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K
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W
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--


K
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K
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K
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1-1

KE1-1F
KEF
KEFEF
1.67 x 10-27
K9.11X10-31
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E1-1F

--


2-1-1
H
KEamuF
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1/12 K
12.
4-1-1

W
1 . n =1,2,3,4...k,l,m,n...E
KKKKEnF2EkF
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KKKKK18( mF38ElF22EkF1
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KE
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12EFWK
2E1 s 2Fs21s2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2
.E3 s 2Fs2E2 s 2 2 p 6Fp6s

--


5-1-1
K
KEGeFEZnFE1-1FW

--


1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 E1-1FW
K2EF3d10 4 s 2
1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 10 4 s 2 4 p 2
K4
W
KE
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6-1-1
KpssE1-1F
pF
Es,
ENe, ArFK
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K
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K

--


2-1
K
W
KE
KE
KE

K
1-2-1
KEFEF

K
KKEF
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K

KK
K E2-1FE 2-1F
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KECH4FE3-1FK

K

--


E2-1F

K3000

E3-1F

--


1-2-2-1

K
12.011 1.008 amu W
Kamu
E3-1FW
4xH + C
4x1.008 + 12.011=
16.043 amu =
EF3-2-1
KKEF

K
KE4-1FK
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K3410OC

E4-1F

--


KE5-1F

4-2-1

KE5 -1FK
W
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3-1

--


1-3-1

WK
KE
KE
KE
KE
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2-3-1
EF
W
KE
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K
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3-3-1

WK
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KEFE
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- -


K
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4-1

K
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KEFCCFE

KEHCPF

- -


E BCCF1-4-1

KBCCJ E6-1F
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KEBody Centered CubicFBCC
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WK
K(
KE
KE
KE

- -


1-1-4-1
K
K
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2-1-4-1
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1+8x1/8=BCC
2=
3-1-4-1
Lattice F
EaFKE7-1FEConstant
Wr

3 a = 4 R

a = 4/3R

KEnmF0.124W

a= 4/3 x 0.124 = 0.2864 nmW

- -


EAPFF4-1-4-1
Atomic Packing Factor
KEAPFF

BCCE7-1F
xZ

BCCW

APF = 2 x 4/3 R3 W
(4/RF
4/3 R 3 =
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=
APF = 0.68
FCC2-4-1
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E8-1FK

- -


E8-1F
KFCC

KFCCJ E8-1F
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KE
KE
KE
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K1/21/8
8 x 8 + 6 x 1/2=
4=
:EFE9-1F
2 a = 4 R
a = 4/2 r

- -


FCCE9-1F

KFCCW
4=W

(4/2 RF3=
4/3 R 3=
APF = 4/3 R 3 = 0.74
(4/2 R)3
EHCPF3-4-1
EHexagonal Close-PackedFEHCPF

K
E10-1FKE10-1F
K

- -


KHCP JE10-1F
HCP J


EF
K
KW
KECFEaFE10-1FW

KE C/2F KEaF
WK0.8165aa
C/2 = 0.8165a
C = 1.633a

2.6 a2 a
K

- -


x=
2.6a2=
1.633a x
3
4.24 a =
E10-1F
W
KE
KE
E
K
1/6
E10-1F
W1/2
3 + 12 x 1/6 + 2 x 1/2=
6Z
WE10-1F

a =2 R
KHCPW
4.24a3=W
6=
APF = 6 x 4/3 R3
4.24 x (2R)3

= 0.74
5-1
F
KEFE
K

K

- -


1-5-1

1 K[O1][121]
Z,Y,X K 1
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1-1-5-1
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- -


E12-1F

2-1-5-1
W
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- -


E13-1F

2-5-1

KE10FE111F
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KK

1-2-5-1
W
KE
WE
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K
KE
KE
k XhEhklFE
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- -


E14-1F
2-2-5-1

E15-1F
W
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K
KEhklFE
XEaF1/hX
KX
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KEhklFKEaF 1/l
E
K
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- -


