ECNG 4302 Fundamentals of

Communications II
Dr. Ahmed Khattab
Binary Modulation Schemes

Electronics Engineering Department

American University in Cairo
1

Classification of Digital Modulation

• Binary (M=2) Vs. Non-Binary (M=2n)

• Coherent (Information in carrier phase) Vs. Non-Coherent (no

information in phase)

ECNG 4302 A. Khattab

1
 Formats of Digital Modulation

Amplitude
Shift Keying
(ASK)

Phase Shift
Keying (PSK)

Frequency
Shift Keying
(FSK)

ECNG 4302 A. Khattab

Binary Modulation
• Binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
2 Eb
si (t )  cos c t  (i  1)  0  t  Tb
Tb
i  1,2
Therefore,
2 Eb 2 Eb 2 Eb
s1 (t )  cos ct  , s2 (t )  cos c t      cosc t    s1 (t )
Tb Tb Tb
• Signal Space (SS) representation
By inspection ,
2 Z1
 1( t )  cos(  c t ) N 1 Z2
Tb
 S 11  Eb , S 21   E b
S 1  [ E b ], S 2  [ Eb ] S2 S1

 12   1 d 12  S 1  S 2  2 E b  Eb φ1
Eb 4

ECNG 4302 A. Khattab

2
 • Tx

• Rx

ECNG 4302 A. Khattab

• Error probability computation

M
1
Pe 
M
  f ( X | m )dx
i 1 Z c
i
i

1 
  f ( X | m1 )dx   f ( X | m2 )dx 

2  Z1c 
 Z 2c

From symmetry, Pe1  Pe2

 Pe  Pe1  Pe2
• Assume m1 was sent and we seek f(X|m1), we said
earlier that X is Gaussian and proved that E[x1|mi]=Si1 ,
Var[X1]=N0/2
N0
E[ x1 | m1 ]  Eb Var[ x1 ] 
2
1 ( x  Eb ) 2 / N 0
f ( x1 | m1 )  e 1
N 0
1
0
 ( x1  Eb ) 2 / N 0
6
Pe1 
N 0 e

dx1
ECNG 4302 A. Khattab

3
 Let ( x1  Eb ) / N 0  y

1 1
e
 y2
Pe1  dy  erfc ( Eb / N 0 )
 Eb / N 0
2

2
 e dy
2
y
Where, erfc ( x) 
 x

erfc ()  1 erfc (0)  1 / 2

ECNG 4302 A. Khattab

Binary Frequency Shift Keying

2 Eb
si (t )  cosi t  0  t  Tb
Tb
i  1,2
Omitting the subscript ' b' for convenience
2E
s1 (t )  cos1t 
Tb
2E
s2 (t )  cos2t 
Tb
Clearly, N  M  2

ECNG 4302 A. Khattab

4
 • Choice of f1 and f2
m n
Let f1  , f2  m, n are integers
T T
mn l
 f1  f 2  
T T
This results is continuous - phase fsk and orthogonality
12   s1 (t )  s2 (t )dt / E1 E2
T

2E 2E T
cos(1t ) cos(2t )dt / E 2
T 0

T
2 T1
cos[(1  2 )t ]  cos[(1  2 )t ]dt
T 0 2


1  sin(1  2 )t   sin(1  2 )t  

T T

     
T  1  2  0  1  2  0 
 
9

ECNG 4302 A. Khattab

mn mn
 1   2  2  , 1   2  2  
 T   T 
1 1  mn  1   m  n  
12   sin 2  T   sin 2  T  
T  1  2   T    1   2   T  
1
 ( 0  0)  0
T

• Note:
• Actually, it is sufficient for f1-f2=m/2T where m is an
integer for orthogonality
• Minimum Shift Keying f1-f2=1/2T

10

ECNG 4302 A. Khattab

5
 • Given that S1(t)& S2(t) are orthogonal
• Hence, we can choose
2 2
1 (t )  cos 1t , 2 (t )  cos  2t
T T
We can now draw SS diagram
S1  [ E 0], S2  [0 E]
12  0
d12  E  E  2 E

11

ECNG 4302 A. Khattab

• Tx
Logical
Inverter

• Rx l
l

12

ECNG 4302 A. Khattab

6
 • Error Probability
• From symmetry, Pe  Pe  Pe 1 2

• Assuming m1 was sent

0
Pe   f (l | m1 ) dl
1 

• What is f (l | m1 ) ?
• The sum of 2 jointly Gaussian r.v’s is Gaussian
E[l | m1 ]  E[ x1  x2 | m1 ]  E[ x1 | m1 ]  E[ x2 | m1 ]
 s11  s12  E  0  E
N0 N0
Var(l | m1 )  Var( x1  x2 | m1 )  Var( x1  x2 )  Var( x1 )  Var( x2 )    N0
2 2
1 E )2 / 2 N0
f (l | m1 )  e (l 
2N 0
1  E 
Pe  erfc 

13
2  2N0 
ECNG 4302 A. Khattab

• Note:
• The error probability could have been obtained
using a rotation of the constellation by π/4 and a
translation by and applying the Pe result from BPSK
 2 (t )  2 (t )

Rotation Translation
S2 =====> S2 S1 =======>
2E

 1 (t )  1 (t ) S2 S1  1 (t )
0
S1 2E / 2

• In fact, for binary signaling with coherent

detection
1  d 
Pe  erfc 
2 2 N 
 0 
1  E 
For BPSK, d  2 E Pe  erfc  

2  N0  14
1  E 
For BFSK, d  2 E P e  erfc  

ECNG 4302 2  2N0  A. Khattab

7
 • Notes:
• Comparing BFSK to BPSK the BER is worse in BFSK
by 3dB
• However, the advantage of BFSK is that it may be
detected non-coherently (without carrier recovery
circuit)

15
Copyright John Wiley & Sons
ECNG 4302 S. Haykin , “Communication Systems” A. Khattab

Non-coherent BFSK
• When the carrier phase is difficult to estimate, non-coherent
detection may be used with some performance loss.

16