1. The statement ( )( )(3 + 5 = 12) is False.

We shall prove that there does not exist a pair of natural numbers that satisfy the equation
3 + 5 = 12 by contradiction.

Assume that 0 is a natural number.

If = 0, then = 12/3 = 4 and 4 is a unique solution to the equation as well as the
maximum possible value for to satisfy the equation ( 4).
If = 0, 12 is not divisible by 5 without remainder, therefore there are no natural numbers
that would satisfy this equation under the condition = 0; otherwise, 12/5 in order to
satisfy the equation. Since 12/5 = 2.4 is not a natural number, there are only two natural
numbers other than 0 to potentially satisfy the equation: = 1 and = 2.

If = 1:
3 + 5(1) = 12
3 = 12 5 = 7

7 is not divisible by 3; therefore, there is no natural number that satisfies the equation.

If = 2:
3 + 5(2) = 12
3 = 12 10 = 2

2 is not divisible by 3; therefore, there is no natural number that satisfies the equation.

We have demonstrated that the only unique pair of natural numbers to satisfy the
equation 3 + 5 = 12 are = 4 and = 0; however, the assumption that zero is a
natural number is false. Therefore, the statement is false.

2. The sum of any five consecutive integers is divisible by 5 (without remainder) is True.

Consider to be the first integer in the sequence of five consecutive integers. Then, the sum of
the five consecutive integers is:
+4

= + ( + 1) + ( + 2) + ( + 3) + ( + 4)
=
= 5 + 10
= 5( + 2)
The sum of five consecutive integers is equal to 5( + 2) and will always be divisible by 5
5( + 2)
without remainder as 5
= + 2. Hence, the statement is True.
3. The statement for any integer , the number 2 + + 1 is odd is True.

If is odd, consider = 2 + 1 where .

Then:
2 + + 1 = (2 + 1)2 + (2 + 1) + 1
= 4 2 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1
= 4 2 + 6 + 2 + 1

Since the first three terms are all even, their sum 4 2 + 6 + 2 is even and adding the last term
of 1 results in an odd number.

If is even, then 2 + is even and adding the last term of 1 is odd.

If is zero, then 2 + + 1 = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1 and is clearly odd.

Hence for any integer , the number 2 + + 1 is odd.

4. Every odd natural number is of one of the forms 4 + 1 or 4 + 3, where .

The form 4 + 1 provides the sequence of odd numbers starting from 1 and adding 4 to the
previous number.
4(0) + 1 = 1
4(1) + 1 = 5
4(2) + 1 = 9
4(3) + 1 = 13
4(4) + 1 = 17
4(5) + 1 = 21

This form gives every other odd in the sequence of all odd natural numbers starting from 1.

In order to fill in the blanks of this sequence, we could take each value in the sequence and add
2 to generate the missing odds.
4 + 1 + 2 = 4 + 3.
4(0) + 1 + 2 = 3
4(1) + 1 + 2 = 7
4(2) + 1 + 2 = 11
4(3) + 1 + 2 = 15
4(4) + 1 + 2 = 19
4(5) + 1 + 2 = 23

 Therefore, every odd natural number is of one of the forms 4 + 1 or 4 + 3, where as
the set of all odd natural numbers can be expressed by
=0{4 + 1, 4 + 3}.

5. For any integer , at least one of the integers , + 2, + 4 is divisible by 3.

The form will satisfy any integer inherently divisible by 3 without remainder.

If is not divisible by 3, there will be a remainder of either 1 or 2.

If /3 has remainder 1, there exists an integer such that 3 + 1 = .

If we add 2 to :
3 + 1 + 2 = + 2
3 + 3 = + 2
3( + 1) = + 2
This implies that + 2 is divisible by 3 without remainder when /3 has remainder 1.

If /3 has remainder 2, there exists an integer such that 3 + 2 = .

If we add 4 to :
3 + 2 + 4 = + 4
3 + 6 = + 4
3( + 2) = + 4
This implies that + 4 is divisible by 3 without remainder when /3 has remainder 2.

Therefore, for any integer , at least one of the integers , + 2, + 4 is divisible by 3.

6. The only prime triple is 3, 5, 7.

Given the fact that for any integer , at least one of the integers , + 2, + 4 is divisible by 3,
we can prove that the only triple prime is one in which = 3.

Each form is separated by 2. If = 3, + 2 = 5 and + 4 = 7 and = 3 is divisible by itself

with each term representing a prime number. Once > 3, there can be no triple separated by
2 that does not have one of its terms divisible by another number, namely 3, and is therefore
not prime. Hence, there cannot be another sequence of three primes separated by 2.

3, 5, and 7 is the only prime triple.

7. For any natural number , 2 + 22 + 23 + + 2 = 2+1 2.

By induction:


2 = 21 + 22 + + 2 = 2+1 2
=1

In the base case, = 1:

1

21 = 21 = 2+1 2 = 21+1 2 = 22 2 = 4 2 = 2
=1

Assuming that = + 1 will hold and the general equation is true:

+1

2 = 21 + 22 + + 2 + 2+1
=1

= (2+1 2) + 2+1 Substituting 2+1 2 for 21 + 22 + + 2

= 2 2+1 2 Simplifying and rewriting terms
= 21 2+1 2

= 2(+1)+1 2 Simplifying exponents

+1

2 = 21 + 22 + + 2 + 2+1 = 2(+1)+1 2
=1
Therefore, the original equation holds for all natural numbers .

8. If the sequence { }
=1 tends to the limit as , then for any fixed number > 0, the

sequence { }=1 tends to the limit .

Since the limit of a constant is the constant itself, lim = and lim = :

lim = lim lim =

0 | | <

0 | | <

The sequence { } =1 tends to the limit .

9. Consider the family of intervals , = 1, 2, , such that
=1 = 0 < < 1 and each
1
interval = (0, ).

1
Each interval +1 since lim = 0, therefore each interval is contained in the

1
previous interval because decreases as .
 1
In addition, since the real line is dense and approaches but never reaches 0,
=1 = .
10. Consider the family of intervals , = 1, 2, , such that
=1 = 1 1 and each
1 1
interval = [ , ].

1
Each interval +1 since lim = 0, therefore each interval is contained in the

1
previous interval because decreases as .
In addition, since the real line is continuous and the closed interval converges to 0, each interval
contains 0 and =1 = {0}.