6-1
1-6-1
W
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0.408 nmEaF[110]W
KFCCEnmZF
K FCC [110]E16-1FW

FCCx110zE16-1F

2 a Z
1/2 + 1 + 1/2Z
2Z
2/2a Z
/ NM 2 /2 x 0.408 =
L 106x2 /2 x 0.408 =
106 x 3.466 =

- -


2-6-1
W



=

0.304 nm EaFE110FW
KBCC
KBCCE110FE17-1FW

BCCE110FE17-1F

Ka2 a

2 a x a =
2 a 2
4 x 1/4+ 1=
2=
2/(2a2)=
/ nm2 - 2/ ( 2 0.304) 2 =

- -


L 2/( 2 (0.304) 2)x 1012 =

K 1.53x 1013=

7-1
1-7-1

[010][ 00]100]z
KKKx[00[001]0 0]z
K
.<100>

2-7-1

E 0F210FF
KKKE02 F
K{120}

- -


K
KEF

EF
K
K
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BCC, FCC
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- -


:(1
KHE
KE
KE
KE
W2F
KE
KE
KE
KE
W( 3
K E
K E

KE
K E
K4F
KE
KE
KE
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W 5 F
KE
KE
KE
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- -


W6F
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W7F
KE
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W 8F
KE
KE
KE
KE

W9 F
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KBCCE
KHCPE
KFCCE
KEFEFE

- -


W (11
KHCPE
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KFCCE
KEFEFE

W12F
KE
KE
KE
KE

- -


W (13
K(2.5 1 1)E
K[121]E
K(01)E
K(1,2,3,)E

W (14
K(011)E
K(2,1,1)E
K{311}E
K[101]E

K (15
K(012)E
K{000}E
K<103>E
K{112}E

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K
K
K
K
KEF
K
K

- -


EF
K
WK
K E
K E

KE

1-2

K
K
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1-1-2
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E1-2F
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- -


3-1-2

K
W
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KE

KE2-2FK

2-2
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- -


WK
KE
KE


K
W
W E
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K
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1-2-2

K
KK
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K
K

K

- -


3-2
EFEF
KK

FCC
K
K
FCC
K(3-2) K

E3-2F

K
K

E4-2FK
KEbFEaF (c)
EFK

K

- -


E4-2F

1-3-2

EF
K

4-2
K

K
K
E5-2FK
K
K

- -


E5-2F

1-4-2

K
K
K
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E6-2F

- -


K
K
W
KEF E
KE7-2F

E7-2F
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K
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K
KE
KE
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E8-2F
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- -


2-4-2

WK
K E
K E

KE
KE

1-2-4-2

K

2-2-4-2

K

3-2-4-2

4-2-4-2

K
K
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K
EF
KK
K
- -


K<110>,{111}FCC
K<111>,{110}BCC

5-2

EFK

KE9-2F

E9-2F

- -


K

KEF


KK
K

- -


WE1
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE2
KE
KE
KE
KE

W E3
KE
K E
KE
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WE4
KE
KE
KE
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- -


WE5
KE
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KE
KE

WE6
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE7
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE8
KE
KE
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- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
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- -


K
K
K
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1-3

K

W
KEF
KEF
KEF
KK
K
4%
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K
50% 50%
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- -


E1-3F

2-3
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E2-3F
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- -


K
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1-3-3


EFKEF
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E3-3F


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- -


E4-3F

E4-3F
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EaFK
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KEdFK

2-3-3
Kc, bd, aE4-3F
K100%

KE5-3F

- -


E5-3F

KB,A
AB 0%A 100%
KExFKBA 0%B 100%
KEx1FF
x0F
Wx2

x1 x 0 l1
= =
x 2 x0 l

x 2 x1 l 2
= =
x 2 x0 l

K(l=l1+l2) l
l 2l 1x1
K

- -


3-3-3

KE6-3F

E6-3F

K
EEF
WK
KE
K
K
HGFCBAE
K
EFE
KBEG
KEEBEGFE
K

- -


EGF +L AEB E
+ CBEGH +L
K
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EF
71.9%780oC
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K

