Starch + Salivary Maltose

water amylase

Secretes bile

Stores bile Protein+ Pepsin Polypeptide

water pH 2.0
Peptides Erepsin Amino Caesinogen Rennin Caesin
+ water pH 7.5 + water
acids

Maltose Maltase Glucose Secretes pancreatic juices

+ water

Sucrose Sucrase Glucose + Starch + Pancreatic maltose

+ water Fructose amylase
water

Lactose + Lactase Glucose + Polypeptide Trypsin

water Galactose + water peptide

Lipid + Lipase Fatty acids Lipid + Lipase Fatty acids

water + glycerol water + glycerol
 Digestion of Cellulose by a Ruminant

Largest part of the stomach

Mutualistic microorganisms secrete
cellulase to digest cellulose Water is removed from cud

True stomach
Gastric juice
Cud (chewed and secreted
reswallowed) Digestion of
proteins
Microorganisms secrete
cellulase to digest
cellulose
Fatty acids
Structure of a villus
+ glycerol,
Vitamins A, Glucose
D, E and K
Amino acids
 LOCATION
Assimilation takes place in the cells (digestion
takes place in the alimentary canal)
Simpler form of nutrient is used to form complex
compounds or structural components
Liver acts as checkpoint and control centre for
the release of appropriate amount of nutrients in
the circulatory system.
 ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE
Most of glucose is converted into glycogen and
stored in the liver.
Glycogen will be converted to sugar when the body
needs energy
Glucose is distributed throughout the body by
circulatory system.
Cells oxidise glucose to release energy during
cellular respiration.
 ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE
Excess of glucose is
converted into lipids by
the liver.
ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS
Amino acids have to pass through the liver before
they reach blood circulatory system
Amino acids are used to synthesized plasma
proteins.
Function of plasma proteins: blood clotting and
osmoregulation
When there are short supply of glucose, amino acids
are converted to glucose by the liver through
gluconeogenesis process.
 ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS
Amino acids that enter the cell are used for
synthesizing protoplasm and repair the damaged
tissue.
Amino acids are also important blocks to synthesis
hormones and enzymes.
Excess of amino acids will be broken by deamination
process. The waste product of this process is
commonly the urea.
Urea is transported to the kidneys and secreted out
through urine.
 LIPIDS
Lipids such as fats
represent the major energy
store of the body
Excess lipids are stored in
the adipose tissue.
Some lipids; ex:
phospholipids and
cholesterol are major
components of plasma
membranes
 OTHER FUNCTION OF LIVER
Liver acts as the detoxicification site
In this process, the liver removes harmful
substances from blood and convert them to less
toxidic compounds.
The detoxicification products are eliminated from the
body through bile or urine.
 Glucose for cellular respiration
Amino synthesis of hormones, plasma acids
membranes, enzymes

Glucose - respiration
Excess glucose glycogen
Amino acids plasma protein
Excess amino acids - urea
Formation of Faeces and Defaecation

Reabsorbs water and minerals

Elimates undigested food
Escherichia coli are found
Secretes mucus to bind faeces and
lubricates movement of feaces
along the colon

Temporary storage of faeces

Faeces is expelled from here when

the rectum is full, contraction of the
muscles of the rectum propels the
faeces out