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Tankdesign Word 160204073140 PDF
Tankdesign Word 160204073140 PDF
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called an internal floating roof. The space not exceeding 103 kPa (ga; 15
internal floating roof may be psig). These tanks are of welded steel
constructed of materials other than construction.
steel, such as aluminum or plastic. Low-temperature storage tanks are
Figures 4-5 and 4-6 provide cross- used when economic studies show that
sectional illustrations of tanks with these tanks give a higher economic
internal floating roofs. return than can be obtained with
pressurized storage, typically for large-
volume applications. Low-temperature
storage tanks are used for refrigerated
product storage or for liquefied
hydrocarbon gases, such as ethane,
ethylene, or methane.
Refrigerated tanks are either single-wall
Figure 4-5 Pan-Types Internal Floating Roof Tank insulated tanks or double-wall insulated
tanks. A double-wall tank consists of an
inner tank that stores the refrigerated
liquid and an outer tank that encloses
an insulation space around the inner
tank. A double-wall tank is a composite
tank; the outer tank is not required to
Figure 4-6 Float-Types Internal Floating Roof Tank
contain the product that is enclosed by
the inner tank. In a double-wall tank,
4.2.2 Low-Temperature differences in materials, design, and
Storage Tanks testing apply to the inner and outer
Low-temperature storage tanks are tank because of their different
designed to operate at temperatures functions. Figure 4-7 illustrates a cross-
below the ambient temperature and section of a typical double-wall tank.
with the internal pressure of their vapor
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capacity, service, design code, vapor space is 103 kPa (ga; 15 psig),
materials, design conditions, external and the maximum permitted
loads, appurtenances, and connections temperature is 120C (250F). The basic
that are needed for a particular storage API-620 rules permit design to a lowest
tank application. Storage tank design one-day mean atmospheric
specifications are used to specify these temperature of -46C (-50F). This
requirements. The specifications consist temperature corresponds to a
of engineering standards and a storage minimum acceptable design metal
tank design specification sheet. temperature of -37C (-35F); however,
Appendix R covers tanks that are used
for refrigerated product services with a
4.3.1 Standards and minimum design metal temperature
Specifications between +4C to -50C (+40F to -
API-650 covers the material selection, 60F). API-620, Appendix Q, covers
design, fabrication, erection, and tanks that are used to store liquefied
testing requirements for vertical, hydrocarbon gases that have a design
cylindrical, above ground, closed- and metal temperature as low as -168C
open-top, welded steel storage tanks (270F). The primary additional design
for internal pressures that are considerations for API-620 tanks, when
approximately equal to atmospheric compared to API-650 tanks, relate to
pressure. If the supplemental the specified design pressure and
requirements that are contained in minimum design temperature.
Appendix F of API-650 are applied,
storage tanks may be designed for 4.4 Floating Roof Tanks
internal pressures up to 18 kPa (ga; 2.6 Floating roof tank was developed
psig). The entire tank bottom must be shortly after World War I by Chicago
uniformly supported. API-650 tanks Bridge & Iron Company (CB & I).
must be in nonrefrigerated service and Evaporation of the product in fixed
they will typically have a maximum roof caused a great loss of money; this
operating temperature of 93C (200F). led to research to develop a roof that
A maximum operating temperature of can float directly on the surface of
260C (500V) is permitted when the Product, reducing the evaporation
additional requirements contained in losses.
Appendix M of API-650 are followed.
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Figure 4-01 (USC) Minimum Permissible Design Metal Temperature for Materials Used in Tank
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From API
Figure 4-1 a- (SI) Minimum Permissible Design Metal Temperature for Materials
Used in Tank Shells without Impact Testing
Section 4.2.2
ASTM
Specifications
MAT. (Mpa) (Mpa) (mm) acceptance
MAT.
A283M C 12.2094 10.4236 12.2094
A285M C 12.2094 10.4236 12.2094
A36M 10.6699 9.3874 10.6699
A573M 450 10.6699 8.9180 10.6699
A573M 485 9.1020 7.7175 9.1020
A516M 450 10.6699 8.9180 10.6699
A516M 485 9.9809 8.2320 9.9809
A662M B 9.6511 8.3173 9.6511
A36M 10.6699 9.3874 10.6699
A662M C 9.0628 7.7175 9.0628
A573M-485 9.1020 7.7175 9.1020
(mm)
MAT. Based on Fracture Toughness acceptance
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course width
1 2400 12.2094 10.4236 12.2094 14
2 2400 10.0126 8.2855 10.0126 12
3 1500 7.8158 6.1473 7.8158 10
4 1500 6.4428 4.1473 6.4428 8
5 1500 5.0698 3.4745 5.0698 8
6 1500 3.6968 2.1382 3.6968 8
7 1182 2.6149 1.0851 2.6149 8
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=59*(10-1. 5)*
= 24873. 59 N.m
= 348230. 28 N.m
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The tank shell can be made from plate sections that are welded
sufficiently thick to provide all the together and then welded to the shell.
needed stiffness, or The general approach to wind girder
Some additional method of design consists of determining the
stiffening the shell can be provided. following:
In most cases, it is not economical to The minimum required section
make the shell thick enough to provide modulus for the top wind girder.
all of the necessary stiffness. Whether a second, intermediate
Therefore, additional stiffness to resist wind girder must also be provided at
shell deformation is provided by some lower elevation on the shell.
welding circumferential stiffening The location of the intermediate
rings around the outside of the tank. wind girder (if one is needed).
