X n

n

2
Z n di2

i 1
d
i1
i

n s2
n n 1
Variance of a Random Sample of Size n:
ESTIMATING THE POPULATION MEAN:
Confidence Interval for , is known but n Confidence Interval for , is known but n < 30:
30: s s
x t /2 x t /2
n n
x z /2 x z /2
n n ,
,
NUMBER OF SAMPLES
2
z / 2
n
e
ESTIMATING THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO POPULATION MEANS

12 22 12 22 n1 30
CASE 1: When and are known CASE 2: When and are unknown but &

2 2
2 2
n2 30
x1 x2 z /2 1
1 2 x1 x2 z /2
2
1 2

n1 n2 n1 n2
s12 s22 s2 s2
x1 x2 z /2 1 2 x1 x2 z /2 1 2
n1 n2 n1 n2

12 22 n1 30 n2 30 12 22 n1 30
CASE 3: When = are unknown but & CASE 4: When are unknown but &

s 2 s2 s2 s22 n2 30
x1 x2 t /2 s p 1 2 1 2 x1 x2 t /2 sp 1
n1 n2 n1 n2
s12 s22 s2 s
x1 x2 t /2,v 1 2 x1 x2 t /2,v 1
sp
n1 1 s12 n1 1 s22 n1 n2 n1 n
v v n1 n2 2
,
 2
s12 s22

n n
v 12 2 2
s12 s22

n1 n2
n1 1 n2 1

PAIRED OBSERVATIONS
2
n
n

n d i2 d n

sd s sd i 1 i 1
i
d i
d t /2 D d t /2 d
d i x2,i x1,i d x1 x2
i 1
n n n n 1 n
, , ,
ESTIMATING THE VARIANCE ESTIMATING THE RATIO OF TWO VARIANCES:
 n 1 s 2 2
n 1 s 2 s12 1 2 s2
1 1 f /2 v2 , v1
2 / 2 2 s22 f /2 v1, v2 22 s22 v1 n1 1 v2 n2 1
1 /2 v n 1
; ,
;
ESTIMATING A PROPORTION
z2 / 2 pq z2
pq pq x n n /2
p z /2 p p z /2 p e 2 4e 2
n n n q p 1
; (when no p is provided)
; ,
ESTIMATING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO PROPORTIONS:
pq pq pq pq
p1 p2 z /2 1 1 2 2 p1 p2 p1 p2 z /2 1 1 2 2
n1 n2 n1 n2 q1 p1 1 q2 p2 1
; ,