The adsorption capacity and the removal percentage of the heavy metal pollutants can be

determined using the following equations:

(C0 Ce )V
qe
W

C0 Ce
%R 100%
C0

where C0 (mg L-1) and Ce (mg L-1) represent the initial and equilibrium or final concentration of

adsorbate in bulk solution, respectively, V (L) is the volume of the heavy metal solution and W (g)

is the mass of adsorbent.