Bai Giang Cau Truc May Tinh PDF

TRNG I HC THY SN
KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN
BI GING
CU TRC MY TNH
(Computer Structure)
GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 1

Gii thiu
Cu trc My tnh
(Computer Structure)
Trnh by: inh ng Lng.
T: 058.832078
Mobile: 0914147520
Email: luongdd10@yahoo.com

Mc ch v yu cu
Mc ch:
Tm hiu cu trc v t chc cc my tnh.
Tm hiu nguyn l hot ng c bn My tnh.
Gii thiu cu trc my tnh tin tin ca Intel.
Yu cu:
C kin thc lp trnh c bn.
Sinh vin c ti liu v lm vic theo nhm thc
hin bo co trn lp.

Ti liu tham kho (sch)
1.Willian Stallings - Computer Organization and Architecture.

2.Andrew Stamenbaum Structure Computer Organization.
3.Cm nang sa cha v nng cp my tnh c nhn
Nguyn ng Khoa
4.Gio trnh bo tr v nng cp my tnh
(Trng KHTN - TPHCM )
L Cng Bo
5. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng my
RON WHITE - Nguyn Trng Tun (Dch)

Ti liu tham kho (trang web)
@www.williamstallings.com
@ocw.mit.edu
@www.intel.com
@www.asus.com
@www.gigabyte.com
@www1.guidePC.com

Ni dung mn hc
1. Gii thiu chung.

2. H thng my tnh.
3. Biu din d liu v s hc my tnh.
4. B x l trung tm.
5. B nh My tnh.
6. H thng vo ra.

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung
1.1 Khi nim chung my tnh

1.2 Phn loi my tnh
1.3 S tin ha ca my tnh

1.1 Khi nim chung
My tnh(computer) l thit b in t thc hin cng

vic sau:
nhn thng tin vo.
x l thng tin theo chng trnh nh sn bn trong b
nh my tnh.
a thng tin ra.
Chng trnh (Program): chng trnh l dy cc cu
lnh nm trong b nh, nhm mc ch hng dn
my tnh thc hin mt cng vic c th no y. My
tnh thc hin theo chng trnh.
1.1 Khi nim chung
Phn mm (Software): Bao gm chng trnh v d
liu.
Phn cng (Hardware): Bao gm tt c cc thnh phn
vt l cu thnh ln h thng My tnh.
Phn do (Firmware): L thnh phn cha c hai thnh
phn trn.
Kin trc my tnh(Computer Architecture) cp n
cc thuc tnh ca h thng my tnh di ci nhn ca
ngi lp trnh. Hay ni cch khc, l nhng thuc tnh
nh hng trc tip n qu trnh thc hin logic ca
chng trnh. Bao gm: tp lnh, biu din d liu, cc
c ch vo ra, k thut nh a ch,
1.1 Khi nim chung
T chc my tnh(Computer Organization): cp n

cc khi chc nng v lin h gia chng thc hin
nhng c trng ca kin trc.
V d: trong kin trc b nhn: y l thuc tnh ca
h thng x l. B nhn ny s c t chc ring bn
trong my tnh hoc n c tnh ton nhiu ln trn b
cng cng c mt kt qa nhn tng ng.
Cu trc my tnh(Computer Structure): l nhng thnh
phn ca my tnh v nhng lin kt gia cc thnh phn.
mc cao nht my tnh bao gm 4 thnh phn:

1.1 Khi nim chung
B x l : iu khin v x l s liu.
B nh : cha chng trnh v d liu.
H thng vo ra : trao i thng tin gia my tnh
vi bn ngoi.
Lin kt gia cc h thng : lin kt cc thnh phn
ca my tnh li vi nhau.

1.1 Khi nim chung
M hnh phn lp ca h thng

Ngi dng
CC TRNH NG
DNG
CC PHN MM TRUNG GIAN Nh lp trnh
H IU HNH
Nh Tk OS
PHN CNG MY TNH

1.1 Khi nim chung
M hnh c bn
X L
TRUNG TM
Cc thit b Cc thit b
nhp xut
B NH
CHNH

1.1 Khi nim chung
S cu trc my tnh
Peripherals Computer
Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit
Computer
Systems
Interconnection
Input
Output
Communication
lines

1.1 Khi nim chung
S cu trc CPU
CPU
Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection
Control
Unit

1.1 Khi nim chung
Chc nng(Computer Function): l m t hot ng ca

h thng hay tng thnh phn ca h thng.
Chc nng chung ca mt h thng bao gm:
X l d liu.
Lu tr d liu.
Vn chuyn d liu.
iu khin

1.1 Khi nim chung
S chc nng my tnh

Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus
Data
Processing
Facility

1.2 Phn loi my tnh
Phn loi theo phng php truyn thng

My vi tnh ( Microcomputer)
My tnh nh (Minicomputer)
My tnh ln (Mainframe Computer)
Siu my tnh (Super Computer)
Phn loi theo phng php hin i
My tnh bn (Desktop Computer)
My ch (Servers)
My tnh nhng (Embedded Computer)
1.2 Phn loi my tnh
My bn:
l loi my thng dng nht hin nay.
bao gm my tnh c nhn (PC: Persional Computer)
v trm (Workstation Computer).
gi mua 100$ n 10.000$
My ch
l my phc v(server)
dng trong mng theo m hnh Clent/Server
c tc , hiu nng, b nh v tin cy cao
gi vi chc nghn n vi chc triu
1.2 Phn loi my tnh
My tnh nhng
c t trong nhiu thit b khc nhau iu khin
thit b lm vic
c thit k chuyn dng
v d: in thoi di ng, b iu khin cc thit gia
nh, Router nh tuyn,

S pht trin ca my tnh chia ra 4 th h:

Th h 1: My tnh dng n chn khng (Vacumm
Tube) 1946-1955
Th h 2: My tnh dng Transitor (1955-1965)
Th h 3: My tnh dng mch tch hp IC
(Intergrated Circuit) 1966 1980
Th h 4: My tnh dng mch tch hp cc ln
VLSI (Very Large Scale Intergrated )1980 n nay

My tnh ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

xut nm 1943 v hon thnh 1946 c s dng

n1955 do thy tr Eckert v Mauchly Trng i hc
Pennsylvania ca M
c im chnh:
Nng 30 tn, chin din tch 150m2 v s dng 140KW.
5000 nghn php cng trn giy.
S dng h thp phn.
Lp trnh bng cng tc.
S dng 18000 bng n in t (vacuum tubes)
My tnh Von Neumann
My tnh IAS(Institute for Advanced Studies)

My c m hnh c bn l my tnh ny nay
Th k 1947 hon thnh 1952
Xy dng da trn tng ca Turring (M) v Von
Neumann(Anh)
Arithmetic and
ogic Unit
Main
Input Memory
Output
Equipment
Program Control Unit

Cc sn phm ca cng ngh VLSI(Very Large Scale

Integrated)
B vi x l c ch to trn mt con chip
Vi mch iu khin tng hp (Chipset)
B nh bn dn c lp( ROM, RAM) thit k
thnh Module
Cc b vi iu khin chuyn dng.
B vi x l u tin ca Intel 4004 nm1971
B x l c coi hon thin nht l 8088/8086 nm
1978,1979 y c coi l ngy sinh nht ca cc
my tnh sau ny
My Micral, Andr Trng Trng Thi sng ch
Micral Php, my vi tnh lp rp hon ton u tin

Lch s pht trin my tnh th h th 4

1978 8086 (Intel)
1979 8088 (Intel)
1980 80286 (Intel)
1993 Pentium (Intel)
1997 Pentium II (Intel) Celeron
1999 Pentium III (Intel) Celeron
2003 Pentium 4 (Intel) Celeron

Chng 2
H thng my tnh
2.1 Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

2.2 Hot ng c bn ca my tnh
2.3 Lin kt h thng

M hnh c bn ca my tnh.
Cc m hnh my tnh hin nay c thit k da trn
kin trc Von Neumann.
Cc c im kin trc ca Von Neumann:
D liu v chng trnh cha trong b nh c ghi.
B nh c nh a ch cho cc ngn nh khng ph
thuc vo ni dung ca chng.
My tnh thc hin lnh mt cch tun t.

S cu trc c bn ca my tnh
B x l trung tm (CPU): iu khin hot ng ca my tnh

v x l s liu
H thng nh: cha chng trnh v d liu ang c x l.
H thng vo/ra (I/O: Input/Output) : trao i thng tin gia
bn ngoi v bn trong my tnh
Lin kt h thng (Interconnection): kt ni v vn chuyn
thng tin gia cc thnh phn vi nhau
1.B x l trung tm
(CPU: Central Processing Unit)
Chc nng: iu khin ton b hot ng ca my tnh.

X l d liu (vd: cc php ton s hc v logic)
Nguyn tc hot ng: CPU hot ng theo chng trnh nm
trong b nh chnh.
Cu trc c bn CPU
n v iu khin (CU:Control Unit): iu khin hot ng ca
my tnh theo chng trnh nh sn.
n v s hc v logic (ALU: Arithmetic And Logic Unit): thc
hin cc php ton s hc v logic trn cc d liu c th.
Tp thanh ghi (RF: Register File): Lu tr cc thng tin tm thi
phc v cho hot ng ca CPU.
n v ni ghp BUS(BIU: Bus Interface Unit): kt ni v trao
i thng tin gia Bus bn trong v Bus bn ngoi CPU.
1.B x l trung tm
(CPU: Central Processing Unit)
B vi x l hot ng theo xung nhp(clock) c tn s

xc nh.
Tc vi x l c nh gi gin tip thng qua tn
s xung nhp.
Gi To : chu k xung nhp, fo =1/To tn s xung nhp.
Mi thao tc ca b x l cn kTo. To cng nh th b
x l chy cng nhanh
V d: Mt my tnh Pentium 4 tc 2GHz
Ta c fo=2GHz=2.109Hz
To= 1/fo=1/2.109= 0.5ns
2. B nh my tnh
Chc nng: Lu tr chng trnh v d liu.

