Chemical Reaction Engineering: Reactor Design

Chemical Reaction Engineering
Reactor Design
Jayant M. Modak
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Chemical Reactor Design
Objectives
q Technological
n Maximum possible product in minimum time
n Desired quantity in minimum time
n Maximum possible product in desired time
q Economic
n Maximize profit
Chemical Reactor Design
Constraints
q Market
n Raw materials availability quality and quantity
n Demand for the product
q Society/Legislative
n Safety
n Pollution control
q Technological
n Thermodynamics
n Stoichiometry
n Kinetics
Chemical Reactor Design - Decisions
Type of reactor
q Tubular, Fixed Bed, Stirred tank, Fluidized bed
Mode
q Mass Flow: Batch, Continuous, Semibatch
q Energy: Isothermal, Adiabatic, Co/counter current
Process Intensification
q Combining more than one type of unit operation
Tubular reactor mass balance
C j C j
+ ( Flux j ) = R j + ( uC j + J j ) = R j
t z t z

M jC j + u M jC j + M j J j = M j R j
t j z j j j
f
+ ( u f ) = 0
t x
Indian Institute of Science

Tubular reactor energy balance
1
(CTU ) + FT H + A H j J j = Q
t A z j
C j T
(CTU ) = (CT H P ) = H j + C jCPj
t t j t j t
F j T
( FT H ) = H j + FjCPj
z j z j z
J j H j
H jJ j = H j + J j
z j j z j z

Tubular reactor energy balance
C j 1 F j J j
H j + +A = H j R j = H i ri
j t A z z j i
T T
C jCPj +u
j t u
4
Q = U (Tr T )
dt
T T 4
C jCPj + u + H i ri = U (Tr T )
j t u i dt

Stirred tank reactor mass and energy balance
dN j
= Fj 0 F je + R j
dt
dT
N jCPj = F j 0 ( H j 0 H je ) + V ( H i ) ri + AKU (Tr T )
j dt j i

Fixed bed reactor mass balance

t
( BC j ) + ( B Flux j ) = qmj
z
Cj
t
( BC j ) + usC j Dej ,s f
z z f
= qmj

T T 2T 4
C jCPj + us e 2 + qh = U (Tr T )
j t z z dt
1 Y ( Dej,r , C j )
rX ( X ,Y ) =
r r (e,r , T )
Psuedohomogenous model
qmj = R j
qh = H i ri
i

Heterogenous model external diffusion
qmj = K g (C j C js )gngAp = K g av (C j C js )
3
av = (1 B )
R
qh = h f av (T Ts )
K g av (C j C js ) = R j (C js , Ts )
h f av (T Ts ) = H i ri
i

Heterogenous model internal diffusion

1 2 ' C '

= R j (C j , T )
j ' ' '
r Dej
r r
2
r
1 2 ' T '

r 2 r
r e
r i
= ii
H r '
C 'j
qmj = Dej' av = R j ( C j )
r r=R
qh = i ( H i ) ri
i

Non-isothermal reactors - PFR
2.0
1.5 Adiabatic
Isothermal
1.0
0.5
Concentration
0.0
0 10 20 30 40
2 350
Concentration
1 temperature
325
0 300
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Time (min)

Non-isothermal reactors - CSTR
Concentration Temperature 340
320
300
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Residence time
Non-isothermal reactors - rate
8 r1
6
1/rate
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
C10-C1

Trajectories - Exothermic reaction
1.0
Isothermal
0.8
0.6 Adiabatic
Xeq
0.4
0.2
0.0
300 320 340 360 380 400
T

Trajectories - Endothermic reaction
1.0
0.8
0.6 Adiabatic
Isothermal
Xeq
0.4
0.2
0.0
300 320 340 360 380 400
T

Optimal temperature trajectories
10
1
Rate
0.1
0.01 100
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
conversion
10
1/rate
1
0.1
0.01
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
conversion
Optimal temperature
500
0.9 450
0.8 400
0.7 350
0.6 300
Extent
0.5 250
0.4 200
0.3 150
0.2 100
0.1 50
0
450 500 550 600 650 700
Temperature K

