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Paper 118 Guidelines For Prequalification and Design of Post-Installed and Cast-In Anchors in Australia PDF
Paper 118 Guidelines For Prequalification and Design of Post-Installed and Cast-In Anchors in Australia PDF
ANCHORS IN AUSTRALIA
ABSTRACT: The Australian anchor industry is rapidly growing, however, guidance for the design of post-installed
and cast-in anchors for safety-critical applications in Australian codes of practice is minimal. The current level of
guidance has resulted in a lack of consistency for product assessment and limited guidance for design. This paper
summarises a design procedure for cast-in and post-installed anchors that has been endorsed by the Australian
Engineered Fasteners and Anchors Council (AEFAC) for adoption in Australia. The design procedure is based on
design guidelines that are intended to become a harmonised European Standard. The design guidelines are an
imperative part of a framework being developed by AEFAC to enhance quality and safety standards in the Australian
fastener industry.
_________________________
1
David J. Heath, Department of Civil and Construction Engineering and Australian Engineered Fasteners and Anchors Council,
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology. Email: djheath@swin.edu.au
2
Emad F. Gad, Department of Civil and Construction Engineering and Australian Engineered Fasteners and Anchors Council,
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology. Email: egad@swin.edu.au
United States for the design of cast-in and post-installed
1 INTRODUCTION anchors [9, 5]. In many cases the anchor is designed for
unreinforced concrete, however, improved performance
Structural fasteners used in safety-critical applications
may be achieved by including supplementary
involving metal inserts into a concrete or masonry
reinforcement. The procedure estimates the strength of
substrate should be designed and detailed by a competent
an anchor set in concrete to tension forces, shear forces,
structural engineer. Applications are defined as safety-
as well as combined tension and shear forces. This
critical when their failure may cause risk to human life
paper summarises the design procedure endorsed by
and/or considerable economic loss. Fasteners must be fit
AEFAC for use in Australia and published in the draft
for purpose; durable, robust, and possess sufficient
European Standard for anchor design which has evolved
integrity for all design actions [1]. Structural fasteners in
to include design for fatigue and seismic actions [9].
anchors or masonry are commonly referred to as anchors
This endorsement is consistent with the technical
and form the focus of this paper.
specification set by the Australian Technical
In concrete, anchors may be grouped according to their Infrastructure Committee (ATIC) for the use of anchors
installation method into cast-in-place and post-installed. in concrete [10]. The principles behind the design
Post-installed anchors may be further classified into two procedure have been described extensively elsewhere [1,
groups; direct installation (power actuated) fasteners and 11]. The design provisions presented in this paper cover
a much larger ensemble being drill installation fasteners the following types of anchors:
which covers chemical bonded anchors and mechanical
Cast-in: headed inserts and anchor channel
anchors (such as expansion and screw anchors).
Post-installed: mechanical (concrete screw anchors,
The Australian Engineered Fasteners and Anchors expansion anchors, undercut anchors) and bonded
Council (AEFAC, www.aefac.org.au) is an industry (bonded anchors, bonded expansion anchors, bonded
initiative that was formed in 2012 to introduce undercut anchors)
governance to the industry with support and guidance to
be provided for design engineers, contractors, suppliers, An anchor must have been awarded a European
installers and field engineers. AEFAC has reviewed Technical Assessment (ETA, formerly European
international best practice and resolved that the Technical Approval) or equivalent, to demonstrate its
specification and design provisions outlined by the suitability for its intended use and to be compatible with
European Organisation for Technical Assessment the design guidelines outlined below. An ETA requires
(EOTA) are the most appropriate for Australian practice. the product undergo a sophisticated and application-
These design provisions are underpinned by the dependent test regime, demonstrate traceability, include
Concrete Capacity (CC) Method and are currently being factory auditing, and be independently verified.
developed into industry guidelines for use in Australia. The design of an anchor includes the design tension
This paper outlines the design provisions for cast-in and action, NEd (refer Section 3), the design shear action, VEd
post-installed anchors for adoption in Australia. (refer Section 4), and simultaneous tension and shear
(refer Section 5). European design provisions adopt
2 DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR CAST-IN partial safety factors, i, that are the inverse of the
capacity reduction factor, i, adopted in Australian
AND POST-INSTALLED ANCHORS design practice such that:
At present, guidelines for the design and evaluation of = 1/ (1)
anchors in Australia are minimal, with the anchor
industry relying on suppliers for information and Partial safety factors for anchors are product-specific and
performance data. AS 3600 [2] states shallow anchorage are published in the ETA for a product. The conversion
failure should be investigated but provides no further from partial safety factor to capacity reduction factor for
guidance. AS 3850.1 [3] provides guidance on testing the respective failure mode is simple.
