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ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2015
AbstractThe aim of the present research is to activities. This involves developing more efficient and
improve the manufacturing conditions of cement economically viable means of production. The
and therefore its quality. For this purpose, various production of cement involves several steps which are
reference samples of clinker were produced in the particularly electrical energy consuming: raw materials
normal manufactures conditions considered by grinding and heating and clinkers grinding.
the Company of Cement of Gabes, then compared
The total electrical energy consumed by the cement
to other samples which are variable in the Lime
manufacturing process is approximately 110 kWh/t.
Saturation Factor and the raw materials fineness.
About 40% of this energy is consumed in grinding
All the samples are analyzed by X-Ray
clinker (4). Therefore, the objective of cement
Fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and optical
producers is to make this phase of production more
microscopy including a study of measurement of
economical and this is the major goal of the present
clinkers crystal sizes. Besides, tests of
work. Several investigations studied the subject of
compressive strength were made after 2, 7 and 28
clinker grinding. They were primarily articulated around
days. Finally, a study of clinkers grindability
the effects of the chemical (5, 6), structural (7) and
enabled us to evaluate the probability of grinding
morphological (8, 9) characteristics of the clinker.
of these samples. In all cases, the best clinker is
However, there are few studies which treat the effect
the one that has a vintages fineness close to 13-
of the vintages chemistry on the grindability of clinker
15% for the refusal of 100 m. This latter gives a
and the quality of cement.
well-formed clinker nodules, well homogenized
phases and indicating cements good quality. This The objectives of the present study were to
clinker presents also the best grindability. determine the effects of the fineness and the lime
saturation factor (LSF) of the raw materials on the
Keywords Cement; clinker; LSF; raw materials
fineness; compressive strength; grindability
cements quality (chemical composition, fineness,
resistance) and the clinkers characteristics and to
I. INTRODUCTION study the influence of these two factors on the clinkers
grindability.
Portland cement is a highly sought material. It is a
fine powder produced by grinding Portland cement II. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND
clinker (more than 90%), a limited amount of calcium PROCEDURE
sulfate (which controls the set time) and up to 5%
Typical Portland cement raw mix and plant clinkers
minor constituents allowed by various standards.
were obtained from the cement plant of Gabes (South
Portland cement clinker is typically composed of 42.9-
of Tunisia).
75.4% alite (C3S), 0.1-27.6% belite (C2S), 0.4-10.9%
aluminate (C3A), and 0.6-14.4% ferrite(C4AF)(1). The A. X- Ray Fluorescence analysis
world production of cement was about 2.55 billion tons
in 2006 (2), it increased to 3.2 billion tons in 2011 (3). The chemical and potential compound
compositions of the clinkers used in this study are
The global market economy has always forced listed in table I.
industrials to be more competitive in monitoring their
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JMESTN42351178 3149
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2015
Clinker samples CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 SO3 K2O Free C3S C2S
F1 66.34 21.65 4.91 3.12 1.31 0.60 lime
0.84 60.93 16.13
F
F2 65.78 21.75 5.03 3.24 1.29 0.59 1.06 56.07 20.08
N1L1 66.46 22.37 4.97 3.29 0.52 0.29 1.05 56.70 21.39
N2L1 66.05 21.47 4.99 3.45 0.67 0.66 2.45 55.38 19.8
N3L1 65.78 22.2 5.17 3.51 1.04 0.52 0.94 52.53 24.04
L N4L1 65.49 22.05 5.27 3.48 1.22 0.57 1.01 51.06 24.72
N1L2 66.41 22.21 4.93 3.24 0.51 0.58 2.9 56.70 25.56
N2L2 66.61 22.05 4.88 3.21 0.41 0.58 2.86 55.38 22.95
N3L2 66.56 22.16 4.9 3.29 0.3 0.52 2.59 52.53 23.17
N4L2 66.5 22.2 4.99 3.33 0.22 0.37 0.86 51.06 18.72
G1 65.97 21.66 4.97 2.79 1.42 0.59 1.52 57 19.2
G2 65.43 20.6 5.26 3.07 2.64 0.62 1.36 58.4 15.1
G3 66.1 21.18 4.88 2.91 1.16 0.48 1.3 63.4 12.8
G G4 66.52 21.37 4.93 3.02 0.41 0.42 0.89 67.1 10.8
G5 65.85 21.82 5.14 3 1.03 0.46 1.06 57.2 19.5
G6 65.39 21.65 5.17 2.88 1.04 0.6 0.95 57.4 18.9
G7 65.07 21.42 5.06 2.88 1.77 0.75 1.27 55.5 19.6
G8 65.17 21.54 5.01 2.89 1.45 0.63 1.19 56.2 19.5
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JMESTN42351178 3150
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2015
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JMESTN42351178 3151
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2015
TABLE III. SIZE AND SURFACE OF CLUSTERS.
Raw materials F1 F2 L1 L2
Size of belite cluster(m) 106 144 126 12
-2 2
Area of cluster (10 mm ) 4.2 6.8
.5 2.2 2
3.5
Alite Belite
L (m) HA D (m) HA
F 27.66 Excellent 27.51 Excellent
L 27.17 Excellent 27.35 Excellent
G 33.62 Good 20.67 Average
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JMESTN42351178 3152
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2015
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JMESTN42351178 3153
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2015
appears when we improve the fineness of the raw [6] Tokyay M (1999) Effect of chemical
material. The belite clusters become smaller. composition of clinker on grinding energy requirement,
Cement and Concrete Research, 29, N4, pp 531-535.
The lime saturation factor has a great role on
the compressive strength of the cement. If this [7] Hills Linda M (2007) Clinker Microstructure
factor exceeds the margin (90-98%) we will have a and Grindability: Updated Literature Review, SN2967,
heterogeneous distribution and so large clusters Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, USA.
that adverse the grinding of the clinker.
[8] Burak, Kamile, Bulentet Akin A (2010) Effects
Reduction of the clinkers energy consumption of porosity and related interstitial phase morphology
with the improvement of the raw materials fineness. difference on the grindability of clinkers, Materials and
Structures, 43:179-193.
So, we suggest having a raw materials fineness
of about 13 to 15 % of the refusal of 100 m because [9] Campbell D H (1999) Microscopical
this margin indicates a good optimum for both sizes of examination and interpretation of Portland cement and
alite and belite and also an energy improvement. clinker, Portland Cement Association, Second Edition,
SP030, pp 30-128.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
[10] Ben Jamaa N and Maki I (2006)
The work was supported financially by the Tunisian
Characterization of Tunisian Portland cement clinkers
Libyan Project on cement quality. The authors wish to
by optical microscopy, SEM and microprobe analysis,
thank the Cement Company of Gabes for the material
Ann. Chim. Sci. Mat., Vol. 31, No. 4, pp 421-430.
support.
[11] Ibrahimi S, Ben Jamaa N, Mliki K, and
We would like to show also our appreciation to
Bagane M (2011). Comparative Study for Grinding of
Prof. Campbell D.H. for his kind advice and technical
Two Cement Clinkers, International Journal of
discussion.
Concrete Structures and Materials, Vol.5, No.2, pp
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