Cc thao tc c bn:
Thao tc c d liu (Read)
Thao tc ghi d liu (Write)
Cc thnh phn chnh
B nh trong (Internal Memory)
B nh ngoi (External Memory)

B nh trong(Internal Memory)
Chc nng v c im:

Cha thng tin m CPU c th trao i trc tip
Tc rt nhanh
Dung lng khng ln
S dng b nh bn dn RAM, ROM
Cc loi b nh
B nh chnh (Main memory)
B nh Cache (Cache Memory) hay gi b nh
m

B nh chnh (main memory)
Cha chng trnh v d liu ang c s dng bi

CPU
B nh chnh c t chc thnh cc ngn nh v
c nh a ch
Ngn nh thng c t chc theo byte
Ni dung ca mt ngn nh c th thay i nhng a
ch vt l ca n c nh l khng thay i

B nh m nhanh(cache memory)
y l b nh bn dn c tc nhanh v chng c
t m gia CPU v b nh chnh nhm tng tc truy
xut ca CPU ti b nh chnh.
Dung lng nh hn rt nhiu b nh chnh
Tc nhanh hn rt nhiu ln
Ngay nay Cache c tch hp vo trong b vi x l
v n trong sut vi ngi s dng.
B nh Cache thng thng c chia ra thnh 2 mc.
Cache c th c hoc khng

2. B nh my tnh
Chi tit cu trc b nh Cache

B nh ngoi(External memory)
Chc nng v c im
Lu tr ti nguyn phn mm My tnh.
c kt ni vi h thng nh thit b vo ra.
Dung lng rt ln (vi trm GB)
Tc chm
Cc loi b nh ngoi
B nh t: a cng, a mm,
B nh quang: CD, VCD, DVD,
B nh bn dn: flash Disk, memory Card, pen
Disk,
H thng vo ra (Input/Output System)
Chc nng: trao i thng tin gia my tnh vi th

gii bn ngoi.
Thao tc c bn
Vo d liu (In)
Ra d liu (Out)
Cc thnh phn chnh
Thit b ngoi vi (Peripheral Devices)
Cc Module I/O (IO Module)

H thng vo ra (Input/Output System)
Cu trc vo ra c bn
Port I/O Tb ngoi vi 1

Bus my tnh
Port I/O Tb ngoi vi 2
Mo_
dule
I/O
Port I/O Tb ngoi vi n

Thit b ngoi vi (Peripherals)
Cc thit b ngoi vi (Peripherals)

- Chc nng: chuyn i thng tin t bn ngoi thnh d
liu my tnh v ngc li.
- Cc thit b ngoi vi c bn:
Thit b vo: bn phm, chut,
Thit b ra: my in, mn hnh,
Thit b nh: a t, quang,.
Thit b truyn thng: Modem,

Module vo ra
Chc nng: ni ghp thit b ngoi vi vi my tnh

Mi Module c 1 hay nhiu cng vo ra
Mi cng c nh a ch xc nh
Cc thit b ngoi vi c kt ni vi my tnh thng qua
cng vo ra (v d: COM, LPT, USB, VGA,)

2.2 Hot ng ca my tnh
1. Thc hin chng trnh
L hot ng c bn ca My tnh. My tnh lp i
lp li qu trnh thc hin lnh gm hai bc c bn:
Nhn lnh (Fetch)
Thc hin lnh (Execute)
Thc hin chng trnh dng khi:
Mt ngun
Gp lnh dng
Gp tnh hung khng gii quyt c(li)
Chu k thc hin lnh
Begin
Nhn lnh
Thc thi lnh
End
Nhn lnh (Fetch)

Bt u mi chu k lnh l CPU tin hnh ly lnh t
b nh chnh. Trong qu trnh ly v thc hin lnh c
2 thanh ghi CPU m ta quan tm PC (Program
Counter)v thanh ghi IR(Instruction Register)
B m chng trnh thanh ghi PC gi a ch ca
lnh s c nhn.
CPU ly lnh t ngn nh c tr bi PC a vo
thanh ghi lnh IR lu gi
Sau mi lnh c nhn th ni dung ca thanh ghi PC
t ng tng tr ti lnh k tip s c thc hin.
Thc hin (Execute)

B x l gii m lnh c nhn v pht tn hiu
iu khin thc hin thao tc m lnh yu cu.
Thc hin trao i gia CPU v b nh chnh
Thc hin trao i gia CPU v Module I/O.
X l d liu thc hin cc php ton s hc v logic.
iu khin r nhnh.
Kt hp cc thao tc trn.

V d: Thc hin chng trnh
0001: loader
0010: store
0101: add




2. Ngt (Interrupt)
Khi nim chung v ngt: Ngt l c ch cho php CPU

tm dng chng trnh ang thc hin chuyn sang thc
hin mt chng trnh khc, gi l chng trnh con
phc v ngt.
Cc loi ngt
Ngt do li thc hin chng trnh: chia cho 0
Ngt do li phn cng: li RAM
Ngt do module I/O pht ra tn hiu ngt n CPU
yu cu trao i d liu
Hot ng ca ngt
2. Ngt (Interrupt)
Sau khi hon thnh mt lnh, b x l kim tra tn hiu

ngt.
Nu khng c ngt th b x l tip tc nhn lnh tip
theo.
Nu c tn hiu ngt:
Tm dng chng trnh ang thc hin. Ct ng cnh
(thng tin c lin quan n chng trnh ang thc hin).
Thit lp b m chng trnh PC tr n chng trnh
con phc v ngt
Thc hin chng trnh con phc v ngt.
Cui chng trnh con phc v ngt. Khi phc li ng
cnh v tip tc chng trnh ang b tm dng.
2. Ngt (Interrupt)
Chu k lnh vi ngt
Bt u
Nhn lnh
Thc hin Dng
N Y Chng trnh
Ngt? con phc v ngt

2. Ngt (Interrupt)
X l tn hiu ngt
Cm ngt: B x l b qua cc ngt tip theo trong khi
ang x l ngt.
Cc ngt vn ang i v c kim tra sau khi ngt
u tin c thc hin xong
Cc ngt c thc hin tun t nu cng th t u
tin.
Cc ngt trong my tnh my tnh c nh ngha
mc u tin khc nhau.
Ngt c mc u tin thp c th b ngt bi ngt c u
tin cao hn. V vy c th xy ra tnh trng ngt lng
nhau
3. Hot ng vo ra
L hot ng trao i d liu gia thit b ngoi vi vi

bn trong my tnh
Cc kiu hot ng I/O: CPU trao i d liu vi
module vo ra. Module vo ra trao i d liu trc tip
vi b nh chnh

2.3 Lin kt h thng
1. Thng tin cc thnh phn trong my tnh

Kt ni Module nh bao gm
D LIU D liu hoc lnh
Module
A CH
nh
T/h k c
T/h k ghi
a ch: nhn a ch xc nh ngn nh

D liu: truyn nhn d liu v lnh t b nh
Tn hiu iu khin: Bao gm tn hiu iu khin c
v tn hiu iu khin ghi
2.3 Lin kt h thng
Kt ni Module I/O D LIU MT&TBNV D LIU MT&TBNV
Module
I/O
A CH A CH
T/h k c T/h k TBNV
T/h k ghi T/h yu cu ngt
a ch: nhn a ch xc nh cng vo ra

D liu: nhn d liu t thit b ngoi vi, CPU hay b nh chnh,
a ra d liu ti thit b ngoi vi, CPU hay b nh chnh.
Nhn cc tn hiu iu khin t CPU
Pht tn hiu iu khin n TBNV
Pht tn hiu yu cu ca TBNV ti CPU
2.3 Lin kt h thng
D LIU D LIU
Kt ni CPU
CPU
LNH A CH
T/h y/c ngt T/h khin
CPU pht a ch n b nh hay Module vo ra.

c lnh v d liu
a d liu ra sau khi x l
Pht tn hiu iu khin n Module nh hay Module
vo ra
Nhn cc tn hiu ngt.
2. Cu trc BUS
Khi nim BUS: Bus l tp hp cc ng dy dng

vn chuyn thng tin t thnh phn ny ti thnh
phn khc bn trong my tnh.
rng ca BUS : l s ng dy c kh nng vn
chuyn cc bit thng tin ng thi.
Phn loi BUS: theo chc nng ta chia bus ra lm 3
loi: BUS a ch, BUS d liu v BUS iu khin

2.3 Lin kt h thng
BUS a ch :
Chc nng: dng vn chuyn a ch t CPU n
cc Module nh hay cc Module vo ra, nhm xc
nh ngn nh hay cng vo ra no cn truy xut trao i
thng tin. (y l BUS mt chiu).
rng ca BUS a ch (A0,A1,, An-1)
Cho bit kh nng qun l cc i s cc ngn nh. Nu
s dng rng bus a ch n ng th dung lng cc
i ca b nh c th qun l l 2n ngn nh hay tng
ng vi 2n byte nh (nu mi ngn nh 1 byte)

2.3 Lin kt h thng
V d: Bus a ch ca mt s b VXL l
8088/8086 n=20 220(1MB)
80286 n=24 224(16MB)
80386Pentium n=32 232(4GB)
Pentium II, III,IV n=36 236(64GB)

2.3 Lin kt h thng
BUS d liu:
Chc nng: vn chuyn lnh t b nh -> CPU, vn
chuyn d liu gia CPU, b nh v cng vo ra.
rng ca Bus d liu (D0,D1,.Dm-1)
Cho bit s byte c kh nng trao i ng thi
m=8,16,32,64,128 bit.
V d:
8088 -> m=8
8086 -> m=16
80386 -> m=32
Pentium -> m=64
2.3 Lin kt h thng
BUS iu khin:
Tp hp cc tn hiu iu khin gm c
Cc tn hiu pht ra t CPU iu khin Module nh
v Module vo ra.
Cc tn hiu t Module nh, Module vo ra gi n
CPU yu cu.
Ngoi ra cn l BUS cung cp ngun tn hiu xung
nhp (clock) vi cc BUS ng b.
Mt s tn hiu in hnh