C1E7-3F

E, FFC2 E8-3F
KE9-3F
K
KELAMELLAEF

- -


C2E8-3F

E9-3F

, FC4E10-3F
KE
KELAMELLAEF
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- -


C4E10-3F

KEF
W
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E11-3F
E11-3F

K

- -


K
K
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E12-3F
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E13-3F
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- -


E14-3F


40%Sn E14-3FSnPb W
W 150

K, KEF
KKEF
W W

11% Sn %89 Pb
99% Sn %1 Pb
99 - 40 =
99 11
0.67 =
40 - 11 =
99 - 11
0.33 =
- -


4-3

E15-3F
WE15-3F
EferriteF
ECementiteFEFe3cF
6.7%EcarbideF
K
EF
KEAusteniteFBCC

- -


912
KFCC
1394
KBCC
KEPolymorphismF
K
KEF
FBCCFCC
EBCC FCC
KEBCCF EFCCF

K
EF
K
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K11484.3%E
K727 0.77% E
K1538 0.2%E

- -


5-3
W
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K1%
2.11%J 6.7%Ecast ironFE
K4.5%

1% K
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K

K
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0.8%9280K
0.25%4025K(1.8% - 2.2%)
K(0.2% - 0.3%)(Mo)
10
K
K
6-3
1-6-3
EF (16-3)
bKbEFFe3c+EFa
K(Pearlite)

- -


E16-3F

E17-3F

- -


2-6-3
(17-3)
cKE0.77% F
e ,d
KE+F+EF727

E18-3F

- -


3-6-3
E18-3F
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E727Fi
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99.65%W
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K
WW
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W93.3% 6.7%
6.7 - 0.35 =
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0.95 =
0.35 - 0.022 =
6.7 - 0.022
0.05 =
W
0.4 %3
K726728850
W
3 W 850
1.54 1.46 : 728
2.83 : 726

- -


K
K
K

- -


W (1
K E
K E

K E
KE

WE2
KE
KE
KE
KE
WE3
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE4
KE
KE
KE
KE

- -


WE5
KE
KE
KE
KE

W( 6
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE7
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE8
KE
KE
KE
KE

- -


WE9
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE10
KFCCE
KE
KBCCE
KE

W1040E11
K 0.4 %E
K 4%E
K 40%E
KE

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W

K
K
KTTT
K
K
K

- -


WK
KE
KE
K

.

K
K
W
KE
KE
K
K
K

1-4
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E0.77%F
KKE727F
K
K

WK

- -


ETime-Temperature-Transformation diagramF
TTTE1-4FTTT
K

TTTE1-4F

W
FE
E
E
K

- -


EPFE
K EBFEBainiteF
EPFEnoseFFE
KEBF
E

KMEMartensiteF

E2-4F

EBFEPFE2-4F
WKEMF
KE

E
K

- -


E3-4F

K

1abcdefgE3-4F
W
K1bE
K0.50.5cE
WK dE
Ke
Ke

- -


0.25E0.5FfE
K
0.5KKgE
K0.250.25

E4-4F

- -


W
E1-4FTTT
K800
W
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K
650E
103400
K
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K100%EF
K50%50%EF
K

2-4

K
Ecoarse pearliteF
540
W KEfine pearliteF
K

KEFK

3-4

K
KEF

- -


4-4
K
KEF
F
KE

K
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K

K

5-4
W
KE
KE

1-5-4
A1
E5-4F
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2-5-4
A3
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KE5-4FAcm
KK

- -


E5-4F

6-4

K
K
E5-4FK
K
7-4

K
KE5-4F
K
- -


K
K

8-4
W
K -
KEF -
KA1

9-4

K
W
KE
KE
KE
W
KEF (
KEF(
K E
K
K

1-9-4
K
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E BronzeFK

- -


K
K

K

1-1-9-4
F
KKE
980-760K
K
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K

2-9-4
E
F
KE660FK
EF
K
KEF
K
K

2-9-1-4

KK
K
K413-343

- -


TTTK

K
K
K

- -


WE1
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE2
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE3
KE
KE
KE
KE

