Formulas of Agrawals Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

Chapter 1 (Introduction)

c 3 108 m / s h 6.626 1034 J .s e 1.6 1019 c TB 1/ B SNR 20 log 10 Amax / AN

M Amax / AN M 2m B f / 3 SNRdB P dBm 10 log10 P /1 mW E PT

E nhf 2 c 2 c / 2 f NRZ B / 2, f RZ B N P
Pin
h B

Chapter 2 (Optical Fibers)

Section 2-1 (GeometricalOptics Description)
SIF/MMF:
n0 sin i n1 sin r sin c n2 n1 NA n0 sin i n1 cos c n12 n2 2 n1 n2 / n1
L n12
NA n1 2 ; n1 n2 T / L n / cn 2 BL n2 c / n1 TSIF
2
1
c n2
GIF/MMF:

n1 1 ; <a
2
n1 2
n( )
a NA( )=n 1 2 1 2(1 ) TGIF /L
a 8c
n1 1 =n 2 ; >a

BL 8c / n1 2 int er , GIF L n1 2 / 20 3 c
int er , SIF L n1 / 2 3 c

Section 2-2 (Wave Propagation)

AJ m ( p ) exp( jm ) exp( j z ); a
k0 / c 2 / Ez / or / H z
CK m (q ) exp( jm ) exp( j z ); a
K m (q ) / 2q exp q ; q 1
1
SMF : Ez , H z 0
J 0 ( p ) / J 0 ( pa) exp( j z ); a n2 n / k0 n1
E y 0 Ex E0
K 0 (q ) / K 0 (qa) exp( j z ); a
/ k0 ( n ) n2
V ka( NA) ka n12 n22 (2 / )a n1 2 b n n2 (1 b)
n1 n2

1
 Formulas of Agrawals Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

4V / 2; small V
2 2
1
b(V ) (1.1428 0.966 / V ) ;1.5 V 2.5 M SIF akn1
2 2
2 , M GIF
V / 2; l arg e V 2

Ex A0 ( ) exp( 2 / w2 ) exp( j z ); 2 x 2 y 2

w/ a 0.65 1.619V 3 2 2.879V 6 ,1.2 V 2.4 Aeff w2

a

E d
2

2a 2
x
P
core 0

1 exp 2 Bm nx n y LB / Bm
ptotal w
Ex d
2

Section 2-3 (Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers)

g d / d vg 1/ g (d / d ) 1 c / n g v p c / n nk n / c / v p

ng d ( n ) / d n (dn / d ) n1 (dn1 / d ) i d i / d i 2 D /
0

T L 2 DL T TB 1/ B BT BL 2 BL D 1

g 2 c 2 c d 1 2 dn d 2n
D 2 2 2 DM DW
2 2 d vg d d 2

2 dn2 g 1 dn2 g 2 n2 g Vd 2 (V b) dn2 g d (V b) Bii2

2 M
DM
2 d c d
DW
2 n2 dV 2

d dV
n ( ) 1
i 1 i
2 2

dD 2 c 4 c
2

DM 122(1 ZD / ); 1.28 ZD 1.31 S 2 3 3 2

d

D S BL S ( ) 1 DGD L(1 ) T ( z ) T 2( 1 ) 2 lc2 exp( z / lc ) z / lc 1

2 2 2

( 1 ) z ;z lc
T int er GVD
2 2

( 1 ) 2lc L D p L ; z lc

Section 2-4 (Dispersion-Induced Limitations)

2 3
( ) n( ) / c 0 1 ( 0 ) ( 0 ) 2 ( 0 )3 ...
2 6

2
 Formulas of Agrawals Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

Gaussian Pulse

1 jC t 2 C
A(0, t) A0 exp TFWHM 1.665T0 (t) t
t
2
2 T0
T0

1/2
2 T02 T0
2 2

A(0, ) A0 0 1 C / T0
2
exp
1 jC 2 1 jC
A0 1 jC t 2
A( z , t ) exp Q( z ) 1 (C j ) 2 z / T02 LD T02 2
3 0 2
Q( z ) 2T0 Q ( z )
2 2
C 2 z 2 z
bf
T1
1
T02 T02
zmin C / 1 C L
2
D T1min / T0 1 / 1 C 2
T0 3 0

Non-Gaussian Pulse

02 D 2
2
2 L
2 2
C 2 L L
bf 1 2
1 V2 2 2 1 C 2 V2 3 3 ;V 2 0
0 2 0 2 0 4 2 0

D L 2 L 4 B 1
BL D
1
4
V 1, 3 C 0, D 0

S L 2 3 L 2 4 B 1 2 1
2 2 BL S 8 V 1, 2 C 0, D 0


D 2 L
d / d 0 0 4 B 1
D 0 2 L / 2
1
B 2 L V 1, 3 C 0
2 0 4

3 L d / d 0 4 B 1
4 2 0 D 0 3 3 L /4 B 3 L 0.324 V 1, 2 C 0
0 1/3

1 2
f / f1
2
jf
H ( f ) 1 exp ; V 1
f 2 2 1 jf / f 2
f1 2 2 L 2 D L
, f 2 23 L 2 2 S 2 D / L 2
1 1 1 1

3
 Formulas of Agrawals Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

f3dB 2 ln 2 f1 0.188 D L 2 ; ZD , f1
1
f2

D D L f3dB D 0.188 B 1.33 f3dB D 0 f3dB 15 f 2 B 0.574 f3dB

Section 2-5 (Fiber Losses)

10 P
dP / dz P Pout Pin exp( L) (dB/ k m) log10 out 4.343
L Pin
R C / 4 ; 0.7 C 0.9 (dB / km) m4 Lbending exp( R / Rc );0.2 Rc a / (n12 n22 ) 0.4

Section 2-6 (Nonlinear Optical Effects)

SBS

k A / A k A A 2 A k p sin / 2 ; k p ks B 2 A k p k P 2 n / p

dI p dI s
B B / 2 2n A /p gB IP Is P I p gB IP Is s Is
dz dz
g B ( B ) L 1 1
g B ( ) Pth I P Aeff g B Pth Leff / A eff 21 Leff [1 exp( L)] /

1 B T
2 2
B

SRS

g R Pth Leff / Aeff 16 Pth 16 w2 / g R nj n j n2 ( P / A eff ); j 1, 2

SPM
L L

P 2 n2 / ( Aeff ) NL dz
0
P z dz
0
Pin L eff

XPM

P / (2 M 1) Pj
Pi Pj ;i j
j Leff P 2
NL NL

j m j

m j

Schrdinger equation:

A 2 A
2

j A j A A
2

z 2 t
2
2

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 Formulas of Agrawals Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

Chapter 3 (Optical Transmitters)

Section 3-1 (Semiconductor Laser Physics)

1 1 1 nr
int c1 Anr BN CN 2 g p ( N ) g ( N NT )
c rr nr nr rr

n 1 1 1
2

g p ( N ) g 0 [1 ln( N / N 0 )] Rm g int mir cav mir ln

n 1 2 L R1 R2

m mc / 2nL g g m

Section 3-2 (Single-Mode Semiconductor Lasers)

m ( B / 2 n )

Section 3-3 (Laser Characteristics)

dP P dN I N
GP Rsp GP G vg g m GN ( N N 0 ) I th (T) I 0 exp(T / T0 )
dt P dt q C

Rsp nsp G GN vg g / V N 0 NTV p1 vg cav Nth N 0 (GN p ) 1 I th qN th / c

P p q I I th ; I I th Pe ( g mir ) hfP Pe d I I th d int mir
1 hf
2 2q mir int

2q Pe 2P hf Eg
ext d 1 I th I total e ext ext G GN N N 0 1 NL P
hf I V0 I qV0 qV0

d 1 1
c GN ( N N 0 ) I (t ) I b I m sin mt
I m Ib Ith
P(t ) Pb pm sin(mt m )
dt 2 p

PbGN I m / q
N (t ) Nb nm sin(mt m ) pm m
R m j R R m j R
R GGN Pb P N / 4
2 R P N 2 P Rsp / Pb NLGPb

I I th G 1/ p N c1 GN Pb

1/ 2
1 2 4 1/ 2
f 3dB 2
2 4
2
2

2


R R R R R R

3 R
1/2
3GN Pb 3GN
R R R GGN Pb , G 1/ p f 3dB
4 2 p 4 2 q
I I
2
b th

5
 Formulas of Agrawals Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

dN I N dP 1 d 1 1
GP FN t G P RSP FP t c GN N N 0 F t
dt q c dt p dt 2 p


2 R sp {( 2N 2 ) GN P[GN P (1 N / c Rsp P ) 2 N ]}
RIN ( )

C pp ( ) exp( j )d P[( R ) 2 R 2 ][( ) 2 2R ]

e NL
2

S RIN ( f ) RIN ( f ) P 2
, 2
i RIN P 2 f SNRRIN P ; 20 SNR 30 dB
Rsp p
RIN
hv

Rsp c2b
( )
2
(1 c b)
2
[cos(3 ) e R cos( R 3 )]
2P 2 R cos

b R / 2R 2R , tan 1 ( R / R ) Rsp (1 c2 ) / (4 P )

Section 3-4 (Optical Signal Generation)

1 d c 1
(t ) GN ( N N 0 )
2 dt 4 p

Section 3-5 (Light-Emitting Diodes)

pint int hf / q I Pe ext Pint ext 4 T 2 sin d

1
f
0

0 T f 0 4 / n 1 ext n1 n 1 tot extint hf / qV0

2 2

RLED extint hf / q Rspon f A0 hf Eg exp hf Eg k BT vFWHM

1/2 1.8k BT
h

c Ib / q
I t I b I m exp jmt N t N b N m exp jmt Nb c I b / q, N m (m )
1 jm c

N m m 1
H LED f3dB LED 3 2 c
1

N m 0 1 jm c

Section 3-6 (Transmitter Design)

nc 1 R f NA 2

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 Formulas of Agrawals Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

Chapter 4
Section 4-1 (Basic Concepts)

I p /q hf q
I p = Rd Pin Rd Rd Pabs Pin Ptr [1 exp(W )]Pin
Pin /hf q hv 1.24

Pabs / Pin 1 exp(W ) Vout (t) V0 [1 exp(t / RC )], Tr (ln 9) RC 2.2 RC

Tr (ln 9)( tr RC ) f =[2 ( tr RC )]-1

Section 4-2 (Common Photodetectors)

die di
tr W / vd RC ( RL RS )CP eie hih h eie hih I ie ( x) ih ( x)
dx dx
1 kA
die / dx ( e h )ie h I M kA h / e
exp[(1 k A ) e d ] k A
1
RAPD MRd M ( q / hf ) M ( ) M 0 [1 ( e M 0 ) 2 ]1/2 f APD e
2 e M 0
RC

Section 4-3 (Receiver Design)

2 RLCT , CT C p C A Vout (t) z

1
f RS RL T (t t ' ) I P (t ' )dt ' Vout ( ) ZT ( ) I P ( )

ZT ( ) GP ( )GA ( ) H F ( ) / Yin ( ) H out ( ) H T ( ) H P ( ) H T ( ) ZT ( ) ZT (0)

12[1 cos( f / B )], f B sin(2 Bt ) 1

H out ( f ) 0, f B hout (t) H T ( f ) H out ( f ) / H p (0)
2 Bt 1 (2 Bt ) 2
HT ( f ) NRZ ( f / 2 B) cot( f / 2 B)

Section 4-4 (Receiver Noise)

I (t) I P is (t) is (t )is (t ) S s ( f ) exp( j 2 f )df s2 is2 (t ) SS ( f )df 2qI p f

2
s2 2qI p HT ( f ) df = 2 I p f s2 2q( I p I d )f I (t) I p is (t) iT (t)
0

ST ( f ) 2kBT / RL T2 iT2 (t ) ST ( f ) d f (4kBT / RL )f T2 (4kBT / RL ) Fn f

2 (I )2 S2 T2 2q( I p I d )f (4kBT / RL ) Fn f

7
 Formulas of Agrawals Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

I p2 Rd2 Pin2
SNR
2 2q( Rd Pin I d )f 4(kBT / RL ) Fn f

1/2 1/2
R R2 P2 Pin 4k TF hf 4k BTFn
SNR L d in NEP B 2n
T s
4k BTFn f f RL Rd q RL
Rd Pin Pin
SNR s
I P MRd Pin RAPD Pin s2 2qM 2 FA ( Rd Pin I d )f
T
2qf 2hf f

I p2 ( MRd Pin ) 2
FA ( M ) kA M (1 kA )(2 1/ M ) SNR
S2 T2 2qM 2 FA ( Rd Pin I d )f 4( kBT / RL ) Fn f

Rd Pin Pin
SNR s
SNR ( RL Rd2 / 4kBTFn f ) M 2 Pin2
T
2qFA f 2hfFA f T s

1/3
4kBTFn 4k BTFn
kAM 3
(1 kA ) M opt M opt
qRL ( Rd Pin I d ) k A qRL ( Rd Pin I d )
opt

Section 4-5 (Coherent Detection)

ES AS exp[ j (0t S )] ELO ALO exp j (LOt LO )

P(t ) Ps PLO 2 PS PLO cos(IFt s LO ) PS AS2 , PLO ALO

2
, IF 0 LO

I (t) Hom Rd ( PS PLO ) 2 Rd PS (t) PLO cos(s LO ) I P (t ) 2 Rd PS (t ) PLO

I (t ) Het Rd ( PS PLO ) 2 Rd PS PLO cos(IFt s LO )

I ac ( t )

2 s2 T2 , S2 2q( I I d )f , t2 (4kBT / RL ) Fn f
I ac2 2 Rd2 Ps PLO
SNR Het ; PLO PS PLO T2 / (2 qR d f ).
2
2q( Rd PLO I d ) f T2

Rd PS PS PS
SNR Hom ; PLO PS N P SNR Hom 4 N P 2 SNR Het
qf hf f h B

8
 Formulas of Agrawals Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

1 1
BERASK hom erfc N p / 2 BERFSK h et sync BERASK h et sync erfc N p / 4
2 2

BERPSK hom erfc 2 N p BERASK h et async exp N p / 4 BERPSK h et sync erfc N p

1 1 1
2 2 2

BERDPSK h et async exp N p / 2 BERFSK h et async exp N p / 4

1 1
2 2

Section 4-6 (Receiver Sensitivity)

P (0) P (1) 1/2 1

BER P(1) P(0 1) P(0) P(1 0) BER [P(0 1) P(1 0)]
2

1 ID ( I I1 ) 2 1 I I 2
2 12 dI 2 erfc 1 2D
P (0 |1) exp erfc( x) exp( y 2 )dy
1 2 1
x

1 ( I I 0 )2 1 I I
P (1| 0)
0
2 I D
exp
2 0
dI erfc D 0
0 2
2
2

1 I I I D I 0 ( I D I 0 ) 2 ( I1 I D ) 2
BER erfc 1 D erfc ln 1
4 1 2 0 2 2 0
2
2 12
0

0 I1 1 I 0 1 Q exp( Q 2 / 2)
Q ( I D I 0 ) / 0 ( I1 I D ) / 1 I D BER erfc ( )
0 1 2 2 Q 2

I1 I 0
Q I1 MRd P1 2 MRd Prec 1 ( s2 T2 )1/2 , 0 = T S2 2qM 2 FA Rd (2 Prec )f
1 0

I1 2 MRd Prec Q T
T2 (4k BT / RL ) Fn f Q 2 Prec qFAQf
1 0 ( s T2 )1/2 T Rd M
1/2 1/2
T T
( Prec ) min Q T / Rd M opt k 1/2
k A 1
Qqf k AQqf
A

1
( Prec ) APD (2qf / Rd )Q 2 (k A M opt 1 k A ) ( Prec )ideal (qf / Rd )qQ 2 BER erfc ( N P / 2)
2
Pm exp( N p ) N Pm / m ! BER exp( N p ) / 2 Prec N P hfB / 2 N p hfB

9
 Formulas of Agrawals Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

Section 4-7 (Sensitivity Degradation)

1 rex 2 Rd Prec 1 rex T Q

rex P0 / P1 Q Prec (rex )
1 rex 1 0 1 rex Rd

Prec (rex ) 1 rex 2 1/2

ex 10 log10 10 log10 s T I 1 Rd (Pin )
2 2 2 2
Rd Pin rI
rec
P (0) 1 rex

1 2 Rd Prec
rI2
2
RIN ( )d Q
( S2 I2 )1/2 T
2
T

Q T Q 2 qf
S (4qRd Prec f )1/2 , I 2rI RPrec Prec (rI )
Rd (1 rI2Q 2 )

I1 i j
I 10 log10 [ Prec (rI ) / Prec (0)] 10 log10[1 rI2Q 2 ] Q
( 2j )1/2 T
2
T

1 t 2
i j I1[hout (0) hout (t )], i j (2 2 / 3 4)( Bt ) 2 I1 p(t ) exp 2
j 2 2
j

1 i j
p (i j ) exp( ) b (4 2 / 3 8)( B j ) 2 i j bI1 / 2, j bI1 / 2
bi j I1 bI1

Q 1 b / 2 P (b) 1 b / 2
Prec (b) T S 10 log10 rec 10 log10
Rd (1 b / 2) b Q / 2 (1 b / 2) 2 b 2Q 2 / 2
2 2 2
Prec (0)

10
 Formulas of Agrawals Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

Chapter 5 (Lightwave Systems)

Section 5-1 (System Architecture)

( PT / N )(1 )log2
N
PN bus
PT C[(1 )(1 C)]N 1 PN star

Section 5-2 (Design Guidelines)

10 P tr
L log10 P tr P rec CL M S CL f L con splice Vout (t) V0 [1 exp(t / RC )]
f P rec
Tr 2.2 RC H ( f ) (1 j 2 fRC ) 1 Tr 0.35 / f Tr RZ
0.35 / B Tr NRZ
0.70 / B

Tr2 Ttr2 T fiber

2
Trec
2 2
T fiber Tmod
2
al TGVD Tmod al
2 2
(n1 / c) L Tmodal
2
(n1 2 / 8c) L
SIF GIF

TGVD D L

Section 5-3 (Long-Haul Systems): Schrodinger equation

A 2 A
2

j A j A A
2

z 2 t
2
2

Section 5-4 (Sources of Power Penalty)

PP
Tc 1/ mpn 5log10 (1 Q 2 r 2 mpn ) cc rmpn (k / 2){1 exp[( BLD ) 2 ]}
i j

Pi Pj

k 1 cc R f n f 1 n 1
2 2
f ref 10 log10 (1 r eff
2
Q2 )

1
reff2
2

RIN ( )d 2(RIN)f reff2 rI2 N / (MSR) 2 d 10 log10 b f

b f / 0 [1 ( DL / 0 ) 2 ]1/2 d 5log10 [(1 (8C 2 B 2 L / d c2 ) 2 (8 2 B 2 L / d c2 ) 2 ]

d 5log10 [1 (4 BLD / d c ) 2 ]; C 0, V 1 d 5log10 [1 (8 2 B 2 L / d c2 ) 2 ]; C 0, V 1

eye opening after transmission

eye 10 log10 .
eye opening before transmission

Section 5-5 (Forward-Error Correction)

1 1
Gc 20 log10 (Qc / Q) BERc erfc(Qc / 2) , BER erfc(Q / 2)
2 2

11