2.3 Lin kt h thng
Tn hiu (MemR) iu khin c d liu t b nh t

ngn nh xc nh. (IOR) Tn hiu c d liu t mt
cng vo ra.
Tn hiu (MemW) iu khin ghi d liu c sn trn
BUS d liu n mt ngn nh xc nh. Tn hiu
iu khin (IOW) ghi d liu c sn ra cng.
Interrupt Request(INTR) tn hiu yu cu ngt t cc
thit b ngoi vi
Interrupt Acknowlegde(INTA) tn hiu chp nhn ngt
pht ra t CPU
Ngoi ra cn c cc tn hiu khc nh: t/h yu cu v
chp nhn CPU chuyn nhng BUS (BRQ,BGT),
2.3 Lin kt h thng
c im ca cu trc n BUS.
C nhiu thnh phn ni vo mt BUS chung.
Ti mt thi im ch phc v c mt yu cu trao
i d liu.
Cc thnh phn ni vo BUS c th c tc khc
nhau.
Cc module nh v module vo ra ph thuc vo cu
trc ca CPU.
Khc phc:
Xy dng cu trc a BUS bao gm cc h thng
BUS khc nhau v tc .
Trong hu ht cc my PC bus c phn 3 cp v
GV: inhcc bus ni vi nhau Cu
ng Lng thng qua
trc My tnh cu ni BUS 65
2.3 Lin kt h thng
B VXL
BUS b VXL
Cu ni
BUS
BUS b nh chnh
Cu ni
BUS
BUS vo/ra tc
chm

Cu trc Pentium II in hnh
Intel Pemtium
Cache L1
BUS 66MHz ca VXL
66MHz North 66MHz SIMM EDO (16)

Cache
L2
Brigde DIMM SDRAM (66)
BUS PCI
Khe cm PCI
USB1 USB2
South IDE1
CMOS & RTC
Bridge IDE2
BUS ISA
Khe cm ISA
a mm
Super LPT
Bn phm Chut COM1
I/O COM2
ROM
Cu trc Pentium 4
Intel Pemtium 4
Processor
4.2 or 3.2 GB/s
RDRAM
Dual
AGP 4X
>1
GB/s
MCH chanel
4.0 GB/s
RDRAM
RDRAM
RDRAM
Inter Hub Architecture
ATA 100MB/s
2 IDE 6 Channel
ICH2 Audio
PCI
133MB/s
LAN Interface 4 USB Ports
Flash BIOS

V d: Cu hnh mt my tnh
Intel MotherBoard D915PBLL, Socket T ATX 800FSB,

DDR2 533, PCI-E 16x, SATA, 8ch Audio & LAN
3.2GHz Pentium IV processor.
512 MB DDRAM.
80 GB hard disk.
keyboard and a mouse,
foppy disk drive,
24x speed DVD drive,
19" monitor with 1280 x 1024 pixels resolution,
56 Kbit Modem,
100 Mbit Ethernet card.
Phn trao i v gii p

Tm tt chng 2
c im kin trc Von Neumann.

Cu trc v chc nng c bn ca h thng my tnh.
Quy trnh thc hin chng trnh trong my tnh.
Ngt l g? Ti sao phi s dng ngt trong h thng
my tnh.
BUS my tnh? Phn loi v chc nng BUS my tnh.
Cu trc a bus trong my tnh.
Nhn din c tt c cc thnh phn phn cng trong
my tnh ca bn.

Chng 3
Biu din d liu v s hc my tnh
3.1 Cc h m c bn
3.2 M ho v lu tr trong my tnh
3.3 Biu din s nguyn
3.4 S hc nh phn
3.5 Biu din s du chm ng
3.6 Biu din k t

3.1 Cc h m c bn
H thp phn (Decimal System): con ngi s

dng
H nh phn (Binary System): my tnh s dng
H thp lc phn (Hexadecimal System): dng biu

din rt ngn s hc nh phn
Cch chuyn i gia cc h m.

H thp phn (decimal)
B k t c s gm 10 s: 09
Dng tng qut: an-1an-2an-3a1a0,a-1 a-2a-m
n 1
A= a *10
i= m
i
i
Trong (ai = 09).
V d: 123,45
Phn nguyn : 123 : 10 = 12 d 3
12 : 10 = 1 d 2 123
1 : 10 = 0 d 1
=123,45
Phn phn : 0,45*10 = 4,5 45
0,5 *10 = 5

H nh phn (Binary)
H thp lc phn (Hexadecimal)
H nh phn(Binary)
B k t c s gm 2 s: 0,1
n 1
A= i
a * 2 i
(ai = 0,1)
i= m
V d: 11011,0112 = 24+23+21+20+2-2+2-3 =27,375
Thp lc phn (hexadecimal)
B k t c s: 09,AF
n 1
A= i
a * 16 i
(ai = 0..9, A..F )
V d: 89ABi =H=m 1000 1001 1010 1011B.

3.2 M ho v lu tr trong my tnh
Nguyn tc chung v m ho d liu
Mi d liu c a vo my tnh c m ho thnh
s nh phn.
Cc loi d liu:
D liu nhn to: do con ngi quy c
D liu t nhin: tn ti khch quan vi con ngi
M ho d liu nhn to
D liu s nguyn: m ho theo mt s chun qui
c
D liu s thc: m ho bng s du chm ng
D liu phi s (k t): m ho theo cc b m k t
hin hnh nh : ASCII, Unicode,
M hnh m ho v ti to tn hiu vt l
B cm B chuyn
bin tn i tng t
T/h vl hiu => s
(Sensor) (ADC)
My tnh
B chuyn
T/h vl B ti to i s=>
tn hiu tng t
(ADC
Cc d liu vt l thng dng

m thanh
Hnh nh
Th t lu tr cc byte d liu MT
B nh chnh t chc lu tr d liu theo n v byte

di t d liu c th chim t 1 n 4 byte. V vy
cn phi bit th t chng lu tr trong b nh chnh
i cc d liu nhiu byte.
C hai cch lu tr c a ra
Little Endian (u nh): Byte c ngha thp hn
c lu tr trong b nh v tr c a ch nh hn.
Big Endian (u to): Byte c ngha thp hn c
lu tr trong b nh v tr c a ch ln hn.

V d: lu tr mt t 32bit
0001 1010 0010 1011 0011 1100 0100 1101B
1 A 2 B 3 C 4 DH
Biu din trong ngn nh theo 2 cch
300 4D 300 1A
301 3C 301 2B
302 2B 302 3C
303 1A 303 4D
Little Endian Big Endian
Lu tr ca cc b vi x l in hnh
Loi my Intel: 80x86, Petium -> little endian
Motorola 680x0 v cc b x l RISC -> big endian
Power PC & Itanium: tch hp c hai cch trn

3.3. Biu din s nguyn
My tnh biu din s nguyn chia thnh 2 loi
Biu din s nguyn khng du (unsign integer)
Biu din s nguyn c du (sign integer)
S nguyn khng du:
Gi s dng n bit biu din s nguyn khng du->
di m n bit biu din c t 0 -> 2n-1. Gi tr ca s
nguyn c tnh: n 1
a
i= 0
i
i
*2
Di min tr ca s nguyn khng du c biu bng

hnh trn
Gi tr nh nht bng 0
Gi tr ln nht bng 2n-1
V d: S nguyn khng du
V d: n=8 028-1 (255)

n=16 0 216-1 (65535).
n=32 0232-1

S nguyn c du
S b mt v s b hai
N: Cho mt s nh phn N c biu din bi n bit. Ta
c
S b mt ca N bng (2n-1)-N
S b hai ca N bng 2n-N
V d: Cho s N = 0001 00012 c biu din bi n=8bit.
Xc nh s b 1 v b 2 ca N.
Ap dng cng thc 1111 1111 (2n-1)
0001 0001 N
s b mt ca N 1110 1110

S nguyn c du
Nhn xt: s b mt ca mt s N c xc nh
bng cch o cc bit trong N
Ap dng cng thc 1 0000 0000 (2n)
0001 0001 N
s b hai ca N 1110 1111
Nhn xt: s b hai ca mt s N c xc nh
bng cch ly s b mt ca N cng thm 1
S b 2 ca N =(s b 1 ca N)+1

S nguyn c du
Gi s dng n bit biu din s nguyn c du-> di

m n bit biu din c t (- 2n-1 ..-1,0 .. 2n-1-1). Gi tr
ca s nguyn c tnh theo 2 phn ring bit:
Phn gi tr dng (0 -> 2n-1-1).
Phn gi tr m (- 2n-1-1).
Di min tr ca s nguyn c du c biu bng
hnh trn
Gi tr nh nht bng - 2n-1
Gi tr ln nht bng +2n-1-1

S nguyn c du
Trong : Bt c trng s cao nht (hay bit ngoi cng

bn tri ca dy nh c my tnh s dng biu din
du ca gi tr) nu:
= 0 : th s nh phn cn tnh gi tr l s dng.
Dng tng qut l: 0an-2an-3a0
= 1 : th s nh phn cn tnh gi tr l s m.
Dng tng qut l: 1an-2an-3a0

V d 1
V d 1: Cho s nguyn c du biu din n=8bit sau:
A=B5H v B=6AH
Hy xc nh gi tr ca hai s nguyn c du A v B di dng
h s ngi s dng
Bi gii
Biu din s nguyn A di dng nh phn
A=B5H = 1011 01012
=>A= -128 + 53 = - 75
Biu din s nguyn B di dng nh phn
B=6AH = 0110 10102
=> B = 64+32+8+2 = 106

V d 2
V d 2: Biu din s nguyn c du sau y A=+97 v

B=-101 theo hai dng kiu n=8bit v n=16bit trong my
tnh.
Li gii
Biu din s A dng s nguyn c du trong my tnh
A = 0110 00012 (n=8bit)
Biu din s B dng s nguyn c du trong my tnh
Biu din s +101 = 0110 01012
Ly b 2 1001 10112
=> B = - 101 = 1001 10112
V d 2
Biu din s A dng s nguyn c du trong my tnh

A = 0000 0000 0110 00012 (n=16bit)
Biu din s B dng s nguyn c du trong my tnh
Biu din s +101 =0000 0000 0110 01012
Ly b 2 1111 1111 1001 10112
=> B =-101 = 1111 1111 1001 10112

Cho hai gi tr:
Khi lng mt tri:
199000000000000000000000000000000000g
Khi lng in t:
0.00000000000000000000000000000910956g
lu tr con s ny th my tnh cn n s bit rt
ln. Nh vy, trong trng hp ny th loi s c du
chm tnh s rt bt tin. V vy tt c my tnh lu tr
nhng s trn di dng du chm ng (floating point)
1.990 x 1033 v 0.910956x 10-27 hay theo s khoa hc l :
1.999E+33 v 0.910956E-27.

Dng tng qut
M.RE Trong : M (Matissa) phn nh tr
R (Radix) c s
E(Exponent) s m
X=(-1)s 1.M 2E-B
Trong : s: l bit du (s=0 phn nh tr l dng; s=1
phn nh tr l m)
M : l phn nh tr.
E: l s m c dch chuyn i B n v.
R c bit (R=2) my tnh lu s du
chm ng bao gm hai thnh phn chnh
Chun IEEE 754-1985 phn nh 3 dng s du chm

ng c bn
(IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers )
S c chnh xc n di 32 bit (single)
S c chnh xc kp di 64 bit (double)
S c chnh xc m rng di 128bit (quadruple)

Loi Single Double Quadruple
B rng ca
trng (bit)
S 1 1 1
E 8 11 15
M 23 52 111
Tng cng 32 64 128
E cc i 255 2047 32767
E cc tiu 0 0 0
dch 127 1023 16383

Biu din s du chm ng chun IEEE 32bit
S E M
e
S=1 phn nh tr l m
S=0 phn nh tr l dng
E: gi tr E nm trong 8 bit, l s m c dch chuyn
i 127
M: phn nh tr, gi tr nm trong 23 bit
Ta c s 2345,125 trong h thp phn. Hy biu din
chng di dng chun IEEE 32bit trong my tnh
B1: Chuyn i s trn ra h hai

-2345,125d = -1001 0010 1001.001b (dy s nh phn
c biu din bnh thng)
B2: Chun ho theo IEEE 32bit
-1.001 0010 1001 001 x 211
B3: Xc nh cc thng s biu din s,M,E
S: phn nh tr l s m, nn s l 1
E : phn m c xc nh e = E-127
=> E = 11+127=138=10001010
M: phn nh tr c xc nh l 001 0010 1001 0010
0000 0000 (s 32 bit)
thc mt php cng hoc tr hai s du chm

ng phi tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
Tng s m ca s c s m nh hn cho bng s c s
m ln hn.
Cng (hoc tr) cc phn nh tr.
Nu cn thit chun ho kt qu tr li.
X1 -> M1 v E1 biu din X1 =M1*RE1
X2 -> M2 v E2 biu din X2 =M2*RE2
X1*X2 = (M1*M2)*RE1+E2
X1/ X2 = (M1 / M2)*RE1-E2
X1X =(M1*R(E1-E2) M
GV: inh ng Lng
1 Cu)*R E2
(vi gi thit E1>E2)
2 trc My tnh 96
Mt s quy c
Nu e =255 v M<>0 -> khng phi l s
Nu e =255 v M=0 -> Gi tr m hoc dng v cng
Nu e =0 v M=0 -> gi tr bng 0
Di biu din: 2-127 n 2+127 hay tng ng 10-38 n
10+38
-2+127 -2-127 2-127 2+127
Overflow Underflow Overflow

3.5 Biu din k t.
C hai b m thng s dng trn my tnh:

B m ASCII
B m Unicode
B m ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
Do ANSI (American National Standard Institute)
thit k
B m 8 bit -> m ho 28 k t c m 00H ->FFH .
Trong

3.5 Biu din k t.
128 k t chun c nh c m (00H -> 7FH)

33 k t iu khin khng th hin th nn mn hnh.
Bao gm cc k t iu khin nh dng vn bn, iu
khin truyn s liu v iu khin phn cch thng tin.
Cn li cc k t cn li hin th c l bao gm:
26 k t hoa 41h -> 5Ah
26 k t thng 61h ->7Ah
10 k t s 30h ->39h
cc du s hc v k t c bit.

3.5 Biu din k t.
128 k t cn li l k t m rng c th thay i tu

nh ch to my tnh hay ngi pht trin phn mn s
dng vo nhng vic ring. C m 80H -> FFH
B m hp nht Unicode:
Do cc hng my tnh hng u th gii kt hp thit
k.
B m 16 bit c th xy dng b m ton cu 216 k t
vi 128 k t u c m trng m trong bng m ASCII.
C h tr cc k t Ting Vit

Phn trao i v gii p

n tp chng 3
Cc h m, ngha ca chng trong my tnh.

M ha d liu trong my tnh.
M ha s nguyn(m ha s nguyn c v khng
du).
M ha s thc (s du chm ng)
M ha k t (ASCII, Unicode)
Lu tr d liu trong my tnh

t cu hi
Cu 1: Kt qu hin thi ln mn hnh l bao nhiu? Khi

thc hin on lnh sau:
Var a: shortint;
Begin
a:=-1;
writeln(Gia tri a:=,a);
writeln(Gia tri ngan nho:=, mem[seg(a):ofs(a)]);
End.

t cu hi

thc hin on lnh sau:
Var a: shortint;
Begin
a:=-128;
End.

t cu hi

thc hin on lnh sau:
Var a: shortint;
Begin
a:=$6A;
End.

t cu hi

thc hin on lnh sau:
Var b : integer absolute 3715:100;
a : shortint absolute 3715:100;
Begin
b:=$00B5;
End.

t cu hi
Cu 5: Kt qu hin thi ln mn hnh l bao nhiu? Khi thc hin

on lnh sau:
Var b : integer absolute 3715:100;
a: shortint absolute 3715:100;
Begin
b:=-75;
writeln(Gia tri ngan nho:=, mem[seg(a):ofs(a)+1]);
writeln(Gia tri ngan nho:=, memw[seg(a):ofs(a)]);
End.
Chng 4
B x l trung tm
4.1 Cu trc ca CPU
4.2 Tp lnh (Instruction File)
4.3 Hot ng ca CPU
4.4 Kin trc Intel

4.1 Cu trc ca CPU
Nhim v CPU: thc hin lnh ca chng trnh.
Nhn lnh (Fetch Instruction): CPU nhn lnh t b
nh
Gii m lnh(Decode Instruction): Xc nh thao tc
m lnh yu cu
Nhn d liu(Fetch Data): Nhn d liu t b nh hay
cng vo ra
X l d liu(Process Data): thc hin cc php ton
s hc v logic i vi d liu
Ghi d liu (Write Data): Ghi d liu ra b nh hay
cng vo ra.
a. Cu trc CPU
CPU
Register
ALU
Control
Unit
Control Data Address

Bus Bus Bus
System bus

b. n v s hc v logic (ALU)
Chc nng: thc cc php ton s hc v logic

S hc: cng, tr, nhn, chia, tng, gim, o,..
Logic: AND, OR,XOR, NOT, dch bit,
M hnh kt ni ca ALU
Dliu vo t thanh ghi
Kt qu
T.h iu khin
ALU
Thanh ghi c
c. n v iu khin
Chc nng:
Nhn lnh t b nh a vo thanh ghi lnh IP.
Tng ni dung thanh ghi PC mi khi nhn lnh song
Gii m lnh v xc nh thao tc m lnh yu cu
Pht ra tn hiu iu khin thc thi lnh.
Nhn cc tn hiu yu cu t BUS h thng v gii
quyt p ng yu cu .

c. n v iu khin
M hnh kt ni n v iu khin
Thanh ghi lnh
Cc c
T. h iu khin
Control bn trong CPU
Unit
Clock
T.h yu cu t T.h iu khin n

BUS h thng BUS h thng
BUS IU KHIN

c. n v iu khin
Cc thng tin kt ni n CU
Clock: tn hiu xung nhp t mch to dao ng.
M lnh t thanh ghi lnh a n CU gii m
Cc trng thi c a n cho bit trng thi ca
CPU cng nh trng thi thc hin cc php ton
trong ALU.
Cc tn hiu iu khin t BUS iu khin.
Cc tn hiu iu khin bn trong CPU: iu khin
thanh ghi, ALU.
Cc tn hiu iu khin bn ngoi CPU l B nh
hay cng vo ra

4.2 Tp thanh ghi
Chc nng
Thc cht l vng nh c CPU nhn bit qua tn
thanh ghi v c tc truy xut cc nhanh.
Cha thng tin tm thi phc v cho hot ng thi
im hin ti ca CPU
S lng thanh ghi tu thuc vo b vi x l c th ->
tng hiu nng CPU
Thanh ghi chia 2 loi: Loi lp trnh c v loi
khng lp trnh c

4.2 Tp thanh ghi
Phn loi thanh ghi theo chc nng

Thanh ghi a ch: Thanh ghi c s dng qun l
a ch ca ngn nh hay cng vo ra.
Thanh ghi d liu: Thanh ghi dng lu tr d liu
tm thi
Thanh ghi a nng: Thanh ghi c th cha d liu hoc
a ch u c.
Thanh ghi iu khin/trng thi: Thanh ghi cha thng
tin v trng thi CPU.
Thanh ghi lnh: thanh ghi cha lnh ang c thc
hin

4.2 Tp thanh ghi
Mt s thanh ghi in hnh
B m chng trnh PC
Ngn xp SS (Stack)
Con tr ngn xp SP
Thm vo Ly ra
Thanh ghi c s Ngn nh CS

194 300
195
301
SP (196) 196 Thanh ghi ch s
197 302
198 303
199 y Stack
Ngn nh Truy cp
304
200
305
GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 306 117
4.2 Tp thanh ghi
Cc thanh ghi d liu
Cha cc d liu tm thi v kt qu trung gian.
Cc thanh ghi s nguyn 8,16,32,64 bit.
Cc thanh ghi s du chm ng.
Thanh ghi trng thi (State Register)
&Thanh ghi c (FR: Flag Register).
Cha cc thng tin trng thi ca CPU.
Cc c php ton bo hiu trng thi kt qu.
Cc c iu khin bo hiu trng thi ca CPU
V d: c ZF, CF, SF, OF, IF (c ngt =1 cho ngt =0
cm ngt
4.3 Tp lnh
Gii thiu chung v tp lnh
Mi b x l c tp lnh xc nh.
Mt tp lnh thng n vi chc n vi nghn lnh
Mi lnh l chui nh phn m b x l c th phn
tch v hiu thc hin thao tc m lnh yu cu.
Cc lnh khi vit thng c nh x ra thnh cc k
hiu gi nh. ADD, MOV, IN, OUT, SHL, ROL,
y ta ca cu lnh ca hp ng
(Lp ASSEMBLY)

4.3 Tp lnh
Cc thnh phn mt lnh my 2 phn:

M thao tc a ch ton hng
M thao tc (Operation Code: Opcode): M ch ra

thao tc m b vi x l cn phi thc hin.
a ch ton hng (Operand Address): Ch ra ni
cha cc ton hng m m thao tc s tc ng.
o Ton hng ngun: d liu vo ca thao tc
o Ton hng ch: d liu ra ca thao tc

4.3 Tp lnh
Cc kiu thao tc
Thao tc chuyn d liu
Thao tc x l s hc v logic
Thao tc vo ra d liu qua cng
Thao tc iu khin r nhnh
Thao tc iu khin h thng
Thao tc x l s du chm ng
Thao tc chuyn dng khc: x l nh, m thanh, ting
ni,

4.3 Tp lnh
Cc lnh chuyn d liu
Lnh Mov
Sao chp d liu t ton hng ngun -> ch
Lnh Load
Np d liu t b nh -> b x l
Lnh XCHG
Trao i ni dung ca hai ton hng cho nhau
Lnh PUSP
Ct ni dung ca mt ton hng ngun vo stack
Lnh POP
Ly ni dung nh Stack ra ton hng ch
Lnh Set, Clear

4.3 Tp lnh
Cc lnh s hc Cc lnh logic

Lnh ADD : cng Lnh Test
Lnh SUB : tr Thc hin lnh AND thit lp c
Lnh MUL: nhn Lnh Shift
Chia DIV : chia Dch tri, hoc phi
Lnh Rotate
Quay tri hoc quay phi
Lnh Convert
Chuyn i d liu t dng ny sang
dng khc
Lnh AND, OR, XOR, NOT,.

4.3 Tp lnh
Cc lnh vo ra Cc lnh iu khin h thng

Lnh Input: Lnh Halt : dng thc hin
Lnh Output chng trnh
Cc lnh chuyn iu Lnh Wait : tm dng thc hin
khin chng trnh, lp kim tra cho n
khi tho mn th tip tc thc hin
Lnh Jump
Lnh Call No Operation: khng thc hin g
c
Lnh Return : tr v t
chng trnh con Lnh Lock : Cm khng cho
chuyn nhng BUS
Lnh Unlock: cho php chuyn
nhng BUS
Cc phng php nh a ch (Addressing
Models)
Ton hng ca ca lnh c th l:
Mt thanh ghi c th
Ni dung ca thanh ghi
Ni dung ca ngn nh hay cng vo ra
Cc phng php nh a ch thng dng:
nh a ch tc thi
nh a ch thanh ghi
nh a ch trc tip
nh a ch gin tip qua thanh ghi
nh a ch gin tip
nh a ch dch chuyn

nh a ch tc th
Ton hng l hng s nm ngay trong trng a ch

ton hng
y ch c th l ton hng ngun
Khng tham chiu b nh
Truy cp ton hng rt nhanh
Di gi tr ton hng b hn ch
ADD R1, const

ADD const

nh a ch thanh ghi
Ton hng c cha trong mt thanh ghi, thanh ghi

c tn trong trng a ch ton hng.
Tp thanh ghi
OPCODE Thanh ghi
Ton hng

nh a ch trc tip
Ton hng l ngn nh c a ch c ch ra ngay

trong trng a ch ton hng
B nh
OPCODE a ch
Ton hng

nh a ch gin tip qua thanh ghi
Ton hng l ngn ngn

OPCODE Thanh ghi
nh c a ch c ch
ra trong thanh ghi.
Trng a ch ton hng
lu tr tn thanh ghi . Thanh ghi
B nh
Thanh ghi c th l ngm
nh
Thanh ghi ny c gi Ton hng a ch
l thanh ghi con tr

nh a ch gin tip qua ngn nh
B nh
OPCODE a ch a ch
Ton hng

nh a ch dch chuyn
xc nh ton hng gm 2 thnh phn

Tn thanh ghi v hng s
a ch ton hng = Ni dung thanh ghi + hng s
B nh
ADD const
Tp thanh ghi + Ton hng

4.4 Hot ng ca CPU
Chu k lnh CPU bao gm: Nhn lnh, gii m lnh,

nhn ton hng, thc hin lnh, ct ton hng, ngt.
Gin trng thi chu k lnh
Nhn Nhn ton Ct ton

hng hng
lnh
Tnh a Tnh a Tnh a

Gii m Thao KT ngt
ch lnh ch ton ch ton
thao tc tc dl v ngt
hng hng
Lnh tip theo D liu mng hay chui

Phn trao i v gii p

Cu hi n tp
Cu trc v chc nng ca CPU

Kin trc tp lnh
Cc phng php tham chiu ton hng.
Hot ng c bn CPU
Kin trc BXL tin tin

Chng 5
B nh my tnh
5.1 Tng quan b nh trong My tnh
5.2 B nh bn dn
5.3 B nh m nhanh (Cache)
5.4 B nh ngoi (b nh ph)
5.5 H thng nh trn my PC hin nay

5.1 Tng quan
Cc c trng ca b nh
V tr:
Bn trong CPU: tp thanh ghi, cache
B nh trong: B nh chnh v Cache
B nh ngoi: cc thit b nh, RAID
Dung lng:
di t nh (tnh bng bit)
S lng t nh
n v truyn:
T nh
Khi nh
5.1 Tng quan
Phng php truy nhp:

Truy nhp tun t (bng t)
Truy nhp trc tip (cc loi a)
Truy nhp ngu nhin (b nh bn dn)
Truy nhp lin kt (cache)
Hiu nng:
Thi gian truy nhp
Chu k truy xut b nh
Tc truyn

5.1 Tng quan
Kiu b nh vt l:
B nh bn dn
B nh t
B nh quang
Cc c tnh vt l:
Kh bin/khng kh bin
Xo c/khng xo c

Phn cp b nh
Tc
Registers
CPU Cache
Central Memory
Disk Cache
Peripheral
memories
Disks
CD/ROM
Archival Stores
Kch thc

Phn cp b nh
B nh B nh trong
register
Tp
thanh ghi
B nh
Cache L1
B nh
Cache
chnh
B nh
mng
L2
T tri qua phi: dung lng tng dn, tc gim dn, gi

thnh tnh theo n v byte hoc bit gim dn.

5.2 B nh bn dn
B nh ch c (ROM: Read Only Memory)

B nh khng kh bin
S dng lu cc thng tin sau:
Th vin cc chng trnh con.
Cc chng trnh con iu khin h thng (BIOS)
Cc bng chc nng.
k ng a ch
2k t nh
(n bit t nh)
n ng d liu ra
5.2 B nh bn dn
Cc kiu ROM:
ROM mt n, PROM: Programmable ROM, EPROM:
Erasable PROM, EEPROM Electrically EPROM,
Flash Memory ( B nh cc nhanh): Ghi theo khi,
xo bng in.

5.2 B nh bn dn
B nh truy cp ngu nhin
(RAM : Random Access Memory)
B nh c ghi (R/W memory)
B nh kh bin
Lu thng tin tm thi
C hai loi chnh l SRAM (Static RAM) v DRAM
(Dynamic RAM) n ng d liu vo
k ng a ch
2k t nh
Read
Write (n bit t nh)
GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh

n ng d liu ra 143
5.2 B nh bn dn
RAM tnh (SRAM: Static RAM)
Cc bit c lu da trn cc Flip- Flop (4-8 FF lu 1
bit)
Thng tin lu n nh
Cu trc phc tm
Dung lng nh(KB)
Tc nhanh (6-8 ns)
Dng lm cache
Gi thnh cao

5.2 B nh bn dn
RAM ng (DRAM: Dynamic RAM)
Cc bit c lu da trn cc t in => nguyn nhn
thng xuyn lm ti.
Dung lng ln.
Tc chm (60-80ns).
Dng lm b nh chnh
Gi thnh phi chng.
Cc DRAM tin tin:
SDRAM: Synchronous Dynamic RAM, DDRAM:
Double Data RAM. Ram BUS RDRAM.

B nh chnh
Cc c trng c bn
Tn ti trn mi h thng my tnh
Cha chng trnh ang thc hin v cc d liu c
lin quan.
Gm cc ngn nh c nh a ch trc tip bi
CPU.
Dung lng b nh chnh bao gi nh hn khng
gian m CPU c th qun l.
Vic qun l logic b nh ph thuc vo h iu
hnh.

T chc ca chip nh
S c bn ca chip nh
A0..An-1
Chip nh D0..Dm-1
2nx m bit
cs
WE OE

T chc ca chip nh
Cc tn hiu ca chip nh
Cc ng a ch: A0An-1 xc nh 2n ngn nh.
Cc ng d liu: D0Dm-1 di t nh (m bit)
=>dung lng chip nh = 2n x m bit
Cc tn hiu iu khin
o Tn hiu chn chip hot ng: CS (Chip Select)
o Tn hiu iu khin c hoc ghi (WE: Write
Enable; OE: Output Enable)
o Thng cc tn hiu iu khin tch cc vi mc 0

Thit k Mudule nh
Thit k module nh bn dn
Cho chip nh 2n x m bit
Yu cu s dng chip nh trn thit k module nh
dung lng l bi kch thc chip nh trn.
Gii quyt vn
C hai cch:
Thit k tng di t nh, s ngn nh khng
thay i.
Thit k tng s lng ngn nh, di t nh
khng thay i.

Thit k Mudule nh
Thit k tng s lng t nh

Gi thit: Cho cc chip nh c dung lng 2n x m bit.
Yu cu: Thit k module nh c kch thc:
2n x (k.m) bit
Gii quyt:
thit k c yu cu ta xc nh hai thng s n
(s ng a ch)v k(s chip nh cn ghp vo
module thit k

Thit k Mudule nh
V d: Cho cc chip nh SDRAM dung lng 4K x 4 bit.
Hy thit k module nh c kch thc 4K x 8 bit
Dung lng chip nh 212 x 4 bit
Thng tin cn cho chip nh s ng a ch n =12 v
s ng d liu m=4
Thng tin v module nh s ng a ch l 12 ng
(s ngn nh khng thay i), s ng d liu l 8
ng v s chip s dng thit k 2(k=2)

Thit k Mudule nh
A0A11
Chip nh Chip nh
212 x 4 bit 212x 4 bit
D0D3
D 4D7
cs cs
WE OE WE OE
cs
WE
OE

Thit k Mudule nh
Thit k tng s lng ngn nh

Gi thit: Cho cc chip nh c dung lng 2n x m bit.
Yu cu: Thit k module nh c kch thc:
2k.2n x m bit
Gii quyt:
thit k c ta xc nh hai thng s n+k (s
ng a ch) v 2k (s chip nh cn ghp vo
module thit k)

Thit k Mudule nh
V d : Cho cc chip nh SDRAM dung lng 4K x 8

bit. Hy thit k module nh c kch thc 8K x 8 bit.
Dung lng chip nh gii thit 212 x 8 bit
Thng tin cn cho chip nh s ng a ch n =12 v
s ng d liu m=8
Thng tin v module nh s ng a ch l 13
ng (s ngn nh thay i) v s ng d liu l 8
ng( di t nh khng i).

Thit k Mudule nh
A0A11 Chip nh
212x 8 bit
A12 cs
A y0 WE OE
D0D7
B gii m
1->2
cs
G y1 Chip nh
212 x 8 bit
G A y1 y0
0 0 0 1
cs
0 1 1 0 WE OE
1 x
WE OE

Bi lm thm
Thit k module nh 16K x 8 bit t cc chip nh

4K x 8 bit
4K x 8 bit
4K x 4 bit
Thit k module nh 32M x 32 bit t cc chip nh
4M x 32 bit

Pht hin v chnh li trong b nh
Nguyn tc chung: Trong qu trnh truyn d liu c th
gp s thay i cc bit thng tin do nhiu hoc do sai
hng ca thit b hay module vo ra. V vy, thc t t
ra l phi lm sao pht hin c li v c th sa sai
c. Mt trong phng php pht hin li (EDC: Error
Dectecting Code) v sa li (ECC: Error Correcting
Code) l: Gi s cn kim tra m bit th ngi ta ghp
thm k bit kim tra c m ho theo cch no ri
truyn t ghp m+k bit (k bit c truyn khng mang
thng tin nn gi l bit d tha)
Trong m l s bit cn ghi vo b nh v k bit l s bit
cn to ra kim tra li trong m bit.
Khi c d liu ra c kh nng sau:

Khng pht hin d liu c li.
Pht hin thy d liu li v c th hiu chnh d liu
li thnh ng.
Pht hin thy li nhng khng c kh nng ch ra li
v th pht ra tn hiu bo li.
S pht hin li v sa li

Dliu ra
m bit B nh m bit
B hiu
chnh v a
d liu ra
B to m
M bit k bit
B to m
k bit Tbo li
k bit
B so
k bit snh

V d 1: Pht hin li vi bit chn l(Party)
M EDC n gin l bit chn l c gn thm
vo cc bit d liu.
Nu bit chn l =1: nu s bit 1 trong xu l l
Hoc s dng Nu bit chn l =0: nu s bit 1 l chn
u im: n gin v s bit d tha t.
Nhc im: khng nh v c li, hoc nu c s thay
i c hai bit hoc 1 hoc 0 th khng pht hin c.
Khc phc nhc im trn xy dng m EDC khi.

V d 2: Pht hin li bng m d tha CRC (Cycle
Redundary Check).
Nguyn tc: Mt xu nh phn bt k c th coi l tp
hp cc h s ca a thc B(x) trong x l h s. Chn
a thc G(x) l a no ta quy nh trc gi a thc
sinh. Ta tin hnh chia module2 a thc B(x) cho G(x) ta
c thng s Q(x) v phn d R(x).
a thc sinh do t chc vin thng quc t quy nh.
Khi ta cn truyn xu B(x) + R(x) bit
kim tra li ta cn chia gi tr nhn c cho a
thc sinh nu php chia c d th c li xut hin trong
xu.
V d:
Xu gc: 1101011011 M(x)=x9+x8+x6+x4+x3+x+1(m=9)
a thc sinh G(x) = x4+x+1 10011 (r=4)
Xu gc: 11010110110000 x4M(x)
Chia mod2 11010110110000 10011
1100001010 -> thng
1110 phn d php chia

Xu cn truyn i: 11010110111110 T(x)

V d 3: M sa li Hamming
Nguyn tc: Mt t m Hamming gm m bit d liu v k
bit kim tra chn l. Mi bit c chn v tr thch hp
pht hin chnh xc v tr c th sa li c. V d
chn m=4 => k=3 (m=2n; k=n+1)
Ta c th t sau:
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
I4 I3 I2 C3 I1 C2 C1
Cc bt ny c m ho theo quy lut sau:
C1=I1 I2 I4
C2=I1 I3 I4
GV: inh ng Lng
C3=I2 I3 I4
Cu trc My tnh 163
Gi s cc bit cn truyn l: I4 I3 I2 I1 = 1101 tnh

cc C3C2C1=010
Bit cn truyn 1100110
Gi s ta c b li, th d bit I2 t gi tr 0 thnh gi tr
1 m nhn c 1110110.
Bn thu tnh ra bit kim tra:
C3=1 1 1=1
C2=1 1 1=1
C1=1 1 1=1
Nu module 2 s ny ta c 111 010 = 101
(C1,C3 thay i v v tr thay i l 101 (5))
5.3 B nh m nhanh
Nguyn tc:
Cache c tc truy xut nhanh hn rt nhiu b nh
chnh
Cache c t gia CPU v b nh chnh nhm tng
tc trao i thng tin gia CPU v b nh chnh.
Cache thng c t trong chip vi x l

5.4 B nh m nhanh
Thao tc ca Cache
CPU yu cu ly ni dung ca mt ngn nh bng
vic a ra mt a ch xc nh nh.
CPU kim tra xem c ni dung cn tm trong Cache
Nu c: CPU nhn d liu t b nh Cache
Nu khng c: B iu khin Cache c Block nh
cha d liu CPU cn vo Cache.
Tip chuyn d liu t Cache n CPU
S thao tc cache, b nh chnh v CPU

5.4 B nh m nhanh
Start
a ch RA t CPU
C BLOCK no trong miss Truy cp b nh ly ra

cache cha RA BLOCK cha a ch RA
hit
a BLOCK vo mt Line
Chuyn t ng RA trong Cache
ti CPU
Done Chuyn t a ch RA
ti CPU
5.4 B nh m nhanh
B nh chnh
B nh Cache
Block 1
Tag Line 1
Line 2 Block 2
CPU Line 3
Block 3
Block 4
Line C

Block M-2
Block M-1
Block M

5.3 B nh m nhanh
T chc Cache
Gi s b nh chnh gm c 2n t nh c nh
a ch ( mi t nh c a ch duy nht rng n bit)
B nh chnh chia thnh M khi, mi khi c K t nh
M=2n/K
B nh Cache c C khe mi khe c K t nh.(C<<M)
Ti mt thi im lun c mt tp con cc khi nh
thng tr trong cache.
Nu mt t s c c th khi cha t s c
chuyn vo trong cache.

5.3 B nh m nhanh
V d cho phng php nh x c th trong cache

Cho dung lng Cache l 64KB (m=16)
Mi khi knh thc 4 bytes
=> C=16K(214) lines mi line kch thc 4 bytes
Cho dung lng b nh chnh 16MB (n=24)
Mi khi knh thc 4 bytes
=> M=4M(222) khi mi khi kch thc 4 bytes

5.3 B nh m nhanh
Phng php nh x trc tip (Direct mapping)
Mi block c nh x duy nht ti 1 line trong cache
a ch pht ra t CPU c chia 2 phn
w bits c trng s thp xc nh duy nht t cn
truy xut(WORD)
s bits cn li xc nh khi nh. Trong s bits chia 2
nhm r bits LINE v s-r bits TAG
C th ha v d:
Tag s-r Line or Slot r Word w
8 14 2
5.3 B nh m nhanh
Tng bit trong a ch b nh chnh n=24 bit: trong
2 bit phn word xc nh chnh xc 4 t
22 bit xc nh khi( 8 bit tag (=22-14) v 14 bit slot
or line)
Khng c hai block no trong Cache c cng Line v
Tag.
Kim tra ni dung t tn ti Cache chnh l kim tra
a ch line v Tag

5.3 B nh m nhanh

5.3 B nh m nhanh
Cache line Main Memory blocks
0 0, C, 2C, 3C2s-C
1 1,C+1, 2C+12s-C+1
C-1 C-1, 2C-1,3C-12s-1

Nhn xt:
n gin
Chi ph t
Nhc im l s c nh cc khi trong cc line ca Cache.
Trong trng hp chng trnh mun truy xut ti 2 Block tin
tc m 2 block c phn nm trong cng line th kh nng
Cache miss rt cao.
5.3 B nh m nhanh

5.3 B nh m nhanh
Phng php nh x lin kt
(Associative mapping)
Mt Block ca b nh chnh c th nhp bt k line
no trong Cache.
a ch CPU pht ra c chia thnh 2 a ch tag v
word
a ch Tag xc nh khi duy nht ca b nh nm
trong Cache.
Mi gi tr Tag ca Line l khc nhau.
Chi ph phng php ny i vi Cache l cao.
5.3 B nh m nhanh

5.3 B nh m nhanh
Word
Tag 22 bit 2 bit
22 bit Tag lu tr Block 4 byte d liu.
Vic kim tra Cache da vo cc gi tr Tag trong line
(22 bit) nhn bit Cache hit hay miss.
2 bits cui xc nh chnh xc t cn truy xut
V d
a ch Tag D liu Cache line
FFFFFC FFFFFC 24682468 3FFF

5.3 B nh m nhanh

5.3 B nh m nhanh
Phng php nh x lin kt tp hp
(Set Associative mapping)
Cc line trong Cache c chia ra thnh tp(nhm)
line
Mi block ch c nh x vo bt k line no trong
tp no m thi. V d Block b ch c th np vo
bt k line no trong nhm cc line th i. V d 2 lines
mt nhm (two way associative mapping), S Block
b nh chnh l modulo 213
000000, 00A000, 00B000, 00C000 nh x cng
nhm.
5.3 B nh m nhanh

5.3 B nh m nhanh
Word
Tag 9 bit Set 13 bit 2 bit
S dng tp hp bit tp no c truy xut.

So snh trng Tag xc inh Cache hit hay miss
V d:
a ch Tag D liu s tp
1FF 7FFC 1FF 12345678 1FFF
001 7FFC 001 11223344 1FFF

5.3 B nh m nhanh

5.4 B nh m nhanh
Mt s Block ca b nh chnh c np vo trong cc

line ca Cache
Ni dung th TAG (th nh) cho bit block no ca b
nh chnh hin ang c cha trong line
Khi CPU truy nhp c hay ghi mt t nh ca b nh
chnh, c 2 kh nng xy ra :
T nh c trong Cache (cache hit). T nh ang
khng c trong cache (Cache miss).
Phng php ghi d liu khi cache hit
Ghi xuyn qua (Write Through): ni dung sau khi x l
xong c cp nhp vo c Cache v b nh chnh. Tc
chm.
Cache trong cc b x l Intel
Ghi sau (Write back): D liu x l ch c ghi ra
Cache, tc nhanh. Tuy nhin khi Block trong cache
khng dng na th phi ghi tr c block ti b nh
chnh.
Dung lng Cache c s dng cho th h my:
80486: c 3KB nh
Pentium : c 2 cache L1 trn chip l Cache lnh v
cache d liu (8KB). Cache L2 lin hp
Pentium 4: hai mc Cache L1 v L2 trn chip. Cache
L1 mi cache 8KB. Cache L2: mi cache 256KB,
512KB, 1GB

5.5 B nh ngoi
Cc kiu b nh ngoi
a t
a quang
B nh Flash
RAID

a cng (HDD: Hard Disk Driver)
L thnh phn quan trng lu tr h iu hnh v cc phn
mm tin ch my tnh
Mt my tnh c th mt a hoc nhiu a
Dung lng mi a rt ln. Nm 1993 a ln nht 200MB
n nay 80 hay 120GB
Tc c ghi nhanh so cc b nh ngoi khc
Gi thnh h
c s dng lm b nh RAID (Redundant Array of
(Inexpensive) Independent Disks). H thng nh gm nhiu
a cng kt hp vi nhau m HH coi nh mt logic
duy nht.
D liu c lu tr phn tn trn tt c cc a
C th to v lu tr thng tin d tha nhm mc ch cho
vic phc hi khi a no b hng. tin cy trong lu
tr thng tin rt cao. c s dng l b nh cho cc h
GV: inh ng Lng
thng my ch. Cu trc My tnh 187
a quang (CD-ROM, DVD)
CD-ROM (Compact Disk ROM)
CD-R (Recordable CD)
CD-RW (Rewriteable CD)
Dung lng ph bin 650MB
a CD
CD ROM: c th c d liu t a CD
CD RW : C th va c a CD v c th ghi d liu ln
a CD-R, v CD-RW.
Tc c c s 150KB/s
Tc bi ln : 40x, 50x, 60x,
DVD(Digital Video Disk): ch dng trn u c
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk): dng trn a my tnh
Dung lng thng dng 4.7GB
Flash disk
Thng kt ni qua cng USB

Khng phi dng a l b nh bn dn cc nhanh
Dung lng pht trin nhanh
Gn nh v tin li
c im a Flash
1)Supports USB full-speed (12MBps) transmission
2) Driverless installation in Windows ME / 2000 / XP,
Mac 9.0 and
above, Linux 2.4 and above
3) Supports boot-up by USB-HDD or USB-ZIP mode
4) LED indicator displays status
Flash disk
5) Write protection switch
6) Reading and writing speed:
900k/s and 700k/s
7) Password protection and data
encryption prevents unauthorized
access to data
8) Application software support
in Windows OS security function
9) Application software resize
(partition) available
10) Capacity: 16MB, 32MB,
64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB,
1GB
11) Compliance: FCC(B), CE, C-
Tick
GiI THIU TNG QUAN V RAID
Xut x
RAID l cm t vit tt nhm t Redundant Array of
Inexpensive (Independent) Disks
Thut ng RAID c a ra trong mt bi bo ca
mt nhm cc nh nghin cu ti i hc tng hp
California, Hoa K.
RAID c xut nhm xa b khong trng ln tc
CPU v cc a in c tng i chm.
Hiu sut thi hnh vt tri so vi khi dng mt a
n ln t tin (SLED: Single Large Expensive Disk)
Khi nim
RAID: l cu trc a a vt l to nn mt a logic
c kch thc ln, tin cy v kh nng vn hnh cao
hn.
Mc ch
Nng cao hiu sut vn hnh ca ton b h thng.
Kh nng lm vic song song cc a.
An ton d liu tn dng tnh d tha d liu nhm ci
thin tin cy a.
Cung cp b nh ln
c im chng ca RAID
RAID l tp hp cc a vt l c nhn t h iu
hnh nh a logic n.
D liu c phn b trn mng cc a vt l. S
dng k thut Striping. (Striping l k thut phn chia
d liu trn hai hay nhiu a lm tng kh nng lm
vic song song h thng)
Dung lng a d tha c s dng lu tr thng
tin chn l nhm m bo kh nng phc hi d liu
trong trng hp c h hng v a.

Cc mc ca RAID
C 6 mc chnh ca RAID
RAID 0
RAID 1
RAID 2
RAID 3
RAID 4
RAID 5

RAID LEVEL 0

RAID LEVEL 1

RAID LEVEL 2

RAID LEVEL 3

RAID LEVEL 4

RAID LEVEL 5

RAID LEVEL 0

c im chung RAID mc 0
C th coi RAID 0 khng l thnh vin ca RAID

D liu c phn chia nhiu a => c kh nng
truyn d liu song song.
Khng lu tr d liu d tha
Ph hp h thng i hi dung lng nh ln v kh
nng vn hnh cao hn l tin cy trong h thng.

RAID LEVEL 1

L mc rt khc so cc mc cn li v cch lu tr d
liu d tha.
Mi a d liu c mt a d phng a d phng cn
gi mirror disk.
u im:
p ng yu cu vo ra h thng
Phc hi d tt nht trong cc mc ca RAID
Nhc im:
Kh nng cp nht d liu chm
Chi ph mua a cao
KQ: Vn hnh tt cho h thng thng xuyn truy xut
d liu
RAID LEVEL 2

S dng cng ngh truy cp song song.
Tt c a u vn hnh tham gia yu cu trao i d liu.
Kch thc Strip c th byte hay word.
C s dng m Hamming pht hin li v sa li
u im:
C kh nng pht hin li v sa nhng li n h thng.
S a s dng t hn so mc RAID 1
Nhc im:
Chi ph mua a cao.
KQ: ng dng trong h thng hay xut hin li
RAID LEVEL 3

Ging RAID 2 nhng t chc n gin hn. S dng mt
a d phng.
Tt c a u vn hnh tham gia yu cu trao i d liu.
Kch thc Strip c th byte hay word.
C s dng m Parity phc hi d liu.
u im:
C kh nng truyn d liu song song.
S a s dng d phng l 1 a. Chi ph thp.
Nhc im:
Ti mt thi im ch tha mn mt yu cu vo ra.
RAID LEVEL 4

Ging RAID 3 nhng t chc n gin hn. S dng mt
a d phng.
D liu t chc thnh khi.
Cc a s dng phng php truy cp c lp.
u im:
C kh nng p ng nhiu yu cu vo ra ng thi.
Nhc im:
Kh nng truyn d liu song song l km.
RAID LEVEL 5

Ging RAID 4, tuy nhin s phn b u thng tin d
phng trnh c hin tng tc nghn(bottle neck)
D liu t chc thnh khi.
Cc a s dng phng php truy cp c lp.
u im:
C kh nng p ng nhiu yu cu vo ra ng thi.
Nhc im:
Kh nng truyn d liu song song l km.
KQ: ng dng nhiu trong thc t.
RAID LEVEL 6

RAID LEVEL 10

RAID LEVEL 50

5.6 H thng nh trn my PC hin nay
H thng Cache: tch hp trc tip trn cc chip vi x

l
B nh chnh: tn ti di dng module nh RAM
SIMM: Single Inline Memory Module
30 pin : 8 ng d liu
72 pin : 32 ng d liu
DIMM: Dual Inline Memory Module
168 pin: 64 ng d liu
RIMM:Rambus Inline Memory Module

ROM BIOS
ROM BIOS: Basic Input Output System ROM cha

chng trnh sau:
Chng trnh POST (Power On Self Test)
Chng trnh CMOS setup (Compementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor)
Chng trnh Bootstrap Looader
Chng trnh iu khin vo ra c bn (BIOS)
CMOS RAM
Cha cu hnh h thng hin thi
ng h v ngy thng nm h thng
C pin nui ring
Chng 6
Gii thiu chung
6.1 Tng quan v h thng vo ra

6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
6.3 Ni ghp thit b ngoi vi
6.4 Cc cng vo ra thng dng

Gii thiu chung h thng vo ra
Chc nng: Trao i thng tin gia My tnh vi mi
trng bn ngoi.
Cc thao tc c bn:
Vo d liu
Ra d liu
Cc thnh phn chnh:
Thit b ngoi vi
Module ghp ni vo ra

Thit b ngoi vi
Chc nng: phng tin chuyn i thng tin gia bn
trong v bn ngoi my tnh
c im cc thit b
Trn th trng tn ti rt nhiu cc thit b ngoi
vi khc nhau v: Nguyn tc hot ng, tc , nh
dng d liu truyn, v.v. ng thi cc thit b ny c
tc lm vic chm hn CPU v RAM rt nhiu. Chnh
v l do trn cn c Module vo ra ghp ni cc thit
b ngoi vi vo h thng BUS my tnh.

Phn loi:
Thit b nhp: Keyboard, Mouse, Scan, Micro,
Thit b xut: Monitor, Printer,
Thit b xut nhp: Modem, NIC, Driver,
Cu trc tng qut ca thit b ngoi vi:
B chuyn i tn hiu: chuyn i d liu gia bn
trong v bn ngoi My tnh
B m d liu: ni lu tr d liu trung gian gia My
tnh v thit b ngoi vi, t bn trong thit b ngoi vi.
Khi logic iu khin: iu khin hot ng ca thit b
ngoi vi theo tn hiu t Module I/O gi ti thit b.
D liu vo/ ra D liu

Module vo/ra bn
ngoi
B m B chuyn i
d liu
tn hiu
T/h iu khin
Khi Logic iu khin

T/h trng thi
(State)

Module I/O
Chc nng: Ni ghp thit b ngoi vi vi bus ca my tnh.
iu khin v nh thi
Trao i thng tin vi CPU
Trao i thng tin vi thit b ngoi vi
m gia my tnh vi thit b ngoi vi
Pht hin li ca cc thit b ngoi vi.
Cu trc chung:
Thanh ghi m d liu: m d liu trong qu trnh trao i
Cng ni ghp vo ra: kt ni thit b ngoi vi, mi cng c a
ch xc nh v chun kt ni ring ph thuc s chn.
Thanh ghi trng thi/iu khin: lu tr thng tin trng thi cho
cc cng vo ra
Khi logic iu khin: iu khin Module vo ra
Bus d liu Bus d liu

Thanh Cng
ghi ni
ng /kh
m ghp
d liu vo/ra State
Thanh ghi
trng thi/iu khin
Cng
Cc ng /c ni
ghp
Cc ng /k Khi Logic iu khin vo/ra

V d cng ghp ni song song(LPT)
Cc ng dn ca cng song c ni vi 3 thanh

ghi 8 bit khc nhau:
Thanh ghi d liu (a ch c s)
Thanh ghi trng thi (a ch c s +1)
Thanh ghi iu khin (a ch c s +2)
Cc i ch cng c th l:
LPT1: 378h (379h ; 37Ah)
LPT2: 3BCh
LPT3: 278h
LPT4: 2BCh
V d cng ghp ni song song(LPT)
Hp ng:
xut ra d liu: OUT DX, AL hoc OUT DX, AX
nhp vo d liu: IN AL, DX hoc IN AX, DX
(DX cha a ch; AL cha gi tr)
Turbo C
xut ra d liu: outportb(ia_ch, gi_tr)
nhp vo d liu: bien = inportb(a_ch)
Turbo Pascal
xut ra d liu: port[ia_ch]:= gi_tr
nhp vo d liu: bien:=port[a_ch]
V d cng ghp ni tip(COM)
Cc thanh ghi chnh:
Thanh ghi m (Buffer Register) a ch c s
Thanh ghi trng thi (Status Register) CCS+5
Thanh ghi iu khin (Control Register) CCS+3
Cc a ch cng c th l:
COM1: 3F8h (3FDh ; 3FBh)
COM2: 2F8h
COM3: 3E8h
COM4: 2E8h

Phn loi:
Vo ra bng chng trnh
Vo ra bng ngt
Truy cp b nh trc tip DMA
Vo ra bng chng trnh
Nguyn tc chung:
S dng lnh vo ra trong chng trnh trao i d liu vi
cng vo ra.
Khi CPU thc hin chng trnh gp lnh vo ra th CPU iu
khin trao i d liu vi cng vo ra.
Lnh I/O:
Vi khng gian a ch vo ra ring bit: s dng cc lnh vo
ra chuyn dng
Vi khng gian vo ra dng chung b nh th cc lnh trao i
d liu s dng nh ngn nh.
Hot ng vo ra bng chng trnh

CPU gp lnh trao i vo ra, yu cu thao tc vo ra
Module vo ra thao tc vo ra
Module vo ra thit lp cc bit trng thi(State)
CPU kim tra cc bit trng thi:
Nu cha sn sng th quay li kim tra li
Nu sn sng th chuyn sang trao i d liu vi Module
vo ra.

Lu thc hin chng trnh:
c trng thi
sn sng
Module I/O N
sn sng?
Y
Trao i d liu
vi Module I/O

Nhn xt:
CPU trc tip iu khin vo ra: c trng thi, kim tra trng
thi, thc hin trao i.
Trong trng hp nhiu thit b cng cn trao i d liu v
thit b cha sn sng tn rt nhiu thi gian CPU
Vic thc hin trao i n gin
Vo ra bng ngt
Nguyn tc chung:
CPU khng phi i trng thi sn sng ca Module vo ra.
Module vo ra khi n sn sng pht ra tn hiu yu cu ngt
CPU
CPU thc hin chng trnh vo ra tng ng trao i d
liu.
CPU tr li chng trnh ang b ngt.
Cc phng php ni ghp

S dng nhiu ng yu cu ngt.
Kim tra vng bng phn mm (Polling)
Kim tra vng bng phn cng
S dng b iu khin ngt.
Nhiu yu cu ngt ng thi
CPU s dng nhiu ng yu cu ngt. Np vo thanh ghi
yu cu ngt.
Hn ch s lng Module vo ra
Cc ng ngt c qui nh mc u tin.

CPU pht ra tn hiu chp nhn ngt n Module u tin.

Nu Module khng gy ra ngt thi n gi tn hiu ti
cc Module k tip
Module I/O gy ngt s t vector ln bus d liu
CPU s dng ngt xc nh chng trnh con iu khin
ngt
Th t vo ra cc Module trong chui xc nh th t u
tin.

Truy nhp b nh trc tip

(DMA: Direct Memory Access)
Vi nhc im chnh ca hai phng php trn l:
CPU tham gia trc tip vo trao i d liu v vic trao i
lng d liu nh. khc phc hai phng php trn mt
phng php mi c tn DMA s s dng thm mt
Module phn cng c DMAC (DMA Controller). V vy
khi trao i d liu khng cn CPU.

B m dl
Cc ng dl Thanh ghi dl
Cc ng /c Thanh ghi /c
Y/c Bus /K c
Chuyn nhng
Khi logic/ K /k ghi
Bus Y/c DMA
Ngt Chp nhn
T/h c/ghi DMA

Cc thnh phn ca DMAC

Thanh ghi d liu: cha d liu trao i.
Thanh ghi a ch: cha a ch ca ngn nh d liu
B m d liu: cha s t d liu cn trao i
Khi logic iu khin: iu khin hot ng ca
DMAC
Hot ng ca DMA
Khi cn vo ra d liu th CPU nh DMAC tin hnh
vo ra d liu vi thng tin cho bit nh sau:

a ch thit b vo ra
a ch u ca mng nh cha d liu v DMAC np
thanh ghi a ch
S t d liu cn truyn v DMAC np vo b m d
liu
CPU s i thc hin vic khc
DMAC iu khin vic trao i d liu sau khi truyn
mt t d liu th ni dung thanh ghi a ch tng ln
v ni dung b m d liu gim xung mt n v.
Khi b m bng d liu bng 0, DMAC gi tn hiu
ngt CPU bo kt thc DMA
BUS A CH
BUS D LIU
CPU
Thit b B nh
I/O
DMAC
YU CU YU CU
CHP NHN CHP

NHN
HOLD
HLDA
BUS /K, T/H IO/MEM

Cc kiu thc hin DMA

DMA truyn theo khi: DMAC s dng BUS truyn c khi
d liu (CPU chuyn nhng BUS cho DMAC)
DMA ly chu k: DMAC cng bc CPU treo tm thi tng
chu k BUS thc hin truyn mt t d liu
DMA trong sut: DMAC nhn bit nhng chu k no CPU
khng s dng BUS th chim BUS trao i d liu (DMAC
ly ln chu k)
c im DMA
CPU khng tham gia trong qu trnh trao i d liu
DMAC iu khin trao i d liu gia b nh chnh v Module
vo ra vi tc nhanh.
Ph hp vi yu cu trao i mng d liu c kch thc ln.

B x l vo ra
Vic iu khin vo ra c s dng bi mt b iu
khin vo ra chuyn dng.
B x l vo ra hot ng theo chng trnh ring
ca n.
Chng trnh ca b x l vo ra c th nm trong b
nh chnh hoc b nh ring.
Hot ng theo kin trc a x l

Ni ghp thit b ngoi vi

Cc kiu ni ghp vo ra
Ni ghp song song
Ni ghp ni tip
Ni ghp song song
Truyn cc bit song song
Tc truyn nhanh
Cn ng truyn song song
Tn nhiu dy dn

Ni ghp ni tip
Truyn ln lt tng bit
Cn c b chuyn i t song song sang ni tip
Tc chm
Cn t ng truyn d liu
Cc cu hnh ghp ni ghp
im ti im (point to point): Qua mt cng vo ra ch c th
ghp mt thit b ngoi vi (PS/2, COM, LPT,)
im ti a im (Point to multipoint): Thng qua mt cng
vo ra ghp nhiu thit b vo ra. V d: SCSI(7,15), USB
(127),

6.4 Cc cng vo ra thng dng
Cc cng vo ra thng dng
PS/2 : ni ghp bn phm v chut
VGA(Video Graphic Adapter): Cng ni ghp mn
hnh
LPT (Line PrinTer): ni ghp vi my in l cng song
song
COM (COMmunication): ni ghp vi Modem, chut,
v thit b khc. Cng ni tip 9 hoc 25 chn.
USB: cng ni tip a nng cho php ni ghp ni tip
ti a 17 thit b thng qua Hub.

THE END

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TRNG I HC THY SN

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 1

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 2

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 3

1.Willian Stallings - Computer Organization and Architecture.

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 4

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 5

1. Gii thiu chung.

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 6

Gii thiu chung

1.1 Khi nim chung my tnh

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 7

My tnh(computer) l thit b in t thc hin cng

T chc my tnh(Computer Organization): cp n

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 10

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 11

M hnh phn lp ca h thng

CC PHN MM TRUNG GIAN Nh lp trnh

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 12

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 13

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 14

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 15

Chc nng(Computer Function): l m t hot ng ca

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 16

S chc nng my tnh

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 17

Phn loi theo phng php truyn thng

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 20

S pht trin ca my tnh chia ra 4 th h:

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 21

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 22

xut nm 1943 v hon thnh 1946 c s dng

My tnh IAS(Institute for Advanced Studies)

Program Control Unit

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 24

Cc sn phm ca cng ngh VLSI(Very Large Scale

Micral Php, my vi tnh lp rp hon ton u tin

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 26

Lch s pht trin my tnh th h th 4

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 27

2.1 Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 28

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 29

B x l trung tm (CPU): iu khin hot ng ca my tnh

Chc nng: iu khin ton b hot ng ca my tnh.

B vi x l hot ng theo xung nhp(clock) c tn s

Chc nng: Lu tr chng trnh v d liu.

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 33

Chc nng v c im:

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 34

Cha chng trnh v d liu ang c s dng bi

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 35

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 36

Chi tit cu trc b nh Cache

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 37

Chc nng: trao i thng tin gia my tnh vi th

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 39

Port I/O Tb ngoi vi 1

Port I/O Tb ngoi vi n

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 40

Cc thit b ngoi vi (Peripherals)

GV: inh ng Lng Cu trc My tnh 41