WTTTE4
KE
KE
KE
KE

- -


WE5
KE
KE
KE
KE

E6
W
KE
KHHE
KHE
KH E

WE7
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE8
KE
KE
KE
KE

- -


WE9
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE10
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE11
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE12
KE
KE
KE
KE

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K

- -


K

K
K


K

K

W
E
K
KE
KE
KE
KE
E
K
5%

K
W
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- -


K
K
WJ
K
WJ
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K

K

1-5

K
K

2-5
6.023x1023

K
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F18H2OK
18E
K6.023x102318
3-5

F
KE

- -


4-5

E1-5F

K K



K
W

M M+z+Ze
=M
K(Z)ZM+z
ZZ
K
KZe
K

K
- -


KE1-5F
F
E
K


K

K

K

5-5
KEF
L1EFeFE2-5F
1
KK
KL1(Cu)

K
F

- -


E2-5F

FE
WWE

Fe Fe2+ +2e-

Cu2+ +2e- Cu
(2-5)
(FeFK
KEF
(2-5)K
- -


(Fe)
(Cu)
K

E3-5F


(Fe)(Zn)(3-5)
KEF
K
K

- -


6-5

E4-5F

F
E
H+L1
EF

K(4-5)
KL1
AuEF(1-5)
K
KEPtAuAgF
NaMgEF
KK

- -


F (1-5)(3-5)(2-5)
EF E
EF

K

- -


E
K
KE
E
K(5-5)

E5-5F

7-5
K K
(Corrosion Penetration Rate)K
WCPR
CPR= KW
At
KZw

- -


KZt
KZ
KZA
KZK
W
KK=87.6
1W
7.87K200
KK0.2
WW
CPR = KW
At
87.6 =K
200=W
7.87=
200Zt

W1K
5Z1C5=A
CPR = 87.6 200
7.87 5 200
= 2.22
K2.22

- -


8-5
.
1-8-5
K
K

1-1-8-5
K

EF
K
(Fe)
E1-5F(Fe)(Al)
K
2-1-8-5
K
K
3 -1-8-5
.
2-8-5

K
K KK
K(6-5)
K
KK

- -


E6-5F

- -


K

K
K

K

- -


WE1
KE
KE
KE
KE

W(2
KE
KE
KE
KE
W(3
KE
KE
K E
K E

WE4
K E
K E

KE
KE

- -


WE5
K E
6.023x1023 E

K
KE
KE

WE6
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE7
K E
K E

KE
KE

WE8
K E
K E

KE
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- -


WE9
KE
KE
KE
KE

WE10
KE
KE
K E
K E

WE11
KE
KE
KE
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- -


K
K

K

K

K
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KE1
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KK

K
K
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- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W

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W
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- -


K J
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- -


W

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- -


J
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K
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KEJ 7J 6F

EJ J F
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W




LEITZ METALLUX2
J W

- -


6.3 8 10 12.5 16 25

5 32 40 50 63 80 125
10 63 80 100 125 160 250
20 125 160 200 250 320 500
50 320 400 500 630 800 1250
100 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2500

KEFJ
KEFJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
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J


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K
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- -


KJ
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K
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W
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KEF
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KW

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- -


J
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WEF

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( 9 -6 )

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- -


- -


K

W
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W
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K J
K J
K J
K J
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KJ
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- -


K J
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J
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J
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LECI PR-10 MOUNTING PRESS
MOUNTING TEMPER PRES TIME ( MINUTES)
MATERIAL ATURE SUR 1.00 MOLD 1.25 MOLD 1.5
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PO PRE PO PRE PO PR
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100 ( 38 ) 4200
(286 )
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- -


