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Wellhead facilities
The Wellhead and Christmas tree
Wellhead and Christmas tree is used for well drilling and oil or gas production,
water injection and downhole operation.
wellhead and christmas tree is installed on the top of a well to seal the annular
space between casing and tubing, can control wellhead pressure and adjust well
flow rate and transport oil from well to pipe line.
Wellhead facilities
Wellhead:
The equipment installed at the surface of the wellbore which is the mechanical
connection between the Christmas tree and production tubing (and casing).
The purpose of a wellhead is to provide the suspension point and pressure seals
for the casing strings that run from the bottom of the hole sections to the surface
pressure control equipment.
A wellhead includes such equipment as the casing head and tubing head.
Wellhead facilities
Casing head:
A heavy flanged connection that is installed on top of a casing string.
or
The adapter between the first casing string and either the BOP stack (during drilling)
or the wellhead (after completion).
This flange may be threaded or welded onto the casing, and may have a flanged or
clamped connection to match the BOP stack or wellhead.
This is the primary interface for the surface pressure control equipment, for example
blowout preventers (for well drilling) or the Christmas tree (for well production).
Wellhead facilities
Casing spool:
Tubing hanger:
A device attached to the topmost tubing joint in the wellhead to support the tubing
string.
It is set in the tree or the wellhead and suspends the production tubing and/or casing.
Sometimes it provides porting to allow the communication of hydraulic, electric and
other downhole functions, as well as chemical injection. It also serves to seal-in the
annulus and production areas.
Wellhead facilities
Christmas tree:
An assembly of valves, spools, pressure gauges and chokes fitted to the wellhead
(at the top of wellhead) of a completed well to control production or flow.
Christmas trees are available in a wide range of sizes and configurations, such as
low- or high-pressure capacity and single- or multiple-completion capacity.
Wellhead facilities
Master valve:
The master valve is installed below the tee or cross that controls all
flow from the wellbore.
1) The right hand valve is often called the flow wing valve or the production wing valve,
because it is in the flowpath the hydrocarbons take to production facilities (or the path
water or gas will take from production to the well in the case of injection wells).
2) The left hand valve is often called the kill wing valve. It is primarily used for injection
of fluids such as corrosion inhibitors or methanol to prevent hydrate formation.
.
Wellhead facilities
Wellhead chokes
Wellhead chokes are used to limit production rates for regulations, protect
surface equipment from slugging, avoid sand problems due to high drawdown,
and control flow rate to avoid water or gas coning.
Placing a choke at the wellhead means fixing the wellhead pressure and, thus, the
flowing bottom-hole pressure and production rate
Wellhead facilities
Swab valve:
The topmost valve on a Christmas tree that provides vertical access to
the wellbore.
Wellhead facilities
Separator:
The fluids produced from oil wells are normally complex mixtures of hundreds of
different compounds.
A typical oil well stream is a high-velocity, turbulent, constantly expanding mixture of
gases and hydrocarbon liquids, intimately mixed with water vapor, free water, and
sometimes solids.
The well stream should be processed as soon as possible after bringing them to the
surface. Separators are used for the purpose.
A separator for petroleum production is a cylindrical or spherical vessel used to separate
oil, gas and water from production fluids which produced by a well.
Wellhead facilities
Accordingly, oil-field separators can be classified into two types based on the
1) Two-phase separators, which are used to separate gas from oil in oil fields,
2) Three-phase separators, which are used to separate the gas from the liquid
1) horizontal
2) Vertical
3) spherical
Separators
Horizontal Separators:
Horizontal separators are usually the first choice because of their low costs.
Horizontal separators are almost widely used for high-GOR well streams, foaming
well streams, or liquid-from-liquid separation.
They have much greater gasliquid interface because of a large, long, baffled gas-
separation section.
Separators
Horizontal separators are easier to skid-mount and service and require less piping for
field connections. Individual separators can be stacked easily into stage-separation
assemblies to minimize space requirements..
Separators
Vertical Separators:
Vertical separators are often used to treat low to intermediate GOR well streams and
streams with relatively large slugs of liquid.
They handle greater slugs of liquid without carry over to the gas outlet, and the
action of the liquid-level control is not as critical.
Vertical separators occupy less floor space, which is important for facility sites such
as those on offshore platforms where space is limited.
Separators
Because of the large vertical distance between the liquid level and the gas outlet, the
chance for liquid to re-vaporize into the gas phase is limited.
However, because of the natural upward flow of gas in a vertical separator against the
falling droplets of liquid, adequate separator diameter is required.
Vertical separators are more costly to fabricate
Separators
Spherical separators
Spherical separators offer an inexpensive and compact means of separation
arrangement.
Because of their compact configurations, these types of separators have a very limited
surge space and liquid-settling section.
Also, the placement and action of the liquid-level control in this type of separator is
more critical.
Sand Control
or fines with fluids. These formations are usually geologically young (Tertiary age)
between load bearing solids and fine solids associated with formation fluids which
Some fines are probably always produced. This is, in fact, beneficial since if fines
are free to move, and if they are not produced, they, along with other fines moving
in behind, must eventually block the flow channel.
Thus in defining sand control we mean control of the load bearing solids.