These stiffening rings are referred to The minimum required section
as wind girders. Figure 4-16 shows modulus of the intermediate wind
several typical configurations for wind girder (if an intermediate wind girder
girders, and illustrates the general is needed).
placement of a top wind girder on a API-650 contains additional general
tank shell. requirements for wind girders that
cover the following topics:
Minimum sizes are specified for
angles that are used as stiffening ring
components or as a top curb angle.
The minimum plate thickness that may
be used for built-up stiffening rings is
6.35 mm (1/4 in.). The minimum angle
sizes that are specified will provide a
basic level of structural rigidity to the
tank. The minimum angle sizes are
Figure 4-16 Typical Wind Girders specified separately from the top and
intermediate wind girder evaluations.
4.5.2.3.7.2.1 General Wind Girder
Requirements
Wind girders must have drain holes to
API-650 requires that all open-top
remove trapped liquid. Trapped liquid
tanks be provided with stiffening rings
could cause accelerated corrosion of
(i.e., wind girders), that the stiffening
both the wind girder and the adjacent
rings be located at or near the top of
portion of the tank shell.
the top course, and that they
Size, location, and design details are
preferably be located on the outside
specified for wind girders that are
of the tank shell. Stiffening rings will
regularly used as walkways. These
typically be made of standard
details ensure that personnel safety is
structural sections, or will be formed
considered in wind girder design.
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shell stiffness for a given combination the top course. Because the lower
of tank height, tank diameter, and courses are thicker than the upper
tank shell course thicknesses. Put in courses, the lower portion of the tank
simple terms, the distance between shell is inherently stiffer than the
the top wind girder and the tank upper portion of the tank shell.
bottom is too large, in these Therefore, if the intermediate wind
situations, to resist wind induced shell girder was located at the mid-height of
deformation. Installation of an the shell, the upper portion of the
intermediate wind girder at a location tank shell would not be stiffened
between the top wind girder and the enough.
tank bottom reduces the unstiffened The API-650 procedure for locating the
length of the shell, and is required in intermediate wind girder considers
order to prevent shell deformation in the variation in shell course thickness.
these cases. Intermediate wind girder As illustrated in Figure 4-18, the API-
design calculations in accordance with 650 procedure mathematically
API-650 requirements consist of the converts the actual tank shell height to
following general steps: a "transformed shell" height. The shell
Determine if an intermediate wind transformation is done by accounting
girder is needed, based on design wind for the actual individual course
velocity, tank diameter, and shell thicknesses. The transformed shell
course thicknesses. then has the same stiffness
Locate the intermediate wind girder. throughout its height. Locating the
Calculate the minimum required intermediate wind girder at the mid-
section modulus of the intermediate height of the transformed shell results
wind girder and select a standard in equal shell stiffness both above and
structural shape that provides this below the intermediate wind girder.
section modulus. The ideal location of The intermediate wind girder is then
the intermediate wind girder is such located on the actual tank shell in the
that the portions of the tank shell same course and in the same relative
between the intermediate wind girder position within that course as it is on
and the top wind girder, and between the transformed shell. Using this
the intermediate wind girder and the approach, the intermediate wind
bottom of the tank, have girder is located much higher than the
approximately the same stiffnesses. It mid height on the actual tank shell.
would be incorrect, however, to locate
the intermediate wind girder at the
mid-height between the top wind
girder and the tank bottom. As we've
seen from the earlier shell thickness
calculations, the tank shell thickness
decreases in going from the bottom to
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( ) ( )
Overturning
Stability
= 17.04 m
Maximum base
4.5.2.3.7.2.5 The height of the shear
transformed shell ( )
Freeboard required
( )
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( )
= = = 0.048
( )
= ( Total
liquid weight) =31622675.28 N
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= (H/2) =6 m
=( )
=( ) =
822014. 886 N
Figure 4-24 Ss spectral response acceleration at
= Height from the bottom of the 0.2 sec & 5% damped
tank shell to the roof
= 14.46 m
= K
( ) Figure 4-25 S1 spectral response acceleration at 1
sec & 5% damped
[ ( ) ]
= 1.8 * 0.6032119694 * =
5.745415892003654 sec
= 1.5 * 0.3040
*(1/5.745415892003654) *(1/2) =
0.0397
Table 4-27 Value of Fa as a Function of Site Class
( )
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4.5.2.7.1 Functions of
Excessive center-to-edge settlement is Appurtenances
most likely to cause the following: Figures 4-41, 4-42, 4-43 illustration of
In tanks under 45 m (150 ft.) in the various types of storage tanks to
diameter, buckling of the bottom shell identify appurtenances.
course
The appurtenances that are shown
In tanks over 45 m (150 ft.) in
and other appurtenances are
diameter, failure in the bottom plates
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4.5.2.7.1.1 Vents
Vent connections on fixed roof
atmospheric storage tanks prevent
both an excessive positive pressure
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4.5.2.7.1.2 Drains
Drains in the roof of external floating
roof tanks remove accumulated
rainfall and thus prevent accumulation
Figure 4-44 Rim vents of excessive rainwater which could
overload a floating roof and damage it
The design data for the venting design
or cause it to sink. Figure 4-45
is as follow:
illustrates a typical floating roof drain
Design Filling Rate,
system. A sump is located in the
Design Emptying Rate,
center of the roof.