K1.00 BAKELITE
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Lead
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- -


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a

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d c J
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KEF

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W
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K{{
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J W
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- -


( ) EF
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- -


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HB R DIN
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150 - 90 30 - 15 550 - 280
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- -


C
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0.18 - 0.22 C22
0.32 - 0.39 C35
0.42 - 0.50 C45
0.42 - 0.60 C55
0.57 - 0.65 C60
1 C100

EAISIF , American Iron and Steel InstituteJ
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- -


W



AISI
SAE

1010 0.05 0.04 0.6 0.3 0.13 0.08 C1010

1015 0.05 0.04 0.6 0.3 0.18 0.13 C1015
1020 0.05 0.04 0.6 0.3 0.23 0.18 C1020
1025 0.05 0.04 0.6 0.3 0.28 0.22 C1025
1030 0.05 0.04 0.9 0.6 0.34 0.28 C1030
1035 0.05 0.04 0.9 0.6 0.38 0.32 C1035
1040 0.05 0.04 0.9 0.6 0.44 0.37 C1040
1045 0.05 0.04 0.9 0.6 0.50 0.34 C1045
1050 0.05 0.04 0.9 0.6 0.55 0.48 C1050
1055 0.05 0.04 0.9 0.6 0.60 0.50 C1055
1060 0.05 0.04 0.9 0.6 0.65 0.55 C1060
1065 0.05 0.04 0.9 0.6 0.70 0.60 C1065
1070 0.05 0.04 0.9 0.6 0.75 0.65 C1070
1075 0.05 0.04 0.8 0.5 0.80 0.70 C1075
1080 0.05 0.04 0.9 0.6 0.88 0.75 C1080
1085 0.05 0.04 1.0 0.7 0.93 0.80 C1085
1090 0.05 0.04 0.5 0.3 0.98 0.85 C1090
1095 0.05 0.04 1.0 0.7 1.03 0.90 C1095

- -


WAISI
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1

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EAISI 1020F0.01%

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0.4 % 0.30%
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KJ
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- -


K

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- -


( 1)

HRC
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- -


W Jominy End-Quenching Test
ESAEFEASTMF
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- -


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13 mmJ
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W
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2 1 2 1 2 1

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4.8 4.8 4.8
6.4 6.4 6.4
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9.6 9.6 9.6
11.2 11.2 11.2
12.8 12.8 12.8
16 16 16
19.2 19.2 19.2
22.4 22.4 22.4
25.6 25.6 25.6
28.8 28.8 28.8
32 32 32
35.2 35.2 35.2
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- -


Corrosion
K
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( -)

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1


(1
(2
(3
(4
(5
(6
(7
(8
(9
(10
(11
(12
(13
(14
(15

(1
(2
(3
(4
(5
(6
(7
(8

- -


(1
(2
(3
(4
(5
(6
(7
(8
(9
(10
(11

(1
(2
(3
(4
(5
(6
(7
(8
(9
(10
(11
(12

- -


(1
(2
(3
(4
(5
(6
(7
(8
(9
(10
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- -


(2)


Thermal equilibrium
Internal stresses
Miller indices
Jominy test
Reduction
Mounting
Oxidation
Electron
Valence electrons
aluminum
Dislocation
Edge dislocation
Planes slipping
Melting
Anode
Anion
Quenching media
Austenite
ion
Pearlite
Proton
Pretectoid
pretectic
Electric battery

- -


Crystals
Bainite
Steel microstructure
Crystalline structure
Lattice structure
Microstructure
Polymers
Corrosion
Electro-chemical corrosion
Solidification
Phase transformation
Annealing EF
Stress relief annealing
Full annealing
Gear
Thermocouple thermometer
Deformation
Cold working
Hot working
Hardening
Case hardening
Tempering EF
Quenching EF
Magnification
Twinning
Molecule
Polar potential