Thermal cracking of ethane in tubular reactor
Ethylene demands polyethylene, ethylene oxide,

ethylene glycol 20 million tons per annum
Main Reaction C2 H6 C2 H4 + H2 increase in

number of moles so steam as inert
Endothermic reaction - H 34.5 kcal/mol, high

temperature for high equilibrium conversions,
increasing temperatures along the length of the
reactor
2C2 H6 C3 H8 + CH 4
Side reactions higher
conversion yield of side products higher
Yield conversion diagram for ethane cracking

Ethane cracking reactor
Typical operating condn

L = 95 m
G = 68.68 kg/m2/s
P inlet 2.99 atm, outlet 1.2 atm
T inlet 680, outlet 820 C
Production 10000 tons/coil

Balances
dF j d t2
mass = Rj
dz 4
dT 1 d t2
energy =
dz F jC pj
q( z ) d t +
4 i
( H i )ri

j
dp 2 f du
momentum = +
f u 2
+ u
dz d t rb i
f
dz
RT F j
F' 1
u= = j
A A p

Simulation of ethane reactor
Hydrogenation of oil
Major demand margarine, shortenings, vanaspati
Vegetable oils mixture of triglycerides - glycerol

and fatty acids
Fatty acids saturated (S) , monosaturated (cis, R1

and trans, R2) and diunsaturated (B). Hydrogenation
to reduce odor or color, improve stability and
increase melting point.
Product requirements some polyunsaturated

(health) and R2 ( consistency and higher melting
points)
Reactions
r1 r4 C , r5 r6 CH 2
1/ 2
H2
implies selectivity of monounsaturates over

saturates proportional to (CH2)1/2
Yield conversion diagrams
Balances
dC j
mass = Rj j = B, R1 , R2 , M
dt
( ) (
k Lav CH 2 , g CH 2 ,s = RH 2 C j , CH 2 ,s )
dCH 2 ,b
dt
( ) (
= k L a v C H 2 , g C H 2 ,b k S a S C H 2 ,b C H 2 , s )
( )
0 = k S aS CH 2 ,b CH 2 ,s + RH 2
1 1 1
= +
k L av k L av k S a S
Stirred tank batch reactor
Desired conversion
batch time
Desired production rate
and batch time
volume
Based on volume
internal design
Cooling load
Q = V ( Hi )ri = AKU (T Tr )
i
Ammonia synthesis
Major demand Fertilizer, chemicals,

explosives, polyamides, pharmaceuticals;
150 million tons per annum
Main reaction
1 3
N 2 + H 2 ! NH 3 , !H 298 K = "45.7 kJ / mol "1
2 2
High pressure, low temperatures

favorable
Catalytic reaction iron, promoted
ruthenium
Ammonia synthesis equilibrium
1.0 1.0
T = 473 K
0.9
P = 300 atm
(A) 0.9 (B)
523
0.8 0.8
Ammonia Mol fraction
Ammonia Mol fraction

573
0.7 0.7
200
0.6 0.6 623
100
0.5 0.5
673
0.4 50 0.4
0.3 0.3 723
0.2 10 0.2 773

3
0.1 0.1
1
0.0 0.0
500 600 700 800 900 0 100 200 300
Temperature (K) Pressure (Atm)

Ammonia synthesis - balances
dC j
mass us = R j (C j ,T )
dz
dT 4U
energy f us c p = (Tr T ) + ( H ) r
dz dt
1 d 2 dCi'
= i( i )
' '
2 r Die R C , T
r dr dr
catalyst
1 d 2 dT '
2 r e = H r
r dr dr

Reactor simulation
0.7 860
0.6 840
820
0.5 N2
mol fraction
800
temperature
0.4 H2 780
0.3 NH3 760
0.2 740
720
0.1
700
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 680
0 1 2 3 4 5
Length (m) Length (m)
120
100 rate at bulk conditions
observed rate
80
60
rate
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Length (m)