The sump has a pipe Connection and
The vacuum venting (In-Breathing)
check valve installed in it. Either
The venting capacity for
articulated pipe with swivel joints (as
maximum liquid emptying will
shown in Figure 4-45) or flexible hose
be 15.86 /h of free air for
connects the pipe to an outlet nozzle
each 15.9 h of maximum
that is located in the bottom shell
empty rate.
course. When the tank is filled and
Flow rate of free air for liquid
emptied, the Flexibility of the pipe or
movement, hose permits the needed free vertical
= / 15.9 *15.86 roof movement.
The check valve is oriented to permit
The pressure venting (out-Breathing) rainwater to flow off the roof but to
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the roof pontoon and the tank shell. Occasionally, other tanks have heating
When a metal-plate-type of seal is coils or heaters to prevent
used, a counterweight system is used solidification of accumulated sludge.
to press the metal plate against the
4.5.2.7.1.5 Mixers
tank wall. Figure 4-47 illustrates this
Mixers are installed in storage tanks to
type of seal.
blend products, to prevent sludge
deposition, and to maintain bottom
sediment and water in suspension,
thus preventing bottom sediment and
water from accumulating at the
bottom. The most common type of
mixer uses propeller-type mechanical
agitators. Figure 4-49 illustrates a
propeller-type mixer.
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1- Air Foam Fire Protection Systems Fixed roof storage tanks that are
Open-top floating roof storage tanks designed to store low flashpoint
typically have an air foam fire liquids typically have an air foam
protection system that is installed to system that is designed to blanket the
fight a fire that could occur in the rim liquid surface. Foam is piped up the
space between the roof and tank shell. side of the tank, breaks a glass
A typical floating roof tank foam diaphragm, and enters a foam
distribution system is illustrated in chamber. A pipe is connected to the
Figure 4-53. The number of foam foam chamber and passes through the
outlets and backboards that is tank shell near the top of the tank. A
required increases as the tank deflector that is attached to the end of
diameter increases. A vertical plate the nozzle distributes the foam
called a foam dam is welded to the circumferentially and directs it down
top pontoon plate a relatively short on the liquid surface. The foam
distance from the tank shell. The foam chamber and deflector are welded to
dam extends around the entire the tank shell or are bolted with
circumference of the roof and keeps vapor-tight connections to injection
nozzles that are located near the top
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4.5.2.8.1.1 Hydrostatic
A hydrostatic test of a tank consists of
filling the tank with water and
examining the tanks for leaks. The
purpose of the hydrostatic test is to
Figure 4-56 Tank Grounding Connection load the tank with a density and
volume of liquid that equals or
4.5.2.7.1.7.3 Alarm Systems
exceeds the maximum density and
A tank may be equipped with a high-
volume that the tank will experience
level alarm to warn against overfilling.
in actual operation. This test is a
Whether a high-level alarm is
worst-case test for the tank and its
required, and whether this alarm is
components. If the tank can be filled
local (annunciates at the tank) or
with water and not leak, the tank
central (annunciates in a control
should not leak when filled with the
room) depends on the operational
liquid that it will normally contain.
procedures and requirements at a
Also, the hydro test weight causes
particular location. One method by
additional soil compaction and permits
which a high-level alarm operates
initial evaluation of foundation
makes use of limit switches that are
settlement predictions prior to filling
associated with a fluid level gauging
the tank with the design liquid.
device. The limit switches are
calibrated to respond to specific 4.5.2.8.1.2 Vacuum Box
values that represent overly high fluid A vacuum box test is a localized test of
levels. The switches activate the high- welds. A box that is approximately 152
level alarm. mm (6 in.) wide by 762 mm (30 in.)
long, with a glass window in the top
4.5.2.8 TESTING OF NEW
and a sponge rubber gasket on the
STORAGE TANKS
bottom, is used for the test. Figure 4-
This section discusses the principal
57 illustrates a vacuum test box.
test methods
Approximately 762 mm (30 in.) of
welded seam is brushed with either a
soap and water solution or linseed oil.
The vacuum box is then placed over
the weld seam and pressed in place in
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Size = 24*24 in
T +t=21 mm=0.82677 in
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=1 1/8
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T +t=21 mm=0.82677 in
Number of Bolts=20
4.8 Roof opening
Diameter of Gasket
4.8.1 Roof manhole Inside =24 in
Size of Manhole=24 in
Outside =30 in
Diameter of Neck ID=24 in
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