Ex Basic Electrical Installations in Hazardous Area PDF

Trainor as 2007
C O U R S E M A N U A L
Ex basic - Electrical installations in

hazardous areas
Version 1.2006
Trainor as - Frank S. Skarre

Course Manual Trainor as 2007
Published by Trainor as, Tnsberg, 2007
This document is an integer part of a training program and it is

not suitable for self-study.
Trainor as and any employee of Trainor as waive all

responsibility for any misinterpretation of the content of this
course material or any consequences thereof.
Copyright 2007 Trainor as
Trainor as holds the copyright to this material and the right to

perform courses based on this document.
Copying of this material for use by others than Trainor as is

strictly prohibited. Any violation of the copyright will be
prosecuted in the Norwegian court of law and could lead to
financial claims, fines or imprisonment.
Trainor as
P. O. Box 554 Sentrum
NO-3101 Tnsberg
Norway
Telephone + 47 33 37 89 00
Facsimile + 47 33 37 89 01
post@trainor.no
www.trainor.no
2 71212
Trainor as 2007 Ex basic - Electrical installations in hazardous areas
Preface
The course is based on the standards and regulations for

installation, operation and maintenance of electrical equipment for
use in a potential explosive atmosphere in both off- and onshore
installations. Every chapter has a goal to achieve and a control test
in order to give the participants a pedagogic angle of the material.
The manual is built up in such a way that it shall be a natural
progression in the course. The manual is therefor divided into
chapters according to the main topics, and is also marked with head
words in the margin to mark out important words.
Good luck!
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Course objectives
Ex basic - Electrical installations in hazardous areas
Ex philosophy
Zone classification
Methods of protection, marking of equipment, grouping,
temperature classes, IP classes and other marking
Standards and regulations
Ex motors
Cables, glands and termination in hazardous areas
Earthing in explosive atmosphere
4 71212
Table of contents
C O U R S E M A N U A L
Ex basic - Electrical installations in hazardous areas ..................................................1
Preface ............................................................................................. 3
Course objectives............................................................................. 4
List of figures................................................................................... 9
Figures ......................................................................................... 9
Equations ................................................................................... 10
Tables......................................................................................... 10
Index .............................................................................................. 11
C H A P T E R 1
Ex philosophy ............................................................................................................13
Hazardous areas ............................................................................. 15
Flammable environments........................................................... 16
Gas ......................................................................................... 16
Dust........................................................................................ 16
Explosives.............................................................................. 16
Oxygen enriched atmospheres ............................................... 16
Classification of zones ............................................................... 17
Sources of release .................................................................. 17
Continuous source of release ................................................. 17
Primary source of release....................................................... 17
Secondary source of release................................................... 17
Dividing into zones.................................................................... 18
Zone 0 .................................................................................... 18
Zone 1 .................................................................................... 18
Zone 2 .................................................................................... 19
Zone map ............................................................................... 20
Ventilation ............................................................................. 21
Fire and explosion theory .......................................................... 22
Flash point ............................................................................. 22
Ignition temperature............................................................... 22
Ignition energy....................................................................... 22
Danger classes............................................................................ 22
Class A................................................................................... 22
Class B ................................................................................... 22
Class C ................................................................................... 22
Fire and explosion triangle ........................................................ 23
Preventing fire and explosion .................................................... 23
Gas theory .................................................................................. 24
Explosion curve ..................................................................... 24
Upper explosion limit UEL ................................................... 25
Lower explosion limit LEL ................................................... 25
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Deflagration ........................................................................... 25
Explosion ............................................................................... 25
Detonation.............................................................................. 25
Gas groups ................................................................................. 26
IIA, IIB and IIC ..................................................................... 26
Control test..................................................................................... 31
C H A P T E R 2
Equipment and marking.............................................................................................35
Methods of protection.................................................................... 37
Ex o ............................................................................................ 37
Ex p ............................................................................................ 38
Ex q ............................................................................................ 39
Ex d ............................................................................................ 40
Ex e ............................................................................................ 42
Ex i............................................................................................. 43
IS apparatus ........................................................................... 43
IS associated apparatus .......................................................... 43
Categories .................................................................................. 44
Ex ia ....................................................................................... 44
Ex ib....................................................................................... 44
Ex n ............................................................................................ 44
Ex m........................................................................................... 46
Ex s ............................................................................................ 47
Combination enclosures............................................................. 48
Passive components ................................................................... 50
Marking.......................................................................................... 51
ATEX 100a ................................................................................ 53
Comparison table ....................................................................... 54
Generations of certificates ......................................................... 55
Temperature classes................................................................... 56
Hot surface temperatures. ...................................................... 56
German equipment................................................................. 56
Ignition temperature................................................................... 57
Gas groups ................................................................................. 58
National/international gas groups .......................................... 59
IP - classification ....................................................................... 60
Additional marking .................................................................... 61
Control test..................................................................................... 64
C H A P T E R 3
Standards and regulations.........................................................................................69
Ex-standards .................................................................................. 71
IEC and CENELEC standards for Ex ........................................ 71
Control test................................................................................... 189
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C H A P T E R 4
Ex Motors ................................................................................................................191
Constructions ............................................................................... 193
Exe motor................................................................................. 193
Exd motor ................................................................................ 194
Exp motor ................................................................................ 195
ExnA motor.............................................................................. 196
Terminals ................................................................................. 197
Cooling of Ex motors............................................................... 202
Cooling ribs ......................................................................... 202
Cooling fan .......................................................................... 202
Temperatures in a Exe motor................................................... 204
Limiting temperatures.......................................................... 204
Limiting temperatures for insulated windings ......................... 205
IA/IN and tE-time..................................................................... 205
Constructional requirements .................................................... 206
Testing of protection device .................................................... 208
Ex - motorer and frequency converters.................................... 208
Ex d motors.......................................................................... 208
Ex e motors .......................................................................... 209
Ex n motors.......................................................................... 209
Change of bearings .............................................................. 209
Control test................................................................................... 213
C H A P T E R 5
Cables, glands and termination in Ex- areas ...........................................................215
Cables .......................................................................................... 217
Cable marking.......................................................................... 218
Cables and conductors in Ex-areas ...................................... 220
Flexible cables ..................................................................... 220
Intrinsically safe circuits...................................................... 221
Terminals ................................................................................. 222
Cable entries ............................................................................ 223
Gland selection .................................................................... 223
Direct entry .......................................................................... 223
Gland assembly........................................................................ 230
Indirect entry........................................................................ 235
Adapters............................................................................... 236
Increased safety - Exe .............................................................. 236
Control test................................................................................... 239
Appendix.............................................................................. 243
Cabel/ Gland data. ............................................................... 243
ELECTRICAL DATA............................................................. 249
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C H A P T E R 6
Earthing ...................................................................................................................271
General earthing........................................................................... 273
Distribution systems ................................................................ 274
Letter code ........................................................................... 274
TN - C - S system ............................................................. 275
IT system .......................................................................... 275
Protection earth.................................................................... 276
Intrinsically safe earth.......................................................... 277
Instrumentation earth ........................................................... 278
Bonding................................................................................ 279
Separation of earth systems ..................................................... 280
Earthing of a field instrument .................................................. 282
Termination of earth ................................................................ 285
Control and maintenance ......................................................... 287
Control test................................................................................... 289
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List of figures
Figures
Figure 1 Zone map for a gas station .............................................. 20

Figure 2 Fire/explosion triangle..................................................... 23
Figure 3 Explosion curve............................................................... 24
Figure 4 The explosion property of IIA, IIB and IIC .................... 26
Figure 5 Flameproof enclosure with direct cable entry ................. 40
Figure 6 Ex d - Flameproof equipment with indirect cable
entry ....................................................................................... 41
Figure 7 Ex e - increased safety..................................................... 42
Figure 8 Transmitter and barrier.................................................... 43
Figure 9 Ex nA - zone 2 motor ...................................................... 45
Figure 10 Ex m encapsulated coil............................................... 46
Figure 11 Ex s - special equipment............................................... 47
Figure 12 Ex telephone .................................................................. 48
Figure 13 Passive components....................................................... 50
Figure 14 Example of an identification plate ................................ 52
Figure 15 Ex e motor ................................................................... 194
Figure 16 Ex de motor ................................................................. 195
Figure 17 Ex p motor ................................................................... 196
Figure 18 Determination of tE-time ............................................. 206
Figure 19 Min. tE as a function of IA/IN ....................................... 207
Figure 20 Protective devices characteristic ................................ 207
Figure 21 Ex-d motor with outside bearing................................. 210
Figure 22 Ex-d motor with internal bearing ................................ 210
Figure 23 Ex-d motor with stepped shaft and internal bearing ... 211
Figure 24 Flame retardant cable .................................................. 217
Figure 25 Fire resistant cable....................................................... 218
Figure 26 Creepage distance........................................................ 221
Figure 27 Principe of Exe termination......................................... 222
Figure 28 Principle of an Ex d gland ........................................... 224
Figure 29 Compression gland ...................................................... 225
Figure 30 Compound gland ......................................................... 229
Figure 31 Exd with indirect entry................................................ 235
Figure 32 Adapter and reducer for Exd enclosures ..................... 236
Figure 33 Illustration of Exe gland assembly .............................. 237
Figure 34 TN - C - S - system...................................................... 275
Figure 35 IT - system................................................................... 275
Figure 36 Example of fatale current ............................................ 276
Figure 37 Intrinsically safe earth ................................................. 277
Figure 38 Instrumentation earth................................................... 278
Figure 39 Principe of bonding ..................................................... 279
Figure 40 Incorrect separation of earth systems .......................... 280
Figure 41 Correct separation of earth systems............................. 281
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Figure 42 Earthing of Ex-d field instrument where UN <

50VDC/50VAC ................................................................... 282
Figure 43 Earthing of Ex-d field instrument where UN >
50VDC/50VAC ................................................................... 283
Figure 44 Earthing of Ex-e field instrument where UN >
50VDC/50VAC ................................................................... 284
Figure 45 Example of earthing on an IS loop.............................. 285
Figure 46 Termination of earth.................................................... 285
Figure 47 Control of IS earth....................................................... 287
Equations
Feil! Fant ingen elementer for figurlisten.
Tables
Table 1 The gas grouping table ..................................................... 28

Table 2 Special precautions for Exd and Exi equipment............... 49
Table 3 Comparison table .............................................................. 54
Table 4 Generations of certificates ................................................ 55
Table 5 Temperature classes.......................................................... 56
Table 6 Older German temp. class. ............................................... 56
Table 7 Different temperature classifications................................ 57
Table 8 shows the connection between the gas groups and the
equipment groups................................................................... 58
Table 9 National/international gas groups ..................................... 59
Table 10 IP-classification .............................................................. 62
Table 11 Comparing NEMA, UL, and CSA type rating to
IEC/IP classification .............................................................. 63
Table 12 Creepage and clearance ................................................ 200
Table 13 CTI................................................................................ 201
Table 14 Limiting temperatures for windings ............................. 205
Table 15 Letter code for cables ................................................... 219
Table 16 Cable data from Draca .................................................. 226
Table 17 Gland data from Raufoss .............................................. 227
Table 18 Cable earthing table ...................................................... 286
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Index
Emergency switch-off......... 94, 153
A Ex d..................................... 42, 208
Ex e..................................... 44, 209
Ambient temperature ...................99 Ex i ............................................. 45
Apparatus for use in zone 0 .......146 Ex ia............................................ 46
Apparatus for use in zone 1 .......146 Ex ib ........................................... 46
Apparatus for use in zone 2 .......146 Ex m ........................................... 48
Area classification .................81, 86 Ex n..................................... 46, 209
Associated apparatus .................143 Ex o............................................. 39
ATEX 100a .................................55 Ex p............................................. 40
Ex q............................................. 41
B Ex s ............................................. 49
Exd.............................................. 61
Bonding .............................273, 279
Exd motor ................................. 194
Exe motor ................................. 193
C Exi .............................................. 61
Cable armour bonding ...............170 ExnA........................................... 46
Cable entry systems...................160 ExnA motor .............................. 196
Cable systems for zone 0...........156 ExnC........................................... 46
Cable systems for zones 1 ExnL ........................................... 47
and 2 .......................................157 ExnP ........................................... 47
Cable wiring systems.................104 ExnR........................................... 47
CENELEC standards ...................73 Exp motor ................................. 195
Change of bearings....................209 Explosion.................................... 27
Ci ...............................................142 Explosion curve .......................... 26
Clearances .................................199 Explosive gas atmosphere ........ 140
Co ..............................................142 Explosives................................... 18
Combination enclosures ..............50 Ex-standards ............................... 73
Conduit systems ........105, 158, 163
Connections ...............................154 F
Cooling fan................................202
Fire and explosion triangle ......... 25
Cooling ribs ...............................202
Flash point .................................. 24
Creepage distances ....................200
Flexible cables .......................... 157
Frequency converters................ 208
D
Danger classes .............................24 G
Deflagration.................................27
Gas.............................................. 18
Degree of protection of
Gas groups .................................. 60
enclosures ...............................181
Gas groups .................................. 28
Detonation ...................................27
Distribution systems ..................274
Documentation ..................122, 145 H
Dust .............................................18 Hazardous area ................... 83, 140
E I
Earthing of conducting IA/IN ...........................205, 206, 207
screens ....................................168 IE .............................................. 273
Earthing of intrinsically safe IEC 61892-7 ............................... 75
circuits ....................................173 IEC 79-14 ................................. 133
Electrical isolation.....................153 Ignition energy............................ 24
Electrical parameters of Ignition temperature ............. 24, 59
cables ......................................168 Ii141
Electromagnetic radiation....97, 151 IIA, IIB and IIC .......................... 28
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Instrumentation earth.................278 Protection of flameproof

Internal bearing..................210, 211 joints ...................................... 160
Intrinsically safe apparatus ........143 Protection of stranded ends....... 156
Intrinsically safe earth ...............277 Purging ..................................... 180
Io ...............................................141
IP - classification .........................62 Q
IS apparatus .................................45
IS associated apparatus................45 Qualifications of personnel....... 122
ISE.............................................273
IT system ................................275 R
IT system ...................................150
Resistance heating devices ....... 166
L
S
LEL .......................................27, 83
SE ............................................. 273
Li ...............................................142
SELV ........................................ 150
Li/Ri ..........................................142
Simple apparatus ................ 85, 143
Lightning protection ............97, 151
Solid obstacles .......................... 159
Limiting temperature .................205
Source of release......................... 85
Lo ..............................................142
Static electricity .................. 97, 151
Lo/Ro.........................................142
Stepped shaft ............................ 211
M
T
Maintenance ......................122, 124
Temperature classes.................... 58
Marking .......................................53
Terminals.................................. 197
Marking of cables......................171
tE-time ....................................... 205
MODU CODE.............................90
TN - C - S system .................. 275
Motors supplied at varying
TN system................................. 149
frequency and voltage.............162
TT system ................................. 150
Multi-core cables containing
more than one intrinsically
safe circuit ..............................171 U
UEL ............................................ 27
N Ui .............................................. 141
Um ............................................ 141
Non-hazardous area ...................140
Unused openings ...................... 155
Non-hazardous areas ...................84
Uo ............................................. 141
O
V
Outside bearing .........................210
Varying frequency and
Overload protection ...................164
voltage ................................... 165
Oxygen enriched
Ventilation ...................23, 112, 123
atmospheres ..............................18
Verification of intrinsically
safe circuits ............................ 175
P
Passive components.............52, 143 W
PE ..............................................273
Wiring systems ..................153, 182
PELV.........................................150
Pi ...............................................142
Po...............................................142 Z
Portable apparatus .....................102 Zone 0..............................20, 86, 87
Potential equalization ................150 Zone 1..............................20, 86, 88
Protection device .......................208 Zone 2..............................21, 86, 88
Protection earth..........................276 Zone map .................................... 22
Zones .......................................... 19
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Trainor as 2007
C H A P T E R 1
Ex philosophy
Subjects
When you have completed this chapter, you should be familiar with
areas of categories hazardous areas are divided into.

the connection between source of release and zones.
the criteria that are important to area classification of
hazardous areas.
flash point, ignition temperature and ignition energy.
the most elementary concerning fire and explosion theory.
Chapter 1 Trainor as 2007
14 71212
Trainor as 2007 Ex philosophy
Hazardous areas
Onboard a platform, in an industrial area and other

Danger of explosion similar places, we may have a hazardous area if there is
processing or storing of flammable gases or liquids. If
there is a leak, air will be mixed with the gas or the vapor.
It is therefore important that electrical equipment and hot
Ex-equipment surfaces are protected in such a way that no ignition of the
flammable mixture can occur. This kind of electrical
equipment we call Ex-equipment. To protect the plant,
and ourselves the installation has to comply with the
standards developed for this purpose.
The standards for Ex-equipment are based on

IEC international standards ( IEC - International
Electrotechnical Commission ), these IEC standards are
further adopted by CENELEC ( Comite European de
CENELEC
Normalisation Electrotechnique ).
Hazardous areas are divided into zones. For all

concerned, maps of the zones are made, so called zone
maps. The owner of the installation is responsible for
issuing these. For most of the Ex-equipment, a
certificate is required which states how the equipment
Nemko is tested. In Norway it is Nemko that is the certifying
authority. Internationally approved testing stations
such as BASEEFA, PTB or INIEX may also certify the
BASEEFA equipment.
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Flammable environments
Areas where there is a risk of an explosion are classified into

four areas, depending on what causes the danger.
Gas
Areas where the risk of an explosion is caused by air

Gases, vapors and mist mixed with flammable gases, vapors or suspended liquid
droplets. Examples of such areas: Petrochemical plants,
drilling rigs, production platforms and gas stations.
Dust
Areas where the risk of explosion is caused by air mixed with

flammable dusts. Example of such areas: Grain silos. A dust
explosion can under certain circumstances be as powerful as a
gas explosion.
Explosives
Areas where the risk of explosion is caused by explosives

(dynamite, gunpowder and such.).
Oxygen enriched atmospheres
Areas where the risk of explosion is caused by gas or dust

and the air contains more oxygen than normal ( 21% ).
16 71212
Classification of zones
Sources of release
We have now seen how we classify hazardous areas into

different flammable environments depending on what causes
the risk for an explosion. We are going to deal with gas. To
have a hazardous atmosphere, the flammable gas or vapor
How often/how long must be released from somewhere ( source of release ).
These sources of release are divided into zones depending on
how often and for how long the flammable mixture is
present, and the standard normally used for zone
classification is IEC 79-10
Continuous source of release
Continuous/Long periods Release is continuously present or for long periods of time.

Long periods of time we define as more than 1000 hours a
year or more than 10% of the processing time. Continuous
sources of release we find inside storage tanks, inside pipes,
and around safety valves.
Primary source of release
Now and then Release may be expected every now and then during normal
operation. Primary source of release we find around
ventilation openings from the zone 1 area, around flexible
pipelines and hoses, and around the seals of rotating
equipment.
Secondary source of release
Release is not expected to occur during normal operation, but

if this happens during normal operation, it is only present for
a short period of time. Releases with duration less than 2
2 hours/10 hours hours each time and less than 10 hours a year are considered
secondary sources of release. Secondary source of release we
find around flanges, connections and valves.
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Dividing into zones
We will now move on and look at how the classification of

sources of release will decide what zone we will have.
Zone 0
Continuous source of Continuous source of release leads to zone 0. Zone 0 is

release the most hazardous zone.
We will find zone 0 :
-Area within process equipment developing inflammable

gas/vapors.
-Area within enclosed pressure vessels, storage tanks or

enclosed containers.
-Area around vent pipes with discharges continually or for

longer periods.
-Area directly over/near liquid surfaces in general.
Zone 1
Primary source of Primary source of release normally gives zone 1.

release
We will find zone 1 :
-Area above roofs and outside sides of storage tanks.

-Area above floating roofs of storage tanks.
-Area around ventilation openings from zone 1 area.
-Area around filling and emptying positions.
-Area around flexible pipelines and hoses.
-Area around seals of pumps, compressors and similar

rotating equipment.
18 71212
Zone 2
Secondary source of Secondary source of release normally gives zone 2.

release
We will find zone 2:
-Area around flanges, connections, valves etc.
-Areas around ventilation openings from zone 2 areas.
Unclassified area Pipelines without flanges, connections etc. shall not be

regarded as sources of release. A very important part of
Good ventilation zone classification is ventilation. If the ventilation is good
the flammable mixture will be blown away fast. If on the
Insufficient ventilation other hand the ventilation is insufficient, the flammable
mixture may last so long that we must have a more severe
zone than normally would be required.
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Zone map
When an area is classified, zone maps are made.

Sone: 0
Sone: 1
Sone: 2
Tankpfylling Peiling event. tankpfylling Lufterr Stasjonspumpe
2,0 m
Sone: 2
min.3,0 m 3,0 m
Sone: 1
5.0 m 5.0 m
3.0 m 3.0 m
3.0 m 3.0 m
1.0 m
1.0 m
Sone: 2
Sone: 2 Sone: 2
Sone: 1
B A
R=0,15m
R=0,15m Tetting IP 54
Sone: 1
Sone: 2
5.0 m 5.0 m
5.0 m 5.0 m
Figure 1 Zone map for a gas station
The symbols of the zones on the map can differ somewhat,

but the zones shall be marked out in an easily understandable
way. The zone map in Figure 1 uses a very common code.
20 71212
We have now seen how a hazardous area is classified into

zones, but the shape of the zones vertically/horizontally
depends on several parameters such as:
-Concentration
-Lower explosion limit
-Flash point
-Vaporization rate
-Relative density
-Pressure and temperature
-Discharge rate and quantities
-Technical design of the plant
-Ventilation
-Climatic conditions
-Physical obstructions/topographical circumstances
Based on these criteria a zone map of the plant is designed.

Experts normally do this.
Ventilation
We will now take a closer look at ventilation as an effective

mean to reduce the size of the zones and also a means to
reclassify a zone from e.g. zone 1 to zone 2.
Ventilation is divided into:
-Natural ventilation.
-General mechanical ventilation.
-Local mechanical ventilation.
Good ventilation If the ventilation is good, the size of the zones may be
reduced, and in some cases reduced to less hazardous zones.
We will also obtain a reclassification by using a pressurized
enclosure ( Ex p ). Inside such an enclosure we have a safe
Monitoring unit
area ( unclassified ). If the area or the enclosure is
reclassified due to good mechanical ventilation (pressurized
or purged), a control unit shall monitor the ventilated area.
This unit will ensure that no hazardous situations will occur if
the ventilation malfunctions or if the overpressure drops
< 0,5 mBar below 0.5 mbar. The equipment's supply shall automatically
be switched off, but in certain cases an alarm with both light
and sound is accepted. In this case the error must be repaired
immediately.
71212 21
Fire and explosion theory
We will now take a look at some fire- and explosion

technical parameters:
Flash point
The flash point is the lowest temperature where a flammable

liquid under standardized testing conditions gives off enough
vapor to be ignited by a spark, open flame or such.
Ignition temperature
The ignition temperature of a gas or vapor is the lowest

temperature, under standardized testing conditions, that
Self ignition a flammable mixture of the gas / vapor with air will be
ignited, when in contact with a hot surface (self-ignition).
Ignition energy
The energy needed to ignite a flammable mixture of

J/Ws gas/vapor with air. The term for energy is "J" (joule) or "Ws"
(Watt-second)-(Power x time).
Danger classes
There are a number of different flammable liquids and they

are divided into danger classes:
Class A
Flash point < 23oC Liquids with flash point lower than 23oC.
E.g. gasoline, acetone.
Class B
Flash point 23 - 55oC Liquids with flash point between 23oC and 55oC.
E.g. white spirit.
Class C
Fl.point. > 55oC Liquids with flash point higher than 55oC.
E.g. diesel oil. It is important to be aware of the fact that if
Mixing you mix3-4% gasoline into diesel oil, you will lower the flash
22 71212
point to less than 23oC. That is from a C - liquid to an A -

liquid.
Fire and explosion triangle

Fire/Expl. criteria For a substance/liquid to be able to burn three parameters
must be present:
-Oxygen
-Ignition source
-Flammable gas/vapor or a flammable substance
Explosion triangle
Oxygen Source of ignition
Flamable gas/vapour
Figure 2 Fire/explosion triangle
Preventing fire and explosion

Elimination Figure 2 is called the fire triangle or the explosion triangle. If
Explosion one of the sides is removed a fire or an explosion can not
occur. An explosion is nothing else than a rapid fire.
Measures to be taken to prevent an explosion is to remove the
oxygen, that is to lower the content of oxygen in the air to
Oxygen level < 10 % less than 10%. This can be obtained by using an inert gas.
Inert gas The use of inert gas is only practical inside pipelines, tanks
and so on. This method is widely used onboard tankers.
There is a risk to this method, and that is suffocation. An
other way to avoid an explosion is to keep the concentration
of gas/vapor so high that the content of oxygen in the mixture
is too low to burn, but this is not recommended.
71212 23
The next thing to do, is to remove the flammable gas or

substance. This can be obtained by good ventilation, so that
Remove flammable the mixture contains too much air compared with gas. We
substance or gas can also keep gas and source of ignition separated so that no
Separation ignition will occur. This can be done by keeping the gas out
by ventilation or by pressurization (Ex-p). We can also
Limit the energy remove the source of ignition or limit the energy in such a
way that an ignition is not possible. This we will obtain by
setting limits for how high the temperature of any surface that
may come in contact with a flammable mixture may be. We
can also by means of electronic circuits limit the energy of an
electrical spark to a level that will not ignite a flammable
mixture.
Gas theory
Explosion curve
We have earlier mentioned air/gas mixture and lower

explosion limit, and will now take a closer look at these.
1
J
2
Area of explosion risk
%.
3
Volume in percent
gas/vapour in air
1 = Lower explosion limit LEL

2 = Upper explosion limit UEL
3 = Optimum mixture
4 = Minimum ignition energy
Figure 3 Explosion curve
24 71212
Upper explosion limit UEL
"Explosion curve" Figure 1.3 shows what we call the explosion curve. All
flammable gases have their own special curve. The curve
illustrates inside which mixtures of gas/air we have a
Too rich flammable mixture. If the mixture contains too much gas, we
say that the mixture is too rich. The point between
flammable mixture and too rich we call the upper explosion
limit ( UEL)
Lower explosion limit LEL
Too lean If the mixture contains too little gas, we say that it is
too lean. The point between flammable mixture and
too lean we call the lower explosion limit ( LEL ).
Gas alarm The normal setpoint of gas detectors onboard offshore rigs is
20% LEL - alarm, and 40% or 60% LEL - alarm and shut
Gas concentration
down and in some cases deluge. The standards say
maximum 25% LEL - alarm, and maximum 75% LEL - shut
down and elimination of all potentially sources of ignition.
(Acts, regulations and provisions for the petroleum activity).
Even though we here are below the lower explosion limit, we
must look upon every release of gas as hazardous.
Deflagration
If you take a gas lighter and fill your hand with gas and then
ignite the gas/air mixture, you will get what we call
Flame speed cm/sec. a deflagration. The flame speed will be cm/sec., and the
pressure rise will be negligible. This kind of combustion we
will get when we are close to either LEL or UEL.
Explosion
You'll get an explosion if the ratio gas/air is more ideal

m/sec. than for a deflagration. The flame speed will be
Pressure 7-10 bars m/sec. and the pressure will reach up to 7 - 10 bars.
Detonation
The last category is detonation, which we will have if the

mixture is ignited while under pressure. The flame
km/sec. speed will then be km/sec., and the pressure will be
71212 25
Pressure 30-100 bars 30-100 bars. A detonation may start with an explosion,
which causes pressure piling in separate chambers.
Gas groups
Explosion property All gases behave differently during an explosion, and all
gases have different ignition energy. These two parameters
Ignition energy are the basis for dividing flammable gases into gas groups.
We divide the gases into four main gas groups:
Coal mines Gas group I: is methane (firedamp) and applies only for
coalmines.
IIA, IIB and IIC
Other Ex-areas Gas group II: is divided into IIA, IIB and IIC. Gas group II
applies for all other areas within area category a except for
coalmines.
Explosion property We will now take a closer look at the properties of the IIA,
IIB & IIC gases during an explosion.
Bar
IIB
IIA
10
IIC
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
time
5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 50 m s
Figure 4 The explosion property of IIA, IIB and IIC
Figure 1.4 on the previous page shows curves illustrating the

explosion properties for IIA, IIB, and IIC gases.
Pressure x Time The curves show the pressure build up as a function of time.
As we can see from the curves, a IIC gas builds up the
pressure much faster than the IIB gases, and the IIB gases
26 71212
build up the pressure much faster than the IIA gases. The
faster the build up the more dangerous the gas is.
Ignition energy The other parameter is the energy needed to ignite a

flammable mixture. If we take a look back at the explosion
curve, we notice that the further down the curve reaches the
less energy is needed for ignition. The limits for ignition
energy are set at
I gas : 280 J
IIA gases: 200 J
IIB gases: 60 J
IIC gases: 20 J
To make the choice of Ex-equipment a bit easier, all the

flammable gases have been placed in a gas-grouping table.
(See next page)
71212 27
Temp. Ignition Lower Upper

Group Gas or vapor class temperature explosion explosion
oC limit limit
I Methane 595 5,0 15,0
Acetaldehyde T4 140 4,0 57,0
Acetone T1 535 2,5 13,0
Ammonia T1 630 15,0 28,0
Amylacetat T2 375 1,0 10,0
i-Amylacetat T2 380 1,0
Amylalcohol T3 300 1,3 10,5
Butane T2 365 1,5 8,5
Benzene T1 560 1,2 8,0
Butanol T2 340 0,8 5,8
Butylacetat T2 370 1,2 75,0
i-Butylalcohol T2 408 1,7
Cyclohexane T3 259 1,2 8,3
Cyclohexanone T2 419 1,3 9,4
Decane T3 205 0,7 5,1
Acetic acid T1 485 4,0 17,0
Acetic acid anhydride T2 330 2,0 10,2
Ethane T1 515 3,0 15,5
Ethanol T2 425 3,5 15,0
Ethyl acetate T1 460 2,1 11,5
Ethyl benzene T2 431 1,0
Ethyl chloride T2 510 3,6 14,8
Ethylene chloride T2 440 6,2 16,0
Ethyl nitrite -- 3,0 50,0
IIA Heptane T3 215 1,1 6,7
Hexane T3 233 1,2 7,4
Hydrogen sulfide T3 270 4,7 46,0
Carbon monoxide T1 605 12,5 74,0
Chloro benzene T1 638 1,3 11,0
Chloro ethylene -- 4,0 22,0
Methane T1 595 5,0 15,0
Methanol T1 455 5,5 26,5
Methyl acetate T1 475 3,1 16,0
Methyl ethyletone T1 505 1,88 11,5
Methyl chloride T1 625 7,1 18,5
Naphthalene T1 528 0,9 5,9
Nonane T3 205 0,7 5,6
i-Octane T2 411 1,0 6,0
Pentane T3 285 1,4 7,8
Propane T1 470 2,1 9,5
Propanol T2 405 2,1 13,5
Propyl acetate T2 430 1,7 8,0
Toluene T1 535 1,2 7,0
Vinyl acetate T2 385 2,6 13,4
p-Xylene T1 528 1,1 7,0
1,3-butadiene 430 1,1 12,5
1,4-dioxane T2 379 1,9 22,5
IIB Ethylene T2 425 2,7 34,0
Ethylene oxide T2 440 3,0 100,0
Ethylether T4 170 3,0 50,0
Tetrahydrofurane T3 224 1,5 12,0
Acetylene T2 305 1,5 82,0
IIC Ethyl nitrate -- 3,8
Hydrogen T1 560 4,0 75,6
Carbon disulfide T5 102 1,0 50,0
Table 1 The gas grouping table
28 71212
Exd/Exi We have now seen how gases and vapors are divided into gas
groups, but also some of the Ex-equipment must be classified
the same way. This is necessary because the equipment has
been tested/approved for use in areas where the actual
gas/gas group may occur. We now know that
Sources of ignition gas/air mixtures can be ignited by different kind of sparks,
e.g. static sparks, mechanical sparks, electrical sparks and so
on. Mixtures may also be ignited if they come in contact
Sparks & hot surfaces with hot surfaces. Another thing to pay attention to, is the
fact that oil spillage on hot surfaces may also cause a fire.
71212 29
30 71212
Control test
Question 1 What is the name of the standards Ex-equipment is certified

according to in Europe?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 2 Which zones do we have where the hazard is caused by air

mixed with flammable gases, vapors or suspended liquid
droplets?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 3 What is decisive for what zone we have in a hazardous area?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
71212 31
Question 4 Which zone is the most "dangerous"?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 5 Explain what is meant by a gas's or a vapors ignition

temperature?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 6 What is danger class A?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
32 71212
Question 7 Which two parameters decide the gas's gas group?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 8 Which gas group is the most "dangerous"?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
71212 33
34 71212
Trainor as 2007
C H A P T E R 2
Equipment and marking

Subjects
different methods of protection.

the limitations that applies for some of the different methods
of protection.
the marking of Ex-equipment.
the temperature classification of equipment and gases.
the equipment groups and gas groups.
choose equipment in such away that it is safe with regard to
zone and gases.
36 71212
Trainor as 2007 Equipment and marking
Methods of protection
There are many different methods of protection for electrical

equipment for use in hazardous areas exposed to gas. Electrical
equipment for use in zone 0 and zone 1 must have a certificate
from an approved testing station. The testing shall be made
IEC/CENELEC standards according to IEC or CENELEC standards or other equally
approved standards. Norwegian approved testing station is Nemko,
and the tests performed by Nemko are according to the CENELEC
standards EN 50 014 to EN 50 020 and in addition to these, EN 50
028 and EN 50 039. The corresponding IEC standards are the 79-
series.
Ex o
Electrical equipment of which all parts in which arcs may occur in

normal service are immersed in oil to sufficient depth to prevent
ignition of an explosive gas mixture or vapors that may be present
Oil filled equipment
above the surface of the oil, and all live part of which arcs do not
occur in normal service are either immersed in oil or protected by
some other recognized technique. This kind of equipment must,
according to the standard, be in a fixed service position. Ex o
equipment is certified according to CENELEC EN 50 014 General
requirements and CENELEC EN 50 015 Oil immersion. The
equipment must not be moved when in service. IEC standards are
79-0 and 79-6.
Figure 1 Ex o - oil filled equipment
71212 37
Ex p
Electrical apparatus to which the entry of flammable gas or vapor

into the enclosure is prevented by maintaining the air, or inert gas
or other suitable gas which is non-flammable and which does not
support combustion more readily than air, within the enclosure at a
pressure above that of the external atmosphere with a minimum of
Pressure monitoring 0,5 mBar. A pressure or flow monitor which shuts down the
supply voltage when the over pressure drops below the required
minimum is required. Under certain circumstances it is sufficient
that an alarm with both sound and light is activated. More
information about this will be found in the standard IEC 79-14.
13.2 and IEC 61892-7. If the supply is shut down due to the
pressure falling below 0.5 mBar, it will require a certain time for
< 0,5 mBar
the supply to be connected again. It is required that the enclosure is
Purging
purged with gas-free air or inert gas until the free inner volume is
changed at least five times. Exp equipment is very often used
when sparking or hot equipment must be installed in hazardous
areas. Control rooms, rooms for analyses and containers may also
be protected by over pressure. Exp-equipment is approved
according to CENELEC EN 50 014 General requirements and
CENELEC EN 50 016 Pressurized equipment. . IEC standards are
79-0 and 79-2.
P2
P1 >
Figure 2 Ex p - pressurized equipment
38 71212
Ex q
Electrical apparatus, which is so, designed that it has all live

Sand filled equipment parts entirely embedded in a mass of quartz or other granulated
material, in such a way that an arc would not be able to ignite a
flammable mixture of air and gas/vapor. Ex q equipment is
approved according to CENELEC EN 50 014 General requirements
and CENELEC EN 50 017 Sand filled equipment. Sand filled
equipment is not much used, but will be found in lighting as
capacitors. . IEC standards are 79-0 and 79-5.
Figure 3 Ex q - sand filled equipment
71212 39
Ex d
Electrical apparatus where the enclosure is constructed in such a

way that the enclosure will withstand an internal explosion
Flameproof equipment without suffering damage to the enclosure and without
communicating the internal explosion to the surrounding
flammable atmosphere which the enclosure is designed for. Exd
equipment is approved according to CENELEC EN 50 014
General requirements and CENELEC EN 50 018 Flameproof
equipment. IEC standards are 79-0 and 79-1. Flameproof
equipment will often be recognized by its rough and solid look.
Components Exd equipment is often componentenclosures, motors, switches,
plugs and so on. Exd equipment is mainly made of steel, stainless
steel, cast iron and bronze alloys. Lately they have also been made
of plastics.
Require maintenance Exd equipment is expensive and requires a great deal of

maintenance.
Flamme spalte
Ex d gland
Figure 5 Flameproof enclosure with direct cable entry
40 71212
Figure 6 Ex d - Flameproof equipment with indirect cable entry
71212 41
Ex e
A method of protection, in which additional measures are applied,

so as to give increased safety against excessive temperatures and
arcs and sparks. It is also a requirement that the
Sparking components enclosure/equipment shall be protected against ingress of water and
dust (min. IP 54). We will take a closer look at IP later in this
course. Normally there are two kinds of Exe enclosures we talk
about:
Exe terminal box
As the name indicates, such an enclosure contains only approved

Exe terminals or other approved non-sparking connections.
Exe-equipment box (Exed)
This enclosure may contain Ex approved indicator lights, switches,

push buttons, fuses and so on. Exe equipment is more and more
common in use, and often replaces Exd enclosures since there now
are manufactured small and handy Exd components, which can be
installed inside Exe equipment boxes. Exe enclosures are made of
stainless steel, bronze alloys and plastics. Plastics are today so well
developed that most boxes are made of this material. This leads to
less maintenance and cheaper boxes. Other Exe equipment to be
mentioned is motors and luminaries. Exe equipment is approved
according to CENELEC EN 50 014 General requirements and
CENELEC EN 50 019 Increased safety. IEC standards are 79-0
and 79-7.
Gasket
Figure 7 Ex e - increased safety
42 71212
Ex i
An intrinsically safe circuit is a circuit which, under normal

operation (including breaking and closing the circuit), or under
prescribed fault conditions (for example, by short circuit or
Intrinsic equipment earth fault), under prescribed test conditions is incapable of
producing sparks or hot surfaces with sufficient energy that the
electrical circuit will ignite mixtures of those gases and vapors for
which it is designed.
IS apparatus
Intrinsically safe apparatus is where all circuits are intrinsically

safe.
IS associated apparatus
Associated apparatus in which the circuits are not all

Associated apparatus intrinsically safe, but which contains circuits that can affect the
safety of the intrinsically safe circuits connected to them. A typical
example is a zenerbarrier. Associated apparatus must be placed in
a safe area or have additional protection according to the standards.
When installing associated apparatus in a hazardous area it is
common to use flameproof enclosures or pressurized enclosures.
EEX (ia) IIC

Zenerbarriere
EEX ib IICT6
Transmitter
Figure 8 Transmitter and barrier
71212 43
Categories
Ex ia
The circuit shall not be able to ignite a flammable mixture of air

and gas/vapor during normal operation, with one single
Safe with two faults fault or with any combination of two faults.
Ex ib
The circuit shall not be able to ignite a flammable mixture of

Safe with one fault air and gas/vapor during normal operation, or with one single fault.
Exi equipment is approved according to CENELEC

EN 50 014 General requirements and CENELEC EN 50 020
Intrinsically safe equipment. IEC standards are 79-0 and 79-11.
Intrinsic safety is a low power technique and is suitable for

Limitation of energy measurement and control signals. A great advantage is that the
technique allows fault finding during operation. Notice that this is
only allowed if the company's specification says so.
Ex n
Electrical apparatus much similar to Exe increased safety

Zone 2 equipment equipment, but is only allowed in zone 2. Exn equipment is
approved according to CENELEC EN 50 014 General requirements
and CENELEC EN 50 021 Non incendive equipment. IEC
standards are 79-0 and 79-15. Exn equipment is not much used in
Norway today. Up till now, equipment for use in zone 2 must meet
the requirements that it does not produce arcs and sparks in normal
operation, the maximum temperature 200oC, and be classified at
least IP54. Exn equipment can be found with five different set of
marking according to additional protection:
ExnA: Non sparking equipment, equipment that does not produce

arcs, sparks or temperatures capable of igniting flammable gas or
vapor.
ExnC: Enclosed break device, a device which incorporates

electrical contacts that are made and broken, and which will
withstand an internal explosion of the flammable gas or vapor for
which it is designed without suffering damage and without
communicating the internal explosion to the corresponding external
flammable gas or vapor.
44 71212
Non incendive component, a component, other than an enclosed

break device, with contacts for making and breaking a potentially
incendive circuit where either the contacts, or the contacting
mechanism or the enclosure in which the contacts are housed are so
constructed that the component prevents ignition of the prescribed
flammable gas or vapor under specified conditions.
Hermetically sealed device, a device that is so constructed that the

external atmosphere cannot gain access to the interior and in which
any seal is made by fusion, e.g. soldering, brazing, welding or the
fusion of glass to metal.
Sealed device, a device that is so constructed that it cannot be

opened during normal service and is sealed against entry of an
external atmosphere.
ExnL Energy limited apparatus and circuits, electrical apparatus

and circuits in which no arc, spark or thermal effect produced
normal service is capable of causing ignition.
ExnR: Restricted breathing enclosure, an enclosure constructed to

restrict the entry of gases and vapors.
ExnP: Pressurized enclosure, an enclosure with simplified

pressurization.
Figure 9 Ex nA - zone 2 motor
71212 45
Ex m
Electrical apparatus where those parts that can ignite a surrounding

explosive atmosphere, either by spark or by hot surfaces, are
Encapsulated equipment
encapsulated in such a way that the explosive atmosphere can not
be ignited. Exm equipment is approved according to CENELEC
EN 50 014 General requirements and CENELEC EN 50 028
Encapsulated equipment. IEC standards are 79-0 and 79-18.
Encapsulated equipment is getting more and more common in use
because it is a simple way to produce Ex protected equipment.
Disadvantages are the problem of dissipating heat from the
components, and that it is not repairable.
Figure 10 Ex m encapsulated coil
46 71212
Ex s
Electrical apparatus which does not meet any of the prescribed

Special protection methods of protection, but in which special methods of
construction have been applied to give the apparatus a level of
safety equal to the other types of protection to prevent ignition of
flammable mixtures. Exs protection gives an opportunity to find
new solutions on the Ex problem. A good example here is the Ex
m method of protection, earlier known as Ex s.
Ex
S
!! ??
Figure 11 Ex s - special equipment
71212 47
Combination enclosures
Ex equipment may often be put together by many different methods

of protection. The most common is Exde equipment, which is a
flameproof enclosure with indirect non-sparking
connections/terminals. Such an enclosure is preferable to a big
heavy flameproof enclosure. An other example of a combination
enclosure is an Ex phone.
Figure 12 Ex telephone
Such a phone is built up by an increased safety main enclosure

(Exe), a flameproof dialer (Exd) where the operating rod forms a
flame path, an intrinsic microphone (Exib), and a sand filled
capacitor (Exq) inside the phone. This phone will be marked as
follows: EEx eqdib IIC T6.
48 71212
There are limitations to what methods of protection may be used in

the different zones within area with gas.
Zone 0 equipment In zone 0, only electrical apparatus that is intrinsically safe Exia,
and apparatus specially approved for zone 0, is permitted.
Zone 1 equipment In zone 1 the following methods of protection are permitted:
Intrinsically safe apparatus Ex ia

Intrinsically safe apparatus Ex ib
Flameproof equipment Ex d
Apparatus with increased safety Ex e
Pressurized equipment Ex p
Oil filled equipment Ex o
Sand filled equipment Ex q
Encapsulated equipment Ex m
Special construction Ex s
Zone 2 equipment In zone 2, equipment as listed for zone 1 as well as:
Equipment specially designed for zone 2

Non sparking equipment with a declaration from the
manufacturer
Exn equipment.
Special precautions for Exd and Exi equipment
Ex d and Ex i equip. certified IIA IIB IIC

for
Gases the equip. may be used IIA IIA and IIB IIA, IIB and IIC
in
Table 2 Special precautions for Exd and Exi equipment
71212 49
Passive components
Electrical equipment like thermocouples, switches and so on do not

need a certificate as long as they meet the following maximum
values:
Voltage 1,5 V
Passive components Current 100 mA
Power 25 mW
Such equipment does not generate or store energy, and can be used
in all zones provided that they are supplied via certified
zenerbarriers or certified galvanic barriers. Equipment of this
category is often called passive components. Capacitors and coils
are not passive components, and must be certified for use in
hazardous areas.
Switch
Thermo couple
Resistor
Brigde
Light emitting diode
Figure 13 Passive components
50 71212
Marking
Ex marking Ex equipment shall, in addition to the usual marking, be
sufficiently marked according to the method of protection. This
additional marking shall be according to the IEC or CENELEC
standards, eventually according to other standards. IEC requires the
marking Ex, while CENELEC requires EEx.
Marking of electrical equipment for use in hazardous areas, group

II equipment shall be in the following order:
The symbol EEx Where the first E shows

approval according to
CENELEC.
Method of protection d, e, ia, q, etc.

If more than one method of
protection is used, the marking
shall show the main method of
protection first, followed by the
others.
Equipment group I ( coalmines )

II ( Other Ex areas )
IIA, IIB, IIC, ( Exi & Exd )
Temperature class T1 - T6
Name/symbol of
testing station O
N , PTB, BASEEFA etc.
Certificate 06ATEX1234
Special information X ( Specific conditions to the

following the certificate use of the equipment. See
number certificate)
U (component certificate)
R ( Recertified )
71212 51
Ambient temperature If ambient temperature is other

than - 20 oC to + 40 oC.
NIREX AS
II 2G Serial Ex232
TYPE AE 90SH
N 03ATEX1234X EEX d IIA T3 ta=50oC
EN 50014
EN 50018
Figure 14 Example of an identification plate
The marking shows that the equipment is certified according to the

CENELEC standard, flameproof equipment, certified for use in all
gases/vapors in gas group IIA, maximum surface temperature
200oC, allowed used in the area from -20oC to +50oC. The
certificate is issued by NEMKO in 2003, certificate number 1234
this year, and there are special conditions to the use of the
equipment.
Ex i - associated Marking of associated apparatus is done by the use of brackets as

equipment shown:
EEx [ia] IIC Associated equipment must be placed

EEx (ia) IIC in safe area, or inside a flameproof or
[EEx ia] IIC pressurized enclosure.
(EEx ia) IIC
National standards There is a lot of equipment in use today that is not certified
according to either IEC or CENELEC standards, but according to
national standards. The table on the next page shows the
connection between national standards and the CENELEC standard
Example:
We have the marking Ex d 2 G4 ( German ).
This is the same as EEx d IIB T4 (CENELEC).
52 71212
ATEX 100a
September 1.1996 the ATEX 100a directive was implemented.

This directive has since July 1. 2003 replaced previous directives
for equipment for use in hazardous areas. The directive also
applies for non - electrical equipment. Both the marking according
to ATEX 100a and CENELEC will be found on electrical
equipment for use in hazardous areas. Exempted from the ATEX
100a is electric equipment in areas where the risk of explosion is
caused by explosives.
New marking Equipment group I: Category M (Mining)
Category M1: very high level of safety, i.e. operational

with rare faults
Category M2: high level of safety, i.e. supply voltage
to be disconnected when risk of explosion.
Equipment group II: Category G (Gas) or Category D (Dust)
Category 1 G: very high level of safety, i.e. operational with

two faults, equal to zone 0.
Category 2 G: high level of safety, equal to zone 1.
Category 3 G: normal level of safety, equal to zone 2.
Marking in accordance to ATEX shall be:
- manufacturers name and address

- CE-marking
- serial- or type designation
- serial number if required
- year of production
- Ex-marking and symbol for equipment group and category
- for equipment group II G for gas and D for dust
- other information important for safety reasons
- identification number of notified organ
Marking of Ex-equipment will be:
II 2 G EEx d II C T4
PTB 99 ATEX 2244
71212 53
Comparison table
CENELEC/National standards
SYM- EXPL. INCREA- INTRIN- OIL SAND PRESS- TEMP.
COUNTRY BOL SED SIC FILLED FILLED URIZED SPECIA EQUIPMENT GROUP/GAS GROUP CLASS
PROOF SAFETY
SAFETY L
I II
CENELEC EEx d e I o q p s A B C T1 - T6
GERMANY Ex d e I o (s) f/p s SCH 1 2 3n G1 - G5
FRANCE (ADF) ADF SA SI RD SP ATEX AI AII AIII AIV (200C
max.)
ITALY AD PE FE I s S SI S IIA IIB IIC T1 - T6
Ex d e i o q p
BELGIUM Ex ADF E (SA) (I) (SI) I IIa IIb IIc G1 - G5
HOLLAND Ex F E I O Q P H IIA IIB IIC T1 - T6
(200C
GB FLP e IS p GrI Gr II Gr III GrIV max.)
U.S.A. Explosio IS CL2 Cl 1 T1 - T6
n dust
NEC 500 proof P Gr F,E Gr D Gr C Gr B,A
USA I II T1 - T6
NEC 505 AEx d e i o q p A B C
CANADA Explosio IS CL2 CL1 T1 - T6
n
proof Gr F Gr D Gr C Gr B,A
Table 3 Comparison table
54 71212
Generations of certificates
There are also several "generations" of certificates, which have

their background in changes ( Amendments ) in the original
standards of 1979
Standards 1.generatio B-generation C- D-generation

n generatio
n
General requirements EN 50014 A1,A2,A3,A4 A5
Oil filled equipment o EN 50015 A1
Pressurized equipment p EN 50016 A1
Sand filled equipment q EN 50017 A1
Flameproof
equipment d EN 50018 A1,A2 A3
Increased safety e EN 50019 A1,A2 A3 A4,A5
Intrinsic safety i EN 50020 A1 A2 A3,A4,A5
Valid from: 06.02.-79 16.01.84 30.04.91 31.03.95
Certificate DEMKO 81.123 No. Ex 89.B.1234 No. Ex No. Ex 97.D.1234

94.C.1234
Table 4 Generations of certificates
71212 55
Temperature classes
Hot surface temperatures.
Hot surfaces can ignite flammable mixtures, and this must be

prevented from happening. Electrical equipment for use in
hazardous areas ( group II equipment ) shall be marked with
temperature class which shows the maximum surface temperature
the gas may come in contact with. IEC and CENELEC give a
system from T1 to T6.
Temperature marking
Temperature class Maximum surface temperature

T1 450 o C
T2 300 o C
T3 200 o C
T4 135 o C
T5 100 o C
T6 85 o C
Table 5 Temperature classes
Ambient temperature The temperature class of the equipment is valid in ambient

temperatures from -20oC to +40oC if nothing else is marked on the
label. It is worth noticing that all electrical equipment for use in
hazardous areas shall have temperature classification. The
exception is passive components
German equipment
Older equipment approved according to the VDE standards

( German ) have the temperature classification G1 to G5. These
classifications can be "translated" directly, e.g.
G4 = T4
CENELEC VDE
T1 G1
T2 G2
Older German temp. class. T3 G3
T4 G4
T5
G5
T6
Table 6 Older German temp. class.
56 71212
Ignition temperature
With ignition temperature we understand the lowest temperature

that will ignite an explosive mixture. The ignition temperature
within the different gas groups varies much. E.g. acetaldehyde
(liquid) and methane (gas) both belong to gas group IIA, has
ignition temperature 140oC and 595oC. Notice that the ignition
Hot surfaces ignite gas temperature is not a part of the parameters that decides in what gas
group a gas or a vapor is placed. The T-classification for a gas or a
vapor shows that a higher temperature than the maximum
temperature of the class is required to ignite the mixture. See table
on the previous page.
Table of the different temperature classifications

Electrical equip. Max. surface Equipment allowed for
Standard in temp. class temperature gases and vapors with
ignition temp. higher than
T1 450 oC 450 oC
IEC T2
300 oC 300 oC
CENE- T3
LEC T4 200 oC 200 oC
NEC- T5 135 oC 135 oC
505 T6 100 oC 100 oC
85 oC 85 oC
G1 360 oC (360) 450 oC
VDE G2
240 oC (240) 300 oC
0171 G3
(old) G4 160 oC (160) 200 oC
G5 110 oC (110) 135 oC
80 oC (80) 85 oC
T1 450 oC (450) 450 oC
T2
300 oC (300) 300 oC
T2A
T2B 280 oC (280) 300 oC
USA T2C 260 oC (260) 300 oC
NEC- T2D 230 oC (230) 300 oC
500 T3
215 oC (215) 300 oC
T3A
T3B 200 oC (200) 200 oC
T3C 180 oC (180) 200 oC
T4 165 oC (165) 200 oC
T4A
T5 160 oC (160) 200 oC
T6 135 oC (135) 135 oC
120 oC (120) 135 oC
100 oC (100) 100 oC
85 oC (85) 85 oC
Table 7 Different temperature classifications
The figures in brackets for NEC and VDE equipment shows the
surface temperature on the equipment. The figures without
71212 57
brackets show the surface temperatures harmonized to

CENELEC/IEC temperature classes.
Gas groups
Ignition energy Gases and vapors are divided into groups depending on their
Explosion property ignition energy and explosion property.
Group I - Coal mines

Group IIA - Other hazardous areas
Group IIB - Other hazardous areas
Group IIC - Other hazardous areas
The table shows the connection between the gas groups and the
equipment groups.
Ex i and Ex d
Exi-equipment or Groups of flammable

Exd-equipment in gases and vapors that the
group equipment
can be used in
II A II A
II B II A and II B
II C II A, II B and II C
Table 8 shows the connection between the gas groups and the
equipment groups.
Groups Electrical apparatus is divided into groups, as for flammable gases

and vapors.
Group I Electrical apparatus for use in coalmines.
Group II Electrical apparatus for use in other hazardous areas than

Coal mines
58 71212
National/international gas groups
NEC Article 505 GERMANY USA

Typical gas IEC/CENELEC VDE 0170/0171/2.61 NEC Article 500
Group Explosion class Group
Propane II A 1 D
Ethylene II B 2 C
Hydrogen II C 3a
Carbondisulfide 3b ( All class 3, 3n ) B
Acetylene 3c A
Table 9 National/international gas groups
Comparison between international and different national groups of

electrical apparatus. NB: VDE 0170/0171/2.61 was valid until 1.
May 1988. After that date VDE 0170/0171, which is harmonized
with the CENELEC standard applies. Equipment installed before
the change is allowed to continue in service.
NB!
Sub groups Electrical apparatus Exi and Exd group II are divided into the sub
groups IIA, IIB and IIC. This division depends upon what gases or
vapors the equipment is intended to be used in.
Exi
Ignition energy The apparatus are divided into gas groups depending on the
maximum ignition energy it can supply without igniting the
mixture.
Exd
The apparatus are divided into gas groups depending on what

Explosion property burning/exploding gases/vapors the flame paths can cool down.
This depends on the explosion property of the gas/vapor.
71212 59
IP - classification
Ingress Protection IP is short for Ingress Protection, that is protection against the
ingress of foreign bodies. This means dust/objects and
water/moisture. The IP classification has nothing to do with the Ex
protection as such, but will have an indirect influence. If an
enclosure is not tight, it may be filled with dirt and moisture to such
Corrosion = resistance = a degree that this will lead to corrosion on terminals and
heat connections. When a connection corrodes we will have a resistor
effect. This again will create heat when current flows in this
circuit, and we may have trouble with the temperature classification
of the enclosure. The standard requires a minimum of IP54 for Exe
enclosures. For Exn enclosures the requirement is IP54 if the
Zone 2 equipment
enclosure contains bare live parts, and IP 44 if these live parts are
insulated. IP 20 is required if the enclosure is installed in a dry
room.
First figure What does this IP code mean? The first figure describes the grade
of protection against humans to come in contact with bare live parts
or rotating parts ( except smooth rotating shafts and so on ) and
against the ingress of solid objects and dust. The table on page 62
shows what degree of protection the different figure represents.
Second figure The second figure describes the degree of protection against ingress
of water and moisture CENELEC requires the following minimum
IP classification for the different methods of protection:
-Exo: NA
-Exp: IP 40
-Exq: IP 54
-Exd: NA
-Exe: IP 54
-Exi: IP 20
-Exn: IP 54
60 71212
Additional marking
Third figure In some cases a third figure may be used. This figure describes the
equipment's resistance against mechanical damage. ( See
manufacture's specifications )
Missing figure Regarding the requirements in the new standards, just one figure
may be given if the requirement is that the equipment only need to
be tested with regard to ingress of solid objects/dust or ingress of
moisture/water. In this case the missing figure shall be replaced by
X, e.g. IP5X or IPX5. (This marking will not be found on the
equipment, only in the standards).
Rotating motors Additional marking is also possible on rotating electric motors.
Stand still S: Tested against damaging ingress of water when the motor isn't in
operation ( Stand still motor ).
Mechanical operation M: Tested against damaging ingress of water when the motor is in
operation ( Mechanical operation ).
W: The motor is constructed for use under special ("W"eathertight)

Weather tight weather conditions and equipped with additional protection.
Manufacturer and user shall agree upon the specifications of the
weather conditions as well as the additional protection.
Remember that the IP classification is no more than it says.

Cleaning with high-pressure water and sand blasting may cause
severe damage both on the outside and the inside of the equipment.
71212 61
IP-classification
1 Degrees of protection 2. Degrees of protection
no Brief description Definition no Brief description Definition
0 No protection No special protection 0 No protection No special protection
1 Protected against A large surface of the body 1 Protected against Dripping water (vertically
solid objects greater such as a hand (but no dripping water. falling drops) shall have no
than 50 mm. protection against deliberate harmful effect.
access). Solid objects
exceeding 50 mm in diameter.
2 Protected against Fingers or similar objects not 2 Protected against Vertically dripping water shall
solid objects greater exceeding 80 mm in length. dripping water tilted have no harmful effect when
than 12 mm. Solid objects exceeding up to 15o the enclosure is tilted any
12 mm in diameter. angle up to 15o.
3 Protected against Tools, wires etc. of diameter or 3 Protected against Water falling as a spray at an
solid objects greater thickness greater than 2.5 mm. spraying water. angle up to 60o from the
than 2.5 mm. Solid objects exceeding vertical shall have no harmful
2.5 mm in diameter. effect.
4 Protected against Wires or strips of thickness 4 Protected against Water splashed against the
solid objects greater greater than 1mm. splashing water. enclosure from any direction
than 1 mm. Solid objects exceeding shall have no harmful effect.
1 mm in diameter.
5 Dust protected Ingress of dust is not totally 5 Protected against Water projected by a nozzle
prevented, but dust does not water jets. against the enclosure from
enter in sufficient quantity any direction shall have no
to interfere with satisfactory harmful effect.
operation of the equipment.
6 Dust tight No ingress of dust. 6 Protected against Water from heavy seas or
heavy seas. water projected in powerful
jets shall not enter the
enclosure in no harmful
quantities.
7 Protection against Ingress of water in a harmful

the effects of quantity shall not be possible
immersion. when the enclosure is
immersed in water under
defined conditions of
pressure and time.
8 Protection against The equipment is suitable for
submersion. continuous submersion in
water under conditions which
shall be specified by the
manufacturer.
Table 10 IP-classification
62 71212
There is no way to translate US and IEC IP-classification, but an

approximately table will give a guideline.
NEMA, UL & CSA Approx. IEC/IP

1 IP 30
2 IP 31
3 IP 64
3R IP 32
4 IP 66
4X IP 66
6 IP 67
12 IP 55
13 IP 65
Table 11 Comparing NEMA, UL, and CSA type rating to IEC/IP

classification
71212 63
Control test
Question 1 What is the minimum required overpressure in an Ex p enclosure?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 2 What is the limitation regarding the use of Exo equipment?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 3 Is the inside an Ex p enclosure safe area?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
64 71212
Question 4 Explain the Ex i protection?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 5 Can you as a user install any hot and sparking apparatus inside an
Exd enclosure?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 6 What are the basic safety requirements for Exe equipment?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 7 In what zone can Exn equipment be installed
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
71212 65
Question 8 What is the normal IP classification for an Exe enclosure?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 9 How much is the minimum methane in air in % required for

ignition?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 10 Within what area of ambient temperature is Ex equipment normally

certified?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
66 71212
Question 11 You have some equipment marked Ex d 3n G5. What temperature

class will this be according to CENELEC?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 12 What does it mean that an apparatus is IP classified?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 13 You have some equipment marked "Exproof CL I Gr ABCD

T6". You are going to change this equipment with equipment
certified according to the CENELEC/IEC standards.
What will the marking be?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
71212 67
Trainor as 2007
C H A P T E R 3
Standards and regulations

Subjects
the installation standards and regulations that apply.

70 71212
Trainor as 2007 Standards and regulations
Ex-standards
Offshore IEC 61892-7 Mobile and fixed offshore units
Electrical installations -Part 7:
Hazardous areas
Onshore IEC 79-14 Electrical apparatus for explosive

atmospheres
Part 14:
Electrical installations in hazardous
areas(other than mines)
IEC and CENELEC standards for Ex
IEC Standards CENELEC Standards

79-0 General requirements EN 50014 General requirements
79-1 Explosion proof d EN 50018 Explosion proof d
79-2 Pressurized p EN 50016 Pressurized p
79-5 Powder filling q EN 50017 Powder filling q
79-6 Oil immersion o EN 50015 Oil immersion o
79-7 Increased safety e EN 50019 Increased safety e
79-11 Intrinsic safety ia/ib EN50020 Intrinsic safety ia/ib
79-15 Type of protection n EN 50021 Type of protection n
79-18 Encapsulated m EN 50028 Encapsulated m
71212 71
72 71212
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
IEC 61892-7
First edition1997-05
Mobile and fixed offshore units -Electrical

installations -
Part 7:
Hazardous areas
71212 73
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

MOBILE AND FIXED OFFSHORE UNITS -ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATIONS -
Part 7: Hazardous area
FOREWORD
1)
The IEC (international Electrotechnical Commission) is a
worldwide organisation for standardisation comprising all national
electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The
object of the IEC is to promote international co-operation on all
questions concerning standardisation in the electrical and electronic
fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC
publishes International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to
technical committees; any National Committee interested in the
subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work.
International, governmental and non-governmental organisations
liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC
collaborates closely with the International Organisation for
Standardisation (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organisations.
2)
The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters
express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion
on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has
representation from all interested National Committees.
3)
The documents produced have the form of recommendations for
international use and are published in the form of standards,
technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National
Committees in that sense.
4)
In order to promote international unification, IEC National
Committees undertake to apply IEC International Standards
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and
regional standards. Any divergence between the IEC Standard and
the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
74 71212
5)
The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval
and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipment declared to
be in conformity with one of its standards.
6)
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of
this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. The
IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61892-7 has been prepared by IEC

technical committee 18: Electrical installations of ships and of
mobile and fixed offshore units.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FIDIS Report on voting

181803/FDIS 181819/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can
be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table.
Annexes A, B, C and D are for information only.
71212 75
INTRODUCTION
IEC 61892 forms a series of International Standards intended to

enable safety in the design, selection, installation, maintenance and
use of electrical equipment for the generation, storage, distribution
and utilisation of electrical energy for all purposes in offshore units
which are being used for the purpose of exploration or exploitation
of petroleum resources.
This part of IEC 61892 also incorporates and co-ordinates, as far as

possible, existing rules and forms a code of interpretation, where
applicable, of the requirements of the International Maritime
Organisation, a guide for future regulations which may be prepared
and a statement of practice for offshore unit owners, constructors
and appropriate organizations.
This standard is based on equipment and practices which are in

current use but it is not intended in any way to hamper
development of new or improved techniques.
The ultimate aim has been to produce a set of International

Standards exclusively for the offshore petroleum industry.
76 71212
MOBILE AND FIXED OFFSHORE UNITS -

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS -
Part 7: Hazardous area

1 Scope
This part of IEC 61892 contains additional provisions for electrical

installations in hazardous areas in mobile and fixed units used in
the offshore petroleum industry for drilling, production, processing
and for storage purposes including pipeline, pumping or pigging
stations, compressor stations and exposed location single buoy
moorings (ELSBM).
It applies to all installations in hazardous areas whether permanent,

temporary, transportable or hand-held at all voltages.
Offshore units which are permanently secured to the sea bed, or

secured thereto for extended periods, are regarded as fixed units,
which may be normally manned or unmanned. A mobile
production unit, in some countries also designated Production Test
Ship (PTS), in a fixed position, is regarded as a fixed offshore unit
while connected to the well.
This standard does not apply either in rooms used for medical
purposes or to the electrical installations of tankers.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which,

through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of
IEC 61892. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were
valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties
to agreements based on this part of IEC 61892 are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of
the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and
ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
IEC 60079-0: 1983, Electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres

- Part 0: General requirements
IEC 60079-4: 1975, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas

atmospheres - Part 4: Method of test for ignition temperature

atmospheres - Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas

atmospheres - Part l l: Intrinsic safety i
71212 77

atmospheres - Part 12: Classification of mixtures of gases or
vapours with air according to their maximum experimental safe
gaps and minimum igniting currents

atmospheres - Part 14: Electrical installations in explosive gas
atmospheres (other than mines)

atmospheres - Part 15. Electrical apparatus with type of protection
n

atmospheres - Part 17: Inspection and maintenance of electrical
installations in hazardous areas (other than mines)
IEC 60092-101: 1994, Electrical installations in ships - Part 101:

Definitions and general requirements
IEC 60092-201: 1994, Electrical installations in ships ~ Part 201:

System design - General
1EC 60092-401: 1980, Electrical installations in ships - Part 401:

Installation and test of completed installation
IEC 60364-4-41: 1992, Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4:

Protection for safety -Chapter 4 1: Protection against electric shock

Protection for safety -Chapter 46: Isolation and switching
IMO 1989 MODU CODE: Code for the construction and

equipment of mobile offshore drilling units
78 71212
3 Definitions
For the purpose of this part of IEC 61892, the following definitions
apply:
3.1 area classification:
Assessed division of a facility into hazardous and non-hazardous

areas, and the subdivision of the hazardous areas into zones.
3.2 enclosed area:
Any room or enclosure within which, in the absence of artificial

ventilation, the ventilation will be limited and any flammable
atmosphere will not be dispersed naturally.
3.3 enclosure:
All the walls which surround the live parts of electrical apparatus
including doors, covers, cable entries, rods, spindles and shafts,
ensuring the protection of the electrical apparatus.
3.4 essential system:
System required for the safe navigation, steering or manoeuvring of

the unit or for the safety of human life or for special characteristics
of the unit (e.g. special services).
3.5 exposed conductive part:
Conductive part which can readily be touched and which may

become alive under fault conditions.
NOTE - Typical exposed conductive parts are walls of enclosures,

operating handles, etc.
3.6 extraneous conductive part:
Conductive part not forming a part of the electrical installation and

liable to propagate a potential, including earth potential.
3.7 explosive gas atmosphere:
Mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable

materials in the form of gas or vapour in which, after ignition,
combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture. [IEV
426-02-03, modified]
71212 79
NOTE - Although a mixture which has a concentration above the

upper explosive limit (UEL) is not an explosivegas atmosphere, it
can readily become so and, in certain cases for area classification
purposes, it is advisable to consider it as an explosive
gasatmosphere.
3.8 fire resistance:
Ability of a part to preserve under specified conditions of exposure

to fire and for a stated period of time the various properties
necessary for its use.
3.9 flameproof enclosure:
Type of protection of electrical apparatus in which the enclosure

will withstand an internal explosion of a flammable mixture which
has penetrated into the interior, without suffering damage and
without causing ignition, through any joints or structural openings
in the enclosure, of an external explosive atmosphere consisting of
one or more of the gases or vapours for which it is designed.
NOTE - This type of protection is indicated by the letter d.
3.10 flame retardance:
Property of a substance, or a treatment applied to a material, of

markedly retarding the propagation of a flame.
3.11 ignition temperature (of an explosive gas atmosphere):
The lowest temperature of a heated surface at which, under

specified conditions according to IEC 60079-4, the ignition of a
flammable material in the form of a gas or vapour in mixture with
air will occur.
3.12 inspection:
Action comprising careful scrutiny of an item carried out either

without dismantling, or with the addition of partial dismantling as
required, supplemented by means such as measurement, in order to
arrive at a reliable conclusion as to the condition of an item.
3.13 intrinsically-safe circuit:
Circuit in which any spark or thermal effect produced either

normally or in specified fault conditions is incapable, in the
specified test conditions, of causing ignition of a given gas or
vapour.
80 71212
NOTE - IEC 60079-11 specifies the test conditions for these

circuits.
3.14 gas-tight door:
Solid, close fitting door designed to resist the passage of gas under
normal atmospheric conditions.
3.15 general artificial ventilation:
Movement of air and its replacement with fresh air by artificial

means (for example fans) and applied to a general area.
3.16 hazardous area:
Area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is present, or may be

expected to be present, in quantities such as to require special
precautions for the construction, installation and use of electrical
apparatus. [IEV 426-03-01, modified]
3.17 local artificial ventilation:
Movement of air and its replacement with fresh air by artificial

means (usually extraction) applied to a particular source of release
or local area.
3.18 lower explosive limit (LEL):
Concentration of flammable gas or vapour in air, below which the

gas atmosphere is not explosive. [IEV 426-02-10, modified]
3.19 maintenance:
Combination of any actions carried out to retain an item in or

restore it to, conditions in which it is able to meet the requirements
of the relevant specification and perform its required functions.
3.20 natural ventilation:
Movement of air and its replacement with fresh air due to the
effects of wind and/or temperature gradients.
71212 81
3.21 non-hazardous areas:
Area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not expected to be

present in quantities such as to require special precautions for the
construction, installation and use of electrical apparatus. [IEV 426-
03-02, modified]
3.22 normal operation:
Situation when the plant is operating within its design parameters.

Minor releases of flammable material may be part of normal
operation. For example, releases from seals which rely on wetting
by the fluid being pumped are considered to be minor releases.
Failures (such as breakdown of pump seals, flange gaskets or
spillages caused by accidents) which involve repair or shut-down
are not considered to be part of normal operation.
3.23 opening:
Any aperture, door, window or non-gals-tight fixed panel.
3.24 open area:
Area in an open air situation without stagnant areas where vapours

are rapidly dispersed by wind and natural convection. Typical air
velocities should rarely be less than 0,5 m/s and should, frequently
be above 2 m/s.
3.25 petroleum:
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occurs in the earth in liquid,

gaseous, or solid forms.
3.26 pressurisation:
Type of protection by which the ingress of an explosive atmosphere

into a room or enclosure is prevented by maintaining therein a
protective gas at a pressure greater than that of the surrounding
atmosphere.
3.27 purging:
Passing of sufficient volume of protective gas through a pressurised

room or enclosure and its ducts before the application of voltage to
the apparatus to reduce any explosive gas atmosphere to a
concentration well below the lower explosive limit.
82 71212
3.28 room or building:
Enclosure (or enclosures) provided with doors, cable ducts,

conduits, etc. containing electrical apparatus and of sufficient size
to permit the entry of a person who may be expected to work or
remain inside the enclosure for a prolonged period.
3.29 semi-enclosed:
Semi-enclosed locations are locations where natural conditions of

ventilation are notably different from those on open decks due to
the presence of structures such as roofs, windbreaks and bulkheads
and which are so arranged that the dispersion of gas may not occur.
3.30 sheltered or obstructed open area:
Area within or adjoining an open area, which may include a

partially open building or structure, where owing to obstruction
natural ventilation may be less than in a true open area, and this
may enlarge the extent of the hazard zone.
3.31 simple apparatus:
Electrical component or combination of components of simple

construction with well defined electrical parameters which is
compatible with the intrinsic safety of the circuit in which it is
used. The following apparatus is considered to be simple
apparatus:
a) passive components for example switches, junction boxes,

potentiometers and simple semi-conductor devices;
b) sources of stored energy with well defined parameters, for

example capacitors or inductors, whose values are
considered when determining the overall safety of the
system;
c) sources of stored energy for example thermocouples and

photocells, which do not generate more than 1,5 V, 100 mA
and 25 mW. Any inductance or capacitance present in the
source of energy is considered as in b).
3.32 source of release:
Point or location from which a flammable gas, vapour or liquid

may be released into the atmosphere such that an explosive
atmosphere could be formed. [IEV 426-03-06, modified]
71212 83
3.33 valve regulated type batteries:
Unit in which under normal operating conditions the products of

electrolysis are reconstituted within each individual gas-tight cell or
unit and each cell or unit is fitted with a pressure release valve.
3.34 zones:
Hazardous areas are classified into zones based upon the frequency
of the occurrence and duration of an explosive gas atmosphere, as
follows:
3.35 zone 0:
Area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is present continuously

or for long periods. [IEV 426-03-03, modified]
3.36 zone 1:
Area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is likely to occur in

normal operation. [IEV 426-03-04, modified]
3.37 zone 2:
Area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not likely to occur in

normal operation and, if it does occur, is likely to do so
infrequently and will exist for a short period only. [IEV 426-03-05,
modified]
NOTE - Indications of the frequency of the occurrence and

duration may be taken from codes relating to specific industries or
applications.
4 Area classification
4.1 General
All mobile and fixed offshore units shall be assessed with regard to
any potential explosive gas atmosphere in accordance with the
provisions set out below. The results shall be documented in area
classification drawings to allow the proper selection of all electrical
components to be installed. Area classification shall be carried out
at an early stage of planning, before any construction work starts.
84 71212
NOTES
1. Analysis and classification of the environment where explosive

gas may occur should be carried out in accordance with the
IMO MODU CODE for the Construction and Equipment of
Mobile Offshore Drilling Units 1989 (IMO 1989 MODU
CODE), subclause 6.2 (for mobile drilling units) or, IEC
60079-10 (for fixed offshore units).
2. Further guidance for area classification given in any National

Codes of Practice or similar publications may be adopted,
provided they are not in conflict with the IMO 1989 MODU
CODE or IEC 60079-10.
3. For documentation of requirements for area classification, see

10. 1.
4. Examples of source of release are given in annex A.
5. A schematic approach to the classification of hazardous areas

is given in annex B.
6. Examples of data sheets for use during area classification study

are given in annex C.
4.2 Mobile drilling units
Area classification of mobile drilling units shall comply with

provisions set out in the IMO 1989 MODU CODE.
Hazardous areas which normally apply on drilling units include the

following.
NOTE - The hazardous areas as specified may be extended

depending on the actual
arrangement in each case.
4.2.1 Zone 0 include:
The internal spaces of closed tanks and pipes for active drilling
mud, as well as oil and gas products, for example escape gas outlet
pipes, or spaces in which an oil/gas/air mixture is continuously
present or present for long periods.
NOTE - Active drilling mud is considered as being mud in the

system which is between the well and the final degassing discharge.
71212 85
a) enclosed spaces containing any part of the mud circulating

system that has an opening into the spaces and is between
the well and the final degassing discharge;
b) enclosed spaces or semi-enclosed locations that are below

the drill floor and contain a possible source of release such
as the top of a drilling nipple;
c) enclosed spaces that are on the drill floor which are not
separated by a solid floor from the spaces in item b) above;
d) in outdoor or semi-enclosed locations, except as provided

for in item b) above, the area within 1,5 m from the
boundaries of any opening to apparatus which is a part of
the mud system as specified in item a) above, any
ventilation outlets of zone 1 spaces or any access to a zone 1
space;
e) pits, ducts or similar structures in locations which would

otherwise be zone 2 but which are arranged so that
dispersion of gas may not occur.
a) enclosed spaces which contain open sections of the mud

circulating system from the final degassing discharge to the
mud pump suction connection at the mud pit;
b) outdoor locations within the boundaries of the drilling

derrick up to a height of 3 m above the drill floor;
c) semi-enclosed locations below and contiguous to the drill

floor and up to the boundaries of the derrick or to the extent
of any enclosure which is liable to trap gases;
d) outdoor locations below the drillfloor and within a radius of

3 m from a possible source of release such as the top of a
drilling nipple;
e) the areas 1,5 m beyond the zone 1 areas specified in 4.2.2 d)

above and beyond the semi-enclosed locations specified in
4.2.2 b);
f) outdoor areas within 1,5 m of the boundaries of any

ventilation outlet from or access to a zone 2 space;
86 71212
g) semi-enclosed derricks to the extent of their enclosure

above the drill floor or to a height of 3 m above the drill
floor, whichever is the greater;
h) air locks between a zone 1 and a non-hazardous area.
4.2.4 Area classification relevant to production test facilities shall

be carried out in accordance with the requirements of 4.3
and 4.4.
4.3 Fixed production units
Area classification of fixed offshore units, shall comply with

national recommendations. IEC 60079-10 shall be taken into
account.
NOTE - Unless national requirements apply, recommendations of

the IMO 1989 MODU CODE should be applied.
Hazardous areas which normally apply on fixed offshore units

include the following:
4.3.1 Zone 0 include, for example:
a) areas within process apparatus developing flammable gas or

vapours;
b) areas within enclosed pressure vessels or storage tanks;
c) areas around vent pipes which discharges continually or for

long periods;
d) areas over/near surface of flammable liquids in general.
a) areas above roofs and outside sides of storage tanks;
b) areas with a certain radius around the outlet of vent pipes,

pipelines and safety valves;
c) rooms without ventilation, with direct access from a zone 2

area;
d) rooms or parts of rooms containing secondary sources of

release, be where internal outlets indicate zone 2, but where
efficient dilution of an explosive atmosphere cannot be
expected because of lack of ventilation;
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e) areas around ventilation openings from a zone 1 area;
f) area around flexible pipelines and hoses;
g) area around sample taking points (valves, etc.);
h) areas around seals of pumps, compressors, and similar

apparatus, if primary source of release.
a) area around flanges, connections, valves, etc.;
b) areas outside of zone 1, around the outlet of vent pipes,

pipelines and safety valves; c) areas around vent openings
from the zone 2 area.
4.3.4 For drilling facilities, see 4.2.
4.4 Mobile production units
Area classification of mobile production units shall comply with

national recommendations. IEC 60079-10 shall be taken into
account.
NOTE - Unless national requirements apply, recommendations of

the IMO 1989 MODU CODE should be applied.
4.5 Provisions regarding mobile and fixed offshore units
4.5.1 Pipelines without flanges, connections, valves or other

similar fittings shall not be regarded as a source of release.
4.5.2 Certain areas and rooms shall, if so indicated by the

circumstances, be classified as a more hazardous zone than
set out in these examples.
4.5.3 Certain areas and rooms may under certain circumstances

and/or when special precautions are taken, be classified as a
less hazardous zone than indicated by these examples. Such
special circumstances may be, for example, shielding or
reinforced ventilation arrangements.
4.5.4 Enclosed rooms, without ventilation, with openings to an

area with explosion risks, shall be designated as the same,
or as a more hazardous zone than such an area.
88 71212
4.6 Openings, access and ventilation conditions affecting the

extent of hazardous areasExcept for operational reasons,
access doors or other openings shall not be provided
between a non-hazardous space and a hazardous area or
between a zone 2 space and a zone 1 space. Where such
access doors or other openings are provided, any enclosed
space not referred to under 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.3.2 or 4.3.3 and
having a direct access to any zone 1 or zone 2 location
becomes the same zone as that location with the exceptions
which follow.
4.6.1 An enclosed space with a direct access to any zone 1

location can be considered as zone 2 if:
a) the access is fitted with a self-closing gas-tight door

opening into the zone 2 space;
b) ventilation is such that the air flow with the door open is
from the zone 2 space into the zone 1 location; c) loss of
ventilation sets off an alarm at a manned station.
4.6.2 An enclosed space with direct access to any zone 2 location

is not considered hazardous if:
a) the access is fitted with a self-closing gas-tight door that

opens into the non-hazardous space, and
b) ventilation is such that the air flow with the door open is
from the non-hazardous space into the zone 2 location, and
c) loss of ventilation sets off an alarm at a manned station.
4.6.3 An enclosed space with direct access to any zone 1 location

is not considered hazardous if:
a) the access is fitted with two self-closing gas-tight doors

forming an air lock;
b) the space has ventilation overpressure in relation to the

hazardous space;
c) loss of ventilation overpressure sets off an alarm at a

manned station.
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Where ventilation arrangements of the intended non-hazardous

space are considered sufficient by the appropriate authority to
prevent any ingress of gas from the zone 1 location, the two self-
closing doors forming an air lock may be replaced by a single
self-closing gastight door which opens into the non-hazardous
location and has no hold-back device.
4.6.4 Notices warning that the doors are to be kept closed shall be
fitted whenever any of the above arrangements are adopted.
5 Electrical systems
5.1 Sources of electrical power
Sources of electrical power and their section boards and

distribution boards, etc., shall normally not be located in hazardous
areas.
The generating plant, switchboards and batteries shall be separated

from any zone 0 by cofferdams or equivalent spaces and from other
hazardous areas by gas-tight steel divisions. Access between such
spaces shall comply with 4.6.
5.2 Distribution systems
5.2.1 General
Distribution systems for electrical installations in offshore units

shall comply with provisions stated in the future IEC 61892-2 1 ).
Additional provisions for distribution systems in hazardous areas
are given below.
5.2.2 Earth fault detection
5.2.2.1 A device, or devices, shall be installed to monitor

continuously the insulation resistance to earth of every
insulated primary and secondary distribution systems and to
give audible and visual alarm at a manned position in the
event of an abnormally low level of insulation resistance.
Systems fed by single transformers supplying one, two or several

consumers or systems of limited extension are not considered as
secondary distribution systems and therefore the said device is not
required.
1) Under consideration. Before the future IEC 61892-2: System design is

published, reference is made to IEC 60092-201.
90 71212
5.2.2.2 For impedance earthed systems, earth leakage monitoring

and an alarm or automatic disconnection via earth leakage
protection devices shall be provided.
5.3 Electrical protection
5.3.1 Electrical circuits and apparatus in hazardous areas, except

intrinsically safe circuits and apparatus, shall be provided
with means to ensure disconnection in the shortest practical
time in the event of overload, short circuit or earth fault
conditions.
The protective systems shall be arranged so that automatic

reconnection under fault conditions is prevented (for
example manual reset). In zone 2 the overload protective
devices may have an automatic reset. Suitable protection
shall be fitted where danger could result from the possibility
that three-phase electrical apparatus may be subject to
excess current during single-phase operation.
5.3.2 In circumstances where automatic disconnection of the

electrical apparatus may introduce a safety risk which is
more dangerous than that arising from the risk of ignition
alone, a warning device (or devices) may be used as an
alternative to automatic disconnection, provided that
operation of the warning device (or devices) is immediately
apparent so that prompt remedial action will be taken.
5.4 Emergency conditions due to drilling operations
5.4.1 In view of exceptional conditions in which the explosion

hazard may extend outside the zones specified in 4.2,
special arrangements shall be provided to facilitate the
selective disconnection or shutdown of:
a) ventilation systems, except fans necessary for supplying

combustion air to prime movers for the production of
electrical power;
b) main generator prime movers, including the ventilation

systems for these;
c) emergency generator prime movers.
5.4.2 Disconnection or shut-down shall be possible from at least

two strategic locations, one of which shall be outside
hazardous areas.
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5.4.3 Shutdown systems that are provided to comply with 5.4.1

shall be so designed that the risk of unintentional stoppages
caused by malfunction in a shutdown system and the risk of
inadvertent operation of a shutdown are minimised.
5.4.4 Apparatus which are located in spaces other than enclosed

spaces and which is capable of operation after shut-down
shall be suitable for installation in zone 2 locations. Such
apparatus which is located in enclosed spaces shall be
suitable for its intended application to the satisfaction of the
relevant authority. At least the following facilities shall be
operable after an emergency shut-down:
- emergency lighting as required by 1989 IMO MODU CODE

5.3.6.1.1 to 5.3.6.1.4 for half an hour;
- blow-out preventer control system;
- general alarm system;
- public address system;
- battery supplied radiocommunication installations.
5.5 Emergency switch-off
5.5.1 In the event of an emergency situation such as a well blow

out, the hazardous areas are likely to extend beyond those
described in 4.2 and in 4.3 and any apparatus which needs
to be operated during such conditions shall be explosion
protected in accordance with national recommendations.
Arrangements are to be provided to ensure the selective

disconnection of:
a) ventilation systems;
b) non-essential electrical apparatus;
c) essential electrical apparatus;
d) generator prime movers;
e) emergency apparatus except that mentioned in 5.4.4.
NOTE - For particular design concepts, other ways of ensuring

safety may be considered.
92 71212
5.5.2 The electrical installation shall have at least an isolation

device in accordance with IEC 60364-4-46, placed in a non-
hazardous area, where the source of supply is in a non-
hazardous area.
5.5.3 In addition to the requirements of 5.5.2, it shall be possible

to de-energise electrical apparatus- from any appropriate
location, if its continued energisation would lead to hazards
(e.g. spreading of fire). Electrical apparatus which shall
continue to operate to prevent additional danger shall not be
included in the emergency switch-off circuit.
5.6 Protection for safety
Consideration shall be given to:
- electric shock;
- thermal effects;
- overcurrent;
- isolating and switching.
5.7 Protection from dangerous sparking
5.7.1 Dangers from live parts
In order to avoid the formation of sparks liable to ignite the

explosive gas atmosphere, any contact with bare live parts other
than intrinsically safe parts shall be prevented.
Where this requirement is not met by construction, other

precautions shall be taken. In certain cases a warning label may be
sufficient.
5.7.2 Dangers from exposed and extraneous conductive parts
It is impracticable to cover all possible systems in this standard, but

the basic principles on which safety depends are the limitation of
earth fault currents (magnitude and/or duration) in frameworks or
enclosures and the prevention of elevated potentials on
equipotential bonding conductors.
NOTE - Guidance on permissible power systems is given in the

future IEC 61892-2.
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5.7.2.1 If a power system with an earthed neutral is used, the type

TN-S system, with separate neutral (N) and protective
conductor (PE) throughout the system shall be used.
The neutral and the protective conductor shall not be

connected together, or combined in a single conductor, in a
hazardous area.
A power system of type TN-C, having combined neutral

and protective functions in a single conductor throughout
the system, is not allowed in hazardous areas.
5.7.2.2 If a type TT power system (separate earths for power

system and exposed conductive parts) is used in zone 1, it
shall be protected with a residual current device even if it is
an extra-low voltage circuit (below 50 V).
The type TT power system is not permitted in zone 0.
5.7.2.3 For an IT power system (neutral isolated from earth or

earthed through impedance), an insulation monitoring
device shall be used to indicate the first earth fault. An
installation in zone 0 shall be disconnected instantaneously
in case of the first earth fault, either by the insulation
monitoring device or by a residual current device.
5.7.2.4 For power systems at all voltage levels installed in zone 0,

attention shall be paid to the limitation of earth fault
currents in magnitude and duration. Instantaneous earth
fault protection shall be installed.
NOTE - It may also be necessary to provide instantaneous earth

fault protection for applications in zone 1.
5.7.3 Potential equalisation
To avoid dangerous sparking between metallic parts of structures,

potential equalisation is always required for installations in zone 0
and zone 1 and may be necessary for installations in zone 2.
Therefore, all exposed and extraneous conductive parts shall be
connected to the equipotential bonding system. The bonding
system may include protective conductors, conduits, metal cable
sheaths, steel wire armouring and metallic parts of structures, but
shall not include neutral conductors.
Enclosures need not be separately connected to the equipotential

bonding system if they are firmly secured to and are in metallic
94 71212
contact with structural parts or piping which are connected to the

equipotential bonding system.
NOTES
1. For additional information see clause 413 of IEC 60364-4-41.

However, there are certain parts of electrical installations, for
example some intrinsically safe electrical apparatus, which are
not intended to be connected to the equipotential bonding
system.
2. Special consideration should be given to potential equalisation

between electrically separate structures, for example between a
fixed unit and a vessel, or where insulated flanges are used to
connect pipelines.
5.7.4 Static electricity
In the design of electrical installations, account shall be taken of

effects due to static electricity.
NOTE - In the absence of international codes on protection against

static electricity, national or other standards should be followed.
5.7.5 Lightning protection
In the design of electrical installations, account shall be taken of the

effects due to lightning activity.
NOTE - In the absence of international codes on lightning

protection, national or other standards should be followed.
5.7.6 Cathodically protected metallic parts
Cathodically protected metallic parts located in hazardous areas are

five extraneous conductive parts, which shall be considered
potentially dangerous (especially if equipped with the impressed
current method) despite their low negative potential. No cathodic
protection shall be provided for metallic parts in zone 0 unless it is
specially designed for this application.
NOTE - In the absence of international codes on cathodic
protection, national or other standards should be followed.
5.7.7 Electromagnetic radiation
Account shall be taken of the effects due to strong electromagnetic

radiation.
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5.8 Danger from rotating parts
Consideration shall be given to the possibility of sparking between

rotating parts of electrical fans and their enclosures.
6 Electrical equipment
6.1 General
General requirements for equipment are stated in the future IEC

61892-3 2) and provisions set out below are additional requirements
for apparatus in hazardous areas.
6.2 Selection of electrical apparatus
In order to select the appropriate electrical apparatus for hazardous

areas the following information is required:
a) classification of the hazardous area, see clause 4;
b) the ignition temperature of the gas or vapour involved, see

6.2.2;
c) where applicable, the gas or vapour classification in relation

to the group of the electrical apparatus according to 6.2.3;
NOTE - For some types of protection, for example pressurization,

oil-immersion, sand-filling and increased safety, only the area
classification and ignition temperature are required.
d) external influences and ambient temperature, see 6.2.4 and

6.2.5.
6.2.1 Selection with respect to area classification
Electrical apparatus shall be selected according to the category of

hazardous zones in which it is to operate. Clause 4 provides
guidance for the area classification.
6.2.2 Selection with respect to ignition temperature of the gas or

vapour
The electrical apparatus shall be so selected that its maximum

surface temperature will not reach the ignition temperature of any
gas or vapour which may be present.
96 71212
2) Under consideration. Before the future IEC 61892-3:

Equipment, is published, reference is made to the IEC 60092-
300 series.
Symbols for the temperature classes which may be marked on the
electrical apparatus have the meaning indicated in table 1 hereafter.
Table 1 - Relationship between the temperature classes, surface

temperatures and ignition temperatures
Temperature class of Maximum surface temperatures Ignition temperature of

electrical apparatus og electrical apparatus gas or vapour
T1 450 oc > 450 oC
o
T2 300 C > 300 oC
o
T3 200 C > 200 oC
o
T4 135 C > 135 oC
o
T5 100 C > 100 oC
o
T6 85 C > 85 oC
6.2.3 Selection with respect to the classification of gas or vapour
Flameproof enclosures and intrinsically safe electrical apparatus

shall be selected according to IEC 60079-12.
6.2.4 External influences
Electrical apparatus shall be protected against the external

influences (e.g. chemical, mechanical and thermal stresses) to
which it may be subjected. This protection shall be such that the
type of protection is maintained when the electrical apparatus is
used under the specified external influences.
6.2.5 Ambient temperature
The electrical apparatus shall be used within the limits of ambient

temperature for which it is designed.
If the marking of the electrical apparatus does not include an

ambient temperature range the apparatus shall be used only within
the ambient temperature range from -20 oC to +40 oC.
If the marking of the electrical apparatus includes an ambient

temperature range, this apparatus shall be used only within this
range.
6.3 Certified safe type apparatus
Where reference is made hereinafter to apparatus of a certified

safe type, it means electrical apparatus for which satisfactory
71212 97
guarantees are furnished to the appropriate authorities concerning

the safety of its operation in the flammable atmosphere(s)
concerned.
Such guarantees shall be supplied in the form of test certificates,
certificate of conformity or equivalent documentation issued by
independent and competent authority and established on a basis at
least equivalent to that of IEC 60079.
In choosing the types of certified safe apparatus to be used for the

various applications, consideration shall be given to the particular
conditions on board offshore units, to the necessity of satisfactory
maintenance and to the necessity that the apparatus shall not
require frequent maintenance.
NOTES
1 Subject to its intended duty and to the requirements of this

subclause, certified safe type apparatus may consist of or
contain components of different types of protection.
2 Ingress protection of the enclosures of apparatus should be

appropriate to its location, see the future IEC 61892-2.
Such types of certified safe apparatus as mentioned below may be

considered:
a) luminaires:
- pressurised, type p;
- flameproof, type d;
- increased safety, type e;
b) branch connection boxes:

- increased safety, type e;
c) control measuring monitoring and communications

apparatus or circuits, including portable radio
transmitters/receivers:
- intrinsically safe type i (categories ia andib).
In applications where this is technically impracticable, for example

solenoid valves, gas detection sensors, the following types of
protection may be considered in place of category ib apparatus
when approved by the appropriate authority:
98 71212
- increased, safety type e.
d) motors:
- increased safety, type e, with flameproof

typed enclosure;
- increased safety, type e.
e) portable lamps:
- intrinsically safe, type i, flameproof type d,

or increased safety, type e, each with self-
contained battery;
- air-driven type with pressurized enclosure, type
p.
6.4 Electrical apparatus with type "n "protection
Electrical apparatus having type nprotection, is during normal

operation, not capable of igniting a surrounding explosive gas/air
mixture and a fault capable of causing ignition is not likely to
occur.
Such apparatus shall be constructed in accordance with IEC 60079-

15. Where reference is made hereinafter to apparatus of the type
which ensures the absence of sparks or arcs and of "hot spots"
during its normal operation, electrical apparatus with type of
protection "n" may be considered suitable subject to its complying
with IEC 60079-15 and being acceptable for use in the flammable
atmosphere(s) concerned by the appropriate authority.
NOTE - Purging of electrical apparatus with type of protection "n'

after an emergency shut-down due to a gas alarm should be
considered, especially for high voltage motor enclosures.
6.5 Electrical apparatus in hazardous areas
Electrical apparatus or cables shall not normally be installed in

hazardous areas.
NOTE - Where essential for operational purposes, the following

types of apparatus together with the cables required for operation
of the apparatus, may be considered:
a) zone 0
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Certified intrinsically safe to category ia, see IEC 60079-

11, or simple apparatus included in an intrinsically safe
circuit of category ia and meeting the requirements for
intrinsically safe equipment of category a" in respect of
enclosure or circuit safety factor, as applicable, and
apparatus specifically certified for use in zone 0.
b) zone 1
Certified intrinsically safe to category ia or ib, see IEC
60079-11, or simple apparatus included in an intrinsically
safe circuit of category ia or ib.
Certified flameproof apparatus.
Certified increased safety apparatus; for increased safety

motors, due consideration shall be given to the application
of appropriate protection to prevent excessive temperatures
due to, for example, overcurrent, locked rotor, extended
starting periods.Pressurised enclosure-type apparatus which
is acceptable to the appropriate authority.
Apparatus in an enclosure which is filled with a dielectric

(for example, sand-filled apparatus, type q) and which is
acceptable to the appropriate authority.
Through runs of cables.
c) zone 2
Any apparatus approved for zone 0 and zone 1 locations;
apparatus having type of protection n (see 6.4); any
apparatus of a type which ensures the absence of sparks and
arcs and of hot spots during its normal operation and
which is acceptable to the appropriate authority.
6.6 Portable apparatus
6.6.1 For portable and transportable apparatus type of protection

oil immersion shall not be used.
6.6.2 All hand-held apparatus shall be equipped with a built-in

switch.
NOTE - Because of the likelihood of damage which may destroy its

safety features, portable or transportable electrical apparatus
should be subject to frequent inspections.
100 71212
6.6.3 Portable apparatus used in hazardous areas shall be certified

safe type. Flexible cables for portable apparatus that are not
certified safe type are not permitted in hazardous areas.
7 Installation
7.1 General
Electrical apparatus shall, as far as possible, be located in non-

hazardous areas. Where it is not possible to do this it shall be
located in the least hazardous area.Electrical installations in
hazardous areas shall comply with applicable requirements for
installations in non-hazardous areas.
NOTES
1 Hazardous areas can be limited in extent by construction

measures, for example by walls or dams. Ventilation or application
of protective gas can reduce the probability of the presence of an
explosive gas atmosphere so that areas of greater hazard can be
transformed to areas of lesser hazard or tonon-hazardous areas.
2 For documentation requirements, see 10.4.
7.2 Selection of apparatus
Selection of electrical apparatus with respect to:
- classification of the hazardous area;
- the ignition temperature of the gas or vapour

involved;
- where applicable the gas or vapour classification

in relation to the electrical apparatus;
- external influences and ambient temperature.

- shall be in accordance with 6.2
7.3 Wiring system - General
7.3.1 When the design of a wiring system and its components are
being considered, due account shall be taken of the
hazardous area environment, including mechanical,
chemical and thermal factors.
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Cables and wiring systems shall comply with the general

requirements given in the future IEC 61892-4 3), and with
the special requirements given in 7.4.
NOTE - Typical circuits for which fire resistant cables may be

required include:
- fire and gas detection systems,

- fixed fire fighting systems,
- general alarms and public address systems,
- emergency shut down systems,
- emergency lighting,
- installation status indicators.
The use of fire resistant cables may be waived subject to the

approval of the appropriate authority, providing that the system is:
a) self monitoring or fail-safe, and/or;

b) duplicated with cables run via widely separated routes.
7.4 Cable wiring systems
7.4.1 All cables installed in hazardous areas shall be sheathed

with at least one of the following:
a) a non-metallic impervious sheath in combination with

braiding or other metallic covering for earth fault detection
and mechanical protection;
b) copper or stainless steel sheath (for mineral insulated cables

only). Aluminium sheathed mineral insulated cables may
be considered for special applications.
NOTES
1 Where necessary for operational reasons, the use of flexible

cables without metallic braiding or other metallic covering
may be considered for use in zone 1 and zone 2 provided
such cables are suitable for extra heavy duty service.
2 Braiding and other metallic covering may be excluded from

cables installed in zone 2.
3) Under consideration. Before the future IEC 61892-4: Cables is published,

reference is made to the IEC 60092-350 series.
102 71212
7.4.2 All metallic protective coverings of power and lighting

cables passing through a hazardous zone, or connected to
apparatus in such a zone, shall be earthed at least at their
ends. The metallic covering of all other cables shall be
earthed at least at one end.
NOTE - Special consideration should be given to single core cables

for a.c. and d.c. semiconductor controlled rectifier or similar
systems; in such cases earthing at a single point within the
hazardous area may be preferable.
7.4.3 Cables associated with intrinsically safe circuits shall

comply with 7.9.
NOTE - All necessary steps should be taken when selecting the

types of cables and when installing them to prevent the intrinsically
safe characteristics of the circuits being jeopardised by induction
phenomena.
7.5 Conduit systems
7.5.1 The following requirements apply to conduit systems for

connection of flameproof enclosures where the conduits are
intended to withstand the explosion pressure.
NOTE - The use of conduit systems is, in some countries, subject to

national approval.
7.5.2 Rigid threaded metal conduit shall be used. It shall be solid

drawn or continuous seam welded and of adequate strength
to withstand the explosion pressure. To reduce the
pressure-piling effect of some gasses, it shall be provided
with sealing fittings as follows:
a) where it enters or leaves a hazardous area;
b) within 450 mm of all enclosures containing a source of

ignition in normal operation;
c) at any enclosure containing taps, splices, joints or

terminations where the conduit diameter is 50 mm or
greater.
7.5.3 A minimum of five threads shall be provided on the conduit

to permit the engagement of five threads between the
conduit and flameproof enclosure or conduit and coupling.
The conduit shall be pulled up tight at all of the threaded
connections.
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7.5.4 Where the conduit system is used as the protective

conductor, the threaded junction shall be suitable to carry
the fault current which would flow when the circuit is
appropriately protected by fuses or circuit-breakers.
7.5.5 In the event that the conduit is installed in a corrosive area,

appropriate protection of the conduit shall be provided.
7.5.6 After the cables are installed in the conduit, sealing fittings
shall be filled with a compound which does not shrink on
setting and is impervious to, and unaffected by, chemicals
found in the hazardous area.
NOTE - The sealing fittings and compound are used to limit the
pressure piling effect, to prevent hot gases from entering the
conduit system from an enclosure containing a source of ignition,
and to prevent the entrance of the hazardous gas into the non-
hazardous area.
The depth of the compound in the sealing fitting shall be equal to

the internal diameter of the conduit, but in no case less than 16 mm.
7.5.7 Non-sheathed insulated single or multicore cables may be

used in conduit. However, when the conduit contains three
or more cables the total cross-sectional area of the cables,
including insulation, shall be not more than 40 % of the
cross-sectional area of the conduit.
7.6 Mixed systems
7.6.1 A mixed system is an electrical installation consisting of

electrical apparatus or enclosures specifically designed for
connection to wiring in conduit but connected to cables, or
specifically designed for connection to cables but connected
to wiring in conduit.
7.6.2 Enclosures specifically designed to be connected by wiring

in conduit may, for example, be connected to cables in
accordance with one of the following installation methods
(see figure 1).
Method 1
The rigid threaded metal conduit B may be threaded into the

threaded entry of the enclosure A. Flameproof enclosures
shall have at least five threads fully engaged. A sealing
fitting C shall be installed as close as possible to the
104 71212
enclosure A but in no case more than 450 mm from the

enclosure. A rigid threaded metal conduit B is installed
between the sealing fitting C and the terminal box D having
one of the recognised types of protection (e.g. flameproof
enclosure, increased safety). If the distance between the
sealing fitting C and terminal box D is greater than 450 mm,
an additional sealing fitting shall be installed. The cable
shall be connected to the terminal box D in a way that is
appropriate to the specific type of protection of the terminal
box D (see figure 1 a).
Method 2
An adapter G, with a length of conduit B not longer than

150 mm, may be threaded into the conduit entry of the
enclosure A provided the adapter G has the same type of
protection as enclosure A. Flameproof enclosures shall
have at least five threads fully engaged. The cable F is
connected to the terminal box D according to the
requirements of the type of protection of the terminal box D
(see figure l b).
Method 3
The cable F may be connected by means of a cable entry E

with a transition fitting 1, where necessary, made to adapt
cable to the threaded conduit entry of the enclosure A.
When a cable enters a flameproof enclosure A, a sealing
fitting C may be required (see figure 1c).
7.6.3 Enclosures specifically designed to be connected by cables

may be connected to wiring in conduit. This may be
achieved, for example, by threading a rigid metal conduit
into the hole in the enclosure intended for the mounting of a
threaded cable entry. The thread characteristics of the
conduit shall be compatible with those of the enclosure.
However, conduit shall only be connected to a flameproof

enclosure where specifically permitted by the apparatus
certification, or via a component-certified flameproof
conduit sealing device.
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Figure 1 a - Method 1 Figure 1 b - Method 2 Figure 1 c -

Method 3
A Enclosure with a recognized type of protection

according to the IEC 60079
series, for example Flameproof enclosure
B Conduit according to 7.5
C Sealing according to 7.5
D Terminal box with a recognized type of protection
according to the IEC 60079
series, for example type of protection V or "d"
E Cable entry
F Cable
G Adapter with bushing H and terminal box D
I Transition fitting made to adapt a cable entry where
these are different
Figure 1 - Examples of mixed wiring systems
7.7 Apparatus in hazardous areas
Apparatus in hazardous areas shall be in accordance with the

requirements of clause 6.
106 71212
7.8 Wiring system in zone 0
Wiring systems in zone 0 shall comply with the following:
7.8.1 Intrinsically safe systems shall be installed in accordance

with the general requirements specified in 7.9 but, in
addition, special requirements may apply for zone 0.
7.8.2 For installations which are not intrinsically safe, the

following requirements apply:
The probability in zone 0 of harmful effects due to the environment

is such that cables shall not be used without additional protection.
The additional protection required may be mechanical, electrical or
environmental according to the conditions of use.
Special attention shall be given to the effects of lightning

discharges and differences in earth potential. Conduit systems
installed in accordance with 7.5 are suitable for zone 0.
7.9 Intrinsically safe electrical installations
A fundamentally different installation philosophy has to be

recognized in the installation of intrinsically safe circuits. In
comparison with all other type of installations, where care is taken
to confine electrical energy to the installed system as designed so
that a hazardous environment cannot be ignited, the integrity of an
intrinsically safe circuit has to be protected from intrusion of
energy from other electrical sources so that the safe energy
limitation in the circuit is not exceeded, even when breaking,
shorting or earthing of the circuits occurs.
As a consequence of this principle the aim of the installation rules

for intrinsically safe circuits is to maintain separation from other
circuits.
7.9.1 Intrinsically safe circuits may be:
a) isolated from earth, or
b) connected at one point to the potential equalization

conductor, (see clause 4 of the future IEC 61892-6 4) if this
exists over the whole area in which the intrinsically safe
circuits are installed, or
4) Under consideration. Before the future IEC 61892-6:

Installation, is published, reference is made to IEC
60092-401 and amendment 1.
71212 107
c) connected to earth at one point only, if earthing is required

for functional or protective purposes.
The installation method shall be chosen with regard to the

functional requirements of the circuits according to the
manufacturer's instructions.
If the circuit is isolated from earth, particular attention shall be

given to any possible danger due to electrostatic charges.
More than one earth connection is permitted on a network provided

that the network is galvanically separated into circuits each of
which has only one earth point.
7.9.2 Where a safety barrier is used, the maximum fault voltage

in electrical apparatus connected to the barrier input
terminals shall not exceed the maximum fault voltage for
which the barrier is intended, for example 250 V. Where a
safety barrier requires a connection to earth, the connecting
lead to the earthing terminal of the safety barrier shall be as
short as possible. The cross-section of the connecting lead
shall take account of the prospective short-circuit current,
and shall have a minimum value of 1,5 mm2 copper.
Considerations shall be given to the need for earthing of the

supply system connected to the barrier input terminals.
7.9.3 In electrical installations where intrinsically safe circuits are

used, for example in measuring and control cabinets, the
terminals shall be reliably separated from the non-
intrinsically safe circuits (for example by a separating panel,
or a gap of at least 50 mm) in compliance with IEC 60079-
11. The terminals of the intrinsically safe circuits shall be
marked as such. All terminals shall satisfy the requirements
of IEC 60079-11.
Where terminals are arranged to provide separation of

circuits by spacing alone, care shall be taken in the layout of
terminals and the wiring methods used to prevent contact
between circuits should a wire become disconnected.
7.9.4 Enclosures and wiring of intrinsically safe circuits shall

meet the requirements which would be applied to similar
types of electrical apparatus which are intended to be
installed in non-hazardous areas otherwise having the same
environmental conditions.
108 71212
If an enclosure contains both intrinsically safe circuits and

non-intrinsically safe circuits, the intrinsically safe circuits
shall be clearly identified.
In installations containing both intrinsically safe apparatus

and electrical apparatus having another type of protection,
the intrinsically safe circuits shall be clearly marked.
7.9.5 Marking may be achieved by labelling or colour coding of

enclosures, terminals and cables. Where a colour is used for
this purpose it shall be light blue.
7.9.6 Where intrinsically safe circuits may be exposed to

disturbing magnetic or electric fields, special attention shall
be given to transposition or shielding so that these fields do
not adversely affect the intrinsic safety of the circuit.
7.9.7 Unless specifically permitted, conductors of intrinsically

safe circuits and conductors of non-intrinsically safe circuits
shall not be run together in cables, cords, conduits or
bundles. They shall not be laid together in the same bundle
and not secured by the same fixing clip. In cable ducts and
trays, cables for intrinsically safe circuits shall be separated
from cables for non-intrinsically safe circuits by a
mechanical barrier. Such a barrier is not required if all
cables are provided with additional protective sheaths or
sleeves which provide equivalent separation, or if the cables
are securely fastened so that physical separation is
maintained.
Circuits of a category ib intrinsically safe systems shall not

be contained in a cable which contains a circuit or circuits
of a category "ia" intrinsically safe system which has a
component installed in zone 0 hazardous area.
7.9.8 A flexible cable may contain more than one intrinsically

safe circuit if the cable installation is such as to minimize
the risk of damage which could cause interconnection
between different circuits.
7.9.9 The installation of intrinsically safe circuits shall be such

that the extreme permitted values, for example capacitance,
inductance and inductance to resistance ratio, are not
exceeded.
The permissible values shall be taken from the certificate,

the marking on the electrical apparatus, or from the
installation instructions.
71212 109
7.9.10 Where intrinsically safe circuits are interconnected to form

a system due account shall be taken, by calculation or by
measurement, of the resultant combination of electrical
parameters such as inductance and capacitance which may
affect the intrinsic safety of the system as a whole.
NOTE - In addition to electrical sparking, due account

should be taken of thermal effects, particularly where non-
certified electrical apparatus is used.
7.9.11 Devices whose electrical parameters, according to the

manufacturer's specifications, do not exceed any of the
values 1,2 V, 0,1 A, 20 J or 25 mW are considered to be
intrinsically safe. They need not be certified or marked.
They will be subject however to the requirements of the
different parts of IEC 60079 if they are connected to a
device which contains a source of energy (mains supply,
battery or accumulator) which could cause the circuit to
exceed these values.
8 Ventilation
8.1 General
8.1.1 All hazardous areas shall be ventilated to reduce the

accumulation of explosive gas. Where possible, it shall
eliminate the hazardous area or lessen the area
classification, (for example from zone 0 where an explosive
atmosphere is present continuously or for long periods, to
zone 1 where it is likely to occur in normal operation).
8.1.2 To ensure that gas concentrations below the lower explosive

limit (LEL) are likely,
open areas with natural ventilation shall have a sufficient air

flow-through;
- sheltered or obstructed open areas with natural

ventilation shall be provided with sufficient openings in
decks, bulkheads or ceilings;
- enclosed areas, where sufficient ventilation cannot be

achieved through natural ventilation, mechanical
ventilation with a ventilation rate of at least six air
changes per hour with no stagnant areas shall be
provided.
110 71212
NOTES
1. In some countries, a ventilation rate of 12 air changes per hour

is required.
2. The different types and levels of ventilation of open areas,

sheltered areas or obstructed areas and enclosed areas effect
the extent of hazardous areas. The design of ventilation is
therefore an important factor in achieving optimal ventilation
conditions in the hazardous area.
3. Area classification is dealt with under clause 4. 4 For

documentation requirements, see 10.2.
8.2 Ventilation of spaces containing electrical apparatus
8.2.1 Hazardous enclosed spaces shall be ventilated; any ducting

which is used for normal ventilation shall be separate from
that used for the ventilation of non-hazardous areas. Where
artificial ventilation is applied it shall be such that the
hazardous enclosed spaces are maintained with
underpressure in relation to the less hazardous spaces and
non-hazardous enclosed spaces are maintained in
overpressure in relation to the adjacent hazardous spaces.
8.2.2 All air supply for hazardous enclosed spaces shall be taken
from non-hazardous areas. Where the supply duct passes
through a more hazardous space, the supply duct is to
have overpressure in relation to this space.
8.2.3 All air outlets from hazardous enclosed spaces shall be

located in an outdoor area which, in the absence of the
considered outlet, would be of the same or lesser hazard
than the ventilated space.
8.2.4 All air inlets for non-hazardous enclosed spaces shall be

taken from non-hazardous areas and as far as practicable
from the boundaries of any hazardous area. Where the inlet
duct passes through a hazardous area the inlet duct is to
have overpressure in relation to this area.
8.2.5 All air outlets from non-hazardous enclosed spaces shall be

located in a non-hazardous outdoor area.
8.3 Ventilation and operation of rooms or buildings protected

by pressurization
71212 111
8.3.1 Electrical apparatus, liable to cause an ignition, may be used

in a room or building located in a hazardous area, provided
the ingress of the explosive atmosphere is prevented by
maintaining inside it a protective gas at a higher pressure
than that of the outside atmosphere.
8.3.2 During initial start-up, or after shutdown, and whatever the

classification of the hazardous area, it is necessary, before
energizing any electrical apparatus in the room which is not
suitably protected for the classification of the area to:
a) either ensure that the internal atmosphere is not hazardous

(see note 1), or proceed with prior purging of sufficient
duration that the internal atmosphere may be considered as
non-hazardous (see note 2);
b) pressurize the room.
NOTES
1. An atmosphere is considered non-hazardous when, at all points

in the room, the enclosures and associated ducts, the
concentration of explosive gases or vapours is below 25 % of
the lower explosive limit. The place of measurement should be
judiciously chosen to determine the highest concentration of
gas.
2. Generally, the volume of protective gas required for purging is

estimated as at least five times the internal volume of the room
and its associated ducts.
8.3.3 Fixed gas detectors shall be installed at the ventilation air

intake; in the event of gas detection, visible and audible
alarms shall be actuated in a location where they will
immediately be perceived by the responsible personnel.
NOTE - Gas detectors are not intrinsically safe and must be

certified for the groups of gases they are operating in.
8.3.4 In the event of detection of an explosive gas concentration

at 25 % LEL (lower explosion limit), responsible personnel
shall take necessary actions for safeguarding personnel and
process.
8.3.5 In the event of detection of an explosive gas concentration

at 60 % LEL, an automatic shut-down of process and
apparatus which is not certified safe type, shall be initiated.
112 71212
NOTE - It may well be necessary, to avoid false indications and

possible inadvertent shutdown, to apply a coincidence voting
arrangement where monitoring is carried out employing three
detectors, in which operation of any detector at low level will
sound alarm and where coincidence operation of two out of three
at high level will activate the shutdown.
8.4 Values of overpressure and of protective gas flow
8.4.1 The pressurization system shall be capable of ensuring a

sufficient outward protective gas speed through the
openings of the room when all these openings are open at
the same time. The velocity shall be greater than that of
external air currents but shall not lead to so great a pressure
in the room as to make it difficult to open and close the
doors.
NOTE - Where doors, windows and openings are provided with

airlocks, these should be closed when checking this requirement.
8.4.2 A minimum overpressure of 25 Pa (0.25 mbar) with respect

to the outer atmosphere shall be maintained at all points
inside the room and its associated ducts at which leaks are
liable to occur, all doors and windows being closed.
NOTE - This overpressure will prevent the ingress of the external

atmosphere for wind speed up to approximately 3.5 m/s.
8.4.3 If there is any air-consuming apparatus inside the

pressurized room, the flow through the pressurization
system shall be capable of covering all needs; if not the
extra air required shall be supplied by a separate system.
NOTES
1. The pressurization system may also include heating, ventilation

and air-conditioning devices over and above the apparatus
necessary to fulfil the above requirements.
2. The design of a pressurized room will also need to consider:
- the number of persons expected to stay in the

room in order to ensure the necessary renewal of
the air,
- the type of apparatus to be installed in the room

and their need for cooling air if any.
71212 113
8.5 Failure of the pressurization
8.5.1 For monitoring the satisfactory functioning of the

pressurization, either a pressure monitoring device or a flow
monitoring device or both shall be used.
NOTES
1. Electrical interlock on the fan motors is not suitable to indicate

failure of pressurization. They do not give an indication in the
event of, for example, the fan belt slipping, the fan becoming
loose on the shaft or reverse rotation of the fan.
2. Pressure monitoring devices should be certified for the group

of gases they might be operating in.
8.5.2 Following loss of pressurization, visible and audible alarms

shall be actuated; they shall be located where they will
immediately alert the responsible personnel who will take
the necessary action, see table 2.
114 71212
Table 2 - Summary of protective measures to be taken in the event

of failure of pressurization
Classification of Electrical apparatus installed

the
interior of the Apparatus Apparatus suitable for Apparatus not protected
rooml) suitable use in zone 2 for any hazardous area
for use in zone 1
Suitable alarm (visible or Suitable alarm (visible or
audible or both) audible or both)
Immediate action to Immediate action to

restore pressurization restore pressurization
Zone 1 No action Programmed Automatic interrution of

necessary disconnection of power the power supplies as
supplies if the rapid as practicable
pressurization cannot be within a prescribed delay
restored foran extended time having regard to
period or if the the needs of a
consentration of programmed shutdown
flammable gas is rising to
a dangerous level
Suitable alarm (visible or
audible or both)
Immediate action to
restore pressurization
Zone 2 No action No action necessary
necessary Programmed
disconnection of power
supplies if the
pressurization cannot be
restored foran extended
period or if the
consentration of
flammable gas is rising to
a dangerous level
1) Classification in the event of absence og pressurization
71212 115
8.6 Ventilation of battery compartments
8.6.1 Stationary lead-acid batteries - vented types
8.6.1.1 All rooms, lockers and boxes for storage batteries shall be
ventilated to avoid accumulation of flammable gas.
Particular attention shall be given to the fact that the gas
emitted is lighter than air and will tend to accumulate in any
pockets at the top of the space. When batteries are arranged
in two or more tiers, all shelves shall have not less than 50
mm space, front and back, for circulation of air.
8.6.1.2 Natural ventilation may be employed if ducts can be run

directly from the top of the room or locker to the open air
above, with no part of the duct more than 45o from the
vertical. These ducts shall not contain appliances (for
example for barring flames) which may impede the free
passage of air or gas mixtures.Where lockers are provided
for batteries, the duct shall terminate not less than 0,9 m
above the top of the battery enclosure.
If natural ventilation is impracticable or insufficient,

artificial extract-ventilation shall be provided with exhaust
at the top of the room. Adequate openings, whether
connected to ducts or not, for air inlets shall be provided
near the floor of battery rooms or the bottom of lockers or
boxes.
8.6.1.3 In every case the quantity of the expelled air shall be at least
equal to:
Q=110 x I x n
where
Q is the quantity of expelled air in litres per hour;
I is the maximum current delivered by the charging

equipment during gas formation, but not less than
one-quarter of the maximum obtainable charging
current in amperes;
n is the number of cells in series.
116 71212
8.6.1.4 Rooms, lockers and boxes for batteries connected to a

charging device with a power output calculated from the
maximum obtainable charging current and the nominal
voltage of the battery, shall be ventilated as follows:
- power more than 2 kW, according to 8.6.1.2 and

8.6.1.3 above, preferably by artificial extract,
independent of ventilation systems for other
spaces;
- power between 0,2 kW and 2 kW, according to

8.6.1.2 and 8.6.1.3 above, except for batteries
located open in the engine room or in similar
well ventilated compartment;
- power less than 0,2 kW, boxes require openings

near the top to permit escape of gas;
- deck boxes may be naturally ventilated. Natural

ventilation by means of a duct of ample
dimensions, terminating at least 1,25 m above in
a goose-neck, mushroom head or equivalent will
be sufficient. Holes for air inlet shall be
provided on at least two opposite sides of the
box.
For degree of protection, see clause 4 of the future IEC

61892-1.
8.6.1.5 Fans of accumulator compartments shall be so constructed

and be of a material such as to render sparking impossible
in the event of the impeller touching the fan casing. Steel or
aluminium impellers shall not be used.
8.6.1.6 Ducts shall be made of a corrosion-resistant material or

their interior surfaces shall be painted with corrosion-
resistant paint.
8.6.1.7 Any fan motor associated with a duct used to exhaust the air
from an accumulator space shall be placed external to the
duct. Adequate means shall be provided to prevent entrance
of gas into the motor. The duct shall be arranged to
discharge into the open air.
8.6.2 Stationary lead-acid batteries - valve regulated types
71212 117
Compartments containing valve regulated type batteries shall be

ventilated to avoid accumulation of flammable gas.
NOTES
1. In the absence of international codes on ventilation of valve

regulated type batteries, national or other standards should be
followed.
2. If no provisions for ventilation of valve regulated type batteries

exist at national level, the ventilation should be based on
manufacturer's recommendations.
8.7 Ventilation of other hazardous spaces
Rooms such as paint rooms, welding gas storage rooms, etc. shall
be ventilated to avoid accumulation of flammable gas.
9 Inspection and maintenance
9.1 General
Electrical installations in hazardous areas possess featur es

specially designed to render them suitable for operations in
suchatmospheres. It is essential for safety reasons in those areas
that, throughout the life of such installations, the integrity of those
special features is preserved.
NOTES
1. For further information, see IEC 60079-17.
2. General requirements on inspection and maintenance for all

types of electrical systems are set out in clause 17 of the future
1EC 61892-6; requirements set out in this clause 9 are
additional provisions for inspection and maintenance for
electrical installations located in hazardous areas.
9.2 Inspection
9.2.1 Before the plant or apparatus is brought into service it shall

be given an initial inspection and then, periodically re-
inspected to ensure that the installation is being maintained
in a satisfactory condition for continued use within a
hazardous area.
9.2.2 If the plant or apparatus is dismantled during the course of

an inspection, precautions shall be taken during reassembly,
118 71212
to ensure that the integrity of the type of protection is not

impaired.
NOTE - Electrical apparatus in a hazardous area can be adversely

affected by the environmental conditions in which it is used. Some
of the key elements to be considered in the course of an inspection
are: corrosion, ambient temperature, ultraviolet radiation, ingress
of water, accumulation of dust and sand, mechanical effect and
chemical attack.
9.2.3 Alarms and interlocks associated with pressurized

equipment and spaces shall be periodically tested to ensure
correct operation.
9.2.4 Gas detectors shall be tested periodically for correct

operation and calibration.
9.2.5 The result of the inspection shall be documented in a report.
NOTE - The report should, among other things, contain a

description of how the work has been completed, a description of
the result of testing and inspection which has been undertaken, as
well as an evaluation of the results.
9.3 Isolation of apparatus
9.3.1 Electrical apparatus containing live parts which are not

intrinsically safe and which are located in hazardous areas
shall not be opened without isolating all incoming and,
where necessary, outgoing connections including the neutral
conductor. Isolation in this context means withdrawal of
fuses and links or, the locking off of an isolator or switch.
The enclosure shall not be opened until sufficient time has
been allowed to permit any surface temperature or stored
electrical energy to decay to a level below which it is
incapable of causing ignition.
9.3.2 Where, for the purpose of electrical testing, it is essential to

restore the supply before the apparatus is re-assembled, this
work shall follow a recognized procedure.
9.4 Precautions concerning the use of ignition sources.
No operation involving the use of a source of ignition, for example

welding, brazing unprotected apparatus etc., shall be attempted in a
hazardous area until the conditions have been made safe by the
control of the flammable material that may give rise to the risk.
Such operations shall be undertaken only on the issue (written
71212 119
authorisation) of gas free certificate confirming that adequate

control measures have been taken and that tests have been made
and will be repeated -at sufficiently frequent intervals to ensure that
the safe conditions are maintained.
9.5 Maintenance
9.5.1 Necessary maintenance shall be carried out to ensure that an

electrical installation is in a proper condition at all times.
NOTE - For documentation of requirements, see 10.5.
9.5.2 Should it be necessary for maintenance purposes to

withdraw apparatus, etc. from service, the exposed
conductors shall be terminated in an appropriate certified
enclosure; alternatively, the cable may be protecte
adequately by insulating the ends of the conductors and
isolating the cable from all sources of power supply. Should
the apparatus be withdrawn from service, associated wiring
shall be removed, or, alternatively, otherwise correctly
terminated in an appropriate certified enclosure.
9.5.3 Care shall be taken to ensure that earthing and potential

equalization bonding provisions in hazardous areas are
maintained in good condition.
9.5.4 Following any repair, modification or adjustment, the items

concerned shall be inspected to confirm that requirements
stipulated in this standard are complied with.
9.6 Qualifications of personnel
9.6.1 The inspection and maintenance of installations shall be

carried out only by experienced personnel whose training
has included instruction on the various types of protection
and installation practice, relevant rules and regulations and
on the general principles of area classification. Appropriate
refresher training shall be given to such personnel on a
regular basis.
10 Documentation
10.1 Area classification
Area classification of an offshore unit shall be documented on area

classification drawings and the accompanying source of release
schedule.
120 71212
NOTES
1. Requirements for area classification are set out in clause 4.
2. The drawings should include plans and section view of process

equipment, sources of release, type and extent of zones. In
addition, over pressure/-under pressure rooms, ventilation
openings, air locks, walls, obstacles, etc. should be indicated.
Other conditions which may effect the extent of the zones
should also be indicated.
3. Since the process of area classification is an inter disciplinary

task, a technical description of the unit including environmental
data, plant characteristics, data relevant to potentially
dangerous substances (like chemicallphysical properties) etc.
should be clearly assessed and, when necessary, included or
referred to at the base of the drawings.
10.2 Ventilation
The different types and levels of ventilation of open areas,

sheltered areas and enclosed areas shall be documented in order to
state that the ventilation conditions, on which the area classification
is based, will avoid, in normal working conditions, any gas or
vapour released forming an explosive atmosphere.
NOTE - Requirements for ventilation in hazardous areas are set

out in clause 8.
10.3 Apparatus
10.3.1 Apparatus for use in zone 0 or zone 1
Electrical apparatus for use in zone 0 or zone 1 shall have a test

certificate from a test institution recognized at national level.
Testing and marking shall normally be in accordance with IEC
standards.
NOTE - Other test standards may be used, provided they are not in
conflict with provisions of any IEC standard.
10.3.2 Apparatus for use in zone 2
Electrical apparatus for use in zone 2, shall generally comply with

10.3.1. When no test certificate exists, a manufacturer's declaration
shall be provided to confirm at least the standard to which the
apparatus is constructed and its suitability for zone 2.
71212 121
For non-sparking apparatus for zone 2, the manufacturer shall

provide a declaration that the apparatus is non-sparking and giving
the maximum surface temperature in normal running conditions.
NOTE - Requirements for apparatus located in hazardous areas

are set out in clause 6.
10.3.3 A test certificate or manufacturer's declaration shall be part

of the documentation.
10.4 Installation - General
It shall be documented, by means of an installing contractors

declaration, that all apparatus, cables, etc. have been installed in
accordance with installing procedures and guidelines issued by the
manufacturer of apparatus, cables, etc., and that the installation is
carried out in accordance with provisions set out in clause 7.
10.4.1 Installations of rooms or buildings protected by

pressurization
Before putting a pressurized room into service, the technical

documentation shall be examined and if necessary a test shall be
carried out to ensure that:
- the construction of the room or building and the

protective measures are such that purging can be
effected;
- the minimum overpressure (see 8.5) can be

maintained with the minimum flow rate of the
pressurization system with all the openings
closed, in normal working conditions.
10.4.2 Installation of electrical apparatus and electrical systems

with the type of protection i
It shall be documented that tests have been carried out to ensure

that apparatus and associated wiring are installed correctly in
accordance with manufacturer system documentation.
10.5 Maintenance
10.5.1 Maintenance procedures and records for electrical

equipment located in hazardous areas shall be documented
and carried out in accordance with an established
programme. Such a programme shall ensure that
122 71212
maintenance procedures determine the equipment's

continued suitability for the application and that the
integrity of the protection concept has not been impaired.
All equipment and systems located in the hazardous areas

together with their date of inspection, any maintenance
procedure found necessary and the date such maintenance
is completed, shall be recorded.
10.6 Administration of the documentation
Documentation shall always be kept updated, available and known

to the operating personnel.
NOTES
1. Documentation for operation, trouble-shooting and

maintenance of electrical systems should be available on board
the offshore unit.
2. Procedures for the handling and updating of documentation

should be established.
71212 123
Annex A
(informative)
Examples of sources of release - Process plant
The following examples are not intended to be rigidly applied and

may need to be varied to suit
particular process apparatus and situations.
A.1 Sources giving a continuous grade of release:
a) the surface of a flammable liquid in a fixed-roof tank, with a

permanent vent to the atmosphere;
b) the surface of a flammable liquid which is open to the

atmosphere continuously or for long periods; (for example
an oil/water separator);
c) free vents and other openings which release flammable gas

or vapour to atmosphere frequently or for long periods.
A.2 Sources giving a primary grade of release:
a) seals of pumps, compressors and valves if release of

flammable material during normal operation is expected;
b) water drainage points on vessels which contain flammable

liquids, which may release flammable material into the
atmosphere while draining off water during normal
operation;
c) sample points which are expected to release flammable

material into the atmosphere during normal operations;
d) relief valves, vents and other openings which are expected

to release flammable material into the atmosphere during
normal operation.
A.3 Sources giving a secondary grade of release:
a) seals of pumps, compressors and valves where release of

flammable material during normal operation of the
apparatus is not expected;
124 71212
b) flanges, connections and pipe fittings, where release of

flammable material is not expected during normal
operation;
c) sample points which are not expected to release flammable

material during normal operation;
d) relief valves, vents and other openings which are not

expected to release flammable material into the atmosphere
during normal operation.
71212 125
Annex B
(informative)
Schematic approach to the classification of hazardous areas
(see next page)
126 71212
71212 127
128 71212
71212 129
130 71212
INTERNATIONAL
STRANDARD
IEC 79-14
Electrical apparatus for

explosive gas atmospheres -
Part 14:
Electrical installations in
hazardous areas
(other than mines)
71212 131
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR EXPLOSIVE GAS

ATMOSPHERES -
Part 14: Electrical installations in hazardous areas (other than

mines)
FOREWORD
1)
The IEC (international Electrotechnical Commission) is a
worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national
electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The
object of the IEC is to promote international co-operation on all
questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic
fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC
publishes International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to
technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in
the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work.
International, governmental and non-governmental organizations
liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC
collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2)
The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters
express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion
on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has
representation from all interested National Committees.
3)
The documents produced have the form of recommendations for
international use and are published in the form of standards,
technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National
Committees in that sense.
4)
In order to promote international unification, IEC National
Committees undertake to apply IEC International Standards
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and
regional standards. Any divergence between the IEC Standard and
the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
132 71212
5)
The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval
and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipment declared to
be in conformity with one of its standards.
6)
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of
this
International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. The IEC
shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
International Standard IEC 79-14 has been prepared by sub-

committee 31J: Classification of hazardous areas and installation
requirements, of IEC technical committee 31: Electrical apparatus
for explosive atmospheres.
This second effition cancels and replaces the first edition published
in 1984, and constitutes a technical revision.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting

31J/47/FDIS 31J/50/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can
be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This standard is to be read in conjunction with IEC 79-0 and with

the standards for the specific types of protection listed in the scope.
Annex A forms an integral part of this standard.
Annex B is for information only.
71212 133
INTRODUCTION
When electrical apparatus is to be installed in areas where

dangerous concentrations and quantities of flammable gases,
vapours, mists, ignitable fibres or dusts may be present in the
atmosphere, protective measures are applied to reduce the
likelihood of explosion due to ignition by arcs, sparks or hot
surfaces, produced either in normal operation or under specified
fault conditions.
This part of IEC 79 is supplementary to other relevant IEC

standards, for example IEC 364 as regards electrical installation
requirements, and also refers to IEC 79-0 and its associated
standards for the construction, testing and marking requirements of
suitable electrical apparatus.
By careful design of the electrical installation, it is frequently

possible to locate much of the electrical apparatus in less hazardous
or non-hazardous areas.
For an explosion to occur, an explosive atmosphere and a source of

ignition need to co-exist. Protective measures aim to reduce to an
acceptable level the likelihood that the electrical installation could
become a source of ignition.
It has been found practical to classify hazardous areas into zones

according to the likelihood of an explosive gas atmosphere being
present (see IEC 79-10). Such classification allows appropriate
types of protection to be specified for each zone.
Several types of protection are now available for electrical

apparatus in hazardous areas (see IEC 79-0), and this standard
gives the specific requirements for design, selection and erection of
electrical installations in explosive atmospheres.
This standard is based on the assumption that electrical apparatus is

correctly installed, tested, maintained and used in accordance with
its specified characteristics.
In any industrial installation, irrespective of size, there may be

numerous sources of ignition apart from those associated with
electrical apparatus. Precautions may be necessary to ensure
safety, but guidance on this aspect is outside the scope of this
standard.
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ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR EXPLOSIVE GAS

ATMOSPHERE
Part 14: Electrical installations in hazardous areas (other than

mines)
1 Scope and object
This part of IEC 79 contains the specific requirements for the

design, selection and erection of electrical installations in explosive
gas atmospheres.
These requirements are in addition to the requirements for

installations in non-hazardous areas.
This standard applies to all electrical equipment and installations in

hazardous areas whether permanent, temporary, portable,
transportable or hand-held.
It applies to installations at all voltages.
This standard does not apply to
- electrical installations in mines susceptible to firedamp;
NOTE - This standard may apply to electrical installations in mines

where explosive gas atmospheres other than firedamp may be
formed and to electrical installations in the surface installation of
mines.
- electrical installations in areas where the hazard is due to ignitable

dusts or fibres;
- inherently explosive situations, for example explosives

manufacturing and processing;
- rooms used for medical purposes.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which,

through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of
IEC 79. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were
valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties
to agreements based on this part of IEC 79 are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of
the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and
ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
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IEC 34-5: 1991, Rotating electrical machines - Part 5:

Classification of degrees of protection provided by enclosures of
rotating electrical machines (IP code)
IEC 50(426): 1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

(IEV) - Chapter 426:
Electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres
IEC 60-1: 1989, High-voltage test techniques - Part 1:

General definitions and test requirements
IEC 79-0: 1983, Electrical apparatus for explosive g as

atmospheres - Part 0:
Generalrequirements
Amendment 1 (1987)
Amendment 2 (1991)

Construction and verification test of flameproof enclosures of
electrical apparatus

Electricalapparatus - type of protection p

Sand-filled apparatus
IEC 79-6: 1995, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres

- Part 6:
Oil-immersion o

atmospheres - Part 7..
Increased safety d

Classification of hazardous areas

Intrinsic safety i

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Electrical apparatus with type of protection n
IEC/FDIS 79-17, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas

Inspection and maintenance of electrical installations in hazardous
areas (other than mines)1)

Encapsulation m
IEC 332-1: 1993, Tests on electric cables under fire conditions -

Part 1:
Test on a single vertical insulated wire or cable

Protection for safety -Chapter 4 1: Protection against electric shock
IEC 529: 1989, Degrees of protection provided by enclosure (IP

code)
IEC 614-2-1: 1982, Specification for conduits for electrical

installations - Part 2:
Particular specifications for conduits - Section one: Metal conduits
Amendment 1 (1993)
IEC 614-2-5: 1992, Specification for conduits for electrical

installations - Part 2:
Particular specifications for conduits - Section 5: Flexible conduits
IEC 742: 1983, Isolating transformers and safety isolating

transformers - Requirements
IEC 755: 1983, General requirements for residual current operated

protective devices
1) At present at the stage of final draft intemational standard.
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3 Definitions and terms (see IEC 50(426))
For the purpose of this part of IEC 79, the following definitions
apply.
3.1 explosive gas atmosphere:
Mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable

substances in the form of gas, vapour or mist, in which after
ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture.
3.2 hazardous area:
Area in which an explosive atmosphere is, or may be expected to

be, present in quantities such as to require special precautions for
the construction, installation and use of electrical apparatus.
3.3 non-hazardous area:
Area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not expected to be

present in quantities such as to require special precautions for the
construction, installation and use of electrical apparatus.
3.4 maximum surface temperature:
Highest temperature which is attained in service under the most

adverse operating conditions within the rating of the electrical
apparatus by any part or surface of the apparatus which could
produce an ignition of the surrounding explosive atmosphere.
NOTE - The most adverse conditions include recognised overloads

and fault conditions recognised in the specific standard for the type
of protection concerned.
3.5 group (of an electrical apparatus for explosive

atmospheres):
Classification of electrical apparatus related to the explosive

atmosphere for which it is to be used.
NOTE - Electrical apparatus for use in explosive gas atmospheres

is divided into two groups:
- Group I: electrical apparatus for mines susceptible to

firedamp;
- Group II: (which can be divided into subgroups): electrical
apparatus for places with an explosive gas atmosphere, other
than mines susceptible to firedamp (see 5.4).
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3.6 type of protection:
Specific measures applied to electrical apparatus to avoid ignition

of a surrounding explosive atmosphere by such apparatus.
3.7 sealing ring:
Ring used in a cable or conduit entry device to ensure sealing

between the entry and the cable or conduit.
3.8 maximum r.m.s. a.c. or d.c. voltage (Um):
Maximum voltage that can be applied to the non-intrinsically safe

connection facilities of associated apparatus without invalidating
intrinsic safety.
3.9 maximum input voltage (Ui):
Maximum voltage (peak a.c. or d.c.) that can be applied to the

connection facilities for intrinsically safe circuits without
invalidating intrinsic safety.
3.10 maximum output voltage (Uo):
Maximum output voltage (peak a.c. or d.c.) in anintrinsically safe

circuit that can appear under open-circuit conditions at the
connection facilities of the apparatus at any applied voltage up to
the maximum voltage, including Um and Ui.
NOTE - Where there is more than one applied voltage, the

maximum output voltage is that occurring under the most onerous
combination of applied voltages.
3.11 maximum input current (Ii):
Maximum current (peak a.c. or d.c.) that can be applied tothe

connection facilities for intrinsically safe circuits without
3.12 maximum output current (Io):
Maximum current (peak a.c. or d.c.) in an intrinsically safe circuit

that can be taken from the connection facilities of the apparatus.
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3.13 maximum input power (Pi):
Maximum input power in an intrinsically safe circuit that can be

dissipated within an apparatus when it is connected to an external
source without invalidating intrinsic safety.
3.14 maximum output power (Po):
Maximum electrical power in an intrinsically safe circuit that can

be taken from the apparatus.
3.15 maximum internal capacitance (Ci):
Total equivalent internal capacitance of the apparatus which is

considered as appearing across the connection facilities of the
apparatus.
3.16 maximum external capacitance (Co):
Maximum capacitance in an intrinsically safe circuit that can be

connected to the connection facilities of the apparatus without
3.17 maximum internal inductance (Li):
Total equivalent internal inductance of the apparatus which is

considered as appearing at the connection facilities of the
apparatus.
3.18 maximum external inductance (Lo):
Maximum value of inductance in an intrinsically safe circuit that

can be connected to the connection facilities of the apparatus
without invalidating intrinsic safety.
3.19 maximum internal inductance to resistance ratio (Li/Ri):
Ratio of inductance (Li) to resistance (Rj) which is considered as

appearing at the external connection facilities of the electrical
apparatus.
3.20 maximum external inductance to resistance ratio (Lo/Ro):
Ratio of inductance (L0) to resistance (R0) of any external circuit

connected to the connection facilities of the electrical apparatus
without invalidating intrinsic safety.
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3.21 simple apparatus:
Electrical component or combination of components of simple

construction with well-defined electrical parameters which is
compatible with the intrinsic safety of the circuit in which it is
used. The following apparatus is considered to be simple
apparatus:
a) passive components, for example switches, junction boxes,

resistors and simple semi-conductor devices;
b) sources of stored energy with well-defined parameters, for

example capacitors or inductors, whose values are
considered when determining the overall safety of the
system;
c) sources of generated energy, for example thermocouples

and photocells, which do not generate more than 1,5 V, 100
mA and 25 mW. Any inductance or capacitance present in
these sources of energy are considered as in b).
3.22 intrinsically safe apparatus:
Electrical apparatus in which all the circuits are intrinsically safe.
3.23 associated apparatus:
Electrical apparatus in which the circuits or parts of circuits are not

all necessarily intrinsically safe but which contains circuits that can
affect the safety of the intrinsically safe circuits associated with it.
3.24 normal operation:
Operation of apparatus conforming electrically and mechanically

with its design specification and used within the limits specified by
the manufacturer.
NOTE - The limits specified by the manufacturer may include

persistent operational conditions such as stalled rotors, failed
lamps and overloads.
4 General
4.1 General requirements
Electrical installations in hazardous areas shall also comply with

the appropriate requirements for installations in non-hazardous
areas.
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In order to facilitate the selection of appropriate electrical apparatus

and the design of suitable electrical installations, hazardous areas
are divided into zones 0, 1 and 2 according to IEC 79-10.
Electrical apparatus should, as far as is reasonably practicable, be

located in non-hazardous areas. Where it is not possible to do this,
it should be located in the least hazardous area practicable.
All electrical apparatus and wiring in hazardous areas shall be

selected in accordance with clauses 5 to 9 inclusive and the
additional requirements for the particular type of protection
(clauses 10 to 14).
Apparatus shall be installed in accordance with its documentation.

Care should be taken to ensure that replaceable items, such as
lamps, are of the correct type and rating. On completion of the
erection, initial inspection of the apparatus and installation shall be
carried out in accordance with IEC 79-17.
NOTE - If luminaires with fluorescent tubes are used, then the area
should be confirmed to be free from group IIC gas/vapour before
tubes are transported through the area or tubes are changed,
unless suitable precautions are taken to prevent tubes being
broken. Low pressure sodium lamps should not be used above any
hazardous area owing to the risk of ignition from the free sodium
from a broken lamp.
Apparatus and systems used in exceptional circumstances, for

example research, development, pilot plant and other new project
work, need not meet the requirements of clauses 5 to 9 provided
that the installation is in use for limited periods only, is under the
supervision of specially trained personnel and one or more of the
following conditions as appropriate are met:
- measures are taken to ensure that a dangerous explosive

atmosphere does not occur, or
- measures are taken to ensure that this apparatus is disconnected

on the occurrence of a dangerous explosive atmosphere, in
which case ignition after disconnection, for example due to
heated parts, shall be prevented also, or
- measures are taken to ensure that persons and the environment

are not endangered by fires or explosions in the experimental
plant.
In addition, the measures to be taken are laid down in writing by

persons who:
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- shall be familiar with the requirements for this, and any other
relevant standards and code of practice concerning the use of
electrical apparatus and systems for use in hazardous areas;
- have access to all information necessary to carry out the

assessment.
4.2 Documentation
In order to correctly install or extend an existing installation, the

following information is required, where applicable:
- area classification documents (see IEC 79-10);
- instructions for erection and connection;
- documents for electrical apparatus with special conditions, for

example apparatus with certificate numbers which have the
suffix X;
- descriptive system document for the intrinsically safe system

(see 12.2.5);
- manufacturer's/qualified person's declaration.
5 Selection of electrical apparatus (excluding cables and

conduits)
5.1 Specific information
In order to select the appropriate electrical apparatus for hazardous

areas, the following information is required:
- classification of the hazardous area;
- temperature class or ignition temperature of the gas or vapour

involved according to 5.3;
- where applicable, gas or vapour classification in relation to the

group or subgroup of the electrical apparatus according to 5.4;
NOTE - Of the types of protection listed in IEC 79-0, the apparatus

subgroup is only required for protection types D (flameproof
enclosure) and i (intrinsic safety). The apparatus subgroup is
also required for certain apparatus with protection type n (see
5.4).
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- external influences and ambient temperature.
5.2 Selection according to zones
Electrical apparatus and circuits can be used in zone 0 if they are in

accordance with IEC 79-11 (category "ia" - intrinsic safety) and
with the requirements of 12.3 (see also 5.2.4).
Electrical apparatus can be used in zone 1 if it is constructed in

accordance with the requirements for zone 0 or one or more of the
following types of protection (see also 5.2.4):
Flameproof enclosure d according to IEC 79-1

Pressurized apparatus p according to IEC 79-2
Powder filling q according to IEC 79-5
Oil immersion o according to IEC 79-6
Increased safety e according to IEC 79-7
Intrinsic safety i according to IEC 79-11
Encapsulation m according to IEC 79-18
The following electrical apparatus may be installed in zone 2:
a) electrical apparatus for zone 0 or zone 1, or
b) electrical apparatus designed specifically for zone 2 (for

example type of protection "n" according to IEC 79-15), or
c electrical apparatus complying with the requirements of a

recognized standard for industrial electrical apparatus which
does not, in normal operation, have ignition-capable hot
surfaces and
1) does not, in normal operation, produce arcs or sparks, or
2) in normal operation produces arcs or sparks but the values,

in normal operation, of the electrical parameters (U, 1, L
and C) in the circuit (including the cables) do not exceed the
values specified in IEC 79-11 with a safety factor of unity.
The assessment shall be in accordance with the specification
for energy limited apparatus and circuits given in IEC 79-
15.Unless safety is demonstrated by test, a surface is
presumed to be ignitioncapable if its temperature exceeds
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the ignition temperature of the explosive atmosphere

concerned.
This electrical apparatus shall be in an enclosure with a degree of

protection and mechanical strength at least suitable for non-
hazardous areas with a similar environment. It requires no special
marking, but it shall be clearly identified, either on the apparatus or
in the documentation, that it has been assessed by a person who
shall:
- be familiar with the requirements of any relevant standards and

codes of practice and their current interpretations;
- have access to all information necessary to carry out the

assessment;
- where necessary, utilize similar test apparatus and test

procedures to those used by national authorities.
d) apparatus in accordance with 5.2.4.

In the case of rotating electrical machines in accordance
with items b), c) or d) above, incendive sparking shall not
occur during start-up unless measures are taken to ensure
that an explosive atmosphere is not present.
5.2.4 Selection of apparatus not available in accordance with IEC

standards
In order to ensure the correct selection and installation of such

apparatus (for example equipment marked "s" and identified with
the zone of use in accordance with IEC 79-0), reference should be
made to the relevant national standard or code of practice that deals
with these aspects.
5.3 Selection according to the ignition temperature of the gas or

vapour
The electrical apparatus shall be so selected that its maximum

surface temperature will not reach the ignition temperature of any
gas or vapour which may be present.
Symbols for the temperature classes which may be marked on the

electrical apparatus have the meaning indicated in table 1.
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Table 1 - Relationship between the temperature classes, surface

temperatures and ignition temperature
Temperature class of mum surface temperature Ignition temperature

electrical apparatur of electrical apparatus of gas or vapour
T1 450 oC > 450
T2 300 oC >300
T3 200 oC >200
T4 135 oC >135
T5 100 oC >100
T6 85 oC >85
If the marking of the electrical apparatus does not include an

ambient temperature range, the apparatus shall be used only within
the temperature range from -20 oC to +40 oC.
If the marking of the electrical apparatus includes an ambient

temperature range, the apparatus shall only be used within this
range.
5.4 Selection according to apparatus grouping
Electrical apparatus of types of protection e, m, o, p and

q shall be of apparatus group II.
Electrical apparatus of types of protection "d" and "i" shall be of

apparatus group IIA, IIB or IIC and selected in accordance with
table 2.
Electrical apparatus of type of protection "n" shall normally be of

apparatus group II but, if it contains enclosed-break devices, non-
incendive components or energy-limited apparatus or circuits, then
the apparatus shall be group IIA, IIB or IIC and selected in
accordance with table 2.
Table 2 - Relationship between gas/vapour subdivision and

apparatus subgroup
Gas/vapour subdivision Apparatus subgroup

IIA IIA, IIB, or IIC
IIB IIB or IIC
IIC IIC
5.5 External influences
Electrical apparatus shall be selected and installed so that it is

protected against external influences (for example chemical,
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mechanical, vibrational, thermal, electrical, humidity) which could

adversely affect the explosion protection.
Precautions shall be taken to prevent foreign bodies failing

vertically into the ventilation openings of vertical rotating electrical
machines.
6 Protection from dangerous (incendive) sparking
6.1 Danger from live parts
In order to avoid the formation of sparks liable to ignite the

explosive gas atmosphere, any contact with bare live parts other
than intrinsically safe parts shall be prevented.
6.2 Danger from exposed and extraneous conductive parts
The basic principles on which safety depends are the limitation of

earth-fault currents (magnitude and/or duration) in frameworks or
enclosures and the prevention of elevated potentials on
equipotential bonding conductors.
NOTE - Since there are no harmonized requirements for power

systems at voltages above 1000 V a.c./1500 V d.c., national rules
should be followed.
Although it is impracticable to cover all possible systems, the

following applies to electrical supply systems, other than
intrinsically safe circuits, for use in zones 1 and 2 up to 1000 V
a.c./1500 V d.c.
6.2.1 Type TN system
If a type TN power system is used, it shall be type TN-S (with

separate neutral N and protective conductor PE) in the hazardous
area, i.e. the neutral and the protective conductor shall not be
connected together, or combined in a single conductor, in the
hazardous area. At any point of transition from TN-C to TN-S, the
protective conductor shall be connected to the equipotential
bonding system in the non-hazardous area
NOTE - Consideration should be given to monitoring leakage

between the neutral conductor and the PE conductor within the
hazardous area.
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6.2.2 Type TT system
If a type TT power system (separate earths for power system and

exposed conductive parts) is used in zone 1, then it shall be
protected by a residual current device.
NOTE - Where the earth resistivity is high, such a system may not
be acceptable.
6.2.3 Type IT system
If a type IT power system (neutral isolated from earth or earthed

through an impedance) is used, an insulation monitoring device
shall be provided to indicate the first earth fault.
NOTE - Local bonding, known as supplementary equipotential

bonding, may be necessary (see IEC 364-4-41).
6.2.4 SELV and PELV systems
Extra-low voltage systems SELV shall be in accordance with

411.1.1 to 411.1.4 of IEC 364-4-41. Live parts of SELV circuits
shall not be connected to earth, or to live parts or to protective
conductors forming part of other circuits.
Extra-low voltages systems PELV shall be in accordance with

411.1.1 to 411.1.3 and 411.1.5 of IEC 364-4-41, where the circuits
may be earthed or unearthed. If the circuits are earthed, the circuit
earth and any exposed conductive parts shall be connected to a
common potential equalization system. If the circuits are not
earthed, any exposed conductive parts may be earthed (for example
for electro-magnetic compatibility) or left unearthed.
Safety isolating transformers for SELV and PELV shall be in

accordance with IEC 742.
6.2.5 Electrical separation
Electrical separation shall be in accordance with 413.5 of IEC 364-

4-41 for the supply of only one item of apparatus.
6.3 Potential equalization
Potential equalization is required for installations in hazardous

areas. For TN, TT and IT systems, all exposed and extraneous
conductive parts shall be connected to the equipotential bonding
system. The bonding system may include protective conductors,
metal conduits, metal cable sheaths, steel wire armouring and
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metallic parts of structures, but shall not include neutral

conductors. Connections shall be secure against self-
loosening.Exposed conductive parts need not be separately
connected to the equipotential bonding system if they are firmly
secured to and are in metallic contact with structural parts or piping
which are connected to the equipotential bonding system.
Extraneous conductive parts which are not part of the structure or
of the electrical installation need not be connected to the
equipotential bonding system, if there is no danger of voltage
displacement, for example frames of doors or windows.
For additional information see clause 413 of IEC 364-4-41.

Metallic enclosures of intrinsically safe apparatus need not be
connected to the equipotential bonding system, unless required by
the apparatus documentation. Installations with cathodic protection
shall not be connected to the equipotential bonding system unless
the system is specifically designed for this purpose.
NOTE - Potential equalization between vehicles and fixed

installations may require special arrangements, for example where
insulated flanges are used to connect pipelines.
6.4 Static electricity
In the design of electrical installations, steps shall be taken to

reduce to a safe level the effects of static electricity.
NOTE - In the absence of IEC standards on protection against

static electricity, national or other standards should be followed.
6.5 Lightning protection

reduce to a safe level the effects of lightning.

lightning, national or other standards should be followed.
Subclause 12.3 gives details of lightning protection requirements

for Ex ia apparatus installed in zone 0.
6.6 Electromagnetic radiation

reduce to a safe level the effects of electromagnetic radiation.
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electromagnetic radiation, national or other standards should be
followed.
6.7 Cathodically protected metallic parts
Cathodically protected metallic parts located in hazardous areas are

live extraneous conductive parts which shall be considered
potentially dangerous (especially if equipped with the impressed
current method) despite their low negative potential. No cathodic
protection shall be provided for metallic parts in zone 0 unless it is
specially designed for this application.The insulating elements
required for the cathodic protection, for example insulating
elements in pipes and tracks, should if possible be located outside
the hazardous area. If this is not possible, national requirements
should be followed.
NOTE - In the absence of IEC standards on cathodic protection,

national or other standards should be followed.
7 Electrical protection .
The requirements of this clause are not applicable to intrinsically

safe circuits. Wiring shall be protected against overload and from
the harmful effects of short circuits and earth faults.
All electrical apparatus shall be protected against the harmful

effects of short circuits and earth faults.
Rotating electrical machinery shall additionally be protected

against overload unless it can withstand continuously the starting
current at rated voltage and frequency or, in the case of generators,
the short-circuit current, without inadmissible heating. The
overload protective device shall be
a) a current-dependent, time lag protective device monitoring

all three phases, set at not more than the rated current of the
machine, which will operate in 2 h or less at 1,20 times the
set current and will not operate within 2 h at 1,05 times the
set current, or
b) a device for direct temperature control by

embeddetemperature sensors, or
c) another equivalent device. Transformers shall additionally

be protected against overload unless they can withstand
continuously the short-circuited secondary current at rated
primary voltage and frequency without inadmissible heating
150 71212
or where no overload is to be expected as a result of the

connected loads.
Short-circuit and earth-fault protection devices shall be such

that auto-reclosing under fault conditions is prevented.
Precautions shall be taken to prevent the operation of a

three-phase motor on the loss of a phase.
In circumstances where automatic disconnection of the

electrical apparatus may introduce a safety risk which is
more dangerous than that arising from the risk of ignition
alone, a warning device (or devices) may be used as an
alternative to automatic disconnection provided that
operation of the warning device (or devices) is immediately
apparent so that prompt remedial action will be taken.
8 Emergency switch-off and electrical isolation
8.1 Emergency switch-off
For emergency purposes, at a suitable point or points outside the

hazardous area, there shall be single or multiple means of switching
off electrical supplies to the hazardous area.
Electrical apparatus which must continue to operate to prevent

additional danger shall not be included in the emergency switch-off
circuit; it shall be on a separate circuit.
8.2 Electrical isolation
To allow work to be carried out safely, suitable means of isolation

(for example isolators, fuses and links) shall be provided for each
circuit or group of circuits, to include all circuit conductors
including the neutral. Labelling shall be provided immediately
adjacent to each means of isolation to permit rapid identification of
the circuit or group of circuits thereby controlled.
NOTE - There should be effective measures or procedures to

prevent the restoration of supply to the apparatus whilst the risk of
exposing unprotected live conductors to an explosive atmosphere
continues.
9 Wiring systems
Cable and conduit systems shall comply fully with the relevant
requirements of this clause except that intrinsically safe
installations need not comply with 9.1.2, 9.3.1, 9.3.2 and 9.3.3.
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9.1 General
Except for intrinsically safe installations, where aluminium is used

as the conductor material, it shall be used only with suitable
connections and have a cross-sectional area of at least 16 mm2.
9.1.1 Avoidance of damage
Cable systems and accessories should be installed, so far as is

practicable, in positions that will prevent them being exposed to
mechanical damage and to corrosion or chemical influences (for
example solvents), and to the effects of heat (but see also 12.2.2.5
for intrinsically safe circuits). Where exposure of this nature is
unavoidable, protective measures, such as installation in conduit,
shall be taken or appropriate cables selected (for example to
minimize the risk of mechanical damage, armoured, screened,
seamless aluminium sheathed, mineral insulated metal sheathed or
semi-rigid sheathed cables could be used).
Where cable or conduit systems are subject to vibration, they shall

be designed to withstand that vibration without damage.
NOTE - Precautions should be taken to prevent damage to the

sheathing or insulating materials of PVC cables when they are to
be installed at temperatures below -5 oC.
9.1.2 Non-sheathed single cores
Non-sheathed single core cables shall not be used for live

conductors, unless they are installed inside switchboards,
enclosures or conduit systems.
9.1.3 Connections
The connection of cables and conduits to the electrical apparatus

shall be made in accordance with the requirements of the relevant
type of protection.
NOTES
1 Certain types of cable employ materials which can exhibit
significant cold flow characteristics which could have adverse
effects on the protection of the apparatus. Where such cable is to
be used, a suitable cable entry device should be employed, for
example cable entry devices not employing compression seals
which act upon the part(s) of the cable having cold flow
characteristics.
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2 Cold flow can be more fully described as "thermoplastic

materials which flow when subjected to pressure at ambient
temperature".
3 The cable should be adequately clamped when the cable

entry device is not fitted with a clamping device. Such cable entry
devices may be marked with the suffix X.
9.1.4 Unused openings
Unused openings for cable or conduit entries in electrical apparatus

shall be closed with blanking elements suitable for the relevant type
of protection. With the exception of intrinsically safe apparatus,
the means provided for this shall be such that the blanking element
can be removed only with the aid of tools.
9.1.5 Passage and collection of flammables
Where trunking, ducts, pipes or trenches are used to accommodate

cables, precautions shall be taken to prevent the passage of
flammable gases, vapours or liquids from one area to another and
to prevent the collection of flammable gases, vapours or liquids in
trenches.
Such precautions may involve the sealing of trunking, ducts or

pipes. For trenches, adequate venting or sand-filling may be used.
Conduits and, in special cases, cables (e.g. where there is a pressure
differential) shall be sealed, if necessary, so as to prevent the
passage of liquids or gases.
9.1.6 Circuits traversing a hazardous area
Where circuits traverse a hazardous area in passing from one non-

hazardous area to another, the wiring system in the hazardous area
shall be appropriate to the zone(s).
9.1.7 Fortuitous contact
Except for trace-heating, fortuitous contact between the metallic

armouring/sheathing of cables and pipework or equipment
containing flammable gases, vapours or liquids shall be avoided.
The insulation provided by a non-metallic outer sheath on a cable
will usually be sufficient to avoid this.
71212 153
9.1.8 Openings in walls
Openings in walls for cables and conduits between hazardous and

non-hazardous areas shall be adequately sealed, for example by
means of sand seals or mortar sealing.
9.1.9 Jointing
Cable runs in hazardous areas should, where practicable, be

uninterrupted. Where discontinuities cannot be avoided, the joint,
in addition to being mechanically, electrically and environmentally
suitable for the situation, shall be
- made in an enclosure with a type of protection appropriate to

the zone, or
- providing the joint is not subject to mechanical stress, be epoxy

filled, compound-filled or sleeved with heat-shrunk tubing, in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Conductor connections, with the exception of those in conduits

connected to flameproof apparatus or intrinsically safe circuits,
shall be made only by means of compression connectors, secured
screw connectors, welding or brazing. Soldering is permissible if
the conductors being connected are held together by suitable
mechanical means and then soldered.
9. 1.10 Protection of stranded ends
If multi-stranded and, in particular, fine-stranded conductors are

employed, the ends shall be protected against separation of the
strands, for example by means of cable lugs or core end sleeves, or
by the type of terminal, but not by soldering alone.
The creepage distances and clearances in accordance with the type

of protection of the apparatus shall not be reduced by the method
by which the conductors are connected to the terminals.
9.2 Cable systems for zone 0
The requirements for cables in a type of protection "ia" installation

are defined in clause 12. The requirements of cables used with
other apparatus used in zone 0 (see 5.2.1) are subject to approval at
national level.
154 71212
9.3 Cable systems for zones 1 and 2
9.3.1 Cable for fixed apparatus
Thermoplastic sheathed cables, thermosetting sheathed cables,

elastomeric sheathed cables or mineral insulated metal sheathed
cables may be used for fixed wiring.
9.3.2 Cable for portable and transportable apparatus
Portable and transportable electrical apparatus shall have cables

with a heavy polychloroprene or other equivalent synthetic
elastomeric sheath, cables with a heavy tough rubber sheath, or
cables having an ' equally robust construction. The conductors
shall have a minimum cross-sectional area of 1,0 mm2. If an
electrical protective conductor is necessary, it should be separately
insulated in a manner similar to the other conductors and should be
incorporated within the supply cable sheath.
Portable electrical apparatus with rated voltage not exceeding 250V

to earth and with rated current not exceeding 6A may have cables
with an ordinary polychloroprene or other equivalent synthetic
elastomeric sheath, cables with an ordinary tough rubber sheath, or
cables having an equally robust construction. These cables are not
admissible for portable electrical apparatus exposed to heavy
mechanical stresses, for example hand-lamps, foot-switches, barrel
pumps.
If, for portable and transportable electrical apparatus, a metallic

flexible armour or screen is incorporated in the cable, this shall not
be used as the only protective conductor.
9.3.3 Flexible cables
Flexible cables in hazardous areas shall be selected from the

following:
- ordinary tough rubber sheathed flexible cables;
- ordinary polychloroprene sheathed flexible cables;
- heavy tough rubber sheathed flexible cables;
- heavy polychloroprene sheath;
- plastic insulated cables of equally robust construction to heavy

tough rubber sheathed flexible cables.
71212 155
NOTE - In the absence of IEC cable standards, reference should be

made to national or other standards.
9.3.4 Flame propagation
Cables for fixed wiring shall have flame propagation characteristics

which enable them to withstand the tests according to IEC 332-1,
unless they are laid in earth, in sand-filled trenches/ducts or are
otherwise protected against flame propagation.
9.4 Conduit systems
In the absence of IEC standards for conduits, national or other

standards should be followed.Conduit shall be provided with
sealing fittings as follows:
a) where it enters or leaves a hazardous area;
b) within 450 mm of all enclosures containing a source of

ignition in normal operation;
c) at any enclosure containing taps, splices, joints or

terminations where the conduit diameter is 50 mm or
greater;to reduce pressure-piling effects of some gases in
conjunction with flameproof enclosures.
The conduit shall be pulled up tight at all of the threaded

connections.
Where the conduit system is used as the protective conductor, the

threaded junction shall be suitable to carry the fault current which
would flow when the circuit is appropriately protected by fuses or
circuit-breakers. In the event that the conduit is installed in a
corrosive area, the conduit material shall be corrosion resistant or
the conduit shall be adequately protected against corrosion.
Combinations of metals that can lead to galvanic corrosion shall be
avoided.
After cables are installed in the conduit, sealing fittings shall be

filled with a compound which does not shrink on setting and is
impervious to, and unaffected by, chemicals found in the hazardous
area. The sealing fittings and compound are used to limit the
pressure piling effect, to prevent hot gases from entering the
conduit system from an enclosure containing a source of ignition,
and to prevent the entrance of hazardous gas into the non-
hazardous area.The depth of the compound in the sealing fitting
shall be at least equal to the internal diameter of the conduit, but in
no case less than 16 mm.
156 71212
Non-sheathed insulated single or multicore cables may be used in

conduit. However, when the conduit contains three or more cables,
the total cross-sectional areas of the cables, including insulation,
shall be not more than 40 % of the cross-sectional area of the
conduit.
Long runs of wiring enclosures shall be provided with suitable

draining devices to ensure satisfactory draining of condensate. In
addition, cable insulation shall have suitable water resistance.
To meet the degree of protection requirement of the enclosure, it
may be necessary to seal between the conduit and the enclosure
(for example by means of a sealing washer or thread -sealant) and
between the conductors and the conduit (for example by means of a
sealing fitting).
NOTE - Where the conduit is the sole means of earth continuity, the
thread sealant should not reduce the effectiveness of the earth path.
10 Additional requirements for type of protection

d - Flameproof enclosures
10.1 Solid obstacles
When installing apparatus, care shall be exercised to prevent the

flameproof flange joint approaching nearer than the distance
specified in table 3 to any solid obstacle which is not part of the
apparatus, such as steelwork, walls, weatherguards, mounting
brackets, pipes or other electrical apparatus, unless the apparatus
has been tested at a smaller distance of separation.
Table 3 - Minimum distance of obstruction from the

flameproof flange related to the gas/vapour subgroup of the
hazardous area
Gas/vapour subgroup Minimum distance

in mm
IIA 10
IIB 30
IIC 40
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10.2 Protection of flameproof joints
Flameproof joints shall be protected against corrosion. The gaps

shall be protected against ingress of water. The use of gaskets is
only permissible when specified in the apparatus documentation.
Joints shall not be treated with substances which harden in use.
NOTES
1 Suitable protection methods for joints are: the application

of non-setting grease or anti-corrosive agents. Silicone based
greases are often suitable for this purpose but care needs to be
taken concerning use with gas detectors. It cannot be too strongly
emphasised that extreme care should be exercised in the selection
and application of these substances to ensure the retention of the
non-setting characteristics, to allow subsequent separation of the
joint surfaces.
2 Non-hardening grease-bearing textile tape may also be

employed outside of the joint but only where the apparatus is used
in conjunction with gases allocated to group IIA. The tape should
be restricted to one layer surrounding all parts of the flange joint
with a short overlap. New tape should be applied whenever
existing tape is disturbed.
10.3 Cable entry systems
10.3.1 General
It is essential that cable entry systems comply with all the

requirements referred to in the appropriate apparatus standard, that
the cable entry device is appropriate to the type of cable employed,
maintains the respective method of protection and is in accordance
with clause 9.Where cables enter into flameproof apparatus via
flameproof bushings through the wall of the enclosure which are
part of the apparatus (indirect entry), the parts of the bushings
outside the flameproof enclosure will be protected in accordance
with one of the types of protection listed in IEC 79-0. Normally,
the exposed part of the bushings will be within a terminal
compartment which will either be another flameproof enclosure or
will be protected by protection type e. Where the terminal
compartment is Ex "d", then the cable system shall comply with
10.3.2. Where the terminal compartment is Ex e, then the cable
system shall comply with 11.3.
Where cables enter into flameproof apparatus directly, the cable

system shall comply with 10.3.2.
158 71212
10.3.2 Selection
The cable entry system shall comply with one of the following:
a) cable entry device in compliance with IEC 79-1 and the

particular type of cable intended for use with that device;
b) thermoplastic, thermosetting or elastomeric cable which is

substantially compact and circular, has extruded bedding
and the fillers, if any, are non-hygroscopic, may utilize
flameproof cable entry devices, incorporating a sealing ring
selected in accordance with figure 1;
NOTE - Internal sources of ignition include sparks or equipment

temperatures occurring in normal operation which can cause
ignition. An enclosure containing terminals only or an indirect
entry enclosure (see 10.3.1) is considered not to constitute an
internal source of ignition.
Figure 1 - Selection chart for cable entry devices into

flameproof enclosures for cables complying with item b) of
10.3.2
71212 159
c) mineral insulated cable with or without plastic outer

covering with appropriate flameproof cable entry device;
d) flameproof sealing device (for example a stopper box or

sealing chamber) specified in the apparatus documentation
or having component approval and employing cable entry
devices appropriate to the cables used. The sealing devices
such as stopper boxes or sealing chambers shall
incorporate compound or other appropriate seals which
permit stopping around individual cores. Sealing devices
shall be fitted at the point of entry of cables to the
apparatus;
e) flameproof cable entry devices incorporating compound

filled seals around the individual cores or other equivalent
sealing arrangements;
f) other means which maintain the integrity of the flameproof

enclosure.
NOTE - Where a factory-made termination of the encapsulated

type is used, no attempt should be made to interfere with the
connection to the apparatus or to replace the cable.
10.4 Motors supplied at varying frequency and voltage
Motors supplied at varying frequency and voltage require either:
a) means (or equipment) for direct temperature control by

embedded temperature sensors specified in the motor
documentation or other effective measures for limiting the
surface temperature of the motor housing. The action of the
protective device shall be to cause the motor to
disconnected. The motor and convertor combination does
not need to be tested together, or
b) the motor shall have been type-tested for this duty as a unit
in association with the convertor specified in the descriptive
documents according to IEC 79-0 and with the protective
device provided.
160 71212
NOTES
1 In some cases, the highest surface temperature occurs on the

motor shaft.
2 For motors with protection type e terminal boxes, when using

convertors with high-frequency pulses in the output, care
should be taken to ensure that any overvoltage spikes and
higher temperatures which may be produced in the terminal
box are taken into consideration.
10.5 Conduit systems
Conduit shall be selected from the following:
a) screwed heavy gauge steel, solid drawn or seam welded in

accordance with IEC 614-2-1, or
b) flexible conduit of metal or composite material construction

(e.g. metal conduit with a plastic or eliastomer jacket), of
heavy or very heavy mechanical strength classification in
accordance with IEC 614-2-5.A minimum of five threads
shall be provided on the conduit to permit the
engagement of five threads between the conduit and
flameproof enclosure, or conduit and coupling.
Sealing fittings. shall be provided within 450 mm of all

flameproof enclosures.
Where the enclosure is specifically designed for connection

to wiring in but is required to be connected by cables, then a
flameproof adapter, complete with bushings and terminal
box, may be connected to the conduit entry of the enclosure
with a length of conduit not longer than 150 mm. The cable
can then be connected to the terminal box (for example
flameproof or increased safety) according to the
requirements of the type of protection of the terminal box.
11 Additional requirements for type of protection e -

Increased safety
11.1 Degree of protection of enclosures (IEC 34-5 and IEC 529)
Enclosures containing bare live parts will have a degree of

protection of at least IP54, whereas enclosures containing insulated
parts only will have a degree of protection of at least IP44.
Rotating electrical machinery (except for terminal boxes and bare
conducting parts) installed in clean environments and regularly
71212 161
supervised by trained personnel need be protected by an enclosure

with a degree of protection of only IP20. The restriction of
application will be marked on the
machine.
11.2 Cage induction motors -Thermal protection in operation
11.2.1 Overload protection
In order to meet the requirements of item a) of clause 7, inverse-

time delay overload protective devices shall be such that not only is
the motor current monitored, but also that the stalled motor will be
disconnected within the time tE stated on the marking plate. The
current-time characteristic curves giving the delay time of the
overload relay or release as a function of the ratio of the starting
current to the rated current shall be held by the user.
The curves will indicate the value of the delay time from the cold
state related to an ambient temperature of 20 oC and for a range of
starting current ratios (IA/IN) of at least 3 to 8. The tripping time of
the protective devices shall be equal to these values of delay 20
%.
For delta connected windings, the disconnection time for the stalled
motor in the event of a phase failure shall be verified at 0,87 times
the motor starting current.
In general, motors for continuous operation, involving easy and

infrequent starts which do not produce appreciable additional
heating, are acceptable with inverse-time delay overload protection.
Motors for arduous starting conditions or which are to be started
frequently are acceptable only when suitable protective devices
ensure that the limiting temperature is not exceeded.
Arduous starting conditions are considered to exist if an inverse-
time delay overload protective device, correctly selected as above,
disconnects the motor before it reaches its rated speed. Generally,
this will happen if the total starting time exceeds 1,7 tE.
11.2.2 Winding temperature sensors
In order to meet the requirements of item b) of clause7, winding

temperature sensors associated with protective devices shall be
adequate for the thermal protection of the machine even when the
machine is stalled. The use of embedded temperature sensors to
control the limiting temperature of the machine is only permitted if
such use is specified in the machine documentation. The type
of built-in temperature sensors and associated protective device
will be identified on the machine.
162 71212
11.2.3 Softstarts
The overload protection of motors which are started by means of

special procedures limiting electrical, mechanical or thermal
stresses by electrical means shall be subject to specific assessment
by the user for the condition, if the requirements of 11.2.1 cannot
be met.
11.2.4 Varying frequency and voltage
Motors supplied at varying frequency and voltage by a convertor

shall have been type tested for this duty as a unit in association
with the convertor specified in the descriptive documents according
to IEC 79-0 and with the protective device provided.
11.3 Wiring systems
11.3.1 General
Cables and conduits shall be installed in accordance with clause 9

and the following additional requirements concerning cable entries
and conductor terminations.
11.3.2 Cable entry devices
The connection of cables to increased safety apparatus shall be

effected by means of cable entry devices appropriate to the type of
cable used. They shall maintain protection type "e" and shall
incorporate a suitable sealing component to achieve IP54 degree of
protection of the terminal enclosure.
NOTES
1 To meet the IP54 requirement it may also be necessary to seal
between the cable entry device and the enclosure (for example
by means of a sealing washer or thread sealant).
2 Threaded cable entry devices into threaded cable entry plates or

enclosures of 6 mm or greater thickness need no additional
sealing between the cable entry device and the entry plate or
enclosure providing the axis of the cable entry device is
perpendicular to the external surface of the cable entry plate or
enclosure.
Where mineral insulated metal sheathed cables are used, the

requirement to achieve creepage distances shall be maintained by
using a suitable sealing device.
71212 163
11.3.3 Conductor terminations
Some terminals, such as slot types, may permit the entry of more
than one conductor. Where more than one conductor is connected
to the same terminal, care shall be taken to ensure that each
conductor is adequately clamped. Unless permitted by the
documentation supplied with the apparatus, two conductors of
different cross-sectional area shall not be connected into one
terminal unless they are first secured with a single compression
type ferrule.
To avoid the risk of short-circuits between adjacent conductors in

terminal blocks, the insulation of each conductor shall be
maintained up to the metal of the terminal.
NOTE - Where single screw saddle clamps are used with a single
conductor, the latter should be shaped around the screw in the
form of a "U" unless clamping of single conductors without "U" is
permitted in the documentation supplied with the apparatus.
11.3.4 Combinations of terminals and conductors for general

connection and junction boxes
Care shall be taken to ensure that the heat dissipated within the
enclosure does not result in temperatures in excess of the required
apparatus temperature class. This can be achieved by
a) following the guidance given by the manufacturer relating

to the permissible number of terminals, the conductor size
and the maximum current, or
b) checking that the calculated dissipated power, using

parameters specified by the manufacturer, is less than the
rated maximum dissipated power.
11.4 Resistance heating devices
To limit the maximum surface temperature of resistance heating

devices, the heating devices and protective devices, where required,
shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of the
manufacturer and the documentation.The temperature protective
device, if required, shall de-energize the resistance heating device
either directly or indirectly. It shall be of a type that has to be
manually reset.In addition to the overcurrent protection, and in
order to limit the heating effect due to abnormal earth-fault and
earth-leakage currents, the following protection shall be installed:
164 71212
a) in a type TT or TN system, a residual current device (RCD)

with a rated residual operating current not exceeding 300
mA shall be used. Preference should be given to RCDs with
a rated residual operating current of 30 mA. The device
shall have a maximum break time not exceeding 5 s at the
rated residual operating current and not exceeding 0,15 s at
five times the rated residual operating current;
NOTE - Additional information on RCDs is given in IEC 755.
b) in an IT system, an insulation monitoring device shall be

used to disconnect the supply whenever the insulation
resistance is not greater than 50 per volt of rated voltage.
NOTE - The above additional protection is not required if the

resistance heating device (for example an anti-condensation heater
in an electric motor) is intended to be protectedby the manner in
which it is installed in an electrical apparatus.
12 Additional requirements for type of protection i -Intrinsic

safety
12.1 Introduction
A fundamentally different installation philosophy has to be

recognized in the installation of intrinsically safe circuits. In
comparison with all other types of installations, where care is taken
to confine electrical energy to the installed system as designed so
that a hazardous environment cannot be ignited, the integrity of an
intrinsically safe circuit has to be protected from the intrusion of
energy from other electrical sources so that the safe energy
limitation in the circuit is not exceeded, even when breaking,
shorting or earthing of the circuit occurs.
As a consequence of this principle the aim of the installation rules

for intrinsically safe circuits is to maintain separation from other
circuits.
12.2 Installations for zones 1 and 2
12.2.1 Apparatus
In installations with intrinsically safe circuits for zones 1 or 2, the
intrinsically safe apparatus and the intrinsically safe parts of
associated apparatus shall comply with IEC 79-11, at least to
category "ib".
Simple apparatus need not be marked, but shall comply with the
requirements of IEC 79-11 and IEC 79-0 in so far as intrinsic safety
71212 165
is dependent on them. Associated apparatus should preferably be

located outside the hazardous area or, if installed inside a
hazardous area, shall be provided with another appropriate type of
protection in accordance with 5.2.
Electrical apparatus connected to the non-intrinsically safe

terminals of an associated apparatus shall not be fed with a voltage
supply greater than Um shown on the label of the associated
apparatus. The prospective short-circuit current of the supply shall
not be greater than 1500 A.
12.2.2 Cables
12.2.2.1 General
Only insulated cables whose conductor-earth, conductor-screen and

screen-earth test voltages are at least 500 V a.c. shall be used in
intrinsically safe circuits.If multi-stranded conductors are used in
the hazardous area, the ends of the conductor shall be protected
against separation of individual strands, for example by means of
core-end sleeves.
The diameter of individual conductors within the area subject to

explosion hazards shall be not less than 0,1 mm. This applies also
to the individual wires of a finely stranded conductor.
12.2.2.2 Electrical parameters of cables
The electrical parameters (Cc and Lc) or (Cc and Lc/RJ should be
known, or the worst case values specified by the manufacturer
should be assumed, for all cables used (see 12.2.5).
12.2.2.3 Earthing of conducting screens
Where a screen is required, except as in a) through c) below, the

screen shall be electrically connected to earth at one point only;
normally at the non-hazardous area end of the circuit loop. This
requirement is to avoid the possibility of the screen carrying a
possibly incendive level of circulating current in the event that
there are local differences in earth potential between one end of the
circuit and the other. Special cases:
a) If there are special reasons (for example when the screen

has high resistance, or where the screening against inductive
interference is additionally required) for the screen to have
multiple electrical connections throughout its length, the
arrangement of figure 2 may be used, provided that
166 71212
- the insulated earth conductor is of robust construction

(normally
- at least 4 mm2 but 16 mm2 may be more appropriate for clamp
- type connections);
- the arrangement of the insulated earth conductor plus the screen

is
- insulated to withstand a 500 V insulation test from all other
- conductors in the cable and any cable armour;
- the insulated earth conductor and the screen are only connected
to
- earth at one point which shall be the same point for both the
- insulated earth conductor and the screen, and would normally
be at the non-hazardous end of the cable;
- the insulated earth conductor complies with 9.1.1;
- -the inductance/resistance ratio (L/R) of the cable installed

together
- with the insulated earth conductor shall be established and
shown to conform to the requirements of 12.2.5.
Figure 2 - Earthing of conducting screens
71212 167
b) If the installation is effected and maintained in such a

manner that there is a high level of assurance that potential
equalization exists between each end of the circuit (that is
between the hazardous area and the non-hazardous area),
then, if desired, cable screens may be connected to earth
at both ends of the cable and, if required, at any interposing
points.
c) Multiple earthing through small capacitors (for example 1

nF, 1500 V ceramic) is acceptable provided that the total
capacitance does not exceed 10 nF.
12.2.2.4 Cable armour bonding
Armour should normally be bonded to the equipotential bonding

system via the cable entry devices or equivalent, at each end of the
cable run. Where there are interposing junction boxes or other
apparatus, the armour will normally be similarly bonded to the
equipotential bonding system at these points. In the event that
armour is required not to be bonded to the equipotential bonding
system at any interposing point, care should be taken to ensure that
the electrical continuity of the armour from end to end of the
complete cable run is maintained.
Where bonding of the armour at a cable entry point is not practical,

or where design requirements make this not permissible, care
should be taken to avoid any potential difference which may arise
between the armour and the equipotential bonding system giving
rise to an incendive spark. In any event, there shall be at least one
electrical bonding connection of the armour to the equipotential
bonding system. The cable entry device for isolating the armour
from earth shall be installed in the non-hazardous area or zone 2.
12.2.2.5 Installation of cables
Installations with intrinsically safe circuits shall be erected in such

a way that their intrinsic safety is not adversely affected by external
electric or magnetic fields such as from nearby overhead power
lines or heavy current-carrying single core cables. This can be
achieved, for example, by the use of screens and/or twisted cores or
by maintaining an adequate distance from the source of the electric
or magnetic field.
In addition to the cable requirements of 9.1.11, cables, in both the

hazardous and non-hazardous area, shall meet one of the following
requirements:
168 71212
a) intrinsically safe circuit cables are separated from all non-

intrinsically safe circuit cables, or
b) intrinsically safe circuit cables are so placed as to protect

against the risk of mechanical damage, or
c) intrinsically safe or non-intrinsically safe circuit cables are

armoured, metal sheathed or screened.
Conductors of intrinsically safe circuits and non-intrinsically safe

circuits shall not be carried in the same cable.
Conductors of intrinsically safe circuits and non-intrinsically safe
circuits in the same bundle or duct shall be separated by an
intermediate layer of insulating material or by an earthed metal
partition. No segregation is required if metal sheaths or screens are
used for the intrinsically safe or non-intrinsically safe circuits.
12.2.2.6 Marking of cables
Cables containing intrinsically safe circuits shall be marked. If

sheaths or coverings are marked by a colour, the colour used shall
be light blue. Cables marked in this way shall not be used for other
purposes. If intrinsically safe or all non-intrinsically safe cables are
armoured, metal sheathed or screened then marking of intrinsically
safe cables is not required.
Alternative marking measures shall be taken inside measuring and

control cabinets, switchgear, distribution equipment, etc., where
there is a risk of confusion between cables of intrinsically safe and
non-intrinsically safe circuits, in the presence of a blue neutral
conductor. Such measures include:
- combining.the cores in a common light blue harness;
- labelling;
- clear arrangement and spatial separation.
12.2.2.7 Multi-core cables containing more than one intrinsically

safe circuit
The requirements of this subclause are in addition to those of

12.2.2.1 to 12.2.2.6.
The radial thickness of the conductor insulation shall be

appropriate to the conductor diameter and the nature of the
insulation. For insulating materials currently used, for example
polyethylene, the minimum radial thickness shall be 0,2 mm.
71212 169
The conductor insulation shall be such that it will be capable of

withstanding an r.m.s. a.c. test voltage of twice the nominal voltage
of the intrinsically safe circuit with a minimum of 500 V.
Multi-core cables shall be of a type capable of withstanding an

r.m.s. a.c. dielectric test of at least:
- 500 V applied between any armouring andlor screen(s) joined

together and all the cores joined together;
- 1000 V applied between a bundle comprising one half of the

cable cores joined together and a bundle comprising the other
half of the cores joined together. This test is not applicable to
multi-core cables with conducting screens for individual
circuits.
- The voltage tests shall be carried out by a method specified in

an appropriate cable standard. Where no such method is
available, the tests shall be carried out as follows:
- the voltage shall be an a.c. voltage of substantially sinusoidal

waveform at a frequency of between 48 Hz and 62 Hz;
- the voltage shall be derived from a transformer of at least 500
VA output;
- the voltage shall be increased steadily to the specified value in a
period of not less than 10 s and then maintained at this value for
at least 60 s.
12.2.2.8 Fault considerations in multi-core cables
The faults, if any, which shall be taken into consideration in multi-

core cables used in intrinsically safe electrical systems depend
upon the type of cable used.
- Type A
Cable complying with the requirements of 12.2.2.7 and, in addition,

with conducting screens providing individual protection for
intrinsically safe circuits in order to prevent such circuits becoming
connected to one another - the coverage of those screens shall be at
least 60 % of the surface area.
No faults between circuits are taken into consideration.
- Type B
Cable which is fixed, effectively protected against damage,

complying with the requirements of 12.2.2.7 and, in addition, no
170 71212
circuit contained within the cable has a maximum voltage Uo

exceeding 60 V.
No faults between circuits are taken into consideration.
- Others
For cables complying with the requirements of 12.2.2.7 but not the
additional requirements of type A or type B, it is necessary to take
into consideration up to two short circuits between conductors and,
simultaneously, up to four open circuits of conductors. In the case
of identical circuits, failures shall not be taken into consideration
provided that each circuit passing through the cable has a safety
factor of four times that required for category "ia" or "ib". For
cables not complying with the requirements of 12.2.2.7, there is no
limit to the number of short circuits between conductors and
simultaneous open circuits of conductors which shall be taken into
consideration.
12.2.3 Termination of intrinsically safe circuits

In electrical installations with intrinsically safe circuits, for
example in measuring and control cabinets, the terminals shall be
reliably separated from the non-intrinsically safe circuits (for
example by a separating panel or a gap of at least 50 mm). The
terminals of the intrinsically safe circuits shall be marked as such.
All terminals and plugs and sockets shall satisfy the Fequirements
of 6.3.1 and 6.3.2 respectively of IEC 79-11.Where terminals are
arranged to provide separation of circuits by spacing alone, care
shall be taken in the layout of terminals and the wiring method used
to prevent contact between the circuits should a wire become
disconnected.
12.2.4 Earthing of intrinsically safe circuits
Intrinsically safe circuits may be either
a) isolated from earth, or
b) connected at one point to the equipotential bonding system

if this exists over the whole area in which the intrinsically
safe circuits are installed.
The installation method shall be chosen with regard to the

functional requirements of the circuits and in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions.
71212 171
More than one earth connection is permitted on a circuit provided

that circuit is galvanically separated into subcircuits each of which
has only one earth point.
In intrinsically safe circuits which are isolated from earth, attention

shall be paid to the danger of electrostatic charging. A connection
to earth across a resistance of between 0,2 M and 1 M, for
example for the dissipation of electrostatic charges, is not deemed
to be earthing.
Intrinsically safe circuits shall be earthed if this is necessary for

safety reasons, for example in installations with safety barriers
without galvanic isolation. They may be earthed if necessary for
functional reasons, for example with welded thermocouples. If
intrinsically safe apparatus does not withstand the electrical
strength test with at least 500 V to earth according to IEC 79-11, a
connection to earth at the apparatus is to be assumed.
In intrinsically safe circuits, the earthing terminals of safety barriers

without galvanic isolation (for example Zener barriers) shall be
1) connected to the equipotential bonding system by the

shortest practicable route, or
2) for TNS systems only, connected to a high-integrity earth

point in such a way as to ensure that the impedance from the
point of connection to the main power system earth point is
less than 1 . This may be achieved by of separate earth
rods. The conductor used shall be insulated to prevent
invasion of the earth by fault currents which might flow in
metallic parts with which the conductor could come into
contact (for example control panel frames). It shall also be
given mechanical protection in places where the risk of
damage is high.
The cross-section of the earth connection shall be either:
- at least two separate conductors each rated to carry the

maximum possible current, which can continuously flow, each
with a minimum of 1,5 mm2 copper, or
- at least one conductor with a minimum of 4 mm2 copper.
NOTE - The provision of two earthing conductors should be

considered to facilitate testing.
If the prospective short-circuit current of the supply system

connected to the barrier input terminals is such that the earth
172 71212
connection is not capable of carrying such current, then the cross-

sectional area shall be increased accordingly or additional
conductors used.
12.2.5 Verification of intrinsically safe circuits
Unless a system certificate is available defining the parameters for

the complete intrinsically safe circuit, then the whole of 12.2.5 (and
its subclauses) shall be complied with.
When installing intrinsically safe circuits, including cables, the

maximum permissible inductance, capacitance or L/R ratio and
surface temperature shall not be exceeded. The permissible values
shall be taken from the associated apparatus documentation or the
marking plate.
12.2.5.1 Intrinsically safe circuits with only one associated

apparatus
The sum of the maximum effective internal capacitance Ci of each

item of intrinsically safe apparatus and the cable capacitance
(cables generally being considered as concentrated capacitance
equal to the maximum capacitance between two adjacent cores)
shall not exceed the maximum value Co marked on the associated
apparatus.
The sum of the maximum effective internal inductance Li of each

item of intrinsically safe apparatus and the cable inductance (cables
generally being considered as concentrated inductance equal to the
maximum inductance between the two cores in the cable having the
maximum separation) shall not exceed the maximum value
Lomarked on the associated apparatus.
Where the intrinsically safe apparatus contains no effective

inductance and the associated apparatus is marked with an in d
uctance/res i stance L/R value, if the L/R value of the cable,
measured between the two cores in the cable having maximum
separation, is less than this figure, it is not necessary to satisfy the
Lo requirement.The values of permissible input voltage Uj, input
current Ii and input power Pi of each intrinsically safe apparatus
shall be greater than or equal to the values Uo, Io and Po
respectively of the associated apparatus.
For simple apparatus the maximum temperature can be determined

from the values of Po of the associated apparatus to obtain the
temperature class. The temperature class can be determined by:
71212 173
a) reference to table 4, or b) caiculatiofi using the formula:
T= Po Rth + Tamb
where
T is the surface temperature;
Po is the power marked on the associated

apparatus;
Rth is the thermal resistance (K/W) (as specified

by the component manufacturer for the
applicable mounting conditions);
Tamb is the ambient temperature (normally 40 OC)

and reference to table 1.
In addition, components with a smaller surface area than 10 cm2

(excluding lead wires) may be classified as T5 if their surface
temperature does not exceed 150 oC. The apparatus group of the
intrinsically safe circuit is the same as the most restrictive grouping
of any of the items of electrical apparatus forming that circuit (for
example a circuit with IIB and IIC apparatus will have a circuit
grouping of IIB).
Table 4 - Assessment for T4 classification according to

component size and ambient temperature
Total surface area Requirement for T classification

excludung lead wires (based on 40 C ambient temperature
2
< 20 mm Surface temperature 275oC
20 mm2 10 cm2 Surface temperature 200oC
20 mm2 Power not exciding 1.3 W*
o
* Reduced to 1.2 W with 60 C ambient temperature or
1.0 W with 80 oC ambient temperature
12.2.5.2 Intrinsically safe circuits with more than one associated

apparatus
If two or more intrinsically safe circuits are interconnected, the

intrinsic safety of the whole system shall be checked by means of
theoretical calculations or a spark ignition test in accordance with
clause 10 of IEC 79-11. The apparatus group, temperature class
and the category shall be determined.
Account shall be taken of the risk of feeding-back voltages and

currents into associated apparatus from the rest of the circuit. The
174 71212
rating of voltage and current-limiting elements within each

associated apparatus shall not be exceeded by the appropriate
combination of Uo and Io of the other associated apparatus.
NOTE - in the case of associated apparatus with linear

currentlvoltage characteristics the basis of calculation is given in
annex A. In the case of associated apparatus with non-linear
current/voltage characteristics, expert guidance should be sought.
A descriptive system document shall be prepared by the system

designer in which the items of electrical apparatus, the electrical
parameters of the system including those of inter-connecting wiring
are specified.
12.3 Installations for zone 0
Intrinsically safe circuits shall be installed in accordance with 12.2

except where modified by the following special requirements. In
installations with intrinsically safe circuits for zone 0 the
intrinsically safe apparatus and the associated apparatus shall
comply with IEC 79-11, category ia. Associated apparatus with
galvanic isolation between the intrinsically safe and non-
intrinsically safe circuits is preferred. Since only one fault in the
equipotential bonding system in some cases could cause an ignition
hazard, associated apparatus without galvanic isolation may be
used only if the earthing arrangements are in accordance with item
2) of 12.2.4 and any mains-powered apparatus connected to the
safe area terminals are isolated from the mains by a double wound
transformer, the primary winding of which is protected by an
appropriately rated fuse of adequate breaking capacity. The circuit
(including all simple components, simple electrical apparatus,
intrinsically safe apparatus, associated apparatus and the maximum
allowable electrical parameters of inter-connecting cables) shall be
of category ia.
Simple apparatus installed outside the zone 0 shall be referred to in

the system documentation and shall comply with the requirements
of IEC 79-11, category ia.
If earthing of the circuit is required for functional reasons, the earth

connection shall be made outside the zone 0, but as close as is
reasonably practicable to the zone 0 apparatus.
If part of an intrinsically safe circuit is installed in zone 0 such that

the apparatus and the associated equipment are at risk of
developing hazardous potential differences within the zone 0, for
example through the presence of atmospheric electricity, a surge
protection device shall be installed between each non-earth bonded
71212 175
core of the cable and the local structure as near as is reasonably

practicable, preferably within 1 m, to the entrance to the zone 0.
Examples of such locations are flammable liquid storage tanks,
effluent treatment plant and distillation columns in petrochemical
works. A high risk of potential difference generation is generally
associated with a distributed plant and/or exposed apparatus
location, and the risk is not alleviated simply by using underground
cables or tank installation.
The surge protection device shall be capable of diverting a

minimum peak discharge current of 10 kA (8/20 s impulse
according to IEC 60-1, 10 operations). The connection between the
pro-tection device and the local structure shall have a minimum
cross-sectional area equivalent to 4 mm2 copper.
The spark-over voltage of the surge protection device shall be
determined by the user and an expert for the specific installation.
NOTE - The use of a surge protection device with spark-over

voltage below 500 V a.c. 50 Hz may require the intrinsically safe
circuit to be regarded as being earthed.
The cable between the intrinsically safe apparatus in zone 0 and the
surge protection device shall be installed such that it is protected
from lightning.
13 Additional requirements for type of protection

p - Pressurized apparatus
Unless it has been assessed as a whole, the complete installation

shall be checked for compliance with the requirements of the
apparatus documentation and the requirements of this standard by
an expert.
13.1 Ducting
All ducts and their connecting parts shall be able to withstand a

pressure equal to
- 1,5 times'the maximum overpressure, specified by the

manufacturer of the pressurized apparatus, for normal
operation, or
- the maximum overpressure that the pressurizing source can

achieve with all the outlets closed where the pressurizing
source (for example a fan) is specified by the manufacturer of
the pressurized apparatus, with a minimum of 200 Pa (2 mbar).
176 71212
The materials used for the ducts and connecting parts shall not be
adversely affected by the specified protective gas nor by the
flammable gas or vapours in which they are to be used.
The points at which the protective gas enters the supply duct(s)
shall be situated in a non-hazardous area except for cylinder
supplied protective gas.
Ducting should be located in a non-hazardous area as far as is

reasonably practicable. If ducting passes through a hazardous area
and the protective gas is at a pressure below atmospheric then the
ducting shall be free from leaks.
Ducts for exhausting the protective gas should preferably have their
outlets in a non-hazardous area. Consideration shall otherwise be
given to the fitting of spark and particle barriers (i.e. devices to
guard against the ejection of ignition-capable sparks or particles) as
shown in table 5.
NOTE - During the purge period a small hazardous area may exist
at the duct outlet.
Table 5 - Use of spark and particle barriers
Zone og exhaust Apparatus

duct outlet A B
Zone 2 Required Not required
Zone 1 Required* Required*
A = apparatus which may produce ignition-capable sparks or particles in normal
operation
B = apparatus which does not produce ignition-capable sparks or particles in
normal operation
*If the temperature of the enclosed apparatus constitutes a hazard upon failure of
pressurization, a suitable device shall be fitted to prevent the rapid entry of the
surrounding atmosphere into the pressurized enclosure.
Pressurizing apparatus, such as an inlet fan or compressor, that is

used to supply protective gas should preferably be installed in a
non-hazardous area. Where the drive motor and/or its control
equipment are located within the supply ducting, or where the
installation in a hazardous area cannot be avoided, the pressurizing
apparatus shall be suitably protected.
71212 177
13.2 Action to be taken on failure of pressurization
13.2.1 Apparatus without an internal source of release
An installation comprising electrical apparatus without an internal

source of release shall comply with table 6 when the pressurization
with the protective gas fails.
Table 6 - Action to be taken when the pressurization with the

protective gas fails for electrical apparatus without an internal
source of release
Enclosure contains apparatus Enclosure contains apparatus

Area not suitable for zone 2 suitable for zone 2
classification without pressurization without pressurization
Zone 2 Alarm 1) No action
Zone 1 Alarm and switch-off 2) Alarm 1)
1. If the alarm operates, immediate action should be taken, for example to restore the integrity of the
system.
2. If automatic switch-off would introduce a more dangerous condition, other precautionary measures
should be taken, for example duplication of protective gas supply.
13.2.2 Apparatus with an internal source of release
Apparatus with an internal source of release shall be installed in

accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
In the event of failure of the protective gas, an alarm shall be given

and corrective action taken to maintain the safety of the system.
13.3 Multiple pressurized enclosures with a common safety

device
Requirements for the use of a common safety device with more

than one pressurized enclosure are given in IEC 79-2.
13.4 Purging
The minimum purge time, specified by the manufacturer, for the

pressurized enclosure shall be increased by the'minimum additional
purging duration per unit volume of ducting, specified by the
manufacturer, multiplied by the volume of the ducting.
In zone 2, providing that it is established that the atmosphere within

the enclosure and associated ducting is well below the lower
flammable limit (for example 25 % LEL) purging may be omitted.
Additionally, gas detectors may be used to check whether the gas in
the pressurized enclosure is flammable.
178 71212
The protective gas used for purging, pressurization and continuous

dilution shall be non-combustible and non-toxic. It shall also be
substantially free from moisture, oil, dust, fibres, chemicals,
combustibles and other contaminating material that may be
dangerous or affect the satisfactory operation and integrity
of the apparatus. It will usually be air, although an inert gas may
be used. The protective gas shall not contain more oxygen by
volume than that normally present in air.
Where air is used as the protective gas, the source shall be located
in a non-hazardous area and usually in such a position as to reduce
the risk of contamination. Consideration shall be given to the
effect of nearby structures on air movement and of changes in the
prevailing wind direction and velocity.
The temperature of the protective gas should not normally exceed

40 oC at the inlet of the enclosure. (in special circumstances, a
higher temperature may be permitted or a lower temperature may
be required, in which case the temperature will be marked on the
pressurized enclosure.)
Where necessary to prevent the ingress of combustible gas or

vapour by diffusion, or to prevent leakage of protective gas, wiring
systems shall be sealed.
NOTE - This does not preclude a cable duct or a conduit being

purged with the apparatus.
14 Additional requirements for apparatus for use in zone 2
The following additional requirements only apply to apparatus in

accordance with items b) and c) of 5.2.3.
14.1 Degree of protection of enclosures (IEC 34-5 and IEC 529)
Enclosures containing bare live parts and enclosures containing

only insulated parts require a degree of protection of at least IP54
and IP44 respectively.
When used in locations providing adequate protection against the

entry of solid foreign bodies or liquids capable of impairing safety
(for example indoors), enclosures containing bare live parts and
enclosures containing only insulated parts require a degree of
protection of IP4X and IP2X respectively. Apparatus which would
not be impaired by contact with solid foreign bodies or liquids (for
example strain gauges, resistance thermometers, thermocouples,
71212 179
energy-limited apparatus) need not comply with the above

requirements.
14.2 Energy-limited apparatus and circuits
The sum of the maximum internal capacitance of each apparatus

and the cable capacitances (cables being considered as concentrated
capacitance equal to the maximum capacitance between two
adjacent cores), and the sum of the maximum inductance of each
apparatus and the cable inductance (cable being considered as
concentrated inductance equal to the maximum inductance between
the two cores in the cable having the maximum separation) shall
not exceed the maximum permissible capacitance and inductance
values respectively. These values will be marked on protection
type "n" apparatus or given in the documentation.
14.3 Wiring systems
14.3.1 General
Cables and conduits shall be installed in accordance with clause 9,

with the following additional requirements concerning cable entries
and conductor terminations.
14.3.2 Cable entry devices
The connection of cables shall be carried out by means of cable

entry devices appropriate to the type of cable used.
To meet the degree of protection requirement of the terminal

enclosure it may be necessary to use cable entry devices
incorporating suitable sealing components to seal between the cable
entry device and the cable. Sealing may be similarly required
between the cable entry device and the enclosure (for example by
means of a sealing washer or thread sealant).
NOTE - Threaded cable entry devices into threaded cable entry

plates or enclosures of 6 mm or greater thickness need no
additional sealing between the cable entry device and the entry
plate or enclosure providing the axis of the cable entry device is
perpendicular to the external surface of the cable entry plate or
enclosure.
The sealing of restricted-breathing enclosures shall be such as to

maintain the restricted-breathing properties of the enclosure.
Unused cable entries shall be closed with plugs which maintain the
degree of protection of the terminal enclosure.
180 71212
14.3.3 Conductor terminations
Some terminals, such as slot types, may permit the entry of more
than one conductor. Where more than one conductor is connected
to the same terminal, care shall be taken to ensure that each
conductor is adequately clamped. Unless permitted by the
documentation, two conductors of different cross-sections shall
not be connected into one terminal unless they are first secured
with a single compression type ferrule.Where there is a risk of short
circuits between adjacent conductors in terminal blocks, the
insulation of each conductor shall be maintained up to the metal of
the terminal.
NOTE - Where single screw saddle clamps are used documentation

supplied with the apparatus with a single conductor, the latter
should be shaped around the screw in the form of a U unless
clamping of single conductors without U is permitted in the
documentation with the apparatus.
14.4 Motors supplied at varying frequency and voltage
NOTE - When using convertors with high-frequency pulses in the

output, care should be taken to ensure that any overvoltage spikes
and higher temperatures which may be produced in the motor or its
terminal box are taken into consideration.
71212 181
Annex A
(normative)
Verification of intrinsically safe circuits with more than one

associated
apparatus with linear current/voltage characteristics
The capacitance and inductance parameters for the system of

intrinsically safe circuits shall be determined from the ignition
curves of IEC 79-11 using the system values of Uo and Io under
fault conditions and at each point in the system. The faults in
accordance with IEC 79-11 shall be applied to the electrical system
as an entity and not to each item of electrical apparatus.
The above requirements can be met by using the following

calculation procedure.
The category shall be deemed to be ib even if all the associated

apparatus is category ia.
NOTE - This category reduction is to take account of the fact that

the assessment is by calculation only without any test.
a) Determine the highest voltage and current in the system

using the Uo and Io values stated on the associated
apparatus (see annex B).
b) Check that the highest system current (10) multiplied by a

safety factor of 1,5 does not exceed the current obtained
from the ignition curves for resistive circuits, for the
appropriate apparatus group, in IEC 79-11 for the maximum
system voltage (Uo).
c) The maximum permissible inductance (Lo) is obtained from

the ignition curves for inductive circuits, for the appropriate
apparatus group, in IEC 79-11 using the highest system
current (Io) multiplied by a safety factor of 1,5.
d) The maximum permissible capacitance (Co) is obtained

from the ignition curves for capacitive circuits, marked C+
0 , in IEC 79-11, figure 4, using the highest system
voltage (Uo) multiplied by a safety factor of 1,5.
e) Check that the maximum permissible values of Co and Lo

conform to the requirements of 12.2.5.1.
182 71212
f) Determine the apparatus group of the system, in accordance

with 12.2.5.1, taking into account the apparatus group of the
ignition curves used.
g) Determine the temperature class of the system in

accordance with 12.2.5.1 (where Po = IoUo/4).
71212 183
Annex B
(informative)
Methods of determining the maximum system voltages and

currents in intrinsically
safe circuits with more than one associated apparatus with
linear currentlvoltage
characteristics (as required by annex A)
In the case of two or more associated apparatus in an intrinsically

safe circuit (see 12.2.5.2), the following practical method can be
used to determine the new maximum system voltages and currents
under fault conditions in the intrinsically safe circuit using the
values Uo, Io of each item of associated apparatus taken from the
documentation or from the marking plate.
Dependent on the interconnection of the intrinsically safe terminals

of the associated apparatus the values of Uo and Io should be
determined, in the case of normal operation and also under fault
conditions, taking into account:
- the summation of voltages only;
- the summation of currents only, or
- both the summation of voltages and the summation of currents.
In the case of series connection of the associated apparatus with

galvanic isolation between intrinsically safe and non-intrinsically
safe circuits (see figure 13.1) only the summation of voltages is
possible irrespective of the polarity of the circuits.
In the case of parallel connection of both poles of the sources (see

figure B.2) only the summation of currents is necessary.
In all other cases where any interconnection of the poles of the

sources is possible (see figure B.3) series or parallel connections
have to be taken into account dependent on the fault under
consideration. In this situation, both the summation of voltages and
the summation of currents have to be considered separately.
184 71212
Figure B.1 - Series connection - Summation of voltage
Figure B.2 - Parallel connection - Summation of

currents
71212 185
Figure B.3 - Series and parallel connections - Summations of

voltages and summations of currents
186 71212
Control test
Question 1 Into which zones do we divide an area where the risk of explosion
is caused by gas or vapour?
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Question 2 What gas groups do we have?
...........................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................
Question 3 What is the criteria for such a division into gas groups?
...........................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................
Question 4 Why is there no marking of the gas group on an Ex e terminal box?
...........................................................................................................
71212 187
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Question 5 What different methods of protection can be installed in the

different zones?
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Question 6 What is tE-time?
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188 71212
Trainor as 2007
C H A P T E R 4
Ex Motors
Subjects
Ex motors constructional requirements

IA/IN - ratio
tE - time
frequency regulation
replacement of bearings
190 71212
Trainor as 2007 Ex Motors
Constructions
There are two different main principals used for explosion

No spark or heat
protection concerning electrical motors. The first is to construct
the motor in such a way that dangerous heat or sparks is avoided.
Encapsulation The second method is to encapsulate dangerous heat or sparks in
such a way that a potentially explosive mixture on the outside of
the motor is not ignited. In the first method we find Exe and Exn
motors, and in the second we find Exd and Exp motors. Exd, Exp
Zone 2 and Exe can be installed in zone 1. Exn motors can only be
installed in zone 2.
Exe motor
The motor must be constructed in such way that under

No heat or sparks normal operation, no parts must produce arcs, sparks or high
temperatures. The above mentioned conditions must not
occur even at overload conditions. The limitation of
temperature rise above the marked T-class applies both for
outside surfaces and internal parts. The terminal enclosures
IP-class of the motors shall confirm to at least IP 54. For motors
installed in dry and clean rooms and which are monitored by
qualified personnel, IP 20 is sufficient for group II
equipment. The requirement for the termination enclosure is
still IP 54. If the manufacturer states limitations in the use of
the motor, this must be marked on the motor. All connection
Distance between stator between conducting parts must be secured in such a way that
and rotor they can not become loose. The motor shall be equipped with
both an internal as well as an external earth connection.
Increased safety motors are not allowed for voltage higher
than 11KV. This is because of sparks that can occur due to
induction between the different parts of the motor, e.g.
between the rotor and the stator windings.
71212 191
Exe motor
Figure 15 Ex e motor
1: Air gap between terminals.

2: creepage distance between terminals.
3: Marking.
4: Air gap between stator and rotor.
5: Temp. rise in stator/rotor when rotor is blocked.
6: Distance between fan and fan cover.
7: Non static fan (if plastic).
8: Earth.
Exd motor
Withstand internal expl. The enclosure of the motor shall be constructed in such a way that
an internal explosion does not propagate to the surrounding
atmosphere. The enclosure shall be capable to withstand the
explosion without being deformed or damaged.. There is no
requirement to a minimum IP classification with respect to safety,
only with respect to function. The maximum internal temperature
Temperature is only limited by the insulation class of the windings, and the
classification
nominal power is dependent on the maximum external temperature
192 71212
with respect to the actual temperature classification.. External parts

shall not produce arcs or sparks, and the motor shall be equipped
with both internal and external earth connections.
Exd motor with Exe terminals
Figure 16 Ex de motor
Flamepaths:
1: Between shaft and bearing cover.
2: Between end cover and bearing cover.
3: Between end cover and stator housing.
4: Between Exe terminal box and stator housing.
5: Between stator housing and Exd cable entry.
Exp motor
Over pressure The method of protection using ventilation means that the motor
shall be pressurised to a minimum compared with the surrounding
atmosphere in such a way that the potentially explosive
Purging surroundings can not enter into the motor during operation. This
can be obtained by using either leakage compensation or over-
pressure with continuos purging. Before starting, the motor as well
as the belonging ducts must be purged with air taken from a safe
Minimum over press.
area or by using inert gas for a duration of time to make sure that
any possible gas inside the system has been removed to a safe
71212 193
level. The volume of the purged air or inert gas shall be at least
five times the enclosures free internal volume. During operation, a
minimum overpressure of at least 0.5 mbar must be maintained. If
the over pressure drops below the minimum requirement, the
motor shall automatically be disconnected from the supply. The
surface temperature of the motor shall not be higher than the given
temperature classification. In cases where the ventilation is a part
of the cooling system, it is recommended to monitor the
temperature of the windings. The motor shall be equipped with
both internal and external earth connections.
Figure 17 Ex p motor
1: Air/inert gas inlet.

2: Fan.
3: Ducts.
4: Motor enclosure.
5: Marking.
6: Over pressure monitor.
7: Solenoid valve.
ExnA motor
This method of protection can be looked upon as a simplified Exe

motor. An industrial short circuit motor will normally be accepted,
Distance between stator
but as for an Exe motor there is a requirement for a certain
and rotor minimum distance between the rotor and the stator windings as
well as the terminations. It must be constructed so that sparks and
arcs will not occur. The surface temperature is determined at
normal operation. The temperature rise during starting condition is
not taken into consideration if the motor is intended for continuos
IP-class operation. The degree of protection shall be IP 54 for the terminal
box and IP 44 for the parts of the motor that only contains
194 71212
insulated parts. The motor shall have an internal earth connection,

and shall have an external earth connection if the installation
requires this. There is no requirement that the motor is certified if
it is designed for use in zone 2, only and is not marked e.g.
EEx nA II T3, and a declaration of conformity has been issued by
the manufactorer.
Terminals
IEC 60079-0 General requirements states the following regarding

connection of external circuits:
14. Connection facilities and terminal compartments
14.1 Electrical apparatus which is intended for connection to external

circuits shall include connection facilities, except if the electrical
apparatus is manufactured with a cable permanently connected to
it. All apparatus constructed with permanently connected
unterminated cable shall be marked with the symbol X to indicate
the need for appropriate connection of the free end of the cable.
14.2 Terminal compartments and their access openings shall be

dimensioned so that the conductors can be readily connected.
14.3 Terminal compartments shall comply with one of the specific

standards listed in clause 1.
14.4 Terminal compartments shall be so designed that after proper

connection of the conductors, the creepage distances and the
clearances comply with the requirements, if any, of the specific
standard for the type of protection concerned.
Comment to 14
This means that all increased safety terminations shall apply to IEC
60079-7.
IEC 60079-7, Increased safety e, 4.2 through 4.5.2 contains

requirements regarding terminals, creepage distance and
clearances.
4.2 Terminals for external connections
Terminals for connections to external circuits shall be generously

dimensioned to permit the effective connection of conductors of
cross-section equal to at least that corresponding to the rated
current of the electrical apparatus.
71212 195
The number and sizes of conductors that can be safely connected to

terminals shall be specified in the descriptive documents according
to 23.2 of IEC 60079-0.
NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to the use of aluminium wire because of

the difficulties associated with controlling critical creepage and
clearance distances with the application of anti-oxidant materials.
The connection of aluminium wire to external terminals may be
accomplished by the use of suitable bi-metallic ferrule connections
providing a copper connection to the terminal.
Terminals shall be subjected to the terminal insulating material

tests of 6.9. These terminals shall
a) be fixed to their mountings without possibility of self-

loosening,
b) be constructed in such a way that the conductors cannot slip out
from their intended location during tightening of the terminal,
c) be such that proper contact is assured without damage to the
conductors that would impair the ability of the conductors to
fulfil their function, even if multi-stranded conductors are used
in terminals intended for direct clamping of a conductor.
NOTE 2 The use of crimped cable terminations is allowed provided

that the requirements in a), b) and c) are fulfilled.
In particular, terminals shall not
- have sharp edges which would damage the conductors,

- be able to turn, twist or be permanently deformed during
normal tightening which shall be defined by the manufacturer of
the apparatus and which shall not be less than that specified in
IEC 60947-7-1, IEC 60999-1 or IEC 60999-2, where applicable,
- be constructed of aluminium.
Terminals shall be such that the contact they assure is not

appreciably impaired by temperature changes occurring in normal
service. The contact pressure shall not be transmitted through
insulating material.
Terminals intended for clamping stranded conductors shall include

a resilient intermediate part. Terminals for connecting conductors
of rated cross-sections not exceeding 4 mm2 (12 AWG) shall also
be suitable for the effective connection of conductors at least two
ISO wire-sizes smaller.
NOTE 3 Special precautions against vibration and mechanical

shock may be required.
196 71212
NOTE 4 Special precautions against electrolytic corrosion should

be considered.
NOTE 5 Special precautions against corrosion should be
considered where ferrous material is used.
4.3 Internal connections
Connections within electrical apparatus and forming an integral

part of that apparatus shall not be subject to undue mechanical
stress. Only the following means for the connection of conductors
are permitted:
a) screwed fasteners with means of locking;

b) crimping;
c) soldering, provided that the conductors are not supported by the
soldered connection alone;
d) brazing;
e) welding; and
f) any means of connection complying with the requirements of
4.2.
NOTE Special precautions against electrolytic corrosion should be

considered.
Connections which are terminals shall be subjected to the terminal

insulating material tests of 6.9.
4.4 Clearances
Clearances between bare conductive parts at different potentials

shall be as given in table 1 with a minimum value for external
connections of 3 mm.
Spacings at wiring terminals shall be evaluated with the conductor

size that produces the minimum clearance.
NOTE For requirements for lamps with screw caps see 5.3.3.1.4.
Clearances shall be determined as a function of the working

voltage. Where the apparatus is intended for more than one rated
voltage or for a range of rated voltage, the value of working voltage
to be used shall be based on the highest value of rated voltage. In
determining the clearances, examples 1 to 11 (inclusive) in figure 2
illustrate the features to be taken into account and the appropriate
clearances.
71212 197
Creepage distances and clearances
Voltage Minimum creepage distance

(see note 1 mm Minimum clearance
Urms ac or dc Material group mm
V I II IIIa
10 (see note 3) 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
12,5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
16 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
20 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
25 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
32 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
40 1.9 2.4 3 1.9
50 2.1 2.6 3.4 2.1
63 2.1 2.6 3.4 2.1
80 2.2 2.8 3.6 2.2
100 2.4 3.0 3.8 2.4
125 2.5 3.2 4 2.5
160 3.2 4 5 3.2
200 4 5 6.3 4
250 5 6.3 8 5
320 6.3 8 10 6
400 8 10 12.5 6
500 10 12.5 16 8
630 12 16 20 10
800 16 20 25 12
1000 20 25 32 14
1250 22 26 32 18
1600 23 27 32 20
2000 25 28 32 23
2500 32 36 40 29
3200 40 45 50 36
4000 50 56 63 44
5000 63 71 80 50
6300 80 90 100 60
8000 100 110 125 80
10000 125 140 160 200
Note 1 : Voltages shown are derived from IEC 60664-1. The working voltage may exceed by 10% the voltage
level given in the table. This is based on the rationalisation of supply voltages given in table 3b of IEC 60664-1.
Note 2 : The creepage distance and clearance values shown are based on a maximum supply voltage tolerance
of 10%
Note 3 : At 10 V and below, the value of CTI is not relevant and materials not meeting the requirement for
material group IIIa may be acceptable.
Table 12 Creepage and clearance
4.5 Creepage distances
4.5.1 The required values of creepage distance are dependent on the

working voltage, the resistance to tracking of the electrical
insulating material and its surface profile.
198 71212
Creepage and clearance table 1 gives the grouping of electrical

insulating materials according to the comparative tracking index
(CTI) determined in accordance with IEC 60112. Inorganic
insulating materials, for example glass and ceramics, do not track
and need not therefore be subjected to the determination of the CTI.
They are conventionally classified in material group I.
The grouping given in table 2 is applied to insulating parts without

ribs or grooves. If there are ribs or grooves in accordance with
4.5.3 the minimum permissible creepage distances for working
voltages up to 1 100 V shall be based on the next highest material
group, for example material group 1 instead of material group II.
NOTE 1 The material groups are identical with those given in

IEC 60664-1.
NOTE 2 Transient overvoltages are ignored as they do not

normally influence tracking phenomena. However, temporary and
functional overvoltages may have to be considered, depending
upon the duration and frequency of occurrence (see IEC 60664-1
for additional information).
Table 2 Tracking resistance of insulating material
Material group Comparative tracking index

I 600 CTI
II 400 CTI < 600
IIIa 175 CTI < 400
Table 13 CTI
4.5.2 Creepage distances between bare conductive parts at different

potentials shall be as given in table 1, with a minimum value for
external connections of 3 mm, and shall be determined as a
function of the working voltage specified by the manufacturer of
the apparatus.
NOTE For requirements for lamps with screw caps, see 5.3.3.1.4
Comment to 4.2 4.5.2

Use only cable thimbles of the correct size when connecting an Ex
e motor to an external circuit to avoid reducing the required
distances given in table 1. Determination of creepage distances
across insulating material can be found in IEC 60079-7
pages 31 to 37.
71212 199
Cooling of Ex motors
In order for electrical motors to comply with the respective

temperature class, they must be cooled in one way or the other.
Normally cooling is obtained by a combination of fan and ribs.
Cooling ribs
Cooling ribs shall be designed such that they are able to cool down
the motor to a safe level with respect to both safety and operational
conditions. A limited damage to the ribs will normally not effect
the cooling of motors to the extent that the motor must be replaced.
This is of cause just an assessment, and if in doubt, contact the
manufacturer for help. A rule of thumb is that if less than 10% of
the cooling ribs are damaged, the cooling will be ok. It is also
possible to reclassify the temperature class from for instance T4 to
T3 if the damage is severe. Be aware that such a reclassification
must be verified by an approved testing station
Damage to cooling ribs on an Ex d motor may have caused cracks

through the enclosure to such an extent that en internal explosion
will not be contained. In these cases, the motor must be examined
with respect to its ability to withstand the required pressure test in
accordance with IEC 79-1.
Cooling fan
IEC 60079-0, 17 states the following regarding rotating electrical

machines (Ex motors with protection d, e, p and n):
Supplementary requirements for rotating electrical machines
External shaft driven cooling fans of rotating electrical machines

shall be enclosed by a fanhood which is not considered to be part of
the enclosure of the electrical apparatus. Such fans and fanhoods
shall meet the following requirements.
17.1 Ventilation openings for external fans
The degree of protection IP of ventilation openings for external

fans of rotating electrical machines shall be at least
- IP20 on the air inlet side;

- IP 10 on the air outlet side;
according to IEC 60034-5.
200 71212
For vertical rotating machines, foreign objects shall be prevented

from failing into the ventilation openings. For Group I rotating
electrical machines the degree of protection IP10 is adequate only
when the openings are designed or arranged so that foreign objects
with dimensions above 12,5 mm cannot be carried onto the moving
parts of the machine either by falling vertically or by vibration.
17.2 Construction and mounting of the ventilating systems
Fans, fanhoods and ventilation screens shall be constructed so as to

meet the requirements of the resistance to impact test according to
23.4.3.1 and the required results according to 23.4.3.3.
17.3 Clearances for the ventilating system
In normal operation the clearances, taking into account design

tolerances, between the external fan and its hood, ventilation
screens and their fasteners shall be at least 1/100 of the maximum
diameter of the fan, except that the clearances need not exceed
5 mm and may be reduced to 1 mm if the opposing parts are
manufactured so as to have dimensional accuracy and stability. In
no case shall the clearance be less than 1 mm.
17.4 Materials for external fans and fanhoods
17.4.1 Except for fans fitted to Group II rotating electrical machines and
having a peripheral speed below 50 m/s, external fans, fanhoods,
ventilation screens, etc. shall have an electrical insulation
resistance, measured according to 23.4.7.8, not exceeding 1 G.
17.4.2 The thermal stability of plastic materials shall be considered

adequate if the manufacturer's specified operating temperature of
the material exceeds the maximum temperature to which the
material will be subjected in service (within the rating) by at least
20 K.
The external fans, fanhoods, ventilation screens, of rotating

electrical machines, manufactured from materials containing light
metals shall not contain by mass
- for Group I electrical machines, more than 15 % in total of

aluminium, magnesium and titanium, and more than 6 % in total
of magnesium and titanium;
- for Group II electrical machines, more than 6 % of magnesium.
With reference to 17.4.1, the periperhal speed can be calculated as

follows:
71212 201
d / min
VPeripheral = = m/s
60
Calculating the peripheral speed:
Fan diameter = 0,3m

Speed = 1800 rev
min
0,3m 1800 o
Vperipheral = min = 28,3 m
60 s
This means that if the peripheral speed of the fan, or the surface
resistance of the plastic material according to the relevant test fan
can not be documented, only an original fan must be used for
replacement. The same applies for fans made of light metal
(aluminium). IEC 79-0 requires a maximum content of 6%
magnesium in light alloys, and if an unoriginal fan is used, this
requirement must be verified.
Temperatures in a Exe motor
Increased safety is nowadays the most common method of

protection used for motors for use in hazardous locations. For this
method of protection, certain limiting temperatures applies, as well
as the ratio between the starting current and nominal current IA/IN
and the time tE.
Limiting temperatures
In order to prevent the ignition of an explosive atmosphere, no part

of the motor is allowed to exceed the maximum temperature
indicated by the T-classification during start, normal operation or
stalled rotor condition. The limiting temperature also applies for
uninsulated conductors, i.e. rotor rods. To maintain the thermal
stability of the winding-insulation, the following temperature
limits, according to IEC 79-7, applies:
202 71212
Limiting temperatures for insulated windings
Method of temperature Thermal class according to IEC

measurement 60085 (see note 2)
(see note 1) A E B F H
O O O O O
1 Limiting temp. in rated service C C C C C
a) insulated single layer winding Resistance of thermometer 95 110 120 130 155
b) other insulated windings Resistance 90 105 110 130 155
Thermometer 80 95 100 115 135
2 Limiting temp. at end of time tE
(see note 3) Resistance 160 175 185 210 235
Note 1 Measurement by thermometer is permissible only when measurement by change of resistance is not
possible. In this context thermometer has the same meaning as in IEC 60034-1 (for example, a bulb
thermometer, or a non-imbedded thermocouple or resistance temperature detector (RTD) applied to the points
accessible to the usual bulb thermometer.
Note 2 As an interim measure until values have been prescribed , the higher thermal class of insulation
material denoted by figures in IEC 60085 are considered as subject to the limiting temperatures given for class
H.
Note 3 These values result from the ambient temperature, the temperature rise of the winding in rated service
and the increase of temperature during time tE.
Table 14 Limiting temperatures for windings
Temperature measured by resistance method.
R2 - R1
t2 = ( 234.5 + t1)
R1
Where:t1 = Temp. of the winding at the start of the test

t2 = Temp. of the winding at the end of the test
R1 = Winding resistance at the start of the test
R2 = Winding resistance at the end of the test
IA/IN and tE-time
For a squirrel cage induction motor to maintain the intended safety,

the correct motor protection device must be chosen. The ratio
between the starting current and the rated current, IA/IN, is marked
on the motor and stated in the certificate. We also find the time tE.
The time tE is the time it will take for the windings to be heated up
from the normal rated temperature at maximum ambient
temperature to maximum limiting temperature at starting current
IA. This occurs when the rotor is stalled. Maximum limiting
temperature is determined by the lower of either the T -
classification of the motor or maximum allowed winding
temperature according to the table Table 14. Normally the T-
classification is the lower of the two.
71212 203
Temperature
Figure 18 Determination of tE-time
A: highest permissible amb. Temp.

B: Temp. in rated service.
C: Limiting temp. at rated service depending on class of insulating
material.
D: Limiting temp.
E: Temp. rise in rated service.
F: Temp.rise at IA, stalled rotor.
tE: time during F.
The time tE and the ratio IA/IN shall be determined and marked in
order to choose a suitable motor protective device to protect the
motor against too high temperatures. The response time of the
protective device shall be such that the motor is disconnected
before the elapse of the time tE
Constructional requirements
According to IEC 79-7 and CENELEC EN 50 019, the time tE shall

not be shorter than 5 seconds, and the ratio IA/IN shall be between 3
and 10. That means that the motor data must be above the line in
the curve in Figure 19.
204 71212
IA/IN-ratio
tE
S
40
20
10
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
IA/IN
Figure 19 Min. tE as a function of IA/IN
Example:
Given on the motors marking label;
tE = 16 sec.
IA/IN = 5
Stated current-time- characteristic

300
curve for the thermal relay.
180
120
90
60
40
20
10
Minutes6
4
1
40
Response 20
time 10
6
Seconds4
2
1
1 1,5 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15
Figure 20 Protective devices characteristic
71212 205
From the curve, we find that the response time is 10 sec. The
motors limiting temperature is reached after 16 sec. This
combination of protecting device and motor is safe. If the motor is
certified with temperature probes embedded in the windings it is
not required that the time tE is marked on the motor. In this case,
the protective device shall be certified together with the motor.
Testing of protection device
The thermal relay of protective devices shall normally have an

accuracy of +/- 20 %.
There are two common methods for testing protective devices. The
simplest is described in a PTB testing memorandum for testing of
smaller motors (up to 75 KW):
Remove on of the three main fuses and start the motor. The current
will now be 87% of equivalent the three phase current, and the
short-circuit heating effect 75 %. The protective device shall
disconnect the motor before the time tE x 1.3 elapses.
A more extensive method is to use a transformer. To the phases of

the device connected in series, a current equal to the short-circuit
current, or any other current chosen from the devices curve, is
applied. If short-circuit current is chosen for the test, the thermal
relay shall operate within the time tE stated on the motor. If a
current value is chosen from the characteristic curve of the device,
the time tE is the time found on the curve.
Ex - motorer and frequency converters
Ex d motors
Ex d motors requires a protective device with direct temperature

control by means of embedded temperature probes specified in the
motors documentation (certificate), or other effective methods for
limitations of the surface temperature. The device shall disconnect
the motor from the supply. It is not required that the motor and the
converter are certified as one unit.
An other option is that the motor and the converter is type approved
for this service category as stated in the certification documents
according to IEC 79-0 and protected by a specific protective
device.
206 71212
Note:
1. in some cases the highest temperature may occur on the motors
shaft
2. To avoid risk of short-circuit between adjacent conductors in
terminals, each conductor shall be insulated all the way to the
terminals metal.
Ex e motors
Motors connected to a variable frequency and voltage supply by

means of a converter shall be of a type approved for this service
category as a unit together with the converter specified in the
certification documents according to IEC 79-0 and protected by a
specific protective device.
Ex n motors
Most users prefer a certificate issued by a proper authority, but an

Ex n motor can be connected to a converter without any form of
certification, A declaration of conformity issued by the
manufactorer stating that the motor and converter has been deemed
suitable for use together, is a minimum requirement for installation
in zone 2.
Change of bearings
It is important to notice that it is only permitted to use original parts

when changing bearings on Ex motors, regardless of method of
protection. Always check with the certificate if replacement
bearings are allowed. User is allowed to change bearings on all
motors except on an Ex d motor if the bearing is not damaged to
the extent that it has produced visible heat.
Change of bearings on flameproof motors depends on whether the

bearing is defined as located on the inside or the outside of the
flamepath. If it is a routine replacement, and the bearing is located
outside the flamepath formed by the shaft and the bearing cap or by
the shaft and the end shield, original parts can be used for
replacement. If the bearing is located inside the flamepath, and
tools have to be used to pull the bearing from the shaft forming a
part of the flamepath, the user is not allowed to do this. Damaged
bearings can not be replaced in any circumstance by the user, but
must be left to an approved workshop or to the manufacturer.
71212 207
Flamepath
between
shaft and
end shield
Figure 21 Ex-d motor with outside bearing
An inner bearing defined as a part of the flamepath can only be

replaced by an approved workshop or manufacturer.
Flamepath between
shaft and bearing cap
Figure 22 Ex-d motor with internal bearing
A case of doubt will be where we have an inner bearing fixed on a

part of the shaft with a greater diameter than the part forming a
flamepath together with the bearing cap or the end shield. In this
case, we do not force the bearing directly over the flamepath,
which again means that the user can replace the bearing as long as
it is not considered as damaged.
208 71212
Flamepath between
shaft and bearing cap
Figure 23 Ex-d motor with stepped shaft and internal bearing
Changing bearings on pressurised (Ex p) and non-sparking (Ex n)

only requires that original parts are being used.
71212 209
210 71212
Control test
Question 1 Which methods of protection do we have for electric motors for use
in hazardous areas?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 2 Why is increased safety motors not allowed above 11KV?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 3 What is the minimum required IP-classification for Exe-motors?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 4 What is the approximate number of flamepaths you will find on an

Exd-motor
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
71212 211
Question 5 What is the IA/IN ratio used for?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 6 What is the main difference between an Exe-motor and an Exn-

motor?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 7 What is the most common method of cooling Ex motors?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 8 What are the requirements for cooloing fans made of plastic and
aluminium?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 9 Explain the term tE-time.
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
212 71212
Trainor as 2007
C H A P T E R 5
Cables, glands and termination in

Ex- areas
Subjects
offshore cables, glands and termination in Ex-areas.

214 71212
Trainor as 2007 Cables, glands and termination in Ex- areas
Cables
Most oil companies today have decided to use the same cable
specifications (OLF 1689). This means that only halogen free
Halogen free cables cables are to be installed. With halogen free it is meant that the
cable material does not contain any fluorine, iodine, bromine, PVC,
neoprene or hypalon. When a cable that contains any of these
materials burns, toxic fumes and thick smoke is the result. The
thick smoke makes search and fire fighting difficult. In case of a
larger fire, water is always used, and when this water comes in
contact with the burning halogen containing cable, diluted
hydrochloric acid is the result, which again will lead to severe
corrosion damage, even more severe than the actual damage from
the fire. There are two main types of halogen free cables:
- Flame Retardant
- Fire Resistant
Flame retardant cable The advantage with flame retardant cables is of cause that a fire
will not spread along the cable gates and bridges.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Flame retardant cables RFOU 0,6/1kV Halogen-free,

NEK 606 Type: P1
(1) Tinned copper,

(2) EP-rubber,
(3) Flame retardant halogen-free thermoset compound
(4) PETP-tape,
(5) Tinned copper wire braid,
(6) PETP-tape,
(7) Flame retardant halogen-free thermoset compound.
Figure 24 Flame retardant cable
Fire resistant cable When there is a high demand for operativity, a fire resistant cable
will be the right choice. This cable will function long after the
cable itself is totally burnt. The cables inner sheath consists of a
material called Favusil. At normal room temperature this material
is a good heat conductor, but at a temperature of 200 to 300oC this
material will start to produce crystalline water which is a good
coolant. By further increase in the temperature the Favusil material
71212 215
will change to a kind of ceramic material which insulates heat very

well.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fire resistant cables BFOU 0,6/1kV Halogen free,

NEK 606 Type: P5
(1) Tinned copper,

(2) Mica-tape,
(3) EP-rubber,
(4) Flame retardant halogen-free thermoplastic compound,
(5) PETP-tape,
(6) Tinned copper wire braid,
(7) PETP-tape,
(8) Flame retardant halogen-free thermoset compound.
Figure 25 Fire resistant cable
Cable marking
Marking system The type marking of offshore cables is given in a four-
letter code, starting in the center of the cable and working
its way to the outside:
1. letter type of insulation around the conductors.

2. letter material of the inner sheath. (Bedding)
3. letter material of the armour/screen
4. letter material of the outer sheath.
Cables like PN, NMH, PR, H05RN-F and

H07RN-F are not according to the above-mentioned
system.
The table of the four-letter code is found on the next page.
216 71212
1. Letter 2. Letter 3. Letter 4. Letter

Insulation Bedding Armouring/screen Outer sheet
A A Aluminium (optional A Armouring (General) A Hessian + Bitumen
corrosion prot.)
B Fire resistant tape + B Corrugated aluminium B Steel Tapes 2 off B Hydrocarbon Resi-
insulation (OCP) stant sheath
C PCP C PCP C Galvanised Steel C PCP
Wire Braid
D Impregnated paper D Aluminium & plastic D Oil Filled Cable D Double Hessan
Drip free Reinforcement + Bitumen
(Longitude./Transverse)
E PE or PP E PE or PP E Oil Filled Cable E PE or PP
F PE/PP) with filling F Bedding or taping F Flat steel wire F Semi conducting
PE
G Rubber (untreated) G Rubber G G Rubber
H CSP-CPE H CSP - CPE H Steel wire + steel tape H CSP - CPE
I TPE I TPE I Steel tapes 4 off I TPE
K Paper K Lead K Steel wire plastic K
or rubber coated
L Air & Plastic L Aluminium lamin. + L Aluminium-laminate L
Coaxial plastic sheath *)
M Expanded PE or M Aluminium + M Steel tape with special M
PP + Filling comp. plastic + steel tape*) magnetic protection
N Impregnated paper N Polyurethane Polyester N Steel laminate N Polyurethane
Polyester
O Impregnated paper O Lead & plastic O Copper wire braid O
(Tinned or Untinned)
P PVC P PVC P Phosphor bronze P PVC
Wire braid
Q PVC+additional layer Q Q Steel wire with counter Q Semiconducting
PVC
R EP rubber R EP rubber R Round wire R EPR
S Silicon rubber S Bedding or taping + S Concentric conductor S Silicon rubber
concentric conductor (Screen)
T XLPE T PE + Aluminium wire T Aluminium wire T XLPE
+ Steel tape *) + steel tape
U EVA or EMA U EVA - EMA U U EVA - EMA
V PVC + screen V Screen (poss. with PVC) V Double wire armour V
W PE or PP + additional W W Catnery wire W
X X No Bedding X No armour X
Y PE or PP + screen Y Screen (poss. with Y Y
PE or PP)
Z Fluorplastic PTFE-FEP Z Fluorplastic Z Z Fluorplastic
(PFTE, FEP)
Table 15 Letter code for cables

* These can only be used when the 3rd. letter is W.
Additional abbreviations for instrumentation cables
Collective screen = C
Individual pair or triple screen = i
71212 217
Cables and conductors in Ex-areas
Cables and conductors for use in hazardous areas shall be

according to the general requirements in FEA-M 1990, section 18
and IEC 61892-7. We will not go into these requirements here, but
only mention that they state how to install, secure and how to
mechanically protect the cables, cable bridges/ladders, how to go
through wall and decks, branching and jointing and ending a cable.
Zone 0 and Zone 1
In Zone 0 and Zone 1 the cables must be equipped with at least one
of the following protections:
A non-metallic outer sheath in combination with a metallic screen

or armour for indication of earth fault and mechanical protection.
Armouring A non-metallic outer sheath is not necessary if the screen/armour is

of a corrosion resistant bronze alloy.
Lead sheath in combination with further mechanical protection in

the shape of a metallic sheath or non-metallic sheath.
For MICC cables, a sheath of copper or stainless steel.
Zone 2
In the standards In Zone 2, cables approved according to FEA-M 1990 section 18,
may be use without armour or screen.
Flexible cables
Flexible cables for equipment with rated current 6A and

maximum 250 V to earth, shall be of at least medium strong oil
resistant rubber insulated cable. For other portable equipment,
though oil resistant rubber insulated flexible cables. Flexible
cables for intrinsically safe circuits shall additionally have a screen
or similar of a conducting material and an outer sheath of an
insulating material. If there is a risk of influence from other
electrical or magnetic fields, short flexible cables without screen
may be used
218 71212
Intrinsically safe circuits
Branching and jointing of cables in Zone 0 is only allowed for

intrinsically safe circuits of category "ia".
Separate conductors Conductors for intrinsically safe circuits and conductors for non-
intrinsically safe circuits shall not be run together in the same
cables, flexible cables, conduits, cable bunches etc., within and
outside hazardous areas. See also 808.7.6 concerning cables and
flexible cables etc.
50 mm separation Connection terminals for intrinsically safe circuits shall be safely

separated from those for non-intrinsically safe circuits, either by a
separating panel or by distance of at least 5 cm.
Ex-i Non Ex-i
50mm
Separating plate
50 mm
Separating plate
50 mm
Figure 26 Creepage distance
Separating plate If the separating plate is made of conducting material, the plate
shall be connected to earth. Connection terminals for intrinsically
safe circuits shall be specially marked. When color marking is
71212 219
used, the color shall be light blue. Be aware of the cable's

Capacitance/ capacitance and inductance together with the corresponding data
inductance for the field equipment when using zener barriers and galvanic
barriers.
Terminals
For Ex equipment there are strict requirements for terminals and

other terminations. These shall be such that there is an
Increased safety increased safety regarding a lasting and good connection. Ex
approved terminations must be used. For intrinsically safe circuits
one should use blue terminals. Also be aware that there is a
Separation demand for separation between intrinsically safe circuits and non-
Free of corrosion intrinsically safe circuits. Ex terminations shall be free of
corrosion.
Construction of Ex terminations
Figure 27 Principe of Exe termination
220 71212
Cable entries
Cable entries for Ex equipment is a subject where there is a certain

doubt and rightly so. The Norwegian standards are very vague
when describing such installations. In the IEC/CENELEC
standards, foreign literature and in the certificates of the Ex glands,
installation is more precisely described. This course will mainly
Ex glands deal with choosing and assembling of glands for Ex d and Ex e
equipment as this is the area where most mistakes are made, but
cable entries for the other methods of protection will also be dealt
with. The requirements for use of plastic glands will also be
described.
Gland selection
To decide the type of gland the following information is needed:
- Zone classification
- Gas group
- Type of cable
* overall diameter
* bedding diameter
* number of conductors
* armouring/screening
- Type of thread and dimension
- Method of protection
- The plants special requirements
Direct entry
Exd enclosure We have an Ex d enclosure which require a direct entry of the

cable. Such an entry means that the cable is ended and connected
inside the explosion proof enclosure. The gland to be used must be
of a certified type Ex d, and approved for the gases present. Before
we take a look at how to choose the correct gland to different
cables, we will explain how an Ex d gland is constructed.
71212 221
Ex d gland
Every entry through a flameproof enclosure must comply with

Flame path the same requirements to flamepaths and gaps as the enclosure
itself. An internal explosion will create an over-pressure that
among others will seek to escape through the gland. This gland
must be so constructed that it is supplied with flamepaths that will
"cool down" the exploding gas in such a way that it will not ignite
the surrounding atmosphere.
The figure below shows which ways the exploding gas may escape
through a cable gland ( washer and seal is removed from the
drawing ).
Exploding
gas
Figure 28 Principle of an Ex d gland
222 71212
Compression gland
In an Ex d gland of the compression type, there is a rubber

seal that ensures the gas tightness. This seal together with accurate
threads supplies the explosion protection.
Figure 29 Compression gland
It is important that the max./min area of this seal is

Inner diameter compatible with the inner diameter of the cable.
Choosing the correct compression gland
Several considerations must be taken into account when choosing a

gland. First of all the inner and outer diameter of the cable must be
recorded. Remember to take the tolerances of the cable into
Production tolerance consideration!
These tolerances will be found in the handbooks of the cable

manufacturers and can have values of +/- a few millimetres.
Outer diameter The outer diameter of the cable must comply with the outer
Seal seal of the gland. This seal will prevent moisture to penetrate into
the enclosure and cause corrosion. It is therefore not necessary to
use heat shrink over the gland.
71212 223
Practical example
We have a cable of type BFOU 250V.

This is a 7 pair 1,5 mm2 copper armoured, and with collective
screen. From the cable book of Draca Cable, we have got the
following data:
Mean diameter
Nos. of pairshriples Bedding Outer sheath Appr. weight

and conductor area mm2 mm mm kg/km
2 pair 0,75 13 17 400
4 pair 0,75 15 19 520
7 pair 0,75 18 22 710
12 pair 0,75 24 29 1170
19 pair 0,.75 28 34 1600
24 pair 0,75 33 39 2100
2 pair 1,0 13 17 440

4 pair 1,0 16 20 580
7 pair 1,0 19 24 810
12 pair 1,0 25 30 1280
19 pair 1,0 29 35 1660
24 pair 1,0 35 41 2360
2 pair 1,5 14 18 490

4 pair 1,5 17 21 660
7 pair 1,5 20 25 970
12 pair 1,5 27 32 1540
19 pair 1,5 32 38 2180
24 pair 1,5 37 44 2780
2 triple 0,75 15 19 500

4 triple 0,75 17 21 650
7 triple 0,75 21 26 980
12 triple 0,75 28 33 1490
19 triple 0,75 33 39 2140
24 triple 0,75 38 45 2750
2 triple 1,0 16 20 540

4 triple 1,0 19 23 730
7 triple 1,0 22 27 1080
12 triple 1,0 29 35 1710
19 triple 1,0 35 41 2450
24 triple 1,0 41 48 3150
2 triple 1,5 16 21 620

4 triple 1,5 19 24 840
7 triple 1,5 23 28 1250
12 triple 1,5 31 37 2060
19 triple 1,5 37 43 2910
24 triple 1,5 43 50 3760
Table 16 Cable data from Draca
224 71212
From the table we get the following data:
Outer diameter: 25 mm
Inner diameter: 20 mm
This cable may have a tolerance of +/-1.5 mm, and therefore we

must record these values:
Outer diameter: 23,5 - 26,5 mm

Inner diameter: 18,5 - 21,5 mm
As Ex d gland we use a Raufoss type D705.

In the catalogue from Raufoss we find the following table:
A B C D E F G H
Length of Length
Gland Entry thread Inner sheath Outer sheath Width Width gland of Wire braid
Size Metric thread max. min. max. min. across across open tight tread dia.
flats mm corn. mm mm mm
1 M20 x 1,5 12,0 8,0 16,0 10,5 24 27,7 52,9 41,0 15 0,20-0,4
1C M20 x 1,5 6,5 1,5 12,0 6,8 24 27,7 52,9 41,0 15 0,20-0,4
2 M20 x 1,5 14,5 10,5 21,2 14,5 30 34,6 52,5 41,5 15 0,20-0,4
3 M25 x 1,5 20,0 12,7 27,5 22,0 36 41,6 58,9 44,5 15 0,20-0,5
3B M25 x 1,5 20,0 12,7 24,5 18,0 36 41,6 58,9 44,5 15 0,20-0,5
3D M25 x 1,5 20,0 12,7 22,5 16,0 36 41,6 58,9 44,5 15 0,20-0,5
4 M32 x 1,5 26,5 20,0 33,5 27,0 46 53,1 60,6 47,5 15 0,20-0,5
4B M32 x 1,5 26,5 20,0 29,0 21,5 46 53,1 60,6 47,5 15 0,20-0,5
4C M32 x 1,5 23,0 16,5 29,0 21,5 46 53,1 60,6 47,5 15 0,20-0,5
5 M40 x 1,5 33,0 26,0 43,0 33,5 55 63,5 70,6 53,0 15 0,30-0,6
5B M40 x 1,5 33,0 26,0 37,0 29,0 55 63,5 70,6 53,0 15 0,30-0,6
6 M50 x 1,5 44,5 32,0 52,5 41,0 65 75,1 76,0 57,0 15 0,35-0,6
6B M50 x 1,5 44,5 32,0 47,0 36,0 65 75,1 76,0 57,0 15 0,35-0,6
6C M50 x 1,5 36,0 29,0 47,0 36,0 65 75,1 76,0 57,0 15 0,35-0,6
7 M63 x 1,5 56,2 44,0 65,3 54,0 80 92,4 80,7 62,5 15 0,40-0,6
7B M63 x 1,5 56,2 44,0 58,0 47,0 80 92,4 80,7 62,5 15 0,40-0,6
7C M63 x 1,5 52,0 40,0 58,0 47,0 80 92,4 80,7 62,5 15 0,40-0,6
8 M75 x 1,5 68,3 56,0 78,0 65,0 95 109,8 84,6 64,0 15 0,40-0,6
Table 17 Gland data from Raufoss
By choosing the size 4C, we se that this gland is suitable for a cable
with a outer diameter of 21.5 - 29.0 mm, and a inner diameter of
16.5 - 23.0 mm.
NB: By ordering glands one must specify the type of threads

( ISO metric, Pg, NPT ) and what kind of armouring the cable is
supplied with.
Example:
RA D705 4Cx/M32
This is a gland suitable for copper armouring and
M25 Threads.
71212 225
The additional marking "x", "z" or "t" after the size marking tells
what type of armouring the gland is constructed for. This marking
we only find on Ex d glands where the armouring shall be paced
between the cone and the cone ring.
X - Braid armouring
Z - Steel armouring
T - Rough braid armouring steel band
It seems like we have found a gland that will comply with

Multi conductor the Ex requirements, but this cable has so many conductors that an
internal explosion possibly could penetrate out between the
conductors and ignite the flammable mixture on the outside of the
enclosure. A compound gland would be the right choice for this
cable.
226 71212
Compound gland
Figure 30 Compound gland
A compound gland is quite like a gland of the compression

Bushing type, but the inner seal is replaced by a bushing. This bushing is
filled with a two component compound that creates a very good
tightness. A gland of this type must be used for cables with many
conductors or for cables with a inner sheath of a material that will
create poor tightness when used together with a rubber seal.
To choose a compound gland, we use the same procedure as

described for a compression gland, but there is no limitation
regarding minimum inner diameter.
A compound gland should be used more often than it is, as the

cables of today often are of a construction that requires this, and
besides a gland like this, insures a good protection against ingress
of water through the cable.
71212 227
Gland assembly
Assembling of Ex d glands is often a time consuming job,

Assembling instruction but it must be correct done. We have chosen to show the
assembling instruction from Raufoss A/S.
Packing of glands This assembling instruction shows step by step how this type of
glands should be packed, but we will never the less add some
comments:
- Follow the instruction closely.
- Sharp tools must not be used when removing the inner

rubber seal.
- Check that the cone ring is the correct way so that the
armouring is not cut.
- When using compound glands excess compound must be

removed both inside and outside before the gland is
installed in the enclosure.
228 71212
RAUFOSS CABLE GLAND

Assembling instruction for D 705
1. Screw Connector (1) into enclosure.
2. Pass Seal Nut (6) over cable.
3. Pass Barrel (5) over cable.
4. Carefully cut back cable outer sheet (7).
5. Pass Cone Ring (4) over armouring (8).
6. Run cable through Pressure Ring (3) up to

armour wire, spread open wire and push Pressure
Ring under armouring.
7. Remove Rubber Seal (2) from Connector.
8. Push cable assembly through Connector into

enclosure until stopped by Pressure Ring.
9. Push forward Cone Ring over Pressure Ring

ensuring that all armour strands are secure.
10. Bring up Barrel and screw to Connector using

wrench to ensure Cone Ring presses is tightly
wedging armour.
11. Disconnect Barrel carefully.
12. Remove all cable from Connector.
13. Replace Rubber Seal in Connector.
14. Run cable through Rubber Seal and screw

Barrel to Connector.
15. Finally screw Seal Nut tight to Barrel.
71212 229
Special conditions
1. The glands can only be used together with flame

proof enclosures where at least five threads are
engaged.
2. The glands are not permitted together with enclosures

containing equipment which produce arcs, sparks or high
temperatures, have a volume exceeding 2000 cm3, and
which are installed in IIC atmosphere.
NB!
If the volume of the enclosure is > 100 cm3 and the

pitch is 1.5, 6 full threads must be engaged
230 71212
RAUFOSS CABLE GLAND

Assembling instruction for barrier gland BCG 955
1. Screw Connector (1) into enclosure.
2. Pass Seal Nut (6) over cable.
3. Pass Barrel (5) over cable.
4. Carefully cut back cable outer sheet (7).
5. Pass Cone Ring (4) over armouring (8).
6. Run cable through Pressure Ring (3) up to armour

wire, spread open wire and push Pressure Ring under
armouring.
7. Remove all thermoplastic around Conductors. (Do

not remove or damage rubber surrounding each
copper conductor)
8. Thoroughly mix the 2 sticks of compound (red bag

and grey bag) by rolling between your hands, folding
over and rolling between your hands again. Repeat
this operation until the compound appear to be one
uniform colour. The mixed compound should be
used within 30 minutes. (At 15o - 25oC). Higher
temperature will reduce the usable time.
9. Spread open conductors and push small quantity of

compound to face of inner sheet slowly building up
from the side around each conductor.
10. Push Cylinder (2) over conductors. With cylinder in

one hand and Pressure ring in the other, push
assembly together. Wipe clean any compound from
joints.
11. Feed conductors through Connector. Carefully push

Cylinder Assembly into Connector, compressing
compound around conductors inside enclosure.
71212 231
12. Bring up Barrel and screw to Connector using wrench

to ensure Cone Ring is tightly wedging armour.
13. Disconnect Barrel carefully. Inspect and ensure that

armouring is secure. Having satisfied yourself that
all is in order, screw Barrel to Connector.
14. Finally screw Seal Nut tight to Barrel.
Special conditions
1. The glands can only be used together with flame proof

enclosures where at least five threads are engaged.
2. The glands are not permitted together with enclosures

containing equipment which produce arcs, sparks or high
temperatures, have a volume exceeding 2000 cm3, and
which are installed in IIC atmosphere.
NB!
If the volume of the enclosure is > 100 cm3 and the

pitch is 1.5, 6 full threads must be engaged
Hygiene, Health and Safety.

When handling the compound the enclosed disposable
gloves must be worn. Should any compound come into
contact with your skin, it should be cleaned off with hand
cleaner and not allowed to dry the skin.
232 71212
Indirect entry
Exd
Exd enclosure
Exd bushing
Exe enclosure
Exe gland
Figure 31 Exd with indirect entry
Ex de enclosure By indirect entry it is understood that the cable is ended and

terminated in an enclosure outside the flameproof enclosure. This
enclosure is certified Ex e. The connections from the
Ex e to the Exd enclosure are factory made. This is a method that
is widely used because the requirements to the glands of an Ex e
enclosure are much simpler.
71212 233
Adapters
Adapters Adapters for Ex d glands must also be certified. More than one
adapter should not be used for glands for use in hazardous areas
Impact test no matter what kind of protection, this because the equipment must
pass an impact test.
Adapter Reducer
Figure 32 Adapter and reducer for Exd enclosures
Increased safety - Exe
Cable entries for Ex e equipment are not subject to the same

requirements as for Ex d equipment but must at least satisfy
Min. IP 54 IP 54. Minimum IP 65 is recommended. As the requirement for
approval of glands for use outside hazardous areas are no longer
Exe gland valid, this means that for Ex e equipment only Ex e certified glands
can be used. It is allowed to drill holes for glands in Ex e
equipment. The hole can be made with or without threads. When
without threads a seal and a counter nut must be used. Caution
Careful assembling must be used when tightening plastic glands in order to avoid
cracking or "missing" threads.
By assembling glands to plastic enclosures the manufacturers

specifications must be followed.
234 71212
Figure 33 Illustration of Exe gland assembly
71212 235
236 71212
Control test
Question 1 Give two reasons for using halogen free cables?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 2 Which kind of glands are to be installed in an Exd enclosure with

direct entry?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 3 Which kind of terminals are to be installed in an Exe enclosure?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
71212 237
Question 4 Explain the expression "halogen free " cable?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 5 Which kind of glands can be installed in an enclosure of the

increased safety type.?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 6 Can you connect a cable for a Exe circuit in an Exe junction box in
zone 0?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
238 71212
Question 7 What is the minimum safe creepage distance between an

intrinsically and non intrinsically termination.?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 8 Choose glands of the different types mentioned in the table for the
different types of cables mentioned in the same table.
HAWKE RAUFOSS
GLANDS GLANDS
TYPE Size Inner Outer EEx d Eexd EEx d EEx d

diameter diameter
501/453 ICG D705 BCG
653 955
BFOU 250 V 1 par 0.75 (i)
RFOU 250 V 8 par 0,75 (i)
BFOB 0.6/1kv 2 x 1.5/4
RFOU 250 V 16 par 1.5 (c)
RFOU 0.6/1kv 3 x 16/16
Notice! i : individual screen

c: common screen
71212 239
240 71212
Appendix
Cabel/ Gland data.
71212 241
BFOU(i) 250V, Grey or Blue, Type S3 / S7,

Individual screen
DIMENSION DATA
ABBNK Type Thickness of Diameter Diameter Weight of Copper
no. armour Under braid Overall cable approx. content
[mm2] wires [mm] [mm] [kg/km] approx.
[mm] [kg/km]
822300 G 1 pair 0,75 0,20 9,00,8 12,01,0 210 57

822301 B
822306 G 2 pair 0,75 0,25 12,51,0 16,01,0 380 121
822307 B
822318 G 4 pair 0,75 0,25 15,01,0 18,51,0 530 174
822319 B
822330 G 8 pair 0,75 0,25 20,01,5 24,51,5 890 285
822331 B
822342 G 16 pair 0,75 0,30 26,51,5 31,52,0 1490 529
822343 B
822700 G 1 pair 1,5 0,20 10,01,0 13,01,0 250 78

822701 B
822707 B 2 pair 1,5 0,25 14,51,0 18,51,0 510 176
822360 G 1 triple 0,75 0,20 9,50,8 12,51,0 240 71

822361 B
822366 G 2 triple 0,75 0,25 14,01,0 17,51,0 460 145
822367 B
822378 G 4 triple 0,75 0,25 16,51,0 20,01,5 620 204
822379 B
822390 G 8 triple 0,75 0,25 21,51,5 26,01,5 1080 358
822391 B
822760 G 1 triple 1,5 0,20 10,51,0 13,51,0 300 100

822761 B
G = Grey colour on the outer sheath

B = Blue colour on the outer sheath
242 71212
ELECTRICAL DATA
TYPE Capacit. approx. Induct. approx. Resist. 20 deg C
[mm2] [nF/km] [mH/km] [Max.ohm/km]
Single pair 0,75 90 0,75 24,8

Single triple 0,75 90 0,75 24,8
Single pair 1,5 110 0,68 12,2
Single triple 1,5 110 0,68 12,2
All pairs/triples are individually screened and therefor electrical data are identical for
them all.
INSTALLATION DATA
TYPE Overall Diameter Minimum bending radius Maximum pulling
[mm] During Fixed tension
[mm2] installation installed [N]
[mm] (mm)
1 pair 0,75 12,01,0 96 72 75
2 pair 0,75 16,01,0 128 96 150
4 pair 0,75 18,51,0 148 111 300
8 pair 0,75 24,51,5 196 147 600
16 pair 0,75 31,52,0 252 189 1200
1 pair 1,5 13,01,0 104 78 150

2 pair 1,5 18,51,0 148 111 300
1 triple 0,75 12,51,0 100 75 110

2 triple 0,75 17,51,0 140 105 225
4 triple 0,75 20,01,5 160 120 450
8 triple 0,75 26,01,5 208 156 900
1 triple 1,5 13,51,0 108 81 225
Minimum installation temperature: - 20 C
Gland recommendation for fire resisttant cables
EX (d) - Flameproof barrier gland with inner compound packing

and seal on outer sheath.
EX (e) - Glands with seal on outer sheath only
71212 243
CABLE DRAWING: BFOU (i) 250V
Cable type S3 / S7
Construction according to IEC 60092-3.

Flame retardant i.a.w. IEC 60332-1 and IEC 60332-3 Cat.A
Fire resistant i.a.w. IEC 60331
Halogenfree i.a.w. IEC 60754-1,2
Low smoke i.a.w. IEC 61034-1,2
Mud resistant i.a.w. NEK 606, sub clause 2.6.1
Maximum operating temperature 85C

Test voltage 3,6 kV dc for 5 minutes
Flame retardant - Fire resistant - Low smoke - Halogen free
Individual pair/triple screen :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 3
54
1
Cable drawing for indication only

1. Tinned stranded copper conductor
2. Mica taping
3. EPR-insulation (B)
4. Screen ,laminated Cu/PETP-tape with drain wire
5. PETP-tape
6. Bedding, flame retardant halogen-free thermoplastic compound
(F)
7. PETP-tape
8. Armour, tinned copper wire braid (O)
9. PETP-tape
10. Sheath, flame retardant halogen-free thermoset compound,
SHF2 (U)
Core identification : Pair = Black - Light Blue

Triple = Black - Light Blue - Brown
244 71212
Pairs/triples are numbered with numbered tape or by numbers

printed directly on the insulated conductors.
Sheath-marking: (example)
meter year ABBNK BFOU (i) 250V S3 / S7 1 PAIR 0,75

mm FLEX -FLAME IEC 60331
IEC 60332-3/A CE
meter is for reference lenght only.
71212 245
RFOU(i) 250V, Grey or Blue, Type S1 / S5, Individual

screen
DIMENSION DATA
ABBNK Type Thickness Diameter Diameter Weight of Copper

no. of Under braid Overall cable approx. content
[mm2] armour [mm] [mm] [kg/km] approx.
wires [kg/km]
[mm]
821000 G 1 PAIR 0,75 0,2 8,00,8 11,01,0 200 57

821001 B
821006 G 2 PAIR 0,75 0,2 11,51,0 15,01,0 330 93
821007 B
821018 G 4 PAIR 0,75 0,25 13,51,0 17,51,0 470 162
821019 B
821030 G 8 PAIR 0,75 0,25 18,51,0 22,51,5 790 269
821031 B
821042 G 16 PAIR 0,75 0,3 24,01,5 28,51,5 1330 503
821043 B
821400 G 1 PAIR 1,5 0,2 9,00,8 12,01,0 240 78
821060 G 1 TRIPPEL 0,75 0,2 8,50,8 11,51,0 210 64

821061 B
821066 G 2 TRIPPEL 0,75 0,25 13,01,0 16,51,0 420 135
821067 B
821078 G 4 TRIPPEL 0,75 0,25 15,01,0 19,01,0 560 202
821079 B
821090 G 8 TRIPPEL 0,75 0,25 20,01,5 24,51,5 950 341
821091 B
821460 G 1 TRIPPEL 1,5 0,25 9,50,8 13,01,0 300 118

246 71212
ELECTRICAL DATA
Single pair 0,75 90 0,75 24,8

Single triple 0,75 90 0,75 24,8
Single pair 1,5 110 0,68 12,2
Single triple 1,5 110 0,68 12,2
All pairs/triples are individually screened and therefor electrical data are identical for
them all.
INSTALLATION DATA

[mm] [mm]
1 pair 0,75 11,01,0 88 66 75

2 pair 0,75 15,01,0 120 90 150
4 pair 0,75 17,51,0 140 105 300
8 pair 0,75 22,51,5 180 135 600
16 pair 0,75 28,51,5 228 171 1200
1 pair 1,5 12,01,0 96 72 150
1 triple 0,75 11,51,0 92 69 110

2 triple 0,75 16,51,0 132 99 225
4 triple 0,75 19,01,0 152 114 450
8 triple 0,75 24,51,5 200 150 900
1 triple 1,5 13,01,0 104 78 225
Gland recommendation for flame retardant cables:
EX (d) - Glands with seal on both inner and outher sheath

71212 247
CABLE DRAWING: RFOU (i) 250V

Cable type S1 / S5
Construction according to IEC 60092-3

Flame retardant i.a.w. IEC 60332-1 and IEC 60332-3 cat. A

Test voltage 3,6 kV dc in 5 minutes
Flame retardant - Low smoke - Halogen free Mud resistant
Individual pair/triple screen :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
11 21 3

1. Tinned stranded copper
2. EPR-insulation (R)
3. Screen ,laminated Cu/PETP-tape with stranded tinned copper
drain wire
4. PETP-tape
5. Bedding, flame retardant halogen-free thermoset compound (F)
6. PETP-tape
7. Armour,tinned copper wire braid (O)
8. PETP-tape
SHF2 (U)
Core identification : Black - Light Blue

Black - Light Blue - Brown
248 71212

meter year ABBNK RFOU(i) 250V S1 / S5 4 PAIR 0,75

mm IEC 60332-3/A CE
71212 249
RFOU(c) 250V, Grey or Blue, Type S2 / S6,

Collectively screened
DIMENSION DATA
no. armour Under braid Overall cable approx. content
[mm2] wires [mm] [mm] [kg/km] approx.
[mm] [kg/km]
821606 G 2 PAIR 0,75 0,2 11,51,0 15,01,0 310 86

821607 B
821618 G 4 PAIR 0,75 0,25 13,51,0 17,51,0 430 143
821619 B
821630 G 8 PAIR 0,75 0,25 18,51,0 22,51,5 700 222
821631 B
821642 G 16 PAIR 0,75 0,3 22,51,5 27,01,5 1080 406
821643 B
821648 G 24 PAIR 0,75 0,3 27,51,5 32,52,0 1510 568
821649 B
822006 G 2 PAIR 1,5 0,25 13,51,0 17,01,0 430 152

822018 G 4 PAIR 1,5 0,25 15,51,0 19,51,0 560 221
822030 G 8 PAIR 1,5 0,25 21,01,5 25,01,5 930 368
822042 G 16 PAIR 1,5 0,3 26,01,5 31,02,0 1510 681
822048 G 24 PAIR 1,5 0,35 32,02,0 38,02,0 2230 1022
821666 G 2 TRIPPEL 0,75 0,25 13,01,0 16,51,0 410 136

821667 B
821678 G 4 TRIPPEL 0,75 0,25 15,01,0 19,01,0 530 190
821679 B
821690 G 8 TRIPPEL 0,75 0,25 20,01,5 24,01,5 860 295
821691 B

250 71212
ELECTRICAL DATA
Multi pair/triple 0,75 80 0,75 24,8

Multi pair/triple 1,5 90 0,68 12,2
INSTALLATION DATA

[mm] (mm)
2 pair 0,75 15,01,0 120 90 150

4 pair 0,75 17,51,0 140 105 300
8 pair 0,75 22,51,5 180 135 600
16 pair 0,75 27,01,5 216 162 1200
24 pair 0,75 32,52,0 260 195 1800
2 pair 1,5 17,01,0 136 102 300

4 pair 1,5 19,51,0 156 117 600
8 pair 1,5 25,01,5 200 150 1200
16 pair 1,5 31,02,0 248 186 2400
24 pair 1,5 38,02,0 304 228 3600
2 triple 0,75 16,51,0 132 99 225

4 triple 0,75 19,01,0 152 114 450
8 triple 0,75 24,01,5 192 144 900

71212 251
CABLE DRAWING: RFOU (c) 250V

Cable type S2 / S6


Flame retardant - Low smoke - Halogen free Mud resistant
Collective screen :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3
5 4

1. Tinned stranded copper
2. EPR-insulation (R)
3. Screen ,laminated Cu/PETP-tape with stranded tinned copper
drain wire
5. PETP-tape
6. Armour,tinned copper wire braid (O)
7. PETP-tape
8. Sheath, flame retardant halogen-free thermoset compound, SHF2
(U)
Core identification : Black - Light Blue

Black - Light Blue - Brown

252 71212
meter year ABBNK RFOU(c) 250V S2 / S6 16 PAIR 0,75

mm IEC 60332-3/A CE
Pairs are twisted with differing lay lengths to reduce mutual

interferrence.
71212 253
BFOU 0,6/1kV, Black, Type P5 / P12
DIMENSION DATA
no. armour wires Under braid Overall cable approx. content
[mm2] [mm] [mm] [mm] [kg/km] approx.
[kg/km]
800201 1 X 25/4 0,2 12,01,0 15,01,0 480 283

800203 1 X 50/6 0,3 15,51,0 19,01,0 830 530
800207 1 X 150/10 0,3 23,51,5 27,51,5 2030 1491
800208 1 X 185/10 0,3 25,51,5 30,02,0 2470 1844
800210 1 X 300/16 0,3 31,02,0 36,52,0 3820 2965
800215 2 X 1,5/4 0,2 10,51,0 13,51,0 280 80

800229 2 X 2,5/4 0,2 11,51,0 14,51,0 320 97
800245 2 X 4/6 0,3 12,51,0 16,01,0 420 156
800251 2 X 6/6 0,3 13,51,0 17,51,0 510 208
800263 2 X 16/16 0,5 17,51,0 22,51,5 960 494
800218 3 X 1,5/4 0,2 11,01,0 14,51,0 310 95

800232 3 X 2,5/6 0,3 12,01,0 15,51,0 400 152
800246 3 X 4/6 0,3 13,51,0 17,01,0 500 209
800252 3 X 6/6 0,3 14,51,0 18,51,0 590 262
800258 3 X 10/10 0,3 16,51,0 20,51,5 780 395
800264 3 X 16/16 0,3 19,01,0 23,51,5 1050 563
800270 3 X 25/16 0,3 22,51,5 27,01,5 1510 860
800276 3 X 35/16 0,3 25,51,5 30,02,0 1930 1132
800282 3 X 50/25 0,4 29,51,5 34,52,0 2640 1604
800288 3 X 70/35 0,5 34,52,0 40,52,5 3630 2281
800295 3 X 95/50 0,5 38,02,0 44,52,5 4710 3087
800302 3 X 150/70 0,4 * 46,52,5 54,53,0 7220 4881
800219 4 X 1,5/6 0,3 12,01,0 16,01,0 390 141

800235 4 X 2,5/6 0,3 13,01,0 17,01,0 470 191
800253 4 X 6/6 0,3 16,01,0 20,01,5 700 333
800265 4 X 16/16 0,4 21,01,5 26,01,5 1370 795
800283 4 X 50/25 0,4 33,02,0 38,52,0 3280 2035
800296 4 X 95/50 0,5 42,52,5 49,02,5 5830 3924
800221 7 X 1,5/6 0,3 14,51,0 18,01,0 520 201

800222 12 X 1,5/10 0,3 19,01,0 23,01,5 780 307
* This cable has double braiding.
254 71212
ELECTRICAL DATA
No. of cores x Conductor resistance Reactance Impedance Continous Short circuit
cross section [/km] [/km] [/km] at 85 C current rating [Ampere]
at 20 C at 85 C at 60 Hz at 60 Hz at 45 C 1 sec 0,3 sec
1 X 25/4 0,734 0,921 0,113/0,135 0,928/0,932 120 3500 6390

1 X 50/6 0,391 0,491 0,104/0,125 0,502/0,508 180 7000 12780
1 X 150/10 0,126 0,158 0,094/0,112 0,184/0,197 365 21000 38340
1 X 185/10 0,100 0,126 0,091/0,109 0,155/0,173 415 25900 47286
1 X 300/16 0,0607 0,0762 0,118/0,138 0,118/0,137 560 42000 76681
2 X 1,5/4 12,2 15,3 0,115/0,138 15,3/15,317 17 210 383

2 X 2,5/4 7,56 9,49 0,107/0,129 9,491/9,492 24 350 639
2 X 4/6 4,70 5,90 0,100/0,120 5,9/5,902 32 560 1022
2 X 6/6 3,11 3,91 0,094/0,112 3,911/3,912 41 840 1534
2 X 16/16 1,16 1,46 0,082/0,099 1,462/1,463 76 2240 4089
3 X 1,5/4 12,2 15,3 0,115/0,138 15,3/15,317 14 210 383

3 X 2,5/6 7,56 9,49 0,107/0,129 9,491/9,492 20 350 639
3 X 4/6 4,70 5,90 0,100/0,120 5,9/5,902 27 560 1022
3 X 6/6 3,11 3,91 0,094/0,112 3,911/3,912 34 840 1534
3 X 10/10 1,84 2,31 0,088/0,105 2,3117/2,3124 47 1400 2556
3 X 16/16 1,16 1,46 0,082/0,099 1,462/1,463 63 2240 4089
3 X 25/16 0,734 0,921 0,081/0,098 0,925/0,927 84 3500 6390
3 X 35/16 0,529 0,664 0,078/0,094 0,669/0,671 100 4900 8946
3 X 50/25 0,391 0,491 0,078/0,093 0,497/0,500 125 7000 12780
3 X 70/35 0,270 0,339 0,077/0,092 0,348/0,351 155 9800 17892
3 X 95/50 0,195 0,245 0,075/0,090 0,256/0,261 190 13300 24282
3 X 150/70 0,126 0,158 0,073/0,088 0,174/0,181 255 21000 38340
4 X 1,5/6 12,2 15,3 0,115/0,138 15,3/15,317 14 210 383

4 X 2,5/6 7,56 9,49 0,107/0,129 9,491/9,492 20 350 639
4 X 6/6 3,11 3,91 0,094/0,112 3,911/3,912 34 840 1534
4 X 16/16 1,16 1,46 0,082/0,099 1,462/1,463 63 2240 4089
4 X 50/25 0,391 0,491 0,078/0,093 0,497/0,500 125 7000 12780
4 X 95/50 0,195 0,245 0,075/0,090 0,256/0,261 190 13300 24282
7 X 1,5/6 12,2 15,3 0,115/0,138 15,3/15,317 10 210 383
12 X 1,5/10 12,2 15,3 0,115/0,138 15,3/15,317 9 210 383
71212 255
INSTALLATION DATA
TYPE Diameter Minimum bending radius Maximum pulling
Overall During Fixed tension
[mm]
[mm2] installation Installed [N]
(mm) (mm)
1 X 25/4 15,01,0 120 90 1250

1 X 50/6 19,01,0 152 114 2500
1 X 150/10 27,51,5 220 165 7500
1 X 185/10 30,02,0 240 180 9250
1 X 300/16 36,52,0 292 219 15000
2 X 1,5/4 13,51,0 108 81 150

2 X 2,5/4 14,51,0 116 87 250
2 X 4/6 16,01,0 128 96 400
2 X 6/6 17,51,0 140 105 600
2 X 16/16 22,51,5 180 135 1600
3 X 1,5/4 14,51,0 116 87 225

3 X 2,5/6 15,51,0 124 93 375
3 X 4/6 17,01,0 136 102 600
3 X 6/6 18,51,0 148 111 900
3 X 10/10 20,51,5 164 123 1500
3 X 16/16 23,51,5 188 141 2400
3 X 25/16 27,01,5 216 162 3750
3 X 35/16 30,02,0 240 180 5250
3 X 50/25 34,52,0 276 207 7500
3 X 70/35 40,52,5 324 243 10500
3 X 95/50 44,52,5 356 267 14250
3 X 150/70 54,53,0 436 327 20000
4 X 1,5/6 16,01,0 128 96 300

4 X 2,5/6 17,01,0 136 102 500
4 X 6/6 20,01,5 160 120 1200
4 X 16/16 26,01,5 208 156 3200
4 X 50/25 38,52,0 308 231 10000
4 X 95/50 49,02,5 392 294 19000
7 X 1,5/6 18,01,0 140 108 525

12 X 1,5/10 23,01,5 184 138 900
EX (d) - Flameproof barrier gland with inner compound packing

and seal on outher sheath.
256 71212
CABLE DRAWING: BFOU 0,6/1kV

Cable type P5 and P12, NEK 606
Construction according to IEC 60092-353.

Flame retardant i.a.w. IEC 60332-1 and IEC 60332-3 Cat.A
Fire resistant i.a.w. IEC 60331
Halogen-free i.a.w. IEC 60754-1

Test voltage 8,4 kV dc for 5 minutes
Flame retardant - Fire resistant - Low smoke - Halogen-free Mud

resistant
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Drawing for indication only

1. Conductor, circular tinned stranded copper
2. Mica taping
3. Insulation, EP-rubber (B)
4. Bedding, flame retardant halogen-free thermoplastic compound
(F)
5. PETP-tape
7. PETP-tape
8. Sheath, flame retardant halogen-free thermoset compound, SHF2
(U)
Sheath marking: (example)
meter year of manufacture ABBNK BFOU 0,6/1kV P5 / P12

3 x 25/16 mm FLEX - FLAME
IEC 60331 IEC 60332-3/A CE
71212 257
Core identification:
One core : Grey

Two cores : Grey - Black
Three cores : Grey - Black - Red
Four cores : Grey - Black - Red - Blue
Earth core : Yellow/green
5 cores and above : Black numbers on white base.
258 71212
RFOU 0,6/1kV, Black, Type P1 / P8
DIMENSION DATA
no. armour wires Under braid Overall cable approx. content
[mm2] [mm] [mm] [mm] [kg/km] approx.
[kg/km]
800007 1 X 150/10 0,3 23,01,5 27,01,5 2010 1491

800008 1 X 185/10 0,3 25,01,5 29,51,5 2430 1844
800009 1 X 240/16 0,3 28,01,5 32,52,0 3090 2382
800010 1 X 300/16 0,3 30,52,0 36,02,0 3790 2964
800015 2 X 1,5/4 0,2 10,01,0 13,01,0 260 80

800029 2 X 2,5/4 0,2 10,51,0 14,01,0 300 97
800045 2 X 4/6 0,3 12,01,0 15,51,0 400 156
800051 2 X 6/6 0,3 13,01,0 16,51,0 490 208
800018 3 X 1,5/4 0,2 10,51,0 13,51,0 290 95

800032 3 X 2,5/6 0,3 11,51,0 15,01,0 370 151
800052 3 X 6/6 0,3 14,01,0 17,51,0 570 262
800058 3 X 10/10 0,3 16,01,0 19,51,0 850 467
800064 3 X 16/16 0,4 18,01,0 22,51,5 1090 637
800070 3 X 25/16 0,4 22,01,5 26,51,5 1520 896
800082 3 X 50/25 0,4 29,01,5 34,02,0 2630 1604
800088 3 X 70/35 0,5 33,02,0 39,02,0 3550 2281
800095 3 X 95/50 0,5 37,52,0 43,52,5 4670 3096
800101 3 X 120/60 0,5 41,02,5 48,02,5 5750 3924
800102 3x 150/70 0,4* 45,02,5 54,03,0 7450 5000
800019 4 X 1,5/6 0,3 11,51,0 15,01,0 360 141

800035 4 X 2,5/6 0,3 12,51,0 16,01,0 440 191
800053 4 X 6/6 0,3 15,01,0 19,01,0 670 333
800065 4 X 16/16 0,4 20,01,5 25,01,5 1340 795
800071 4 X 25/16 0,3 24,01,5 29,01,5 1820 1098
800083 4 X 50/25 0,4 32,02,0 37,52,0 3210 2035
800089 4 X 70/35 0,5 36,52,0 43,02,5 4360 2903
800096 4 X 95/50 0,5 41,52,5 48,02,5 5760 3924
800021 7 X 1,5/6 0,3 13,51,0 17,51,0 480 201
800022 12 X 1,5/10 0,3 18,01,0 22,01,5 710 305
* These cables have a double braid (two layers of wires)
71212 259
ELECTRICAL DATA
No. of cores x Conductor resistance Reactance Impedance Continous Short circuit
cross section [/km] [/km] [/km] at 85 C current rating [Ampere]
[mm2] at 20 C at 85 C at 50/60 Hz at 50/60 Hz at 45 C 1 sec 0,3 sec
1 X 150/10 0,126 0,158 0,092/0,110 0,183/0,197 365 21000 38340

1 X 185/10 0,100 0,126 0,091/0,109 0,155/0,173 415 25900 47286
1 X 240/16 0,0762 0,0957 0,090/0,109 0,131/0,150 490 33600 61344
1 X 300/16 0,0607 0,0762 0,089/0,107 0,117/0,137 560 42000 76681
2X 1,5/4 12,2 15,3 0,110/0,132 15,3/15,317 17 210 383

2X 2,5/4 7,56 9,49 0,103/0,123 9,491/9,492 24 350 639
2X 4/6 4,70 5,90 0,096/0,115 5,901/5,902 32 560 1022
2X 6/6 3,11 3,91 0,090/0,108 3,905/3,906 41 840 1534
3 X 1,5/4 12,2 15,3 0,110/0,132 15,3/15,317 14 210 383

3 X 2,5/6 7,56 9,49 0,103/0,123 9,491/9,492 20 350 639
3 X 6/6 3,11 3,91 0,090/0,108 3,905/3,906 34 840 1534
3 X 10/10 1,84 2,31 0,084/0,101 2,311/2,312 47 1400 2556
3 X 16/16 1,16 1,46 0,080/0,096 1,462/1,463 63 2240 4089
3 X 25/16 0,734 0,921 0,079/0,095 0,924/0,926 84 3500 6390
3 X 50/25 0,391 0,491 0,076/0,092 0,497/0,499 125 7000 12780
3 X 70/35 0,270 0,339 0,075/0,091 0,347/0,351 155 9800 17892
3 X 95/50 0,195 0,245 0,073/0,088 0,256/0,260 190 13300 24282
3 X 120/60 0,154 0,193 0,072/0,086 0,206/0,212 225 16800 30672
3x 150/70 0,126 0,158 0,072/0,088 0,174/0,181 255 21000 38340
4X 1,5/6 12,2 15,3 0,110/0,132 15,3/15,317 14 210 383

4X 2,5/6 7,56 9,49 0,103/0,123 9,491/9,492 20 350 639
4X 6/6 3,11 3,91 0,090/0,108 3,905/3,906 34 840 1534
4X 16/16 1,16 1,46 0,080/0,096 1,462/1,463 63 2240 4089
4X 25/16 0,734 0,921 0,079/0,095 0,924/0,926 84 3500 6390
4X 50/25 0,391 0,491 0,076/0,092 0,497/0,499 125 7000 12780
4X 70/35 0,270 0,339 0,075/0,091 0,347/0,351 155 9800 17892
4X 95/50 0,195 0,245 0,073/0,088 0,256/0,260 190 13300 24282
7 X 1,5/6 12,2 15,3 0,110/0,132 15,3/15,317 10 210 383
12 X 1,5/10 12,2 15,3 0,110/0,132 15,3/15,317 9 210 383
260 71212
INSTALLATION DATA

During Fixed tension
[mm2] [mm] installation installed [N]
(mm) (mm)
1 X 150/10 27,01,5 216 162 7500

1 X 185/10 29,51,5 236 177 9250
1 X 240/16 32,52,0 260 195 12000
1 X 300/16 36,02,0 288 216 15000
2 X 1,5/4 13,01,0 104 78 150

2 X 2,5/4 14,01,0 112 84 250
2 X 4/6 15,51,0 124 93 400
2 X 6/6 16,51,0 132 99 600
3 X 1,5/4 13,51,0 108 81 225

3 X 2,5/6 15,01,0 120 90 375
3 X 6/6 17,51,0 140 105 900
3 X 10/10 19,51,0 156 117 1500
3 X 16/16 22,51,5 180 135 2400
3 X 25/16 26,51,5 212 159 3750
3 X 50/25 34,02,0 272 204 7500
3 X 70/35 39,02,0 312 234 10500
3 X 95/50 43,52,5 348 261 14250
3 X 120/60 48,02,5 384 288 18000
3x 150/70 54,03,0 432 324 20000
4 X 1,5/6 15,01,0 120 90 300

4 X 2,5/6 16,01,0 128 96 500
4 X 6/6 19,01,0 152 114 1200
4 X 16/16 25,01,5 200 150 3200
4 X 25/16 29,01,5 232 174 5000
4 X 50/25 37,52,0 296 225 10000
4 X 70/35 43,02,5 344 258 14000
4 X 95/50 48,02,5 384 288 19000
7 X 1,5/6 17,51,0 140 105 525
12 X 1,5/10 22,01,5 176 132 900

71212 261
CABLE DRAWING: RFOU 0,6/1kV

Cable type P1 and P8, NEK 606

Halogen-free i.a.w. IEC 60754-1,2

Flame retardant - Low smoke - Halogen-free Mud resistant
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Drawing for indication only
1. Conductor, circular tinned stranded copper

2. Insulation, EP-rubber (R)
4. PETP-tape
6. PETP-tape
SHF2 (U)
Sheath marking: (example)
meter year ABBNK RFOU 0,6/1kV P1 / P8 2x2,5/4 mm

IEC 60332-3/A CE
262 71212
Core identification:
One core : Grey

Two cores : Grey - Black
Three cores : Grey - Black - Red
Four cores : Grey - Black - Red - Blue
5 cores and above : Black numbers on white
base.
Earth core : Yellow/green
71212 263
264 71212
HAWKW GLANDS 501/453 KOMPRESS
Entry
thread Cable acceptance detalls
size
Standard Standard
Gland Across Across Diameter or Diameter of steel wire brald
size * flats corners inner sheath outer sheath wire
ref. Metric Imp. armour
R
N N O O
Min. Max. Min. Max.
Oss 20 24 27,7 3,0 6,0 10,5 16,0 0,9/1,25 0,2/0,3
Os 20 24 27,7 4,0 8,0 10,5 16,0 0,9/1,25 0,2/0,3
O 20 24 27,7 8,0 11,9 10,5 16,0 0,9/1,25 0,2/0,3
A 20 30 34,6 11,0 14,3 12,9 20,9 0,9/1,25 0,2/0,3
B 25 1 36 41,6 13,0 20,2 17,0 27,1 1,25/1,6 0,2/0,45
C 32 1 46 53,1 19,0 26,5 25,0 33,3 1,6/2,0 0,2/0,45
C2 40 1 55 63,5 25,0 32,5 33,0 42,9 1,6/2,0 0,3/0,45
D 50 2 65 75,1 31,5 44,4 39,5 52,6 2,0/2,5 0,4/0,45
E 63 2 80 92,4 42,5 56,3 52,0 65,3 2,5 0,4/0,45
F 75 3 95 109,6 54,5 68,2 64,0 78,0 2,5 0,4/0,45
Dimensions in millimetres (except *)
71212 265
HAWKE TYPE ICG 653 & 653T COMPOUND
Entry
thread Cable acceptance detalls
size
Max. Standard Standard Pliable
Gland Across Across Dia. Diameter of steel wire wire brald steel
size * flats corners of inner outer sheath armour dia. wire
ref. Metric Imp. sheath armour
O O R R R
Min. Max.
O 20 24,0 27,7 10,0 10,5 16,0 0,9/1,25 0,2/0,3 7/0,45
A 20 30,0 34,6 12,3 12,9 20,9 0,9/1,25 0,2/0,3 7/0,45
B 25 1 36,0 41,6 18,2 17,0 27,1 1,25/1,60 0,2/0,45 7/0,45
C 32 1 46,0 53,1 24,5 25,0 33,3 1,60/2,0 0,2/0,45 7/0,45
C2 40 1 55,0 63,5 29,5 33,0 42,9 1,60/2,0 0,3/0,45 7/0,71
D 50 2 65,0 75,1 41,5 39,5 52,6 2,0/2,5 0,4/0,45 7/0,71
E 63 2 80,0 92,4 53,3 52,0 65,3 2,5 0,4/0,45 7/0,9
F 75 3 95,0 109,6 66,0 64,0 78,0 2,5 0,4/0,45 7/0,9
G 80 3 106,4 123,0 70,3 78,0 89,5 3,15
H 90 3 106,4 123,0 79,3 78,0 89,5 3,15
J 100 4 127,0 146,7 89,8 89,0 104,5 4,5
All dimensions in millimetres (except *)
266 71212
RAUFOSS CABLE GLANDS: SERIE D 705

KOMPRESS
A B C D E F G H
Entry Width Width Length
Gland Thread Inner sheath Outer sheath across across Length of Wire
Size Metric flats corn. of gland thread braid
thread mm mm mm dia.
mm
max. min. max. min. open tight
1 M20 x 1,5 12,0 8,0 16,0 10,5 24 27,7 52,9 41,0 15 0,20-0,4
2 M20 x 1,5 14,5 10,5 21,2 14,5 30 34,6 52,5 41,5 15 0,20-0,4
3 M25 x 1,5 20,0 12,7 27,5 22,0 36 41,6 58,9 44,5 15 0,20-0,5
3B M25 x 1,5 20,0 12,7 24,5 18,0 36 41,6 58,9 44,5 15 0,20-0,5
3D M25 x 1,5 20,0 12,7 22,5 16,0 36 41,6 58,9 44,5 15 0,20-0,5
4 M32 x 1,5 26,5 20,0 33,5 27,0 46 53,1 60,6 47,5 15 0,20-0,5
4B M32 x 1,5 26,5 20,0 29,0 21,5 46 53,1 60,6 47,5 15 0,20-0,5
4C M32 x 1,5 23,0 16,5 29,0 21,5 46 53,1 60,6 47,5 15 0,20-0,5
5 M40 x 1,5 33,0 26,0 43,0 33,5 55 63,5 70,6 53,0 15 0,30-0,6
5B M40 x 1,5 33,0 26,0 37,0 29,0 55 63,5 70,6 53,0 15 0,30-0,6
6 M50 x 1,5 44,5 32,0 52,5 41,0 65 75,1 76,0 57,0 15 0,30-0,6
6B M50 x 1,5 44,5 32,0 47,0 36,0 65 75,1 76,0 57,0 15 0,35-0,6
6C M50 x 1,5 36,0 29,0 47,0 36,0 65 75,1 76,0 57,0 15 0,35-0,6
7 M63 x 1,5 56,2 44,0 65,3 54,0 80 92,4 80,7 62,5 15 0,35-0,6
7B M63 x 1,5 56,2 44,0 58,0 47,0 80 92,4 80,7 62,5 15 0,40-0,6
7C M63 x 1,5 52,0 40,0 58,0 47,0 80 92,4 80,7 62,5 15 0,40-0,6
8 M75 x 1,5 68,3 56,0 78,0 65,0 95 109,8 84,6 64,0 15 0,40-0,6
71212 267
RAUFOSS CABLE GLAND BCG 955 COMPOUND

A B C D E F G H I
Entry Length
Gland Thread Outer sheath Inner Inner cyl. Width Width Length of Wire braid
Size Metric sheath dia. mm across across of gland thread dia.
thread flats corn. mm mm mm
mm
max. min. max. open tight
1 M20 x 1,5 16,0 10,5 1,0 10,0 24 27,7 46,9 41,0 15 0,20-0,4
2 M20 x 1,5 21,2 14,5 14,5 12,0 30 34,6 49,5 41,5 15 0,20-0,4
3 M25 x 1,5 27,5 22,0 20,0 18,0 36 41,6 52,5 44,5 15 0,20-0,5
3B M25 x 1,5 24,5 18,0 20,0 18,0 36 41,6 52,5 44,5 15 0,20-0,5
3D M25 x 1,5 22,5 16,0 20,0 18,0 36 41,6 52,5 44,5 15 0,20-0,5
4 M32 x 1,5 33,5 27,0 26,5 24,5 46 53,1 55,6 47,5 15 0,20-0,5
4B M32 x 1,5 29,0 21,5 26,5 24,5 46 53,1 55,6 47,5 15 0,20-0,5
5 M40 x 1,5 43,0 33,5 33,0 30,0 55 63,5 64,5 53,0 15 0,30-0,6
5B M40 x 1,5 37,0 29,0 33,0 30,0 55 63,5 64,5 53,0 15 0,30-0,6
6 M50 x 1,5 52,5 41,0 44,5 41,0 65 75,1 66,6 57,0 15 0,30-0,6
6B M50 x 1,5 47,0 36,0 44,5 41,0 65 75,1 66,6 57,0 15 0,35-0,6
7 M63 x 1,5 65,3 54,0 56,2 52,5 80 92,4 71,7 62,5 15 0,35-0,6
7B M63 x 1,5 58,0 47,0 56,2 52,5 80 92,4 71,7 62,5 15 0,40-0,6
8 M75 x 1,5 78,0 65,0 68,3 64,5 95 109,8 75,1 64,0 15 0,40-0,6
268 71212
Trainor as 2007
C H A P T E R 6
Earthing
Subjects
distribution systems and earthing systems used in hazardous

areas.
270 71212
Trainor as 2007 Earthing
General earthing
The main reason for an electric system to be earthed is to

Life and property protect life and property. Secondary reasons are to protect the
circuit against interference and stray voltage, e.g. earthing of an
instrumentation circuit. All earth systems shall be connected back
Main earth to one reference point, main earth. Offshore the sea or the steel
structure is this point of reference. Earthing is divided into different
systems and are often called:
SE System Earth, i.e. a conducting connection

System earth between one point in the electrical distribution systems
(normally transformer or generator zero point) and
earth.
Protection Earth PE: Protection Earth, i.e. connection to earth to protect

against the danger of touching. It is a requirement for
Protection earth when the voltage is higher than
50VDC/50VAC offshore and 50VAC/120VDC
onshore
ISE: Intrinsic Safe Earth, i.e. intrinsically safe

Intrinsic Safe Earth circuits are connected to earth even if the voltage is
below 50 VDC/50 VAC. It is a requirement that cables
for intrinsically safe circuits shall be connected to earth.
The usual way of obtaining this is to use the screen.
Instrumentation Earth IE: Instrumentation Earth, i.e. earthing of ordinary

instrumentation circuits.
Bonding Bonding: Bonding is not really an earthing system, but is used

where there is a danger of a potential difference due to
resistance between e.g. the apparatus and the structure
when there is an earth current due to an earth fault in
the apparatus bonded to the structure.
71212 271
Distribution systems
Offshore one often use the TN-C-S AC system for

TN - C- S system supplying installations up to 230/400 V as a TN-C system to the
first distribution, and from there as a TN-S system. TN-C system is
not allowed in a hazardous area. In some cases a TT system may
TT system be used. IT system is also used offshore and at industrial plants
onshore with voltage 400, 690 and 1000 V, except for lighting,
heating of rooms and installations for control currents.
Letter code
1. Letter
T: Direct connection from one point to earth, normally

from the neutral point.
I: All conducting parts separated from earth. The neutral

point or one of the outer conductors may have a
disneuter to earth.
2. Letter
T: Direct connection from exposed parts to earth (steel

structure), independent of the earthing other places in
the system.
N: Direct connection from exposed parts to the earthed

point in the system.
3. Letter
Following letters. (Arrangement of the PE- and

N conductors).
S: The functions of the PE conductor and the

N conductor is taken care of by separate conductors.
C: The functions of the PE conductor and the

N conductor are combined in one conductor
(PEN conductor).
272 71212
TN - C - S system
First distribution
TN-C-system TN-S-system
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
PE conductor and N conductor combined

in one conductor (PEN conductor) to the
first distribution
Figure 34 TN - C - S - system
IT system
L1
L2
L3
Disneuter
PE
Exposed parts
Distribution system with RMS voltage 400

600 and 1000 V
Figure 35 IT - system
71212 273
Protection earth
If we have a three phase system where a connection between one

phase and the wall of the a metal enclosure occur, the current will
return through the earth conductor provided that the system is in
order. If there is a fault in the PE system that creates a resistance
back to earth, a fatale current may go through a person that touches
the enclosure.
I earth = 30A 600

R person
0,6
R earth I person
30mA
0,1
Main earth
Figure 36 Example of fatale current
If the earth current is 30 A and the resistance Rearth = 0.6 back to

the zero point of the generator, and the resistance of the unlucky
Fatale current Rperson = 600 , the current will divide in the ratio 1/1000. This
means that there is a current of 30 mA through the person, which
under unfavorable circumstances will be fatale. As we see from
the example, the resistance should be as low as possible, preferable
no higher than 0.1 . Protection earth is marked yellow/green.
274 71212
Intrinsically safe earth
A requirement to intrinsically safe systems is that they should be

earthed. To obtain a reliable intrinsically safe circuit, it is very
Clean system important that the earth system is clean. With a clean system we
mean that the intrinsically safe earth conductor shall not carry stray
earth currents that may seek out into the hazardous area during
fault conditions.
The resistance between a barriers earth point and main earth shall
Low resistance be as low as possible, maximum 1, but preferably 0,1, so that
an eventual earth current will not cause a raise of the potential. A
good earth connection also prevents interference to spread out into
the system. It is normal to use two conductors from the barrier
earth to the main earth so that one conductor can be disconnected
and measurement of the earth resistance can be carried out.
Intrinsically safe earth shall be kept separated from other earth
Isolated system systems and only be connected together at the main earth point. It
is a requirement that cables and conductors for intrinsically safe
circuits shall be equipped with a screen or equal of a conducting
material, and that this shall be connected to the intrinsically safe
earth system.
Color code Intrinsically safe earth shall be marked yellow/green with

additional marking if there is a danger for interchanging the
systems. See spec.
L1 Distribution
L2
L3
Hazardous area Earth current
"c"
ISE
"a"
"b"
Main earth
Figure 37 Intrinsically safe earth
71212 275
If the resistance between "a" and "b" is of a significant size, we will

have a voltage drop over the earth conductor "a/b" and
Raising of the potential
consequently a raise of the potential in "a". With an earth fault in
the field instrument in point "c" in the hazardous area we could
have a short circuit to the structure which normally has very low
resistance back to main earth. We have an increased risk for an
explosion. If we loose the intrinsically safe earth, the earth current
will go through the barrier, through the field instrument to point "c"
where we may have a short circuit. A small earth current in
Short circuit to earth measuring circuits cause interference and measurement errors.
Instrumentation earth
The purpose of earthing non intrinsically safe circuits using the

screen, is the same as for Ex i circuits, namely to avoid stray
Stray voltage and voltage and interference in the circuit. If the voltage is higher than
interference
50 VDC and 50VAC it is an additional requirement that protection
earth must be used. Instrumentation earth (screen) shall be marked
Color code yellow/green with additional marking if there is a danger for
interchanging the systems. See spec.
L1 Distribution
Hazardous area L2
L3
Earth current
E.g. an Ex d
instrument in Screen
an Ex e enclosure
Un<50v
"c"
"a"
"b"
Main earth
Figure 38 Instrumentation earth
Instrumentation earth (screen) shall be connected to the main earth

with as low resistance as possible. The screen shall float, i.e. be
Isolated system isolated out in the field instrument to avoid making an earth circuit
which will create interference in the circuit. With a high resistance
between "a" and "b" and an earth fault we may have a spark in
point "c" with a short circuit in the instrument.
276 71212
Bonding
Voltage drop Bonding is used to avoid a voltage drop between e.g. the flanges of
a pipe of a conducting material when an earth current flows in this
due to a fault somewhere in the system. Bonding shall be marked
yellow/green with additional marking if there is a danger for
interchanging the systems. See spec.
Bonding
Figure 39 Principe of bonding
If there is a resistance between the flange parts a voltage drop

between these could create a spark by an unforeseen short circuit
with e.g. a wrench. The bonding ensures 0 V between the parts of
the flange.
71212 277
Separation of earth systems
If the different electrical circuits of an installation had been

connected to a common earth conductor for earthing to the main
earth, an eventual transition resistance would cause a
Rise of potential Raise of the potential in all the circuits connected to the earth
conductor when an earth fault occur.
L1
L2
L3
Earth current
IS-circuit Non IS-circuit
M
I earth = 20A
14V
14V
0,7
0,1
Figure 40 Incorrect separation of earth systems
An earth current, Iearth = 20A, and a resistance to main earth of 0,7

Discharge will cause a voltage drop of 14 V which will spread along the earth
conductor. The result may be a discharge in shape of a spark in the
hazardous area.
278 71212
L1
L2
L3
Earth current
M IS-circuit Non IS-circuit
I earth = 20A
14V
0,7 0V
0V
0,1
Figure 41 Correct separation of earth systems
With the same fault, but with the earth systems separated, we will
not have a raise of the potential other places than at the motor, and
thus reduce the risk of sparking, and interference will not occur in
the IS circuit or in the non IS circuit
71212 279
Earthing of a field instrument
If we have a field instrument in a flameproof enclosure with

Voltage below rated voltage below 50VDC/50VAC, there is no requirement for
50VDC/50VAC protective earth, but we must have instrumentation earth. The
armour of the cable is connected to the cone and pressure ring of
the gland, and the screen is run through into the enclosure and used
Color code as instrumentation earth. The screen shall be marked yellow/green
with e.g. orange rings and is floating, i.e. isolated from the earth
connection.
Ex-d field instrument where uN < 50VDC/50VAC
Ex-d gland
1 1
2 2
Yellow/green marked
screen with
orange rings
Rubber seal Armouring
Figure 42 Earthing of Ex-d field instrument where UN <

50VDC/50VAC
Armouring connected to the cone and pressure ring, screen function

as instrumentation earth.
280 71212
Voltage higher than If the rated voltage for the Exd field instrument is equal to or
50VDC/50VAC higher than 50VDC/50VAC, there is a requirement for protection
earth. It is not acceptable to use the gland for earthing, as this is
Extra conductor regarded as serial earth. The cable must contain an additional
conductor to be used as protection earth connection. The screen is
used as instrumentation earth.
Ex-d field instrument where uN > 50VDC/50VAC
Ex-d gland
1 1
2 2
PE
Yellow/green
screen with
Extra conductor orange rings
Armouring
for PE.
Yellow/green
Figure 43 Earthing of Ex-d field instrument where UN >

50VDC/50VAC
Armouring connected to the cone and pressure ring, screen function

as instrument earth. Additional conductor as protection earth.
71212 281
In those cases where we use a gland without cone and pressure ring
Armouring as PE
for connection of the armouring, the armouring can be used as
protection earth. It is thus not necessary to have an additional
conductor in the cable for earthing in these cases even though the
rated voltage is higher than 50VDC/50VAC.
Ex-e field instrument where uN > 50VDC/50VAC
Gland for use in

an Exe enclosure
1 1
2 2
PE
Armouring used
as protection earth.
Marked yellow/green
Screen used as
instrument earth
Figure 44 Earthing of Ex-e field instrument where UN >

50VDC/50VAC
The armouring is used as protection earth and the screen as

instrument earth. If UN < 50VDC/50VAC the armouring also is
floating in the field instrument.
We will also take a look at earthing of an intrinsically safe circuit

where a zener barrier and a cable with both armour and screen are
used. The barrier and the screen are connected to the IS earth in
Earthing of screen and the control room and the screen is floating in the field instrument.
armouring The armouring is connected to the protection earth in the control
room and is floating in the field instrument. In the junction box,
the screen and the armour are separately connected to an isolated
Isolated systems termination. Pair screen in shall be connected to pair screen out,
and the same applies for the armour if more than one IS cable runs
through the same box.
282 71212
Hazardous area
Zener barrier Junction box Field instrument

Transformer
F R
+
ISE
PE
ISE and PE -earth ISE and PE -earth

separated shall float in the field
ISE PE Earth distribution
Main earth
Figure 45 Example of earthing on an IS loop
Termination of earth
When terminating earth conductors it is not permitted to terminate

Only one conductor more than one conductor under each screw. This is because if we
disconnect one earth connection, we may also disconnect the
others. This results in that the circuits that remains connected to
the power will loose their earth connection.
Incorrect Correct
Figure 46 Termination of earth
When terminating an earth conductor to painted surfaces, a tag

Use of washers washer shall be used, or the paint removed to obtain a good
connection. If the surface is unpainted or scraped, one shall use a
spring washer. Terminations that are exposed to corrosion should
be treated with e.g. tactile. This must be thoroughly done and be
completely watertight so that corrosion cannot occur under the
coating.
71212 283
Table over cable earthing
Circuit Armouring Screen Unused conductor

CCR Field CCR Field CCR Field
IS PE Floating ISE Floating ISE Floating
NonIS < 50/30 V PE Floating IE Floating IE Floating
Ex > 50/30 PE PE PE PE
V
Table 18 Cable earthing table
The different earth systems shall be terminated on separate rails

and be isolated from each other.
284 71212
Control and maintenance
Earth systems should be controlled when installing new circuits,

and thereafter regularly. Be careful not to connect the earth
No connection
systems together any other place than at the main earth. Check the
resistance of the earth system to main earth at several points. If the
resistance varies between two checked points, localize the
transition resistance and correct.
Transition resistance Transition resistance is normally caused by loose connections

and/or corrosion provided that the right dimension of the earth
conductor has been used. Disconnect the equipment in both ends
of the cable if a megger is used to control the resistance to avoid
damage to this equipment. Check that the different earth systems
are correctly marked. If the marking is correct, the chance for
interconnection between the different systems is less. We have
Marking
earlier said that the IS earth should have two conductors to main
earth in order not to break the earth connection when checking this.
ISE
Main earth
Figure 47 Control of IS earth
The requirement is that the maximum resistance to main earth is

1. By measuring the way as illustrated in Figure 47, some say we
Measured result
can actually measure as high a resistance as 4, due to serial
measurement. The reason for this is that when both conductors are
connected, they are in parallel, and the parallel of two 2 gives 1
as a result. Even though the requirement for 1 is satisfied, a
result like this can not be accepted. The highest acceptable value is
2.
71212 285
286 71212
Control test
Question 1 Which different earth systems do we have?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 2 What does the marking TN-S for protection earth mean?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 3 What is the maximum permissible resistance for intrinsically safe

earth to main earth?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
71212 287
Question 4 Why do we separate the different earth systems?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 5 When do we have to use protection earth (PE) in a circuit
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Question 6 How many earth conductors are permitted under one earth screw?
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
288 71212

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Trainor as 2007

Ex basic - Electrical installations in

Trainor as - Frank S. Skarre

Published by Trainor as, Tnsberg, 2007

This document is an integer part of a training program and it is

Trainor as and any employee of Trainor as waive all

Copyright 2007 Trainor as

Trainor as holds the copyright to this material and the right to

Copying of this material for use by others than Trainor as is

The course is based on the standards and regulations for

Ex basic - Electrical installations in hazardous areas

Figure 1 Zone map for a gas station .............................................. 20

Figure 42 Earthing of Ex-d field instrument where UN <

Feil! Fant ingen elementer for figurlisten.

Table 1 The gas grouping table ..................................................... 28

Instrumentation earth.................278 Protection of flameproof

areas of categories hazardous areas are divided into.

Onboard a platform, in an industrial area and other

The standards for Ex-equipment are based on

Hazardous areas are divided into zones. For all

Areas where there is a risk of an explosion are classified into

Areas where the risk of an explosion is caused by air

Areas where the risk of explosion is caused by air mixed with

Areas where the risk of explosion is caused by explosives

Oxygen enriched atmospheres

Areas where the risk of explosion is caused by gas or dust

We have now seen how we classify hazardous areas into

Continuous source of release

Continuous/Long periods Release is continuously present or for long periods of time.

Primary source of release

Secondary source of release

Release is not expected to occur during normal operation, but

Dividing into zones

We will now move on and look at how the classification of

Continuous source of Continuous source of release leads to zone 0. Zone 0 is

We will find zone 0 :

-Area within process equipment developing inflammable

-Area within enclosed pressure vessels, storage tanks or

-Area around vent pipes with discharges continually or for

-Area directly over/near liquid surfaces in general.

Primary source of Primary source of release normally gives zone 1.

-Area above roofs and outside sides of storage tanks.

-Area around ventilation openings from zone 1 area.

-Area around filling and emptying positions.

-Area around flexible pipelines and hoses.

-Area around seals of pumps, compressors and similar

Secondary source of Secondary source of release normally gives zone 2.

-Area around flanges, connections, valves etc.

-Areas around ventilation openings from zone 2 areas.

Unclassified area Pipelines without flanges, connections etc. shall not be

When an area is classified, zone maps are made.

Tankpfylling Peiling event. tankpfylling Lufterr Stasjonspumpe

Figure 1 Zone map for a gas station

The symbols of the zones on the map can differ somewhat,

We have now seen how a hazardous area is classified into

Based on these criteria a zone map of the plant is designed.

We will now take a closer look at ventilation as an effective

Fire and explosion theory

We will now take a look at some fire- and explosion

The flash point is the lowest temperature where a flammable

The ignition temperature of a gas or vapor is the lowest

The energy needed to ignite a flammable mixture of

There are a number of different flammable liquids and they