1999 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

MAGNETIC
CENOZOIC MAGNETIC
MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN
AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS UNCERT. AGE PERIOD EPOCH PICKS AGE BDY.
PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE AGE EON ERA AGES
CHRON.

CHRON.
(Ma) (Ma) (m.y.) (Ma)
ANOM.

ANOM.
(Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma)
HIST.

HIST.
(Ma)
1 QUATER- HOLOCENE
0.01 65 .2
C1
PLEISTOCENE CALABRIAN 30 C30 248 543
2
NARY
1.8 31 C31 MAASTRICHTIAN L TATARIAN 252

PERMIAN
C2
L 70 71.3 1 UFIMIAN-KAZANIAN
2A PIACENZIAN 32 C32 256
C2A PLIOCENE 3.6 KUNGURIAN
ZANCLEAN 260 260
3 E 5.3
33 CAMPANIAN LATE
5 C3
ARTINSKIAN 750
C33
MESSINIAN 80 LATE

CRETACEOUS
3A
E 269
C3A
7.1 83.5 1
4
SANTONIAN
85.8 1
SAKMARIAN
C4
CONIACIAN 280 900
4A L TORTONIAN 89.0 1 282
C4A
90 ASSELIAN
NEOGENE

10 5 TURONIAN 1000
93.5 4 290
MIOCENE

C5
11.2

PENNSYLVANIAN

PROTEROZOIC
GZELIAN

CARBONIFEROUS
CENOMANIAN 296

S.
5A SERRAVALLIAN 100 34 C34 99.0 1 300 KASIMOVIAN MIDDLE
C5A 303
M 14.8 L MOSCOVIAN
5B 1250

W.
15 ALBIAN 311
5C
C5B
LANGHIAN
C5C 16.4 110 BASHKIRIAN
5D EARLY 112 2 320 323

N.
C5D
5E C5E BURDIGALIAN SERPUKHOVIAN

MISSISSIPPIAN
APTIAN 327
20 6 1500
C6 E 20.5 120
6A M0 121 3 VISEAN
M1 E

NEOCOMIAN
340 1600
C6A
AQUITANIAN M3 BARREMIAN 342
6B C6B M5 127 3
6C C6C 23.8 HAUTERIVIAN TOURNAISIAN
130 1750
OLIGOCENE

M10
25 7 132 4 354
7A C7 M12
TERTIARY

8
C7A
L CHATTIAN VALANGINIAN 360 FAMENNIAN
C8 M14
137 4
L
9 M16 364
C9 140 FRASNIAN EARLY
BERRIASIAN

DEVONIAN
10 C10 28.5 M18 370
144 5 2000
30 11 C11 M20 GIVETIAN
12 TITHONIAN 380 M 380
E RUPELIAN 150
M22
151
C12
LATE 6 EIFELIAN
KIMMERIDGIAN 154 7
13
33.7 M25 391
C13 JURASSIC OXFORDIAN EMSIAN 2250
15 C15 160 159 7
35 400 400
16 C16 L PRIABONIAN M29 CALLOVIAN PRAGHIAN
164 8
37.0
17 C17 BATHONIAN 412
170 MIDDLE 169 8 LOCKHOVIAN 417
PRIDOLIAN 2500 2500

CAMBRIAN* ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN

RAPID POLARITY CHANGES

18
40 C18 BARTONIAN BAJOCIAN 420 L 419
LUDLOVIAN 423
176 8
PALEOGENE

19 41.3 AALENIAN WENLOCKIAN 428

C19
180 180 8
E LATE
EOCENE

20 LLANDOVERIAN 2750
M TOARCIAN 440
C20 443
45
LUTETIAN 190 190 8
ASHGILLIAN
L 449

ARCHEAN
21 PLIENSBACHIAN CARADOCIAN
C21 195 8 458
EARLY 460 LLANDEILIAN 3000 3000
22 49.0
200
SINEMURIAN M 464
50 C22
202 8 LLANVIRNIAN 470
23 HETTANGIAN
C23
E YPRESIAN 206 8 MIDDLE
24 RHAETIAN ARENIGIAN
210 210 8 480
E 3250
TRIASSIC

C24
54.8 485
55 TREMADOCIAN
NORIAN 490
PALEOCENE

25 LATE SUNWAPTAN*
THANETIAN 220 D 495 3400
C25
221 9 500 STEPTOEAN* 500
26 57.9 MARJUMAN*
CARNIAN 3500
L C 506
C26 227 9 DELAMARAN*
60 SELANDIAN 512 EARLY
230
MIDDLE LADINIAN B DYERAN* 516
27 61.0
C27 234 9 520 MONTEZUMAN* 520
28
C28 E DANIAN ANISIAN 3750
29 240 A 3800?
242 9
65 C29 65.0 OLENEKIAN
EARLY 245 9
30 C30 INDUAN 248 10 540 543

1999, The Geological Society of America. Product code CTS004. Compilers: A. R. Palmer, John Geissman
*International ages have not been established. These are regional (Laurentian) only. Boundary Picks were based on dating techniques and fossil records
as of 1999. Paleomagnetic attributions have errors, Please ignore the paleomagnetic scale.
Sources for nomenclature and ages: Primarily from Gradstein, F., and Ogg, J., 1996, Episodes, v. 19, nos. 1 & 2; Gradstein, F., et al., 1995,
SEPM Special Pub. 54, p. 95128; Berggren, W. A., et al., 1995, SEPM Special Pub. 54, p. 129212; Cambrian and basal Ordovician ages
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY adapted from Landing, E., 1998, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 35, p. 329338; and Davidek, K., et al., 1998, Geological Magazine,
OF AMERICA v. 135, p. 305309. Cambrian age names from Palmer, A. R., 1998, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 35, p. 323328.