch
Cm que en vo l Com (-), Que vo l P(+) . Vn nm xoay v thang o BUZZ . Chp
hai que o li vi nhau v tinh chnh nm xoay (9) a kim v gi tr 0. Sau a hai que o
vo hai u dy dn v lng nghe. Nu c ting ku th dy dn thng mch cn khng th t.

7) Kim tra pin cn tt hay cn thay th

Cm que en vo l Com (-), Que vo l P(+) . Vn nm xoay v thang o BATT v chn
gi tr 1.5V nu mun kim tra pin1.5V hay chn gi tr 9V nu mun kim tra pin 9V. Cho que
en vo cc (-) ca pin v que vo cc (+) ca pin sau quan st kim ch th. Nu kim chm
ti vch c mu xanh v in ch Good th pin cn tt, ngc li kim ch ln c n vch c
in ch BAD th pin qu yu v cn phi thay th.
Vy l ti hng dn cc bn cch s dng ng h vn nng o cc thng s ca

mch in mt cch chi tit nht. C rt nhiu bi vit hng dn s dng ng h vn
nng trn internet nhng nu bn cm thy bi vit ca ti hu ch th hy chia s cho bn
b hoc li mt nhn xt di bi vit chng ti c gng vit nhng bi vit cht
lng hn na. Chc cc bn thnh cng.
Ngoi ra cc bn no mun tm hiu v ng h vn nng in t th c th c thm bi
ny!
IN T NVT - HC IN T KHNG KH

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2015

HNH TRANG BC VO NGH IN T! ............................................................................................ 4

CC DNG C CN C CA MT K THUT VIN IN T .......................................................... 9

V SAO HC IN T TRONG TRNG M KHNG SA C THIT B IN T. .............11

KIN THC IN T C BN ...................................................................................................................13

MUN THNH CHUYN VIN IN T CN HIU R LINH KIN BN DN! ..........................22

NHNG CHUYN MCH IN T BN DN THNG DNG...........................................................27

CCH S DNG NG H VN NNG TRONG K THUT IN T. .........................................32

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K thut in t l mt lnh vc tru tng v v hnh nn s rt kh khn i

TRUNG TM IN T THC DNG NVT

Facebook: BCH KHOA IN T

WWW.BACHKHOADIENTU.COM |WWW.BACHKHOADIENTU.COM 3 NVT

HNH TRANG BC VO NGH IN T!

Xin cho tt c cc bn ang c nh hc ngh in t v tt c nhng ai yu thch

y l mt yu t quyt nh n s thnh bi ca ngh. Nu khng c nim yu thch th bn

Vi bt c ngh g cng cn s hng th v yu thch

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2) Kin thc in t c bn l "b xng" ca ngh

NHNG LINH KIN IN T C BN

3) Tm cho mnh mt ngi thy, mt s ph c chuyn mn.

Khng thy my lm nn!!!! Chnh xc l nh vy y. Tuy nhin ngi thy ca

S ph lun l ngi c kinh nghim

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4) Cn c mt b ngh chuyn dng

Tay khng bt gic th v s c th lm c nhng tay khng m sa c in t th

Hy sm cho mnh mt b ngh tt nht nu c th

l nhng hnh trang c bn trc khi theo hc ngh in t m Nguyn Anh T

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Bt u t u? l mt cu hi c rt nhiu bn tr quan tm trc s la chn ngh

Hc ngh mt tim sa cha lun c tnh thc t cao

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3) Thc hnh, thc hnh v thc hnh nhiu hn na

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i vi ngi th in t th b dng c hay cn gi l ngh va l cng c hc tp va l

y l mt dng c rt quan trng i vi ngi th in t. in, in t l mt k thut v

WWW.BACHKHOADIENTU.COM |WWW.BACHKHOADIENTU.COM 9 NVT

ng h vn nng c coi l con mt ca ngi th th chic m hn c coi l cnh tay.

Khng mt thit b in t no m khng c kt cu vi nhiu c vt bn ngoi v. nhn

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V sao hc in t trong trng m khng th sa c thit b in t.

1) Qu ng nhn v bn thn, tng mnh gii

Chng ta cng ging nh ch ch ny

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2) Khng bit mc ch ca mnh hc lm g.

HY CHN CHO MNH MT LNH VC

3) Hc qu nhiu l thuyt nhng tnh thc t li t

CNG THC HNH NHIU, TM HIU NHIU TH CNG GII NGH

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y l mt khi nim, mt b phn quan trng nht i vi ngi th in t. Chng ta c

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in tr l mt linh kin ph bin nht trong cc thit b in t. Trn cc bn mch in t

HNH DNG IN TR TRONG THC T

y, khi cc bn m bt c thit b in no ra m thy linh kin no c hnh dng nh trn th

C hai cch c gi tr in tr l c tr s trc tip ghi trn thn in tr v c theo

Thng thng cc in tr c sn 4 vng mu ngang thn vi 3 vng u c tr s v

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Trong sa cha nhiu khi khng tm c nhng in tr c gi tr nh mong mun, chng ta