- -


Grain
Grain size
Grain boundaries
Iron
Cast iron
Dislocation motion
Cathodic protection
Ceramics
Galvanic cells
Unit cell
Mixture
Recrystallization temperature
Substitutional atoms
Foreign atoms
Interstitial atoms
Atom
Solubility
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Metallic bond
Lead
Atomic bonds
Secondary bonds
Zinc EF
Stop watch
Ferrous alloys
Nonferrous alloys

- -


Alloy
Ternary alloy
Binary alloy
Impurities
Hardness
Steel
Hypo eutectoid steel
Hyper eutectoid steel
Photo-micrograph EF
paint
Organic paint
electroplating
Nonmetallic non-organic paint
Phase
Diffusion phenomena
Family of directions
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Coordination number
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Actual number of atoms
Objective lens
Eyepiece
Machining processes
Forming processes
Crystallization process
Line defects
Surface defects

- -


Point defects
Microscopic inspection
Vacancy
Metals
Tool steel
Mild steel
High carbon steel
Carbon steel
Medium carbon steel
Low carbon steel
hardenability
Brittleness
Hot shortness
Tin
Brittle
Tension force
Electromotive force
Standard electromotive force
Cation
Cathode
Atomic density
Atomic density for directions
Atomic density for planes
Solid spheres
Gas carburizing
plasticity
Sacrificial material

- -


Martensite
Toughness
Crystalline directions
Microscope
Etching solution
Electrolyte
Diagram
Phase diagram
orbital
Crystalline planes
Ductile
Normalizing
Heat treatment
Atomic packing factor
Corrosion rate
Cooling rate
Cooling curves
Engineering materials
Mole
Red copper
Brass
Atomic radius
Crystalline system
Isotope
Melting point
Freezing point
Pure

- -


Nucleus
Nickel
Atomic mass unit
Atomic weight
Eutectoid
Eutectic

- -


(3)

W
E
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K
K
K
K

K
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KWKK -
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- -


1) Al-Khtib, Ahmad Sh., Scientific & Technical terms-English/Arabic,
libraire du Liban, 1993.

2) Althouse, Andrew D., Turnquist, Carl H., Bowditch, William A. and

Bowditch, Kevin E., Modern Welding, The Good Heart-willcox
company,1997.

3) Callister, William D., Materials Science and Engineering an introduction,

John Wiley& sons, 2000.

4) Keyser, Carl A., Materials Science in Engineering, Charles E. Merrill

Publishing Co., 1986.

5) Smith, William F., Materials Science and Engineering, Mc Graw-Hill,

1993.

6) Thornton, Peter A., Colangelo, Vito J., Fundamentals of Engineering

Materials, Prentice-Hall, 1995.

- -


W




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1-1-1
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3-1-1
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5-1-1
6-1-1
7-1-1
2-1
1-2-1
2-2-1
1-2-2-1
EF3-2-1
4-2-1
3-1
1-3-1
2-3-1
3-3-1
4-1
BCC1-4-1


1-1-4-1
2-1-4-1
3-1-4-1
EAPFF4-1-4-1
FCC2-4-1
HCP3-4-1
5-1
1-5-1
1-1-5-1
2-1-5-1
2-5-1
1-2-5-1
2-2-5-1
6-1
1-6-1
2-6-1
7-1
1-7-1
2-7-1


W




1-2


1-1-2
2-1-2
3-1-2
2-2
1-2-2
3-2
1-3-2
4-2
1-4-2
2-4-2
1-2-4-2
2-2-4-2
3-2-4-2
4-2-4-2
5-2


W




1-3
2-3
3-3
1-3-3
2-3-3


3-3-3

4-3
5-3
6-3
1-6-3
2-6-3
3-6-3


W




1-4
2-4
3-4
4-4
5-4
1-5-4
2-5-4
6-4
7-4
8-4
9-4
1-9-4


1-1-9-4
2-9-4
2-9-1-4


W




1-5
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7-5
8-5
1-8-5
1-1-8-5
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3 -1-8-5
2-8-5






EF


(1)
(2)
(3)



EF

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS