Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1- Manufacturing
Technologically
Application of Physical and Chemical (Science) processes to alter the geometry, properties,
and appearance of give starting material to make parts and products.
Economically
Transformation of materials into items of greater value by means of one or more processing
and/or assembly operation
3. Manufactured Products
i. Consumer goods Products purchased directly by consumers
Eg- Cars, PC, TVs, tires, and tennis rackets
ii. Capital goods Products purchased by companies to produce goods and provide services.
Eg. Aircraft, trucks, buses, machine tools, construction equipment.
4. Terms
i. Production quantity the number of units produced annually of given product type
ii. Product variety the number of different types of products made
5. Manufacturing Capability technical and physical limitations of manufacturing firm and its
industrial plants
- 3 dimensions
i. Technological processing capability- available set of manufacturing processes
ii. Physical product limitations size and weight of the products that can be made
iii. Production capacity production quantity that can be produced in a given time period.
6. Materials in Manufacturing (4)
I. Metals ferrous & nonferrous
II. Ceramics Crystalline ceramics and glass
III. Polymers Thermoplastic, thermosets, and elastomers
IV. Composites Non- homogenous mixture of three basic types
I. Metals
- Alloys composed two or more elements, at least one of which is metallic
a) Ferrous based on iron (eg. Steel and cast iron)
b) Non-ferrous metals other metallic elements (eg. Aluminium, copper, nickel, silver, tin)
II. Ceramics
- Compounds contain metallic and non-metallic elements like (oxygen, nitrogen, &
carbon)
i. Crystalline ceramics traditional ceramics (clay)modern ceramics (alumina)
ii. Glasses based on silica
III. Polymers
- Compound formed of repeating structural units called mers, whose atoms share electrons
to form very large molecules. 3 categories
i. Thermoplastic can subjected to heating and cooling without altering molecular structure
ii. Thermosetting molecules chemically transform into rigid structure cannot reheat
iii. Elastomers shows significant elastic behaviour (eg. Rubber)
IV. Composites
- Material consists of 2 or more phases are processed separately and bonded together to
achieve properties superior to its constituents
Chapter 3: Manufacturing Component Geometry Distribution
a. Tensile test
I) Engineering Stress
F
e
Ao
e = engineering stress,
F = applied force,
Ao = original area of test specimen
II) Engineering Strain
L Lo
e
Lo
e = engineering strain;
L = length at any point during elongation;
Lo = original gage length
ix) Relationship between true stress and true strain in the plastic region
K n
K = strength coefficient; and
n = strain hardening exponent
II) Stress-Strain Relationship:
1) Perfectly Elastic
Metals behave like this when heated to sufficiently high temperatures (above
recrystallization)
B) Compression Test
Compression force applied to test piece and resulting change in height and diameter
I) Engineering Stress
e = - F/Ao
Ao = original area of the specimen
II Engineering Strain
h ho
e
ho
C) Brittle Testing
Specimen of rectangular cross-section is positioned between two supports, and a load is
applied at its center.
i) Shear Stress
F
A
F = applied force
A = area over which deflection occurs.
ii) Shear Strain
b
= deflection element;
b = distance over which deflection occurs
iii) Torsion Stress Strain Curve
II. Hardness
Resistance to permanent indentation ()
Good hardness -resistant to scratching and wear
1) Brinell and
- A hard ball is pressed into specimen surface
2F
HB
Db ( Db Db2 Di2 )
2) Rockwell
- cone shaped indenter is pressed into specimen
Shear viscosity is the fluid property that defines the relationship between F/A and dv/dy;
F dv
A dy
or
where = a constant of proportionality called the coefficient of viscosity, Pa-s
For Newtonian fluids, viscosity is a constant
For non-Newtonian fluids, it is not
Viscosity of a fluid is the ratio of shear stress to shear rate during flow
Viscoelastic Behavior
- Material property that determines the strain that the material experiences when subjected
to combinations of stress and temperature over time
Combination of viscosity and elasticity
3_Melting point
Temperature at which it transform from solid to liquid state (opposite freezing)
Heat of fusion = heat energy required at Tm to accomplish transformation from solid to liquid
VII. Thermal properties
Temperature determines the thermal energy level of the atoms, leading to the changes in
materials
Specific heat
- quantity of heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit mass of material by
one degree
- H = C W (T2 - T1)
H = amount of heat energy;
C = specific heat of the material;
W = its weight;
(T2 - T1) = change in temperature
Thermal conductivity
- Capability of a material to transfer heat through itself by the physical mechanism of
thermal conduction
Thermal Diffusivity
- ratio of thermal conductivity to volumetric specific heat is frequently encountered in
heat transfer analysis
k
K
C