&HUFHWDUHDVHOHFWLY

3ULQFLSDOHOHQR LXQLSHUHFKHGLQFROHFWLYLWDWHDJHQHUDO LGLQFROHFWLYLWDWHDGHVHOHF LH

Tabelul 4.1.

&DUDFWHULVWLFDQHDOWHUQDWLY &DUDFWHULVWLFDDOWHUQDWLY
Denumirea
&ROHFWLYLWDWHDJHQHUDO Colectivitatea Colectivitatea Colectivitatea
indicatorului
GHVHOHF ie JHQHUDO GHVHOHF LH

A 1 2 3 4
N n

Media
xi xi P=
M
w=
m
i =1 i =1
x0 = x= N n
N n
n
N
( x i x 0 ) 2 ( xi x ) 2
Dispersia i =1 2 =
i =1 2p = p(1 p) w2 = w(1 w)
02 = n
N
Abaterea medie
S WUDWLF
0 = 02 = 2 p = 2p w = w2

Eroarea de reprezentativitate:

E r = x x0

&RQGL LDFDPHGLDHDQWLRQXOXLV ILHUHSUH]HQWDWLY 

 x x0 100 5%
x0

Eroarea medie de reprezentativitate:

( x s x0 ) 2 ns
x = x =
s =1
k
,
ns
s =1
n care:
k -UHSUH]LQW QXP UXOHDQWLRDQHORUSRVLELOH
ns -IUHFYHQ HOHPHGLLORUGHVHOHF LHSRVLELOH

(URDUHOLPLW PD[LP DGPLV ( x ) :

x = z x ,

unde coeficientul z  UHSUH]LQW  DUJXPHQWXO IXQF LHL *DXVV - Laplace pentru probabilitatea
( z ) FXFDUHVHJDUDQWHD] UH]XOWDWHOH

6(/(& ,$$/($72$5(6,03/

6HOHF LDDOHDWRDUHVLPSO VHDSOLF vQFD]XOFROHFWLYLW LORURPRJHQHGLQFDUHVHH[WUDJXQLW L

VLPSOHIRORVLQGSURFHGHHGHVHOHF LHDOHDWRDUH

Eroarea medie de reprezentativitate:

SHQWUXVHOHF LHUHSHWDW 

02 2
xrep =
n n

SHQWUXVHOHF LHQHUHSHWDW 

2 2
2
N n N n n

0
x nerep = 1
n N 1 n N 1 n N

Pentru cDUDFWHULVWLFDDOWHUQDWLY HURDUHDPHGLHGHUHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWHVHYDQRWDFX w , deci:

SHQWUXVHOHF LDUHSHWDW 

p(1 p) w(1 w)
wrep =
n n

SHQWUXVHOHF LDQHUHSHWDW 
 p ( 1 p ) n w ( 1 w ) n
wnerep = ( 1 )= ( 1 )
n N n N

(URDUHDOLPLW PD[LP DGPLV :

pentru selHF LHUHSHWDW

x = z x rep , respectiv x = z w rep

SHQWUXVHOHF LHUHSHWDW

x = z x nerep , respectiv x = z w nerep

Intervalul de ncredere al medieiFROHFWLYLW LLJHQHUDOH :

pentru caracterisWLFDQHDOWHUQDWLY 

x x < x0 < x + x

SHQWUXFDUDFWHULVWLFDDOWHUQDWLY 

w w < p < w + w

,QWHUYDOXOGHYDULD LHDOQLYHOXOXLWRWDOL]DW al caracteristicii:

SHQWUXFDUDFWHULVWLFDQHDOWHUQDWLY 

( ) < x ( )
N
N x x i <N x+x
i =1

SHQWUXFDUDFWHULVWLFDDOWHUQDWLY 

N (w w ) < M < N (w + w )
9ROXPXOHDQWLRQXOXL

pentru sondajul simplu repetat:

2
0 z2 02
x = z , de unde: n=
n 2x

pentru sondajul simplu nerepetat:

 02 n z 2 2
0
x = z (1 ) , de unde: n=
n N z 2 2
0
2x +
N

5HGLPHQVLRQDUHDHDQWLRQXOXL prin modificarea erorii limite maxime admise ( x ):

SHQWUXVHOHF LHUHSHWDW 

z2 2
n=
( ) 2
x

SHQWUXVHOHF LHQHUHSHWDW 

z2 2
n =
z 2 2
( )
x +
N

6(/(& ,(7,3,& 675$7,),&$7 

6HOHF LD WLSLF  VH DSOLF  vQ FD]XO FROHFWLYLW LORU QHRPRJHQH IRUPDWH GLQ XQLW L VLPSOH

vPS U LWHvQJUXSHVWUDWXULVXEFROHFWLYLW LFkWPDLRPRJHQHFXHYLGHQ LHUHDWLSXULORUFDOLWDWLYH

(DQWLRQXO VH RE LQH SULQ H[WUDJHUHD GH VXEHDQWLRDQH GLQ VWUDWXULOH SRSXOD LHL WRWDOH SULQ

SURFHGHHGHVHOHF LHDOHDWRDUH

Q YHGHUHD UHSDUWL] ULL HDQWLRQXOXL SH VXEHDQWLRDQH FRUHVSXQ] WRU WLSXULORU FDOLWDWLYH VH SRW

aplica WUHLPRGDOLW L :