Optimal temperature
500
0.9 450
0.8 400
0.7 350
0.6 300
Extent
0.5 250
0.4 200
0.3 150
0.2 100
0.1 50
0
450 500 550 600 650 700
Temperature K

Fixed bed reactors

Ammonia Multibed reactor
1.0
r=0
r/ T=0
0.8 Reactor 1
Reactor 2
Conversion
Reactor 3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
400 500 600 700 800 900
Temperature

Fixed bed reactors

Ammonia Autothermal
300 1000
Ttop-T1L
Ttop-Tfeed
250 900
473
491
200 513 800
523
Tfeed K
150 578 700
623
100 600
50 500
0 400
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Ttop Ttop K

Ammonia Autothermal
800
750
0.8
700 0.7 r=0
Conversion
0.6 r/ T=0
650
Conversion
0.5
600 0.4
reactor
0.3
550 heat exchanger 0.2
500 0.1
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
Length Temperature

Process intensification
Strategy of reduction in physical size of a

chemical plant while achieving given
objective
30 40 years old concept, reinvented in last
decade due to intense competition, scarce
resources and stricter environmental norms
Multifunctional reactive systems several
functions are designed to occur
simultaneously.
Major drive in refining and petrochemicals
sector
Catalyst particle in reacting media
Type A at catalyst level
Type B at interphase
transport level
Type C at intra-reactor
level separations/heat
transfer
Type D inter-reactor
level by combining two
reactor operation with
solids recirculation.

Type A Example bifunctional catalysis
Catalytic reforming to increase the octane

number
Conversion of parafins, cyclo parafins and
napthenes to aromatics and branced
paraffins.
Reactions involved dehydrogenation,
cyclization and isomerization
Pt/SiO2 catalyst

Type B Example Gas induction reactors
DRAFT TUBE STATOR

GAS- LIQUID
DISPERSION
GAS ENTRANCE
DRAFT TUBE STATOR
GAS -LIQUID
SELF INDUCING DISPERSION
IMPELLER DISPERSING
IMPELLER
SUSPENDING
IMPELLER

Type C Intra-reactor operation
Energy transfer reaction in heat exchanger

Momentum transfer radial flow reactors
Mass transfer reactive- distillation,
absorption

Type C Momentum transfer
High
gas flow rates ammonia synthesis,
styrene from ethylbenzene, flue gas
treatments

Type C Mass transfer
Enhance conversion in equilibrium limited
reaction, prevent undesirable reaction,
increase rate of product inhibited reactions

Type C Energy transfer
CH 4 + H 2O CO + 3H 2 H = 206 kJ / mol 0.30
CH 4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2 H 2O H = 803 kJ / mol 0.25
Temperature
0.20
0.15 Flue gas
Process
0.10
0.05
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Length
840
800
Temperature
760 Flue gas
Process
720
680
640
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Length

Type C Example styrene synthesis

Design considerations and safety

Multiplicity in stirred tank reactor

Explosion in batch reactor

Runaway/Hot spot in tubular reactor

Runaway/Hot spot in tubular reactor
0.020 800
0.012 0.012
0.015 0.015
0.016 0.016
0.015
partial pressure
0.0175 0.0175
temperature
0.0176 700 0.0176
0.0181 0.0181
0.010
0.005 600
0.000 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Length Length

Runaway/Hotspot in tubular reactors
0.020
Partial pressure
0.016 Sensitive
0.012
0.008
Insensitive
0.004
610 620 630 640 650 660

temperature

q < p2 / 4 q > p2 / 4
1,2 = 1, 2 1,2 = i
'' < 0 <0 q = p2 / 4
q=det (A)
q > p2 / 4
1,2 = i
>0
p=tr (A)
q < p /4
2
q < p2 / 4 1,2 = 1, 2 > 0