and design of brace inserts for precast construction. In A summary is provided in Table 1 of the design
New Zealand, NZS 3101:2006 [4] is a partial verifications required for tension failure modes and shear
reproduction of U.S. design guidelines ACI 318-11 [5] failure modes. Figure 1 illustrates an anchor in concrete
and purports to provide design provisions for cast-in and with diameter, d, anchor head diameter, dh, and effective
post-installed anchors. However, the design provisions embedment depth, hef. Figure 2 illustrates groups of
are incomplete and the calculations for basic concrete anchors including edge distance, c, spacing, s, and
breakout strength for tension failure and shear failure are member thickness, h. A full list of the adopted notation
non-conservative for post-installed anchors. The may be found in the Appendix.
absence of suitable guidelines for anchors in safety-
critical applications overseas has contributed to
catastrophic failures [6, 7, 8]. Implementing proper
design guidelines for anchors is paramount to lifting
quality and safety standards.
Table 1: Design verifications for cast-in and post-installed anchors under tension or shear loading.
Mode of failure Tension Shear
Design verification Cast-in Post- Design verification Cast-in Post-
installed installed
Headed inserts
Headed inserts
Mechanicalb
Mechanicalb
Channela
Channela
Bondedc
Bondedc
Refer to AS 4100 where Refer to AS 4100
Steel failure of anchor
appropriate where appropriate
Connection between a
VEd MsVRk , s,c
N Ed Ms,ca N Rk ,s,c
channel and anchor
Local flexure of N Ed Ms,l N Rk , s,l V Ed Ms,l V Rk , s,l
channel lip
Pull-out failured N Ed Mp N Rk , p
Splitting failure during installation may be avoided for Where spacing or edge effects are not present, the
all anchor types by observing requirements published in characteristic resistance of a single fastener to blow-out
the ETA, including minimum edge distances, cmin, failure, N0Rk,cb becomes:
minimum spacing, smin, and minimum member thickness,
hmin. 0 (32)
N Rk ,cb = k 4 c1 Ah f ck
Splitting failure during loading may be avoided if one of
the following conditions exists k4 = 8.7 for cracked concrete
a) Edge distance in all directions is c > ccr,sp for single = 12.2 for non-cracked concrete
fasteners, c > 1.2ccr,sp for fastener groups, and h >
Ah = as per Equation (4) or ETA
hmin for member depth.
b) The calculation of characteristic resistance to The effects of fastener spacing and edge distance are
concrete cone failure and pull-out failure is accounted for by the ratio Ac,Nb/A0c,Nb, where:
performed for cracked concrete, reinforcement resists
A0c,Nb = (4c1)2 as show in Figure 5 (33) The influence of member thickness on the resistance to
blow-out failure is accounted for via ch,h,Nb as follows:
Ac, Nb = actual projected area limited by
overlapping concrete breakout bodies of ch ,h , Nb = (hef + f ) 4c1 (2c1 + f ) 4c1 1 (41)
adjacent fasteners (s < 4c1), concrete edges
(c2 < 2c1) or member thickness. f = distance between anchor head and lower
surface of concrete member.
The disturbance to the distribution of stresses due to a
nearby edge is accounted for by s,Nb as follows: 3.7 STEEL REINFORCEMENT FAILURE
s , Nb = 0.7 + 0.3(c 2 2c1 ) 1 (34) Supplementary reinforcement is intended to tie a
potential concrete breakout body to the concrete member
The group effect for n fasteners in a row parallel to an and to ensure a ductile failure mode. The supplementary
edge is accounted for by g,Nb as follows: reinforcement should be appropriately detailed in
( )
g , Nb = n + 1 n (s1 4c1 ) 1 (35) accordance with AS 3600:2009. Failure modes
including steel yielding and loss of reinforcement
(36) anchorage should be assessed. A detailed presentation
s1 < 4c1 of the topic is beyond the scope of this paper.
The effect of an eccentricity due to different loads in an
anchor group is accounted for by ec,Nb as follows: 4 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR SHEAR
1 (37) The design shear force applied to the anchor, VEd, should
ec, Nb = be less than the anchor design shear resistance:
1 + 2e N (4c1 )
VEd < VRd = VRk (42)
The characteristic shear strength, VRk, as well as the
capacity reduction factor, , is dependent on the failure
mode and should be checked in accordance with Table 1.
Shear failure modes are illustrated in Figure 6(a) with
additional failure modes specific to anchor channels
illustrated in Figure 6(b).