1. RepartizaUHD vQ PRG HJDO D HDQWLRQXOXL SH VXEHDQWLRDQH LQGLIHUHQW GH QXP UXO

XQLW LORUFHFRPSXQVWUDWXULOHSRSXOD LHLWRWDOH

n
ni = ,
k

unde:
ni GLPHQVLXQHDILHF UXLVXEHDQWLRQ
k QXP UXOGHVWUDWXULvQSRSXOD LDWRWDO 

Acest tip de seleF LHPDLSRDUW GHQXPLUHDGHVHOHF LHWLSLF VWUDWLILFDW QHSURSRU LRQDO 

2. (DQWLRQXO VH VHSDU  SH VXEHDQWLRQH vQ IXQF LH GH SRQGHUHD ILHF UXL VWUDW vQ

FROHFWLYLWDWHDJHQHUDO 

n1
=
n2
= ... =
ni
= ... =
ni = n ,
N1 N2 Ni Ni Ni
de unde:
 Ni
ni = n
Ni

Acest tip de VHOHF LHVHPDLQXPHWHVHOHF LDWLSLF VWUDWLILFDW SURSRU LRQDO .

3. /D IRUPDUHD VXEHDQWLRDQHORU VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUD LH DWkW SRQGHUHD ILHF UXL VWUDW vQ

FROHFWLYLWDWHDJHQHUDO FkWLJUDGXOGHRPRJHQLWDWHDOVWUDWXULORUUHSUH]HQWDWGHDEDWHUHD

PHGLHS WUDWLF 

N i i
ni = n k

N
i =1
i i

$FHVWWLSGHVHOHF LHVHPDLQXPHWHVHOHF LDWLSLF VWUDWLILFDW RSWLP GHRDUHFHG FHOHPDL

PLFLHURULvQSUDFWLF GDUHVWHJUHXGHDSOLFDW

5HOD LLOHGHFDOFXOvQFD]XOVRQGDMXOXLWLSLFSURSRU LRQDO :

eroarea medie de reprezentativitate:

2
y = SHQWUXVHOHF LDUHSHWDW
n

2 n
y = 1 SHQWUXVHOHF LDQHUHSHWDW
n N

HURDUHDOLPLW PD[LP DGPLV

2
y = z SHQWUXVHOHF LDUHSHWDW
n

2 n
y = z 1 SHQWUXVHOHF LDQHUHSHWDW
n N

HVWLPDUHDPHGLHLODQLYHOXOFROHFWLYLW LLJHQHUDOH

y y < y0 < y + y ) ,

unde:

y=
yn i i

n i

estimarea nivelului totalizat al caracteristicii

 N
N ( y y ) < yi < N ( y + y )
*
i =1

GLPHQVLRQDUHDHDQWLRQXOXL

z 2 2

n= pentru VHOHF LHUHSHWDW

2x

z 2 2

n= SHQWUXVHOHF LHQHUHSHWDW
z 2 2
2x +
N

'HUH LQXW

*3HQWUX D RE LQH DFHODL JUDG GH SUHFL]LH D UH]XOWDWHORU HDQWLRQXO FRQVWLWXLW SULQ
stratificare este mai mic dect cel pentru sondajul aleator simplu.
*3HQWUX DFHODL YROXP DO HDQWLRQXOXL SUHFL]LD HVWH PDL PDUH vQ FD]XO VRQGDMXOXL

stratificat dect n cazul sondajului aleator simplu.

*(DQWLRQXO WUHEXLH GLPHQVLRQDW DVWIHO vQFkW ILHFDUH VXEHDQWLRQ V  FRQ LQ  XQ QXP U
VXILFLHQWGHXQLW LSHQWUXDSHUPLWHFDOFXODUHDGLVSHUVLLORUODQLYHOXOVXEHDQWLRDQHORU

(ni > 35).

6(/(& ,$'(6(5,,

6H IRORVHWH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO  HVWH IRUPDW  GLQ XQLW L FRPSOH[H

HFKLSHEULJ ]LIHUPHHWF

Cu ct mediile din serii sunt mai apropiate ntre ele, vor estima mai corect valoarea medie a
vQWUHJLLFROHFWLYLW LUHOL]kQGX-VHFRQGL LDGHUHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWHDHDQWLRQXOXL

(DQWLRQDUHDI FkQGX-VHSHED] GHVHULLHDQWLRQXOHVWHIRUPDWGLQWU-XQQXP UGHVHULLQRWDW

cu r, iar vQFROHFWLYLWDWHDJHQHUDO QXP UXOVHULLORUVHYDQRWDFXR.

Eroarea medie de reprezentativitate:

pentru caracteristici nealternative

2

x
x rep =
r
 2
Rr

x
x nerep =
r R 1

pentru caracteristici alternative

p2
w rep =
r

2
p Rr
w nerep =
r R 1

(URDUHDOLPLW PD[LP DGPLV

2
x = z SHQWUXVHOHF LDUHSHWDW
r

2 Rr
x = z SHQWUXVHOHF LDQHUHSHWDW
r R 1

'LPHQVLRQDUHDHDQWLRQXOXL

z 2 2
n= SHQWUXVHOHF LHUHSHWDW
2x

Rz 2 2
n= SHQWUXVHOHF LHQHUHSHWDW
( R 1)2x + z 2 2

7HVWHGHVHPQLILFD LH

6H SRUQHWH GH OD LSRWH]D GLIHUHQ HL QXOH FDUH SUHVXSXQH F  QX H[LVW  GLIHUHQ H

VHPQLILFDWLYH vQWUH YDORULOH GH VRQGDM L SDUDPHWULL SRSXOD LHL VDX vQWUH YDORULOH GH VRQGDM D GRX 

HDQWLRDQHDOHDWRDUH

&RPSDUDUHDPHGLHLGHVRQGDMFXPHGLDSRSXOD LHLvQWU RUHSDUWL LHQRUPDO -

x x0
t=
/ n

'DF SHQWUXXQQLYHOGHVHPQLILFD LHGH t > 1 , 96 VHUHVSLQJHLSRWH]DGLIHUHQ HLQXOH

&RPSDUDUHDPHGLLORUDGRX HDQWLRDQHPDUL
 x1 x 2
t=
12 22
+
n1 n2

Se DFFHSW  LSRWH]D L VH FRQVLGHU  GLIHUHQ HOH QHVHPQLILFDWLYH GDF  _W_  QLYHO GH

VHPQLILFD LH

Se respingeLSRWH]DGDF _W_!QLYHOGHVHPQLILFD LH

&RPSDUDUHDDGRX SURSRU LLGHVRQGDMSHQWUXRFDUDFWHULVWLF DOWHUQDWLY

Cazul 1 QXFXQRDWHPSURSRU LDpvQFHOHGRX SRSXOD LLGLQFDUHV DXIRUPDWHDQWLRDQHOH

-
n1 w1 + n2 w2
$GPLWHPF  p =
n1 + n2
w1 w2
'DF  >3,
1 1
p q +
n1 n 2
GLIHUHQ DGLQWUHFHOHGRX SURSRU LLHVWHVHPQLILFDWLY 

Cazul 2 SURSRU LLOH vQ FHOH GRX  SRSXOD LL GLQ FDUH V DX IRUPDW HDQWLRDQHOH QX VXQW HJDOH
-
IDSWSHQWUXFDUHVHIRORVHVFGLVSHUVLLOHHDQWLRDQHORU

w1 w 2
'DF  >3 ,
w 1 (1 w 1 ) w 2 (1 w 2 )
+
n1 n2
GLIHUHQ DGLQWUHFHOHGRX SURSRU LLHVWHVHPQLILFDWLY 

n1 w1 + n 2 w 2
Cazul 3 (FRPSDU PSURSRU LLOHHDQ tioanelor cu p = )
n1 + n 2
&DOFXO PGHH[HPSOX

p w1
t1 =
p q n2

n1 + n2 n1
'DF W1!GLIHUHQ DHVWHVHPQLILFDWLY 

3HQWUXHDQWLRDQHOHGHYROXPUHGXVVHIRORVHWH testul lui Student.

&RPSDUDUHDPHGLHLGHVRQGDMFXPHGLDSRSXOD LHLvQWU -o rHSDUWL LH6WXGHQW

x x0
t calc =
/ n 1

ttabelar VHGHWHUPLQ SHQWUXXQDQXPLWQLYHOGHVHPQLILFD LHLQ -1) grade de libertate

'DF Wcalculat <ttabelarVHDGPLWHLSRWH]DGLIHUHQ HLQXOH

&RPSDUDUHDGLVSHUVLLORUQHFXQRVXWHDGRX HDQWL oane de volum redus

 x1 x 2
t calc = ,
1 1
S +
n1 n2
n1 n2

( x i x 1 ) 2 + ( x i x 2 ) 2
i =1 i =1
unde S =
n1 + n 2 2

'DF Wcalculat
< ttabelarVHDGPLWHLSRWH]DGLIHUHQ HLQXOHYDORDUHDWDEHODU VHVWDELOHWHSHQWUX

UXOJUDGHORUGHOLEHUWDWH V = n
QXP
1 + n 2 2 ).

Testul F (Fisher) pHQWUXYHULILFDUHDHJDOLW LLGLVSHUVLLORUDGRX HDQWLRDQH

de volum redus

S12
Fcalc =
S 22

Ftabelar  VH GHWHUPLQ  SHQWUX XQ DQXPLW QLYHO GH VHPQLILFD LH L SHQWUX JUDGHOH GH OLEHUWDWH

f 1 = n 1 1 L f 2 = n 2 1 .
'DF  F
calc > Ftabelar , rezultatul sondajului trebuie interpretat ca fiind semnificativ, deci

GLIHUHQ DGLQWUHGLVSHUVLLOHFHORUGRX HDQWLRDQHWUHEXLHH[SOLFDW GHLQIOXHQ DDOWRUIDFWRULGHFkWFHL

FDUHGHWHUPLQ HURULOHGHVRQGDM

PROBLEME REZOLVATE

1.
3HQWUXXQHDQWLRQGHGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLV DXRE LQXWXUP WRDUHOHUH]XOWDWH
-
profitul mediu: 505 mil. lei / agent economic;
DEDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF SULYLQGSURILWXOPLOOHL

WLLQG F  HDQWLRQXO UHSUH]LQW   GLQ WRWDOXO DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL V D IRUPDW SULQ VHOHF LH
-
QHUHSHUDW LUH]XOWDWHOHVHJDUDQWHD] FXRSUREDELOLWDWHGH] VHFHUH

1. HVWLPDUHDSURILWXOXLPHGLXLDSURILWXOXLWRWDOODQLYHOXOFROHFWLYLW LLJHQHUDOH

2. GLPHQVLRQDUHDXQXLQRXHDQWLRQGDF HURDUHDOLPLW PD[LP DGPLV HVWHGHPLOOHL

Rezolvare

1. 3HQWUX HVWLPDUHD SDUDPHWULORU vQ SRSXOD LD WRWDO  HVWH QHFHVDU V  VH FDOFXOH]H HURDUHD

OLPLW PD[LP DGPLV 

 2 n 4096
x =z 1 = 3 0 , 9 = 12 , 88 mil. lei
n N 200

Estimarea profitului mediu:

x x < x0 < x + x

de unde:

505 12,88 < x0 < 505 + 12,88

492,12 < x0 < 517,88 mil. lei / agent economic

Estimarea profitului total:

N
N ( x x ) < xi < N ( x + x )
i =1

2000
2000 492 , 12 < xi < 2000 517 , 88
i =1

2000
984240 < xi < 1035760 mil. lei
i =1

2. Pentru GLPHQVLRQDUHDQRXOXLHDQWLRQVHIRORVHWHUHOD LD

z 2 2
n= DJHQ LHFRQRPLFL

z 2 2
( x ) 2
+
N

z 2 2
9 4096
n= = = 88 DJHQ LHFRQRPLFL
z 2 2 9 4096
( x ) 2 + 400 +
2000
N

2.
3HQWUXXQHDQWLRQGHGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLVHFXQRVFGDWHOH

'LVWULEX LDDJHQ LORUHFRQRPLFLGXS QXP UXOGHDQJDMD LLGXS P ULPHDSURILWXOXL

Tabelul 4.2.

*UXSHGHDJHQ L *UXSHGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLGXS P ULPHDSURILWXOXL Total

HFRQRPLFLGXS  (mil. lei)
QXP UXOGHDQJDMD L sub 400 400- 440- 480- 520- 560- 600
440 480 520 560 600 LSHVWH
 A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sub 20 5 25 20 10 - - - 60
LSHVWH - 5 20 40 30 25 20 140
Total 5 30 40 50 30 25 20 200
Se cere:

1. V  VH HVWLPH]H OLPLWHOH vQWUH FDUH VH YD vQFDGUD SURILWXO PHGLX L SURILWXO WRWDO vQ

FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO  WLLQG F  HDQWLRQXO UHSUH]LQW   GLQ WRWDOXO DJHQ LORU

economici, s-D IRUPDW SULQ VHOHF LH QHUHSHWDW  L UH]XOWDWHOH VH JDUDQWHD]  FX R

probabilitate de 0,9973 (z = 3);

2. V  VH HVWLPH]H SURFHQWXO PD[LP DO DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL FX XQ SURILW GH FHO SX LQ

500 mil. lei.

Rezolvare

1. Pentru estimarea paramHWULORU SRSXOD LHL WRWDOH VXQW QHFHVDUH R VHULH GH FDOFXOH

prealabile:

calculul mediei generale:

m
y j nj
j =1
y=
m
nj
j =1

380 5 + 420 30 + 460 40 + 500 50 + 540 30 + 580 25 + 620 20

y= =
200
= 505 mil.lei/ag.ec .

FDOFXOXOPHGLLORUGHJUXS :

m
y j n ij
j =1
yi =
m
n ij
j =1

380 5 + 420 25 + 460.20 + 500 10

y1 = = 443,333 mil. lei / agent economic
60

420 5 + 460 20 + 500.40 + 540 30 + 580 25 + 620 20

y2 = =
140
= 531 , 429 mil. lei / agent economic

FDOFXOXOGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS :
 (y j )2
m
yi n ij
j =1
i
2
=
m
n ij
j =1

(380 - 443,333) 2 5 + (420 - 443,333 ) 2 25 + (460 - 443,333 ) 2 20

2
1 = +
60
(500 - 443,33) 2 10
+ = 1188 , 889
60

22 = 3012,245

FDOFXOXOPHGLHLGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS :

r
i2 n i 1188 , 889 60 + 3012 , 245 140
i =1
2
= = = 2465 , 238
r 200
n i
i =1

calculul erorii limite maxime admise:

2
n 2465 , 238
y =z 1 = 3 0 , 9 10 mil. lei
n N 200

Estimarea profitului mediu:

y y < y0 < y + y ,

de unde:

505 10< y 0 <505+10

495 < y 0 < 515 mil. lei / agent economic

Estimarea profitului total:

N
N ( y y ) < yi < N ( y + y )
i =1

2000
2000 495 < yi < 2000 515
i =1

2000
990000 < yi < 1030000 mil. lei
i =1
 2. 3RUQLQGGHODGLVWULEX LDELGLPHQVLRQDO GLQWDEHOXOVHRE LQHXUP WRUXOWDEHO

'LVWULEX LDDJHQ LORUHFRQRPLFLGXS QXP UXOGHDQJDMD LLP ULPHDSURILWXOXL

Tabelul 4.3.

$JHQ L
*UXSHGHDJHQ L $JHQ L
mi
HFRQRPLFLGXS  economici cu economici cu Total wi = w2i = wi (1 wi )
QXP UXOGH profit < 500 profit 500 ( ni ) ni
DQJDMD L mil. lei mil. lei ( mi )
A 1 2 3 4 5
Sub 20 55 5 60 0,0833 0,0764
LSHVWH 45 95 140 0,6786 0,2181
Total 100 m = 100 n = 200 w = 0,5 0,25

QYHGHUHDHVWLP ULLSURFHQWXOXLPD[LPVXQWQHFHVDUHRVHULHGHFDOFXOH

FDOFXODUHDPHGLLORUGHJUXS  wi LDPHGLHLSHWRWDOw) (vezi tabelul 4.3. coloana 4);

calcularea dispersiilRUGHJUXS  w2 ) (vezi tabelul 4.3., coloana 5);
i

FDOFXODUHDPHGLHLGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS 

w2 =
w2 ni
i
=
0,0764 60 + 0,2181 140
= 0,1756
ni 200

FDOFXODUHDHURULLOLPLWHPD[LPHDGPLV 

w2 n 0,1756 200
w = z 1 = 3
i
1 = 0,084
n N 200 2000

Procentul maxim admis:

p = w + w = 0,5 + 0,084 = 0,584 sau 58,4%

5H]XOW F FHOPXOWGLQWRWDOXODJHQ LORUHFRQRPLFLGLQFROHFWLYLWDWHDJHQHUDO DXXQ

SURILWGHFHOSX LQPLOOHL

3.
3HQWUXXQHDQWLRQGHGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLVHFXQRVFGDWHOH

'LVWULEX LDDJHQ LORUHFRQRPLFLGXS QXP UXOGHDQJDMD LLGXS FLIUDGHDIDFHUL

Tabelul 4.4.

*UXSHGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLGXS  1XP UGHDJHQ L Cifra medie de afaceri

QXP UXOGHDQJDMD L economici (mil. lei / agent economic)
A 1 2
Sub 20 40 1440
20-40 100 2140
LSHVWH 60 2300
 Total 200

WLLQGF SHWRWDOFRHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHDIRVWGHVHFHUH

1. V  VH HVWLPH]H OLPLWHOH vQWUH FDUH VH YD vQFDGUD FLIUD PHGLH GH DIDFHUL L FLIUD WRWDO  GH

DIDFHUL vQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO  GDF  HDQWLRQXO UHSUH]LQW   GLQ WRWDO V -a format
SULQVHOHF LHQHUHSHWDW LUH]XOWDWHOHVHJDUDQWHD] FXRSUREDELOLWDWHGH] 

2. V  VH VWDELOHDVF  FDUH DU IL GLPHQVLXQHD HDQWLRQXOXL GDF  HURDUHD OLPLW  DU FUHWH FX

V VHGLVWULEXLHQRXOHDQWLRQSHVXEHDQWLRDQH

Rezolvare

1. Pentru estimarea paramHWULORU SRSXOD LHL WRWDOH VXQW QHFHVDUH R VHULH GH FDOFXOH

prealabile:

calculul mediei generale:

y n
j =1
j j

y= m

n
j =1
j

1440 40 + 2140 100 + 2300 60

y= = 2048 mil. lei /agent economic
200

calculul dispersiei pe total:

v= 100
y

v y 24,37 2048
de unde = = = 505,856 2 = 255890,292736
100 100

calculul dispersiei dintre grupe:

r
(y i y ) ni
2

i =1
2
= =
r
ni
i =1

( 1440 2048 ) 2 40 + ( 2140 2048 ) 2 100 + ( 2300 2048 ) 2 60

= = 97216
200

PHGLDGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS VHGHWHUPLQ SHED]DUHJXOLLGHDGXQDUHDGLVSHUVLLORU

2 = 2 2 = 255890,292736 97216 = 158674,292736

 HURDUHDOLPLW DGPLV ( )
y

2 n 158674,292736 200
y = 1 = 1 80
n N 200 2000

Estimarea cifrei medii de afaceri:

y y < y0 < y + y ,

de unde:

2048 80< y 0 < 2048 + 80

1968 < y 0 < 2128 mil. lei / agent economic

Estimarea cifrei totale de afaceri:

N
N ( y y ) < yi < N ( y + y )
i =1

2000
2000 1968 < y
i =1
i < 2000 2128

2000
3936000 < y
i =1
i < 4256000 mil. lei

2. &DOFXOXOYROXPXOXLHDQWLRQXOXL

z 2 2
n = ,
z 2 2
( y ) +
2

N
unde

y = 1,2 y = 96 mil. lei

9 158674,292736
n = = 153 DJHQ LHFRQRPLFL
9 158674,292736
96 +
2

2000

5HSDUWL]DUHDSHVXEHDQWLRDQHOXkQGvQFDOFXOVRQGDMXOWLSLFQHUHSHWDWQ WXULWL

QHSURSRU LRQDO

n 153
ni = = 51 DJHQ LHFRQRPLFL
r 3
 SURSRU LRQDO

&RQVLGHUkQGF SULPXOHDQWLRQUHVSHFW VWUXFWXUDSRSXOD LHLJUXSD,

grupa a II-a: 50%, grupa a III-DRE LQHP

20
n1 = 153 = 31 DJHQ LHFRQRPLFL
100

50
n 2 = 153 = 76 DJHQ LHFRQRPLci
100

30
n3 = 153 = 46 DJHQ LHFRQRPLFL
100

4.
3HQWUXHVWLPDUHDFKHOWXLHOLORUVXSOLPHQWDUHHIHFWXDWHGHWXULWLLGLQFDGUXOXQXLVHMXUGH]LOH

s-a efectuat un sondaj stratificat, datele nregistrate s-DX SUHOXFUDW L UH]XOWDWHOH V-au trecut n
tabelul 4.5.

&KHOWXLHOLOHPHGLL]LOQLFHLFRHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHvQHDQWLRQ

Tabelul 4.5.

*UXSHGHWXULWL Cheltuieli suplimentare &RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHDO

1XP UXO
GXS YkUVW medii zilnice cheltuielilor suplimentare (%)
WXULWLORU
(ani) (mii lei)
0 1 2 3
Sub 30 130 200 20
30-50 180 300 25
50 si peste 90 400 33
Total 400 ...

Se cere:

1. FRQVLGHUkQGF FHOHGH SHUVRDQHUHSUH]LQW  XQHDQWLRQVWUDWLILFDWGH VHOHFWDWvQ

PRG DOHDWRU L QHUHSHWDW GLQ QXP UXO WRWDO DO WXULWLORU GLQWU -o VWD LXQH vQWU -un sejur de
 ]LOH GH VIkULW GH V SW PkQ  V  VH GHWHUPLQH vQWUH FH OLPLWH VH YRU vQFDGUD FKHOWXLHOLOH

VXSOLPHQWDUHPHGLL L WRWDOH ]LOQLFHDOHWXULWLORU GLQ vQWUHDJD FROHFWLYLWDWHUH]XOWDWHOH VH

vor garanta cu P = 0,9545 (z = 2);

2. V  VH VWDELOHDVF  FH YROXP DOHDQWLRQXOXL DUILIRVW QHFHVDU GDF  V -ar fi utilizat sondajul
aleatoriu simplu;
3. V VHVWDELOHDVF FHYROXPGHVHOHF LHYDILQHFHVDUGDF VHRUJDQL]HD] RQRX FHUFHWDUH

VHOHFWLY  L HURDUHD OLPLW  DGPLV  FDOFXODW  OD SULPXO SXQFW VH YD P UL FX  FHOHODOWH

FRQGL LLU PkQkQGQHVFKLPEDWH

Rezolvare

1. &DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUGHVHOHF LHLHVWLPDUHDSDUDPHWULORUFROHFWLYLW LLJHQHUDOH

PHGLDPHGLLORUGHJUXS

y n i i
200 130 + 300 180 + 400 90
y= i =1
r
= = 290 mii lei / turist
n
400
i
i =1

GLVSHUVLLOHGHJUXS  ( )
i
2

i vi y i
vi = 100 , de unde: i =
yi 100

20 200
1 = = 40 mii lei / turist 12 = 1600
100

25 300
2 = = 75 mii lei / turist 22 = 5625
100

33 400
3 = = 132 mii lei / turist 32 = 17424
100

PHGLDGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS  ( )
2

i
2
ni
1600 130 + 5625 180 + 17424 90
=2 i =1
r
= = 6971,65
n
400

i =1

eroarea medie de reprezentativitate ( y )

2 n 6971,65 400
y = 1 = 1 = 4,069 mii lei
n N 400 800

HURDUHDOLPLW DGPLV  ( ) y

y = z y = 2 4,069 = 8,138 mii lei

estimarea cheltuielilor medii zilnice suplimentare pe total colectivitate:

y y < y0 < y + y ,
 de unde:

290 8,138< y 0 <290 + 8,138

281,862 < y 0 < 298,138 mii lei / turist

estimarea cheltuielilor zilnice suplimentare totale

N
N ( y y ) < yi < N ( y + y )
i =1

8000
8000 281,862 < y
i =1
i < 8000 298,138

8000
2154896 < y
i =1
i < 2385104 mii lei

2. 'HWHUPLQDUHDYROXPXOXLHDQWLRQXOXLSHQWUXVRQGDMXODOHDWRULXVLPSOXQHUHSHWDW

z 2 02
n=
z 2 02
2y +
N

'HRDUHFH QX FXQRDWHP GLVSHUVLD WRWDO  GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO  FL QXPDL GDWHOH

GHVSUH HDQWLRQXO IRUPDW SULQ UHVSHFWDUHD SULQFLSLLORU XQHL VFKHPH probabilistice, putem
vQORFXLDFHVWLQGLFDWRUSULQGLVSHUVLDWRWDO DGDWHORUGLQHDQWLRQ

'LVSHUVLD WRWDO  D HDQWLRQXOXL VH GHWHUPLQ  vQ DFHVW FD] GLQ UHJXOD GH DGXQDUH D

dispersiilor:

2 = 2 + 2

r
( y i y ) n i
2

i=1 ( 200 290) 2 130+ ( 300 290) 2 180+ ( 400 290) 2 90

2 = = = 5400
r 400
n i
i=1

2 = 5400 + 6971,65 = 12371,65

2 2 12371,65
n= = 684 WXULWL
2 2 12371,65
8,138 +
2

8000

'HFL vQ FD]XO XWLOL] ULL XQXL VRQGDM DOHDWRU VLPSOX SHQWUX DFHODL JUDG GH

UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWHWUHEXLHOXD LvQVWXGLXWXULWLID GHQXPDLFkWVXQWQHFHVDULGDF 

SRSXOD LDVHVWUDWLILF SHFHOHWUHLJUXSHGHYkUVW 

3. &DOFXOXOYROXPXOXLQRXOXLHDQWLRQ

z 2 2
n = ,
z 2 2
( y ) +
2

unde:

y = 1,05 y = 8,545 mii lei / turist

4 6971,65
n = = 364 WXULWL
4 6971,65
8,545 +
2

8000

5HSDUWL]DUHDSHVXEHDQWLRDQHOXkQGvQFDOFXOVRQGDMXOWLSLFQHUHSHWDWQ WXULWL

neproSRU LRQDO

n 364
ni = = 121 WXULWL
r 3

SURSRU LRQDO 

Ni
ni = n r

N
i =1
i

Rezultatele calculelor sunt prezentate n tabelul 4.6.

5HGLPHQVLRQDUHDHDQWLRQXOXL

Tabelul 4.6.

%
1XP UXO
*UXSHGHWXULWL WXULWLORU
WXULWLORU
GXS YkUVW Ni ni
( Ni ) 100
Ni
(ani)

0 1 2 4
Sub 30 2600 32,5 118
30-50 3600 45,0 164
50 si peste 1800 22,5 82
Total 8000 100,0 364
 5.
/D R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO  FX ED]  GH WUDWDPHQW L RGLKQ  vQ OXQD LXOLH  V -au nregistrat
3200 GHWXULWLUHSDUWL]D LDVWIHOSHVH[H
1376 masculin;
1824 feminin.

Se cere:

1. V  VH VWDELOHDVF  YROXPXO QHFHVDU DO HDQWLRQXOXL IRORVLQG GUHSW FDUDFWHULVWLF  GH

UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWH UHSDUWL LD SH VH[H 3   ]   LDU HURDUHD PD[LP  DGPLV  HVWH

de 5%;
2. HIHFWXkQG XQ VRQGDM SLORW L SUHOXFUkQG GDWHOH GLQ HDQWLRQ V D RE LQXW R GXUDW  PHGLH D
-
VHMXUXOXL GH  ]LOH  WXULVW FX R DEDWHUH VWDQGDUG GH  ]LOH V  VH GLPHQVLRQH]H XQ QRX

HDQWLRQJDUDQWkQGUH]XOWDWHOHFXRSUREDELOLWDWH3 ] 

Rezolvare
1. )RORVLQG GUHSW FDUDFWHULVWLF  GH DVLJXUDUH D UHSUH]HQWDWLYLW LL R YDULDELO  DOWHUQDWLY 

VH[XOYRPRE LQH

z 2 p (1 p ) 1 , 96 2 0 , 43 ( 1 0 , 43 )
n= = 337 WXULWL
z 2 p (1 p ) 1 , 96 2 0 , 43 ( 1 0 , 43 )
x2 + 0 , 05 2 +
N 3200

n formula de mai sus:

M 1376
p= = = 0,43
N 3200

QSUDFWLF VHFRQVLGHU HURDUHDOLPLW GHLvQDFHVW caz:

Q WXULWL

2. 'HRDUHFH GXUDWD VHMXUXOXL HVWH YDULDELO  QXPHULF  HURDUHD OLPLW  VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD

astfel:

5
x = 10 = 0,5
100

9ROXPXOQRXOXLHDQWLRQ

z 2 2
1 , 96 16
n= = = 121 WXULWL
z 2
2 1 , 96 16
2x + 0 , 25 +
N 3200
 6.
Pentru verificarea duratei medii de ardere a unui bec s-a organizat un sondaj de 5% dintr-un
ORWGH GHEHFXULDPEDODWHvQFXWLLGHFkWHEXF LQXUPDFURQRPHWU ULLGXUDWHLGH DUGHUHD

becurilor din fiecare cutie (serie) s-a calculat durata medie de ardere (vezi tabelul 4.7. coloana 1).
Mediile seriilor

Tabelul 4.7.
Durata medie
Nr.crt.
al seriei
de ardere (n ore) ( xi x s ) 2
( xi )
A 1 2
1 2100 2809
2 2250 9409
3 2080 5329
4 1950 41209
5 2325 29584
6 2230 5929
7 2170 289
8 2050 10609
9 2175 484
10 2200 2209
Total 21530 107860

WLLQG F  OD VHOHFWDUHD FXWLLORU V D IRORVLW H[WUDJHUHD QHUHSHWDW  LDU SUREDELOLWDWHD FX FDUH VH
-
JDUDQWHD] UH]XOWDWHOHHVWH] VHFHUH

1. V VHHVWLPH]HOLPLWHOHvQWUHFDUHVHYDvQFDGUDGXUDWDPHGLHGHDUGHUHSHvQWUHJXOORWGH

becuri;
2. GDF VHUHSHW VRQGDMXOFDUHYDILYROXPXOQHFHVDUDOHDQWLRQXOXLGDF VHIRORVHWHR

probabilitate p = 0,9973 pentru care z = 3.

Rezolvare

1. 'HRDUHFHFXWLLOHVHULLOHVXQWGHDFHHDLGLPHQVLXQHSHQWUXFDOFXOXOPHGLHLSHWRWDOVH

IRORVHWHUHOD LD

xs =
x i
=
21530
= 2153 ore / bec
r 10

3HQWUXFDOFXODUHDHURULLPHGLLHVWHQHFHVDU FDOFXODUHDGLVSHUVLHLGLQWUHVHULLYH]LWDEHOXO

4.7., coloana 2):

(x xs )
2
i
107860
s2 = i =1
= = 10786
r 10

Fiind un sondaj de serii unde R = 200, r HURDUHDOLPLW VHFDOFXOHD] DVWIHO

s2 R r 10786 200 10
x = z = 1,96 = 62,9 ore
r R 1 10 200 1
Limitele ntre care se va ncadra media pe total:

x s x < x0 < x s + x ,

de unde:

2153 - 62,9 < x0 < 2153 + 62,9

2090,1 < x0 < 2215,9 ore / bec

2. Noul volum de sondaj va fi:

R (z ) s2 200 3 2 10786
2

r = = = 21,95 22 cutii
(R 1) 2x + (z )2 s2 199 62,9 2 + 32 10786

PROBLEME PROPUSE

1.
3HQWUXRXQLWDWHHFRQRPLF VHFXQRVFGDWHOH

Tabelul 4.8.

*UXSHGHPXQFLWRULGXS P ULPHD Nr.

SURGXF LHLPLLEXF muncitori
Sub 10 2
10-12 6
12-14 12
14-16 22
16 -18 18
LSHVWH 6
Total 66

Se cere:

1. V VHYHULILFHGDF GLVWULEX LDPXQFLWRULORUGXS P ULPHDSURGXF LHLHVWHRPRJHQ 

2. V  VH HVWLPH]H OLPLWHOH vQWUH FDUH VH YD vQFDGUD SURGXF LD PHGLH L SURGXF LD WRWDO  vQ

FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO  GDF  HDQWLRQXO UHSUH]LQW   GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO  L V -a

IRUPDW SULQ VHOHF LH QHUHSHWDW  SUREDELOLWDWHD FX FDUH VH JDUDQWHD]  UH]XOWDWHOH HVWH GH

0,9545 (z=2);
3. V  VH GHWHUPLQH YROXPXO HDQWLRQXOXL GDF  SUREDELOLWDWHD FX FDUH VH JDUDQWHD] 

rezultatele este de 0,9973 (z=3);

4. V  VH GHWHUPLQH QXP UXO PD[LP DO PXQFLWRULORU FDUH DX UHDOL]DW vQ PHGLH FHO SX LQ

PLLEXF L
 2.
Dintr-XQVRQGDMVWDWLVWLFGHVHOHFWDWvQWkPSO WRULQHUHSHWDWV DXRE LQXWGDWHOH
-

Tabelul 4.9.

*UXSHWLSLFHGHDJHQ L Profit pe agent

1UDJHQ L
HFRQRPLFLGXS P ULPHD economic
economici
capitalului (mil. lei) (mil.lei/ag.ec.)
A 1 2
I 20 14
II 75 21
III 55 23

WLLQG F  YDORDUHD PRGDO  D SURILWXOXL SH WRWDO HDQWLRQ D IRVW GH  PLO OHL FX XQ

coeficient de asimetrie de - 0,21, se cere:

1. V VH VWDELOHDVF GDF IDFWRUXO GHJUXSDUHP ULPHDFDSLWDOXOXLHVWHVHP nificativ pentru

YDULD LDSURILWXOXL

2. V  VH VWDELOHDVF  OLPLWHOH vQWUH FDUH VH YRU vQFDGUD SURILWXO PHGLX L SURILWXO WRWDO vQ

FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO  GDF  SUREDELOLWDWHD FX FDUH VH JDUDQWHD]  UH]XOWDWHOH HVWH 3 

(z=1,96).

3.
ntr-o unitate economLF VHFXQRVFGDWHOH

Tabelul 4.10.

Grupe de muncitori
Nr.
GXS P ULPHD
muncitori
SURGXF LHLEXF

37 4
38 12
39 24
40 44
41 36
42 10
Total 130

Se cere:

1. V  VH FDOFXOH]H HURDUHD PHGLH GH UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWH L HURDUHD OLPLW  DGPLV  GDF 

HDQWLRQXOUHSUH]LQW GLQQXP UXOWRWDODOPXQFLWRULORULDUUH]XOWDWHOH VHJDUDQWHD] 

cu o probabilitate de 0,95 (z = 1,96);

2. V VHHVWLPH]HSDUDPHWULLFROHFWLYLW LLJHQHUDOH

3. V VHGHWHUPLQHQRXOYROXPDOHDQWLRQXOXLGDF HURDUHDOLPLW VHP UHWHGHGRX RU i.

 4.
Dintr-XQVRQGDMVWDWLVWLFGHSURSRU LRQDOVWUDWLILFDWV-DXRE LQXWGDWHOH
Tabelul 4. 11.

*UXSHGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLGXS P ULPHDSURILWXOXLPLO

*UXSHGHDJHQ L
lei)
HFRQRPLFLGXS  Total
2L
QXP UXOGHVDODULD L sub 12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28
peste
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
I 8 20 12 - - - 40
II - 15 25 30 20 10 100
Total 8 35 37 30 20 10 140

Se cere:

1. V VHHVWLPH]HOLPLWHOHvQWUHFDUHVHYDvQFDGUDSURILWXOPHGLXLSURILWXOWRWDOvQDOGRLOHD

VWUDW  GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO  GDF  UH]XOWDWHOH VH JDUDQWHD]  FX R SUREDELOLWDWH GH

0,9973 (z = 3);
2. V  VH HVWLPH]H SDUDPHWULL FROHFWLYLW LL JHQHUDOH GDF  UH]XOWDWHOH VH JDUDQWHD]  FX R

probabilitate de 0,9973 (z = 3);

3. V  VH GHWHUPLQH YROXPXO XQXL QRX HDQWLRQ GDF  SUREDELOLWDWH FX FDUH VH JDUDQWHD] 

UH]XOWDWHOHHVWH] LV VHGLVWULEXLHHDQWLRQXOSHVXEHDQWLRDQH

5.
Pentru verificarea duratei medii de ardere a unui bec s-a organizat un sondaj de 5% dintr-un
ORWGH GHEHFXULDPEDODWHvQFXWLLGHFkWHEXF LQXUPDFURQRPHWU ULLGXUDWHLGH DUGHUHD

becurilor din fiecare cutie (serie) s-a calculat durata medie de ardere (vezi tabelul 4.12., coloana 1).
Mediile seriilor
Tabelul 4.12.
Durata medie de
Nr. crt. ardere (sute ore)
al seriei
( xi )
A 1
1 8
2 10
3 7,2
4 7
5 10,2
6 8,5
7 9
8 9,6
9 7,5
10 8

WLLQG F  OD VHOHFWDUHD FXWLLORU V D IRORVLW H[WUDJHUHD QHUHSHWDW  LDU SUREDELOLWDWHD FX FDUH VH
-
JDUDQWHD] UH]XOWDWHOHHVWH] VHFHUH

1. V VHHVWLPH]HOLPLWHOHvQWUHFDUHVHYDvQFDGU a durata medie de ardere pe ntregul lot de

becuri;
2. V VHGHWHUPLQHYROXPXOXQXLQRXHDQWLRQGDF HURDUHDOLPLW VHP UHWHFX