1,2 = 1, 2
1 > 0, 1 > 2

Stability analysis
A state X=0 is said to be stable when given

e>0, there exists a d>0 (0<d<e) such that if ||X
(0)||<d then ||X(t)|| < e for all t>0
A state X=0 is said to be asymptotically
attractive when given m>0, such that if ||X(0)||
<m then lim (t) ||X(t)|| =0
A state is asymptotically stable when stable
and asymptotically attractive.
A state is marginally stable when stable but
not asymptotically attractive

Examples
dx x2 ( y x ) + y5 dx
= =y
dt 1 + x 2 + y 2 + ( x 2 + y 2 )2 dt
y2 ( y 2x) dy
dy = x
= dt
dt 1 + x 2 + y 2 + ( x 2 + y 2 )2
1.0
1.2
1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6
0.6 0.4
0.2
0.0
Y
0.4 -0.2
Y
-0.4
-0.6
0.2
-0.8
-1.0
0.0 -1.2
-1.2-1.0-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
X
X

Two dimensional system - Eigen values
T T2
2 T + D = 0 1,2 = D
2 4
2
T /4-D=0
D=determinant(A)
Unstable
Stable focus
focus
Stable Unstable
node node
0
T=trace(A)

Unstable node
2
T /4-D=0
D=determinant(A)
Unstable
Stable focus
focus
= 0.1 D = 0.00971, T = 0.988 = 0.0099,0.9782

Stable Unstable
node node
0
T=trace(A)
45 0.10
40
0.08
35
30 0.06
alpha
beta
25 0.04
20
0.02
15
10 0.00
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time Time
0.10
0.08
0.06
beta
0.04
0.02
0.00
10 20 30 40 50
alpha

2
T /4-D=0
D=determinant(A)
Unstable focus Stable
node
Stable
focus
Unstable
focus
Unstable
node
= 0.5 D = 0.248, T = 0.751 = 0.3756 0.3276i

0
T=trace(A)
350 3.0
300
2.5
250
2.0
200
1.5
alpha
150
beta
100 1.0
50
0.5
0
-50 0.0
-50 0 50100150200250300350400450500550600650700750 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time Time
10
3.0 8 linearized process
2.5 6 real process
4
2.0
2
1.5 0
beta
beta
-2
1.0
-4
0.5 -6
0.0 -8
-10
-10 0 10 20 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
alpha alpha

Stable focus
2
T /4-D=0
D=determinant(A)
Unstable
Stable focus
focus
= 2.0 D = 3.99, T = 2.98 = -1.4900 1.3288i

Stable Unstable
node node
0
T=trace(A)
2.1
0.80
2.0
0.75
1.9
0.70
1.8
0.65
alpha
beta
0.60 1.7
0.55 1.6
0.50 1.5
0.45 1.4
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time Time
2.1
2.0 0.3
1.9
0.2
1.8
alpha
beta
1.7
0.1
1.6
1.5 0.0
1.4
0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
alpha alpha

Stable node
2
T /4-D=0
D=determinant(A)
Unstable
Stable focus
focus
= 2.5 D = 6.23, T = -5.21 = -3.3614, -1.8525

Stable Unstable
node node
0
T=trace(A)
0.65 2.5
2.4
0.60
2.3
0.55
2.2
alpha
beta
0.50 2.1
0.45 2.0
1.9
0.40
1.8
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time Time
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
beta
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
alpha

Limit cycle
2
T /4-D=0
D=determinant(A)
Unstable
Stable focus
focus
= 1.005 D = 1.01, T = 0 = 1.003i

Stable Unstable
node node
0
T=trace(A)
1.6 1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2 1.2
1.1
alpha
beta
1.0
1.0
0.8 0.9
0.8
0.6 0.7
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time Time
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
beta
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
alpha

Adiabatic CSTR
100 Heat generation

Heat removal
=60 s
80
=10 s
= 100 s
60
rate
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7


Adiabatic CSTR steady state multiplicity
1.0 10 Steady Eigenvalue

state s
0.8 8 0.08996,
0.61698 1.6710-2 ,
temperature
conversion
0.6 6 8.6810-3
0.4957 1.6710-2
0.4 4 7.0510-3
conversion 3.4
0.2 temperature 2 0.7628 1.7410-2
5.2318 1.6610-2
0.0 0
0 40 80 120 160 200
residence time

