Bandpass Modulation and

Demodulation
• Digital modulation is the process by which digital
symbols are transformed into waveforms that are
compatible with the characteristics of the channel.
• In the case of baseband modulation these
waveforms usually take the form of shaped pulses.
• In bandpass modulation the shaped pulses
modulate a sinusoidal signal called carrier.
• For radio transmission the carrier is converted to an
electromagnetic (EM) field for propagation to the
desired destination.

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

• The PSK is widely used in wireless digital communication
in both military and commercial communications. It has
unique characteristics .
• The general analytic expression for PSK is
2E
si (t ) = cos[ω0t + φi (t )] 0 ≤ t ≤ T,i = 1,..., M
T
• The phase term can be

2πi
φi (t ) =
M

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Phase changes

Binary PSK

M=2
Ψ1(t)
amplitude

s2 s1

time
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• The general analytic expression for FSK
modulation is

2E
si (t ) = cos [2π fi t + φ ] 0 ≤ t ≤ T , i = 1,..., M
T
• Where the frequency term fi has M discrete
values, and the phase term Φ is an arbitrary
constant.

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

s2
Ψ2(t)

Ψ1(t)
f1 f2 f3
Amplitude

s1
Ψ3(t)
s3

T 2T
time
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• For the ASK the general analytic expression is

2Ei (t )
si (t ) = cos[ω0t + φ ] 0 ≤ t ≤ T , i = 1,..., M
T
• The amplitude term will have M discrete values,
and the phase is arbitrary constant.
• In next slide we show an ASK with M=2.
• The case of the next slide is also called On-Off
Key (OOK). It is commonly used in fiber optics.

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

M=2

Ψ1(t)
s2 s1
 Amplitude Phase Keying (APK)
• It is a combination of ASK and PSK and it has the
following analytical expression

2Ei (t )
si (t ) = cos[ω0t + φi (t )] 0 ≤ t ≤ T , i = 1,..., M
T
• For example we obtain 8-ary system by using two
different amplitudes for each 4 vectors.
• There are different versions of APK such as 16QAM
(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 64QAM, and so on.
• An example is shown in next slide.

Amplitude Phase Keying (APK)

3

Ψ2(t)
1

Ψ1(t)
0

-1

-2

-3