Tourette Syndrome What? Atic disorder impacted by genetics and influenced by environmental factors, but there is not one main cause. Generally found in children ages 5-7 with tics becoming more obvious in children 8-12, Those with Tourettes have had at least two motor tics and at least one vocal/ phonic tic in some combination over the course of more than a year. What does it look like? Motor tics: eye blinking, facial grimacing, jaw movements, head bobbing/jerking, shoulder shrugging, neck stretching, and arm jerking, Vocal tics: sniffing, throat clearing, grunting, hooting, and shouting. Complex vocal tics are words or phrases that may or may not be recognizable but that consistently occur out of context Sometimes the behaviors displayed can cause self-injury Treatment Why should Tourette syndrome fall under both defini Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) is given by a therapist Deep Brain Stimulation (sends electrodes to certain parts of the brain) Medication and Counselling Speech Language Therapy can help with co-occurring conditions ions? Tourettes falls under multiple definitions of Other Health Impairment and Emotional Disturbance, because Tourettes at times will include co-occurring conditions.Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Definition Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronie and long-lasting disorder in which 4 person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over. ‘Symptoms Obsessions are repeated thoughts, urges, or mental images that cause anxiet symptoms include: + Fear of germs or contamination * Unwanted forbidden or taboo thoughts involving sex, religion, and harm + Agaressive thoughts towards others or self. ‘+ Having things symmetrical or in a perfect order Common Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that a person with OCD feels the urge to do in response to an obsessive thought. Common compulsions include: + Excessive cleaning and/or hand washing * Ordering and arranging things in a particular, precise way * Repeatedly checking on things, such as repeatedly checking to sec if the door is locked or that the oven is off © Compulsive counting Behaviors You Might See in Students with OCD * Contamination: In schools, this plays out with kids worrying about other kids sneezing and coughing, touching things that might be dirty or getting sick in many different ways. * Magical thinking: This is a kind of superstition, like “step on a crack, break your ‘mother’s back,” taken to extremes. For example, kids might worry that their thoughts can cause someone to get hurt, or get sick. A child might think, “Unless my things are lined up ina certain way, mom will get in a car accident.” ‘+ What ifs: Kids may be plagued by a lot of different kinds of thoughts about bad things they could do, “What if [ hurt someone? What if I stab someone? What if | kill someone?” + Catastrophizing: Some kids easily jump to the conclusion that something terrible has happened. For example, if her parents are five minutes late picking her up, a girl who is catastrophizing might tell herself that they've decided to abandon her. How to Help Students with OCD + Seating arrangement: Ifthe school has noisy hallways, you might not want to have a child with OCD sit by the door. You might have her sit in the front, where she’s less able {0 hear the noise and can stay more focused on her work. On the other hand, a child who has very observable symptoms, and doesn’t want other kids to see her fidgeting with her hands, rocking or getting up a lot, might be better off closer to the door, toward the back of the room.Extended time for tests and papers: If writing is a problem for a child who needs to find the perfect way to say something, he’s going to need more time to finish those essay questions or papers. Private testing rooms: Research is quite clear that kids with OCD do better, are less overwhelmed and are more in control of their thoughts and their reactions if they're in a quiet place away from the other kids. ‘Skip reading out loud: Kids who feel they need to tead perfectly may have to go back and reread sentences or whole paragraphs over and over to make sure they’ve got them right. So reading becomes a very laborious task, and reading in front of the class can become a nightmare. So if we know doing this is a problem for children, we can spare them, Break homework into chunks: If looking at a whole page of math makes kids feel overwhelmed and anxious, the problems can be broken up over four pages. It helps kids stay focused on doing the problems instead of worrying.Wha Bipolar Disorder itis it? Alida Flores Bipolar Disorder is also called manic-depressive illness or manic depression Children wit bipolar disorder go through unusual mood changes. When the child feels very happy or “up,” and are much more energetic and active than usual, or than other kids their age. This is called a manie episode. Sometimes children ith bipolar disorder feel very sad and “down,” and are much less active than usual. This is called a depressive episode. Anyone can develop bipolar disorder, including children and teens. However, most people with bipolar disorder develop it in their late teen or early adult years, The illness usually lasts a Symptoms: Manic Episode Depressive Episode + Feel very happy or act silly ina way that’s unusual for them and for other people their age + Have a very short temper + Talk really fast about a lot of different things + Have trouble sleeping but not feel tired + Have trouble staying focused + Talk and think about sex more often + Dorisky things Feel very sad Complain about pain a lot, such as stomachaches and headaches Sleep too little or too much Feel guilty and worthless Eat too little or too much Have little energy and no interest in fun activities Think about death or suicide **A person with bipolar disorder may have manic episodes, depressive episodes, or “mixed” episodes. A mixed episode has both manic and depressive symptoms. ‘Treatment: Medication- Children should take the fewest number of medications and the smallest doses possible to help thei “start low, go slow.” Therapy- Therapy can help c! symptoms. A good way to remember this is, iren change their behavior and manage their routines. It can also help young people get along better with family and friends. Sometimes therapy includes family members,Mood Disorders Mood disorders are a category of illnesses that describe a serious change in mood. Illness under mood disorders include: major depressive disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, bipolar disorder, persistent depressive disorder, cyclothymia (a mild form of bipolar disorder), and SAD (seasonal affective disorder), CAUSE What causes mood imbalances is difficult to pinpoint. Depression is thought to be caused by a combination of environmental, psychological, biological and genetic factors. The most enduring theories involve neurotransmitter, which are chemicals in the brain, causing an imbalance that leads to depression, So far, this theory has been difficult to verify. Anxiety disorders may be caused by environmental factors, medical factors, genetics, brain chemistry, substance abuse, or a combination of these. It is most commonly triggered by the stress in our lives. Treatment Depression is typically treated with antidepressant medications, Antidepressants work to restore neurotransmitters. The most commonly prescribed antidepressants for depression are fluoxetine (Prozac), citalopram (Celexa), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil) and escitalopram (Lexapro). These drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. WEBSITE hey /www.anxietybc.com /anxiety-PDF- ents http://studentsagainstdepression.org/AUTISM 1 Autism- * Self’ People who are born with autism usually struggle with being around others and are often times in their own world by themselves. There is an autism spectrum that defines the boundaries of people with different types of autism, Criterion A: This deals with people who have a hard time in social situations with communicating and interacting with others. When someone iiormally talks to another person, they usually display eye contact and their conversation deals with sharing and listening. People with autism struggle to give eye contact when talking to others and often times the conversation will be one-sided, Criterion Bs stats that a person who is autistic usualy involved in performing a _behavior sepeatedlyThe behavior is usually what interests them or calms them down. An example would be watching the same movie over and over again. The child might throw a fit if the parent wont put in the same movie. Criterion C, D, and E: The symptoms of autism will start early in the child’ life, Not only will they struggle socially, they will have problems with other functions. They may feel detached from others and speaking can be difficult. ——— The DSM, under autism spectrum disorder states, " Autism spectrum disorder are persistent deficits in reciprocal social communication, in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, and in developing, managing, and understanding relationships, and restricted, repetitive patters of behavior, interests, or activities”(Autism Spectrum Disorder). ‘There was an article on a web site for a national organization called Autism ‘Speaks and I felt like it explained some of the reasons for autism really well. The brain structure is so detailed. The thalamus is a crucial part of the brain structure because it processes incoming information’s. It picks up vision, hearing, and movement. Once the thalamus has received this information, it will send the sensory information to certain regions in the brain. This information goes to the brains outer layer-cerebral cortex. Here is where the cerebral cortex will process the information and than send feedback to the thalamus. This is a development in the brain of a 2-way communication. Children with autism do not have a normal development of this 2-way communication, In the child's brains their is formed an over-connectivity in the regions of the brain that deal with memory, sensory functions, and auditory processing. This over connectivity could be a reason why children are so gifted in certain areas. Most people with autism can remember numbers really well and process information quickly. With an over connection in part of the brain, there is also an under-connection between the thalamus and the area of the brain that deals with emotions, impulses, and processing of socialAUTISM 2 information. This could explain why children struggle with controlling their emotions and being apart of social groups. People with autism are often hypersensitive to things that other people might not notice. Usually the sounds of a clock ticking back and forth or the A/C unit running are sounds that we tune out. A person with autism is not able to tune out those sounds. In fact, they hear them at a deeper level. Often time one of the first warning signs in autism is how children respond to sensations. Children with autism are very aware of different textures. Often times they will behave in a negative way if there is a texture that bothers them. This, could be food textures or clothing textures. Foods could be too mushy or soft. The child might want to eat the same foods daily. The different types of fabric of clothing that children wear could be a major annoyance. Some of these factors of sensitivity could also explain why a person might display inappropriate behavior. Autism is a lifelong weakness and disorder that will never go away. Even though it can’t be overcome completely, there are different methods that can help to strengthen individuals who have autism. There are different interventions that can aid in overcoming different challenges that are associated with autism.si Oppositional Defiant Disorder H: t cee it ik Malte Soruongee eee Definition: A persistent pattern of irritable mood; argumentative, defiant behavior towards authority figures. For one to have ODD the frequency and intensity of the behaviors should be outside the typical range of a child's development, Sympton - Quick to lose their temper ~ Ignore or rebel - Blame others for mistakes - Annoy others - Easily annoyed - Being angry or resentful - Swearing - Having a low opinion of themselves (These must happen consistently) Treatments: - Therapy and training for the child and parents - Different therapies: Parent-child interaction therapy, individual and family therapy, cognitive problem-solving training, and social skills training (There is no medication of ODD) Cause: The cause is unknown but may be caused by: - Neurological causes - Imbalances in the brain - The child’s temperament and the family’s response to the child’s temperament.Abbey Southern Conduct Disorder What is it? * Conduct disorder is a serious behavioral and emotional disorder that can occur in children and teens. A child with this disorder may display a pattern of disruptive and violent behavior and have problems following rules. ‘+ Itis not uncommon for children and teens to have behavior-related problems at some time during their development. However, the behavior is considered to be a conduct. disorder when itis long-lasting and when it violates the rights of others, goes against accepted norms of behavior and disrupts the child's or family's everyday life. How they act: Aggressive behavior: These are behaviors that threaten or cause physical harm and may include fighting, bullying, being cruel to others or animals, using weapons, and forcing another into sexual activity. Destructive behavior: This involves intentional destruction of property such as arson (deliberate fire-setting) and vandalism (harming another person's property). Deceitful behay in order to steal : This may include repeated lying, shoplifting, or breaking into homes or cars Violation of rules: This involves going against accepted rules of society or engaging in behavior that is not appropriate for the person's age. These behaviors may include running away, skipping school, playing pranks, or being sexually active at a very young age. Treatment: + Psychotherapy : Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) is aimed at helping the child learn to express and control anger in more appropriate ways + Mediation : Although there is no medication formally approved to treat conduct disorder, various drugs may be used to treat some of its distressing symptoms, as well as any other mental illnesses that may be present, such as ADHD or major depression.