Adiabatic CSTR phase plane, transient
14
12
10
Temperature
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Conversion

Non-ideal flow, mixing and reactions
If, we know precisely what is happening within the

vessel, thus, if we have a complete velocity distribution
map for the fluid in the vessel, then we should, in
principle, be able to predict the behavior of a vessel as a
reactor. Unfortunately, this approach is impractical, even
in today s computer age. Levenspiel, Chemical
Reaction Engineering, 1999.
Mobil Adds Million-Dollar Benefits by Using Flow

Simulation to Optimize Refinery Units, Greg Muldowney,
Mobil Technology Company, 2007

CFD modeling of bioreactors
Bioreactor
performance: interactive relation
between biosystem and physical environment
q Biotic phase: complex machinary inside cell and
its regulation by external environment
q Abiotic phase: multiphase system with complex
interactions of mass, momentum and energy
leading to environmental gradients in space and
time

Anaerobic digestion
Complex polymers
Fermentative B.
HYDROLYSIS
and Monomers
ACIDOGENESIS 4
20 76 Acidogenic B.
Volatils fatty acids
(VFA), alcohols, ...
ACETOGENESIS Acetogenic B.
52 24
Acetate CO2 + H2
METHANOGENESIS Homoacetogenic B.
72 Acetoclastic B. Hydrogenophilic B. 28
CH4 + CO2 CH +H O
4 Science
2
Indian Institute of
CFD modeling of anaerobic bioreactor
Biogas out
0.15
1 Gas
0.15 1.2 Leafy biomass Treated water out
Waste water in
1.4 water
y
x
6
Results & Discussion
Vector plot for liquid velocity (m/s) Contour plot for liquid velocity (m/s)
(with Packed bed) (with Packed bed)

PIV experiments

Experimental verification
Contours of X-direction mean velocity (inlet NRe=7660) (a)experimental and (b ) Simulation

results without packed bed

Experimental verification
Contours of X-direction mean velocity (inlet NRe=500) (a)experimental and (b ) Simulation

results with packed bed

Improving the performance




Residence time distributions
Exit age distribution E(t)dt
q Fraction of material in exit stream which has age
between t and t+dt
Cumulative residence time distribution, F(t)
q Fraction of material in exit stream with age less
than t
Internal age distribution, I(t)dt
q Fraction of material within vessel which has age
between
t t and t+dt
dF (t ) V
F (t ) = E (t ')dt ' or = E (t ), 1 F (t ) = I (t )
0
dt F'

Means and moments of distribution
Mean residence time

t = tE (t )dt E (t )dt ' = tE (t )dt
0 0 0
Variance

( )
2
= t t E (t )dt
2
Skewness

( )
2
s = t t E (t )dt
3 3/ 2

Example
0.20 1.0
0.8
0.15
0.6
E(t)
F(t)
0.10
0.4
0.05
0.2
0.00 0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
t t
0.20 0.8
0.15 0.6
t E(t)
I(t)
0.10
0.4
0.05
0.2
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
t
t

Experimental determination of RTD
Convolution integral
t t
Ce (t ) = Co (t t ') E (t ')dt = Co (t ') E (t t ')dt
0 0
Pulse input

E (t ) = Ce (t ) C (t ) dt
0
e
Step input
F (t ) = Ce (t ) C0

Determination of RTD from model
CSTR
1
E (t ) = exp ( t )

PFR
E (t ) = (t ), F (t ) = H (t )
PFR-CSTR or CSTR-PFR
0 t <p
E (t ) = 1 t p
exp t p
s s
RTD and reactions
kinetics of the reaction

the RTD of fluid in the reactor
the earliness or lateness of fluid mixing in the
reactor
whether the fluid is a micro or macro fluid

Example second order reaction
CSTR-PF
1.0 PF-CSTR
PF
0.8 CSTR
PF(=4)
CSTR(=4 )
0.6
C/C0
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10
k C0

Macro- and Micromixing
Macromixing distribution of residence times

in the reactor
Micromixing description of how molecules
of different ages interaction with each other
q Complete segregation all molecules of same
age group remain together until they exit the
reactor
q Complete micromixing molecules of different
age group are completely mixed
theearliness or lateness of fluid mixing in the
reactor
whether the fluid is a micro or macro fluid
Zero parameter models
Complete segregation

Cs = C (t ) E (t )dt
0

Model

dC
= R(C ) C (0) = C0 Cs = C (t ) E (t )dt
dt 0
dCs
= C (t ) E (t ) Cs (0) = 0
dt
z dC dC dz 2 dc
t= t ( 0, ) z ( 0,1) = = (1 z )
z 1 dt dz dt dz
dC R (C )
=
dz (1 z )2
dCs E ( z 1 z )
= C
(1 z )
2
dz

Zero parameter models
Maxiumum mixedness
dC E ( )
= R(C ) (C10 C ) C ( = 0) = C10
d 1 F ( )

Example second order reaction
1.0 0.4
maximum mixedness
complete segregation maximum mixedness
0.8 2 CSTRs complete segregation
2 CSTRs
0.6
C/C0
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.0 0.0
1 10 100 1000
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
k C0

Example mass transfer and reaction
0.6
1.0
0.5
0.8 CA (r=1m)
Concentration
0.4 CB
CA (r=100m)
0.6
0.3
CAe
CB
0.2 0.4
0.1
maximum mixedness
segregated flow
0.2
0.0 0.0
1 10 100 1000 10000
r( m) 0 2 4 6 8 10


One parameter models
Tanks in - series
N N t n1 nt 1
E (t ) = exp 2 =
( N 1)! N N

One parameter models
Axial dispersion model
1 1
= 1 (1 e Pe )
2
Pe Pe

RTD
7
1.4 10
6
1.2
1 5 500 dispersion model
1.0 1 4 2
3 4
0.8 2 4
E(t)
E(t)
3
0.6
2
0.4 40
0 5
1
0.2
0
0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0 2
t
t

Transient in PFR
t
1.0 0
0.25
0.5
0.8 0.75
:
:
0.6 2.5
C
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
z

Compartment models

Example
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
ConversionA
1 CSTR
0.6 0.6 2 CSTR
YieldB
1 CSTR
0.4 2 CSTR 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


Rate contours reversible reaction
0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.1
0
0.6
'
0.5

0.4 0.1
0 .1
0.3
1
0
0.2
1
0.1
0.1
110 0
10
100
0 100
0.1 101 0
300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
Temperature

Fludized bed catalytic convertors

Fluidised bed reactor

Solid volume fraction

Chemical Reaction Engineering: Reactor Design

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Chemical Reaction Engineering

Indian Institute of Science

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Indian Institute of Science

Concentration Temperature 340

Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science

Ethylene demands polyethylene, ethylene oxide,

Main Reaction C2 H6 C2 H4 + H2 increase in

Endothermic reaction - H 34.5 kcal/mol, high

Indian Institute of Science

Typical operating condn

Indian Institute of Science

Major demand margarine, shortenings, vanaspati

Vegetable oils mixture of triglycerides - glycerol

Fatty acids saturated (S) , monosaturated (cis, R1

Product requirements some polyunsaturated

implies selectivity of monounsaturates over

Major demand Fertilizer, chemicals,

High pressure, low temperatures

Ammonia Mol fraction

0.2 10 0.2 773

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Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science

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Strategy of reduction in physical size of a

Indian Institute of Science

Catalytic reforming to increase the octane

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DRAFT TUBE STATOR

DRAFT TUBE STATOR

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Energy transfer reaction in heat exchanger

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Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science

CH 4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2 H 2O H = 803 kJ / mol 0.25

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Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Science

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0.000 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Indian Institute of Science

610 620 630 640 650 660

Indian Institute of Science

q < p2 / 4 1,2 = 1, 2 > 0

Indian Institute of Science

A state X=0 is said to be stable when given